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BOTANY 



UNITED STATES NORTH OF VIRGINIA 



COMPRISING 



DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FLOWERING AND FERN-LIKE 
PLANTS HITHERTO FOUND IN THOSE STATES, 



ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 



WITH 

A SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA ACCORDING TO THE LINNJEAN SYSTEM, 

A SKETCH OP THE RUDIMENTS OF BOTANY, AND A 

GLOSSARY OF TERMS. 



BY LEWIS OfBECK, M.D. 

PROFESSOR OF CHEMISTRY AND NATURAL HISTORY IN RUTGERS COLLEGE, 
NEW JERSEY, ETC., ETC. 



SECOND EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED. 



NEW YORK: 
HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS. 



1818. 



Entered according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1848, by 

HARPER & BROTHERS, 

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, 

for the Southern District of New York. 






PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. 



This volume is intended as a Class-book for the beginner, 
and a convenient Manual for the more advanced botanist. It 
contains scientific and popular descriptions of the Flowering 
and Fern-like plants found in the United States north of Vir- 
ginia, with their English names, and brief notices of their uses. 
The arrangement is according to the Natural System, which is 
now so generally adopted in works of this kind. But in order 
to secure all the advantages of the Linnsean system, a Synopsis 
of the Genera in accordance with it is prefixed, containing 
references to the Natural Orders, and to the page where the 
species are described. And fully to carry out the design of 
the work, there have also been introduced, a Sketch of the 
Rudiments of Botany, a Glossary of Botanical Terms, and a 
Table explanatory of the Linnaean Classes and Orders. 

While the original plan of the work has been adhered to, 
I have endeavored, in this edition, to bring it up to the present 
advanced state of botanical science. There is scarcely a page 
which has not been amended, and many parts have been entirely 
re- written. Brevity has in all cases been consulted, as far as 
was deemed consistent with that clearness of description so 
important in the study of plants. 

In the names and characters of the Natural Orders, I have 
chiefly followed Dr. Lindley's late work, entitled " The Vege- 
table Kingdom ;" although the general arrangement adopted in 
the first edition has not been materially changed. I should 
also particularly acknowledge my indebtedness to De Candolle's 
"Prodromus" (10 vols.), Torrey and Gray's "Flora of North 
America," Torrey 's " Flora of the State of New York," and 



IV PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. 

Darlington's " Flora Cestrica." In determining the geographi- 
cal range of the species, I have derived great assistance from 
the various local catalogues of plants which have been pub- 
lished within the last ten years. I have also consulted with 
much advantage several valuable papers which have from time 
to time appeared in Silliman's Journal, and in other scientific 
periodicals. Particular references to the sources of informa- 
tion will in all cases be found in their appropriate places. 

The favorable reception which this work has met with, and 
the kind expressions of botanists in various parts of the coun- 
try, encourage me to hope that this revision will be no less 
acceptable. 

Rutgers College, N. J. 
February, 1848. 



ABBREVIATIONS AND AUTHORITIES. 



Adans, 


Adanson. 


Mich. 


Michaux. 


Ait. 


Aiton. 


Mich.f. 


Michaux the younger. 


All. 


Allioni. 


Moq-Tand. 


Moquin-Tandon. 


Bart. 


Barton. 


Muhl. 


Muhlenberg. 


Beauv. 


P. de Beauvois. 


Nees. 


Nees ab Esenbeck. 


Benth. 


Bentham. 


Nutt. 


Nuttall. 


Big. 


Bigelow. 


Pers. 


Persoon. 


Cass. 


Cassini. 


Poir. 


Poiret. 


D.C. 


De Candolle. 


Raf. 


Rafinesque. 


Desf. 


Desfontaines. 


R. <$> S. 


Roemer and Schultes. 


Desv. 


Desvaux. 


Rich. 


Richard. 


Darlingt. 


Darlington. 


Salisb. 


Salisbury. 


Eat. 


Eaton. 


Schk. 


Schkuhr. 


Ell. 


Elliott. 


Schreb. 


Schreber. 


Ehrh. 


Ehrhart. 


Schw. 


Schweinitz. 


Gtzrt. 


Gsertner. 


Scop. 


Scopoli. 


Good. 


Goodenough. 


Spreng. 


Sprengel. 


Gron. 


Gronovius. 


Torr. 


Torrey. 


Hook. 


Hooker. 


Torr. <$• Gr. 


Torrey and Gray. 


Juss. 


Jussieu. 


Town. 


Tournefort. 


Lam. 


J. B. de la Marck. 


Trin. 


Trinius. 


Lamb. 


Lambert. 


Walt. 


Walter. 


Lehm. 


Lehmann. 


Wang. 


Wangenheim. 


VHerit. 


L'Heritier. 


Willd. 


Willdenow. 


Lind. 


Lindley. 


Vent. 


Ventenat. 


Linn. 


Linnaeus. 






CD 


Annual. 


%. Perennial. 


© 


Biennial. 


\l Shrubby or arboreous. 



Arct. Amer. Arctic America — Ala. Alabama — Can. Canada — Car. SoutX 
Carolina — Conn. Connecticut — Del. Delaware — Geor. Georgia — Ken. Ken- 
tucky — Louis. Louisiana — Mass. Massachusetts — N. Car. North Carolina 
— N. H. New Hampshire — N. Y. New York — N. J. New Jersey — Penn. 
Pennsylvania — Tenn. Tennessee — Ver. Vermont — Virg. Virginia. 



W. to Miss. — As far West as the State of Missouri. 
W. to the Miss.- -As far West as the Mississippi River. 
W. to 111.— As far West as the State of Illinois. 
W. to Mich. — As far West as the State of Michigan. 
N. S.— Northern States. 



SKETCH OF THE RUDIMENTS OF BOTANY. 



ELEMENTARY ORGANS. 

1. The tissue of which plants consist, appears under four forms, viz : cel- 
lular tissue, woody fibre, vascular tissue, and ducts. These are called ele- 
mentary organs. 

2. Cellular tissue or parenchyma is composed of transparent vesicles, 
variously cohering with each other. It is the only form universally found 
in plants ; the other forms being often partially or entirely wanting. 

3. Woody fibre is a tissue consisting of elongated tubes, similar to the 
vesicles of cellular tissue, and is therefore often called, elongated cellular 
tissue. 

4. Vascular tissue, of which the spiral vessels are usually taken as the 
type, consists of tubes of variable length, with delicate walls, to the inside 
of which a spirally coiled fibre adheres, capable of being unrolled. It en- 
ters into the composition of all plants of higher organization, (all above the 
mosses.) 

5. Ducts are elongated, transparent tubes, composed of tissue that is not 
capable of being unrolled. 

6. All these forms are covered by a membrane called the epidermis or 
cuticle. 

7. From peculiar combinations of the elementary organs are formed the 

compound organs. 



8. The root is formed by the descending and dividing fibres of the stem ; 
and by it plants are with few exceptions fixed to the earth, and supplied 
with a portion of their nourishment. 

9. It is distinguished from the stem by the absence of leaves, of pith even 
in those plants in which it is abundant in the stem, and of spiral vessels. 

10. It usually consists of three parts; the neck, (collum) or line of separa- 
tion from the stem ; the body or middle portion ; and the fibres or little roots, 
through which the nourishment is principally derived. 

11. The following are the principal kinds of roots : 

a. Conical, or principal tap root, as it is sometimes called ; tapering down- 
wards and emitting fibres from various parts of its surface; as" in the 
Carrot. 

b. Fusiform, when the conical root is attenuated towards the neck, as 
well as below ; as in the Radish. 

c. Napiform, when it is swollen out extremely in the upper part and sud- 
denly attenuated below ; as in the Turnip. 



Vlll RUDIMENTS OF BOTANY, 

d. Abrupt, when the fusiform root is as it were cut off suddenly. 

e. Fibrous, a collection or bundle of fibres connected by a common head 
and often merely by the base of the stem ; as in the Grasses. 

/. Fasciculated, when the fibres swell out slightly in the middle. 

g. Tuberous or tuber if erous, when some of the branches or fibres assume 
the form of rounded knobs. These should not be confounded with true 
tubers, which are properly short subterranean stems, usually containing 
eyes or buds from which new plants arise. 

h. Palmate, when the knobs of the tuberiferous root are branched. 
• 12. The direction of the root is usually towards the centre of the earth ; 
but it is sometimes contorted or bent upwards and downwards in a zigzag 
manner ; or creeping when it proceeds laterally at right angles from this. 
These have often been confounded with subterranean branches ; the last 
of which only are troublesome to the agriculturalist. 



13. This is the part which springs upwards during the germination of a 
a seed ; it is the intermediate body between the root and the leaves. 

14. When the stem of a plant arising from a seed is evident, the plant is 
termed caulescent ; and when not apparent, or scarcely so, the plants have 
received the name of acaules, or stemless. 

15. When the stem instead of ascending, stretches either wholly or in 
part, under ground, emitting here and there roots from below and branches 
or leaves which rise upwards, it is called a rliizoma; or if it do not emit 
fibres, a cormus or corru. The bulb is a very short stem, consisting of a num- 
ber of scales, which in growing shoots forth a flowering stem from the cen- 
tre, and sends out roots from the base. 

16. Stolons or runners are long stems of a peculiar nature issuing hori- 
zontally from a plant, and emitting only from the extremity roots and leafy 
buds ; as in the Strawberry. 

17. The stem varies in structure, in three principal modes. 

1 8. In vascular plants it is either formed by successive additions to the 
outside of the wood, when it is called Exogenous ; or by successive additions 
to its centre, when it is called Endogenous. In cellular plants it is formed 
by the union of the base of the leaves, or by a simple elongation or dilata- 
tion where no leaves or buds exist. 

1 9. The stem of Exogenous plants may be distinguished into the pith, 
the medullary sheath, the wood, the bark, the medullary rays, and the 
cambium. 

20. The pith is a mass of spongy cellular tissue occupying the centre of 
the stem. 

21. The medullary sheath surrounds the pith, and consists of spiral vessels 
and ducts. It communicates on one side with the pith and on the other 
with the medullary rays, leaf-buds and veins of the leaves. 

22. The wood lies upon the medullary sheath and consists of concentric 
layers, one of which is formed every year. These layers are composed of 
cellular tissue, woody fibre and ducts, and are traversed by the medullary 
rays composed of cellular tissue, and connecting the centre with the cir- 
cumference.— The fully formed or central layers are called the heart-wood, 
and the exterior the alburnum* 



RUDIMENTS OF BOTANY. IX 

23. The bark surrounds the wood, and when fully formed consists in it8 
inner portion of a layer of woody and vascular tissue in the form of rough 
woody fibre, constituting the Liber. The outer portion which covers the 
liber is then also distinguishable into the green layer, and the corky envelope. 
The whole is covered by the epidermis. 

24. The cambium is a viscid secretion which is formed in the spring, be- 
tween the liber and alburnum. 

25. The stem of Endogenous plants presents no distinction of pith, me- 
dullary rays, wood and bark, but is formed of bundles of ducts and spiral 
vessels interspersed through a cellular tissue ; and this is surrounded by a 
stratum of cellular tissue and woody fibre different from bark, inasmuch as 
it cannot be separated from the stem itself. Such plants have their diam- 
eter increased by the addition of central vascular tissue and ducts. 

26. Projections from the medullary sheaths sometimes reach the circum- 
ference of the stem and branches, forming what are called nodes, to which 
are attached leaves and leaf-buds, and the spaces between these are called 
internodes. 

27. Whatever is produced by the evolution of a leaf-bud is a branch : a 
spine therefore is a kind of branch ; it differs from the prickle which is an 
indurated process of the epidermis. 

28. The stem peculiar to the grasses and other allied tribes is termed a 
culm. This is simple or rarely branched, generally hollow within or fistu- 
lous, and separated at intervals by knots or partitions from which issue the 
leaves. 

29. The stem may be simple or branched, and with the branches may be 
cylindrical, or conical; round, (terete,) or angled-, smooth, furrowed, or 
rough, ox hairy, &c. 

30. With regard to duration the stem is 

a. Annual, (0) when it is completely developed and decays during the 
same season. 

b. Biennial, ((g)) when it produces fruit the second season and then 
decays. 

c. Perennial, (7J.) when it produces flowers and fruit during many suc- 
cessive seasons. 

31. The term herb or herbaceous employed in opposition to perennial, de- 
notes that the stem generally dies down to the ground every year. 

LEAF-BUDS. 

32. Buds are of two kinds, leaf-buds and flower-buds. 

33. Leaf-buds consist of rudimentary leaves surrounding a vital point, 
the tissue of which is capable of elongation ; upwards in the form ot" stem, 
and downwards in the form of wood or root. 

34. Flower-buds consist of rudimentary leaves surrounding a point, which 
does not elongate after it is once developed, and assumes when fully devel- 
oped, the form of reproductive apparatus. 

35. Leaf-buds are of two kinds ; the regular only found in the axils of 
the leaves; and the advculitious which may be produced wherever there h 
an anastomosis of woody fibre. 

36. Leaf-buds have sometimes been confounded with roots by the old 
botanists. A bulb is a leaf-bud. 

Al* 



RUDIMENTS OF BOTANY. 



37. Leaves are those expansions which issue laterally from the stem and 
branches of plants. They take their origin from the bark, and are always 
to be observed, whether perfect or rudimentary, immediately below the leaf- 
buds. 

38. Those leaves situated near the root are often larger, and of a differ- 
ent shape from those higher up the stem ; the former are termed radical, the 
latter cauline. 

39. A leaf consists of a petiole, a lamina or limb, and a pair of stipules ; 
but sometimes only one of these three parts can be observed. 

40. The petiole is the channel through which the vessels of the leaf are 
connected with those of the stem ; it is formed of one or more bundles of 
spiral vessels and woody fibre, enclosed in a cellular integument. 

41. The lamina of a leaf is an expansion of the parenchyma of the 
petiole, and is transversed by veins which are ramifications or extensions 
of the bundles of vascular tissue of the petiole, or when there is no petiole, 
of the stem. 

42. These veins either branch in various directions among the parenchy- 
ma, anastamozing and forming a kind of net-work, or they run parallel to 
each other, being connected by single transverse unbranched veins ; the for- 
mer structure being characteristic of Exogenous, and the latter, of Endoge- 
nous plants. To this the Conifer ce and Cycadece form perhaps the only ex- 
ceptions; these having the stems of the Exogenous, but the same arrange- 
ment of the veins as in the Endogenous ones. 

43. The principal vein of the leaf is a continuation of the petiole, run- 
ning in a direct line from the base to the apex of the lamina, and is called 
the midrib. 

44. The lamina is variously divided and formed ; it is usually thin and 
membranous, with a distinct upper and under surface, but sometimes be- 
comes succulent, when the surfaces cannot be distinguished. 

45. A leaf is either simple or compound ; simple when its lamina is undi- 
vided, or when, if separated into several divisions, these segments are not 
articulated with the petiole ; compound when the lamina is articulated with 
the petiole. 

46. The modes in which leaves are divided are distinguished by particu- 
lar names, as pinnate, pinnatifid, bipinnate, bipinnatifid, &c. &c. These 
terms apply to the mode of division, and are equally applicable to simple 
and compound leaves. 

47. Stipules are those small foliaceous organs sometimes situated on each 
side at the base of the petiole. They never occur in the Endogena^, nor 
in any Exogenous plants that have sheathing petioles, and are rarely found 
in genera with opposite leaves. They are sometimes transformed into leaves ; 
they sometimes have leaf-buds in their axils; and sometimes also they are 
changed into spines. 

48. Leaves are originally continuous with the stem, but afterwards, from 
a cause which is still unknown, an articulation more or less complete takes 
place and the fall of the leaf ensues. 

49. The mode in which leaves are arranged within their bud is called 
vernation or gemmation. This varies much in different groups of plants. 



RUDIMENTS OF BOTANY. XI 

FLOWER-BUDS, 

50. The flower-bud consists of imbricated rudimentary or metamorphosed 
leaves, the external or inferior of which are usually alternate, and the in- 
ternal or superior always verticillate or opposite j the latter are called floral 
envelopes and reproductive organs. 

51. The leaves, from the axils of which the flower-buds arise are called 
bracts or floral leaves ; and those leaves which appear on the pedicel between 
the bracts and calyx, are called bracteoles. These, although essentially 
distinct, are often confounded with the former. 

52. When a single bract is rolled together, highly developed, and colored, 
and is placed at the base of the form of inflorescence called a spadix, it is 
named a spathe. 

53. When several bracts are verticillate or densely imbricated around the 
base of the forms of inflorescence called the umbel or head, they are termed 
an involucre ; and those at the base of each partial umbel, are called in- 

volucels. 

54. Small imbricated bracts are often called scales ; as in the Com- 
posite. 

55. Bracts, when placed immediately below the stamens and pistils, as in 
apetalous flowers, are only distinguished from the calyx by being alternate 
with each other, and not verticillate ; hence the glumes and palece of grasses 
are bracts, and not calyces. 

56. The elongation of the axis of the flower-bud from the point of its 
connection with the stem, as far as the floral envelopes, is called the pe- 
duncle. 

57. When several peduncles spring from the axis near to each other, the 
axis is termed a rackis, and the peduncles themselves are called pedicels. 

58. Those axes which spring from the earth and bear no true leaves, are 
denominated scapes. 

59. The modes in which the flower-buds are arranged are called forms of 
inflorescence ; and the order in which they unfold, is called the order of e.r- 
pansion. 

INFLORESCENCE. 

60. When a flower-bud gives rise to only one flower, terminal on its pe- 
duncle, and the axis of the plant does not elongate beyond the bud. the 
flower is commonly said to be terminal and solitary. 

61. When the axis, however, continues to elongate and the bract retains 
the form and size of a leaf, the flower is termed axillary and solitary. 

62. If the buds instead of giving rise to one terminal flower have the axis 
elongated, bearing several flowers, and each flower on a peduncle, a raceme 
is formed. 

63. When each flower is sessile or placed in the axil of the bracts, with- 
out a peduncle, a spike is produced. Hence the only difference between a 
spike and raceme is, that in the former the flowers are sessile ami the lat- 
ter stalked. The term spike, however, is applied in those cases where the 
peduncle is scarcely perceptible. 

61. A spadix is a sort of spike, in which the flowers are closely packed 
together upon a succulent axis, winch is enveloped in a spathe. 



Xll RUDIMENTS OF BOTANY. 

65. An ament or catkin, is a spike, the bracts or scales of which are nearly 
of equal size and closely imbricated, and which is articulated with the 
stem. 

66. When a bud produces flower-buds, with a little elongation of its own 
axis, either a head or an umbel is produced. The former bears the same re- 
lation to the latter as the spike to the raceme ; that is, they differ in the 
flower-buds of the head being sessile, and of the umbel having pedicels. 

67. A raceme, the lowest flowers of which have long pedicels and the up- 
permost short ones, forming a sort of level top, is a corymb. 

68. A panicle is a raceme, the flower-buds of which have, in elongating, 
developed other flower-buds. 

69. A panicle, the middle branches of which are longer than those of the 
base or apex, is termed a thyrse. 

70. A panicle, the elongation of all the ramifications of which is arrested, 
so that it assumes the appearance of an umbel, is called a cyme. The cyme 
may have the lateral branches very short and the flowers clustered together, 
forming a fascicle ; or it may be so contracted and the ramification of it so 
little apparent as to be confounded with the true head, when it is called a 
giomerule, 

71. In all the modes of simple inflorescence, that is, those which proceed 
from the buds of a single branch, the flowers expand first at the base and 
last at the summit. This kind of expansion is called centripetal. 

72. When the inflorescence is compound, or the result of the expansion 
of several buds or branches, the uppermost or central flowers are first de- 
veloped, and lastly the outer or lower ones. This kind of expansion is called 
the centrifugal. 

FLORAL ENVELOPES. 

73. These immediately surround the stamens and pistils, and are formed 
of one or more whorls of variously modified leaves. When they consist of 
but one whorl, they are usually called calyx ; when of two whorls, the outer 
is called calyx, the inner corolla,. 

74. If the floral envelopes are of such a nature that it is not obvious 
whether they consist of both calyx and corolla, or calyx only, they receive 
the name of perianth or perigonium. 

75. Some plants have no floral envelopes ; the flowers are then said to be 
naked or achlamydeal. 

16. The calyx consists of two or more divisions, usually green, called 
sepals, which are either distinct, when a calyx is said to be polijsepal-ous, or 
which unite by their margins in a greater or less degree, when it is called 
monosepalous or monophyllous, (gamosepalous.) 

77. The corolla consists of two or more divisions, more or less colored, 
called petals ; when the petals are distinct, a corolla is said to be polypeta- 
lous ; when they are united by the margins, it is called monopetalous, (gamo- 
petalous.) 

78. When all the petals are equal, the corolla is said to be regular, but 
when they are unequal in size or cohere unequally, it is then called irreg- 
ular. 

79. The regular monopetalous corolla varies greatly in its form, being 
campanula^ or bell-shaped, infundibuliform or funnel-shaped ', rotate or wheel- 
shaped, &c. 



RUDIMENTS OF BOTANY. Xlll 

80. The calyx or corolla is said to be labiate or bilabiate, when the sepals 
or petals are united in one or two parcels. 

81. The papilionaceous corolla consists of five petals; the upper one, 
usually larger than the others, is called the vexillum or standard ; the two 
lateral ones, the alee or wings ; and the two lower ones, usually more or 
less united together by their lower margins, the carina or keel. 

82. When the petal tapers conspicuously towards the base, it is said to be 
unguiculate or clawed ; its lower part is called the claw, its upper, the limb. 

83. The dilated apex of the pedicel, from which the floral envelopes and 
stamens arise, is called the torus or receptacle. 

84. Whatever intervenes between the bracts and the stamens belong to 
the floral envelopes, and is either calyx or corolla ; of which nature are 
many of the organs commonly called nectaries. 

85. The manner in which the floral envelopes are arranged before they 
expand is called their cestivation or pr defloration. 

DISK. 

86. Whatever intervenes between the stamens and pistils receives the gen- 
eral name of disk. 

87. The disk usually consists of an annular elevation encompassing the 
base of the ovary; but it sometimes appears in the form of a glandular lin- 
ing of the tube of the calyx, as in the Rose; or of tooth-like hypogynous 
processes, as in the Cruciferae ; or of a fleshy mass, as in Lamium. 

88. The disk sometimes appears to be a mere cellular expansion of the 
torus, (83) as in Nelumbium. 

89. It is one of the parts commonly called nectary. 



90. The whorl of organs immediately within the petals is composed of 
bodies called stamens, and they are essential to the production of seed. 

91. When stamens and pistils occur in the same flower it is termed per- 
fect or hermaphrodite ; but when the stamens are in one flower and the pis- 
tils in another, the flowers are imperfect or diclinous. 

92. The number of stamens is variable, five or ten being the usual num- 
ber among the Exogenous, and three to six among the Endogenous plants. 

93. When the stamens do not contract any union with the sides of the 
calyx, they are hypogynous; as in Ranunculus. 

94. When they contract adhesion with the side of the calyx, they become 
perigytwus ; as in Rosa. 

95. If they are united both with the surface of the calyx and of the ovary, 
they are cpigynous ; as in the Umbelliferse. 

96. The stamen consists of a filament and an anther. 

97. The filament is the body which arises from the torus, and is some- 
times cylindrical, or awl-shaped, or prismatical, and is even at times expan- 
ded, as if into a scale or petal ; but it is not essential to the stamen. 

98. The filaments are. usually free or isolated from each o\ her ; but they 
are sometimes united into one tube, when they are ealled monadelphous ; 
or into two parcels, diadelphaus ; or into several, polyadelphous. 



XIV RUDIMENTS OF BOTANY. 

99. When they are united into a solid body along with the style, they 
form what is called a column, and are said to be gynandrous, 

100. The anther is a kind of bag borne by the filament, and corresponds 
to the lamina of a leaf. It is sessile when there is no filament, or it is placed 
at the top of the filament in various ways. 

101. The bags or cells of the anther are termed lobes, and the solid sub- 
stance which connects them, corresponding to the midrib of a leaf, the con- 
nective. These cells are usually two in number ; sometimes they are four, 
rarely one. 

102. The lobes or cells of the anthers open in different ways by what is 
called the line of dehiscence ; sometimes only a portion of this line opens, the 
anther is then said to dehisce by pores ; as in Azalea. 

103. The anthers frequently grow together by their margins, as in the 
Composite ; when they are called syngenesious. 

104. The anther contains and frequently emits a matter called the pollen, 
the use of which is to give life to the ovule or young seed. 

105. When the grains of pollen burst, they again discharge a multitude 
of very minute particles, called molecules or granules. 

106. When the grains of pollen easily detach from each other, they are 
said to be pulverulent, and then they may be either perfectly smooth or they 
may be viscous. 

107. Sometimes the grains contained in one cell or bag, instead of separa- 
ting readily, cohere into what are termed pollen-masses, {jpollinia ;) as in the 
Orchidacese. 



108. The pistil is the organ which occupies the centre of a flower, within 
the stamens, and is the fruit-bearing apparatus of plants. 

109. It is distinguished into three parts, viz : the ovary, the style, and the 
stigma. 

110. The ovary is a hollow case enclosing the ovules or young seeds. It 
contains one or more cavities called cells. 

111. The stigma is the upper extremity of the pistil. 

112. The style is that part which connects the ovary and stigma; but it 
is often wanting, when the stigma is said to be sessile. 

113. The pistil is either the modification of a single leaf, or of one or more 
whorls of modified leaves ; the latter being termed carpels. 

114. When the margins of the folded leaf out of which the carpel is 
formed meet and unite, a copious development of cellular tissue takes place, 
forming what is called the placenta. 

lib. If no union takes place among the carpels, the ovary is termed apo- 
carpous, as in Ranunculus ; but if there is an adherence, so that a com- 
pound ovary is formed, it is called syncarpous. 

116. When carpels unite, those parts of their sides which are contiguous 
grow together, and form partitions between the cavities of the carpels, called 
dissepiments. 

117. When these dissepiments are so contracted as not to separate the 
cavity into a number of distinct cells, but merely project into a cavity, the 



RUDIMENTS OP BOTANY. XV 

placentae which occupy the edges of these dissepiments become what is 
termed parietal. 

118. If the dissepiments are abortive or obliterated, the placentae remain- 
ing unaltered in the axis, a free central placenta is formed. 

119. A one-celled ovary may also be formed out of several carpels in 
consequence of the obliteration of the dissepiments ; as in the Nut. 

120. If the ovary adheres to the sides of the calyx it is called inferior, and 
the calyx is said to be superior. 

121 . If it contracts no adhesion with the sides of the calyx, it is called 
superior, and the calyx inferior. 



122. The ovule is a body borne by the placenta, and is the rudiment of 
the future seed ; its position is of great importance in determining natural 
affinities. 

1 23. When the ovule is fixed by its base to the bottom of one of the cells 
of the ovary, of which it takes the direction, it is said to be erect; or if it 
hangs from the summit of the cell, it is inverted. 

124. When it is attached to the middle portion of the placenta, it may 
have an upright direction, and is then called ascending, or point downwards, 
and is then suspended. Generally, however, the erect and ascending ovule 
are confounded under one name, and the inverted and suspended are known 
by the term pendulous. 

125. The ovule is either sessile, or on a stalk called the funiculus or 
podosperm ; and in either case the point by which the union is formed is 
termed the base of the ovule, and the other extremity the apex. 

126. The ovule consists of a nucleus and two external coats ; the outer 
coat is called the testa or primine sac ; and the inner, the internal membrane, 
or secundine sac, or the legmen. 

127. The base of the nucleus is always incorporated with the base of the 
internal membrane, and their common base is attached at some points to 
the testa. The junction of the three forms the chalaza. 

128. The mouths of the primine and secundine sacs usually contract into 
a small aperture called the foramen of the ovule, or the exostomc. It is 
through this foramen that the molecules of the pollen are introduced into 
the nucleus ; and its position indicates the future position of the radicle of 
the embryo, the radicle being always next the foramen. 

129. When the apex of the nucleus is contiguous to the base of the ovule, 
a connection takes place between the base of the ovule and the base of the 
nucleus, by a bundle of vessels called a raphe. 



130. Fecundation having taken place, the floral envelopes usually fade 
away, the stamens disappear and the pistil increases in size and becomes 
the fruit. 

131. Hence the fruit should have the same structure as the pistil, but 
this is not always the case, for as the pistil advances to maturity many al- 
terations take place, in consequence of abortion, non-development, obliter- 
ation or even union of parts. 



XVI RUDIMENTS OF BOTANY. 

132. The base of the fruit is the part where it is joined to the peduncle; 
the apex is where the remains of the style are found. 

133. The portion of the pistil called the ovary is in the ripe fruit termed 
the pericarp. 

134. The pericarp consists of three parts, the outer coating called thecpi- 
co.rp or exocarp, the inner lining called the endocarp or putamen, and the 
intermediate substance, which is generally fleshy or pulpy, named the sarco- 
carp or mesocarp. Sometimes these three parts are readily distinguished, 
as in the Peach ; but they frequently form one uniform substance, as in the 
Nut. 

135. The axis of the fruit is often called columella ; the space where two 
carpels unite is named the commissure. 

136. If the pericarp neither splits nor opens when ripe, it is said to be in- 
dekiscent ; but if it does split or open, it is said to dehisce, or to be dehiscent ; 
and the pieces into which it divides are termed valves. - 

137. When a fruit is in its simplest state, or formed by the transformation 
of one carpellary leaf, there may be two sutures or lines by which it may 
open, the one where the margins of the leaf or the placentse meet, called the 
ventral suture, the other at the part corresponding to the midrib of the leaf, 
or the dorsal suture. 

138. If, in a compound fruit, the line of opening corresponds with the 
junction of the carpels, the dehiscence is septicidal. Formerly in this kind 
of dehiscence the valves were said to be alternate with the dissepiment. 

139. If the opening is by the dorsal suture of each carpel, the dehiscence 
is loculicidal ; or as it was formerly said, the dissepiments are opposite to the 
valves. 

140. When a separation of the pericarp takes place across the cells hori- 
zontally, the dehiscence is tro/nxerse or circumcisile. 

141. If the dehiscence is effected by partial openings of the pericarp, it is 
said to take place by pores. 

142. All fruits are either simple or multiple ; the former proceeding from 
a single flower, as the Apple, Nut, Strawberry, &c. : the latter formed out 
of several flowers, as the Pine-apple, Fig, &c. 

143. Simple fruits are either indehiscent or dehiscent ; of the former the 
most important are the caryopsis, the utricle, the achenium and the drupe. 

144. The caryopsis, is where the pericarp is very thin and membranous, 
and adheres firmly to the integument of the seed; as in Wheat, Maize, and 
most Grasses. 

145. The utricle is similar to the caryopsis, the pericarp being membra- 
nous, but it has no adherence with the seed. 

146. The achenium, is a small and dry indehiscent one-seeded pericarp 
formed of a single carpel ; as in Ranunculus and Anemone. The name is 
also applied to one-seeded fruits formed of more than one carpel, and in- 
vested by the calyx-tube; as in the Compositse. 

147. A drupe is a fleshy nut enclosed in a putamen ; as in the Cherry 
and Peach. 

148. The nut contains a putamen, but the sarcocarp is coriaceous, instead 
of being fleshy. A samara is a nut or achenium having a winged apex or 
margin ; as in the Elm and Maple. 



RUDIMENTS OF BOTANY. XV11 

149. The dry dehiscent fruits are the follicle and the legume. 

150. The follicle is a carpel dehiscing by the ventral suture, and having 
no dorsal suture. 

151. The legume is a carpel having both ventral and dorsal sutures, by 
either of which or by both or neither it may dehisce ; rarely the sides fall 
off, bearing nothing but sutures, which then form a kind of frame called a 
replum. When articulations take place across the legume and it falls into 
several pieces, it is said to be lomentaceous. 

152. Of fruit formed of several carpels the principal are the capsule, the 
silique, gland, berry, orange, pome, and pepo. 

153. The capsule is a many-celled, dry dehiscent pericarp. 

154. The silique, (or pod,) consists of two (or four) carpels fastened to- 
gether, the placentse of which are parietal and separate from the valves, re- 
maining in the form of a replum and connected by a membranous expan- 
sion ; when the silique is very short, or broader than it is long, it is called 
a silicle or pouch. 

155. The gland is a dry bony, indehiscent, one-celled and one-seeded 
fruit, proceeding from an ovary of several cells and seeds, and enclosed by 
an involucre called a cupide or cup ; as in Q,uercus. 

156. The berry is a succulent fruit, the seeds of which lose their adhesion 
when ripe, and lie loose in pulp ; as the Grape or Gooseberry. 

157. The orange is a berry having a pericarp, separable into an epicarp, 
an endocarp and a sarcocarp, and the cells filled with pulpy bags, which 
are cellular extensions of the sides of the cavity. 

158. The pome is a union of two or more inferior carpels, the pericarp 
being fleshy and formed of the floral envelope and ovary firmly united. 

159. The pepo is composed of about three carpels, the sides of which do 
not turn far inwards, nor the margins unite. It is a one-celled, fleshy, inde- 
hiscent fruit, with parietal placentse, and usually with a firm rind ; as the 
Melon. 

160. The most remarkable modifications of multiple fruits are the cone, 
pine-apple, and fig. 

161. The cone or strobile is an indurated ament. When it is much re- 
duced in size, and its scales cohere, it is called a galbulus; as in Thuja. 

162. The pine-apple is a spike of inferior flowers, which all grow together 
in a fleshy mass. 

163. The fig is a fleshy, hollow, dilated apex of a peduncle, within which 
a number of flowers are arranged, each of which contains an achenium. 



1 64. The seed is the ovule arrived at maturity. 

165. It consist of integuments, albumen, and embryo ; a naked seed is 
only found in those rare cases in which the ovule is naked. 

166. The seed proceeds from the placenta, to which it is attached by the 
funiculus; sometimes this becomes expanded about the seed into a fleshy 
body, called the aril or arillus 

167. The scar which indicates the union of the seed with the placenta, is 
called the hilum or umbilicus. 



XV111 RUDIMENTS OF BOTANY. 

168. The integuments are called collectively testa, and consist of mem- 
branes resulting from the sacs of the ovule. These membranes are called 
by various names. 

169. Between the integuments and the embryo of some plants lies a sub- 
stance called the albumen or perisperm ; the nature of this is of great im- 
portance. 

170. The albumen is sometimes farinaceous or mealy, as in the Grasses ; 
coriaceous and almost cartilaginous, as in many Umbeliferse ; ruminated or 
wrinkled, as in the Anonacese ; horny, as in the Coffee-bean ; oily, as in the 
Poppy ; or thin and membranous, as in many Labiatse. 

171 . The embryo is the organized body that lies within the seed, which is 
destined to become a plant similar in all respects to the parent. It is usually 
solitary in the seed, but occasionally there are two or several. 

172. The embryo consists of the cotyledons, the radicle, the plumule and 
the neck. 

173. The cotyledons represent the undeveloped leaves. 

174. The plumule is what is destined to become the stem, and is therefore 
a rudimentary leaf-bud. 

175. The radicle is the rudiment of the root, and by germination becomes 
the root. 

176. The neck or collum is the line of separation between the radicle and 
the portion above it. 

177. The number of cotyledons varies from one to several. 

178. Plants that have but one cotyledon, or if with two, one of them is 
alternate with the other, are termed Monocotyledonous. These are also En- 
dogenous plants. 

179. Plants that have two cotyledons placed opposite each other, or a 
greater number placed in a whorl, are called Dicotyledonous. These are 
also Exogenous plants. 

180. Plants that have no cotyledons, are said to be Acotyledonous. But 
this term is only applied to cellular plants, which having no stamens and 
pistils, can have no seed. 

181. When the radicle is so bent that it touches the back of one of the 
cotyledons, it is said to be dorsal, or the cotyledons are said to be incumbent. 

182. When the radicle is applied to the edge or cleft of the cotyledons, it 
is said to be lateral, or the cotyledons are said to be accumbent. 

183. When the seed is called into action, germination takes place and 
growth commences. 



GLOSSARY 

OF THE 

PRINCIPAL BOTANICAL TERMS 

[The figures refer to the preceding Sketch.] 



Abortion, an imperfect development 
of any given organ. 

Abortive, not arriving at perfection, 
producing no fruit. 

Abrupt, not gradual, sudden. 

Abruptly pinnate, pinnate with even 
pairs only, wanting the odd or ter- 
minal leafet. 

Acaulescent, apparently without a 
stem. 

Accessory, additional, or supernume- 
rary. 

Acerose, stiff, linear, and sharp, as in 
the leaves of the Pines. 

Acotyledonous, 180. .... 

Accumbent cotyledons, 182. 

Aculeate, prickly. 

Acuminate, taper, pointed, more than 
acute. 

Acute, ending in a sharp point. 

Achenium, plural achenia, 146. 

Acicular, needle-form. 

Adherent, attached to, or united with 
another organ. 

Adnate, growing to, affixed laterally. 

Aestivation, 85. 

Agglomerated, bunched, crowded to- 
gether. 

Aggregate, standing together, many 
on the same receptacle, but not 
compound. 

Alec, wings, or membranaceous ex- 
pansions. 

Alate, winged ; having a membrana- 
ceous border. 

Albumen, 109. 

Alternate, placed alternately on op- 
posite sides of the stem. 



Alveolate, having pits or cells like a 
honeycomb. 

Ament, or catkin, 65. 

Amplexicaul, clasping or embracing 
the stem. 

Anastomosing, applied to branching 
vessels, which unite again like net- 
work. 

Ancipital, two-edged. 

Androgynous, having barren and 
fertile flowers on the same spike, 
or the same plant, but no perfect 
ones. 

Angiospermous, having the seeds con- 
tained in a distinct pericarp or 
seed-vessel. 

Annual, 30. a. 

Annulate, having a ring or belt. 

Anomalous, not according to rule or 
system ; an exception to the ordi- 
nary form or appearance. 

Anther, 100. 

Aniherifcrous, bearing anthers. 

Apelalous, without petals. 

Apex, end, tip, or sharp extremity. 

Aphyllous, without leaves. 

Appcndiculale, having some appen- 
dage 

Aggressed^ pressed against, or close 
to. 

Approximate, noar together. 

Apterous, without wings ; a term ap- 
plied to some parts of flowers. 

Aquatic, growing naturally in water, 
or in wet places. 

Arborescent, approaching to the size of 
a tree. 

Arcuate, curved or bent like a bow. 



XX 



GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS. 



Areola, a small cavity — as in the base 
of some achenia. 

Aril or arillus, a loose coating of the 
seed. 

Arillate, having an aril. 

Aristate, awned, ending in a bristle. 

Armed, furnished with thorns or 
prickles. 

Articulated, jointed, connected by 
joints or places of separation. 

Ascending, rising from the ground 
obliquely. 

Assurgent, rising in a curve from a 
declined base. 

Attenuated, gradually diminished or 
tapering, 

Auriculate, having an ear-like base. 

Awn, a stiff bristle, frequently rough 
or bearded ; as in the flowers of 
certain grasses. 

Aicned, having awns. 

Av:nless, without awns, or bristle- 
like appendages. 

Axil, the angle between a leaf and 
stem on the upper side. 

Axillary, growing in or from the axil. 

Axis, a central stem or peduncle ; a 
real or imaginary central line ex- 
tending from the base to the sum- 
mit. 

Baccate, berried, having a fleshy coat 
or covering. 

Banner, or vexillum, 81. 

Barb, a straight process armed with 
one or more teeth pointing back- 
wards. 

Barren, producing no fruit, contain- 
ing stamens only. 

Beak, a terminal process, like a bird's 
bill ; a hard short point. 

Beaked, having, or terminating, in a 
beak. 

Bearded, with parallel hairs ; applied 
also to the Grasses. 

Berry, 156. 

Bicuspidate, with two points. 

Bidentate, with two teeth. 

Biennial, 30. b. 

Bifarious, in two series or opposite 
rows ; pointing in two directions. 

Bifid , two cleft, cut nearly in two 
parts. 

Bifurcate, forked; ending in two 
nearly equal branches. 

Biglandular, having two glands. 

BilaUate } having two lips. 



Bilamelloie, having two lamellae, or 

thin plates. 
Bilobed, having two lobes. 
Bilocutar, having two cells. 
Binnate, growing two together. 
Bipinnute, twice pinnate, when both 

the leaf and its subdivisions are 

pinnate. 
Bipinnoiifid, twice pinnatifid, both 

the leaf and its segments being 

pinnatifid. 
Birostrate, with two beaks. 
Bisetose, with two bristles. 
Bisulcate, with two grooves or fur- 
rows. 
Bitemate, twice ternate, the petiole 

supporting three ternate leaves. 
B halved, two valved. 
Bloom, a fine powdery coating on 

certain fruits ; as the Plum. 
Border, the brim, or spreading part 

of a corolla. 
Brachiate, branches opposite, and 

each pair at right angles with the 

preceding. 
Brad, 51. 

Bracteoles, small bracts. 
Branchlets, subdivisions of the 

branches. 
Bristles, rigid hairs, straight or hook- 
ed. 
Bud, 32. 
Bulb, 15. 
Bulbiferous, bearing bulbs. 

Caducous, falling early, sooner than 
deciduous. 

Ccespitose, or cespitose, growing in 
tufts. 

Calcarate, resembling, or furnished 
with, a spur or horn. 

Colli, small callosities or rough pro- 
tuberances. 

Calyciform, shaped like a calyx. 

Calyculate, furnished with an addi- 
tional outer calyx. 

Caly piriform, shaped like a calyptra 
or extinguisher. 

Calyx, 73. 

Campauulate, bell-shaped. 

Canaliculate, channelled or furrowed. 

Ca?iescent, whitish, hoary ; covered 
with a whitish or gray pubescence. 

Capillary, or capillaceous, very slen- 
der, resembling a hair. 

Capitate, shaped like a head, or 
bearing a head. 



GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS. 



XXI 



Capsule, 153. 

Carina 81. 

Carinale, keeled, furnished with a 

sharp or prominent back like the 

keel of a vessel. 
Carpel, 113. 
Carpophore, the axis of the fruit in 

the Umbelliferse. 
Caryopsis, 144. 
Catkin, see Anient. 
Caudate, having a tail ; as in some 

seeds. 
Caudex, the main body of a tree or 

root. 
Caulescent, having a true stem 
Cauline, growing on the stem. 
Cell, a cavity or compartment of a 

seed vessel or anther. 
Cellular, made up of little cells or 

cavities. 
Centrifugal inflorescence, 72. 
Centripetal inflorescence, 71. 
Chaffy, made of short membranous 

portions like chaff. 
Channelled, grooved or furrowed. 
Chartaceous, of a texture resembling 

paper. 
Cilice, hairs along the mai'gin of a sur- 
face, like those of the eyelashes. 
Ciliate, fringed with parallel hairs, 

like eyelashes. 
Cinereous, of the color of wood-ashes. 
Circinate, with the apex rolled back 

upon itself, like the young fronds 

of a fern. 
Circumcised, cut round transversely, 

or opening like a snuff-box. 
Cirrhus, a tendril. 
Cirrhose, bearing tendrils. 
Clasping, surrounding the stem partly 

or quite with the base of the leaf. 
Clavate, club-shaped, larger at top 

than bottom. 
Claw, the taper base of a petal, 82. 
Cleft, split or divided less than half 

way. 
Clypeatc, shaped like a Roman 

buckler. 
Coadunatc, united at base. 
Coarctate, contracted or crowded. 
Cochleate, resembling the shell of a 

snail. 
Coherent, united with an organ of 

the same kind. 
Collateral) placed side by side. 
Colored, different from green, which 

is the common color of plants. 



Columella, 135. 

Column, 99. 

Commisure, the line of junction of 
two bodies ; as the face of the car- 
pels in the Umbelliferse. 

Comose, covered with cottony hair. 

Compound, made up of similar simple 
parts. 

Compressed, flattened. 

Conduplicaie, doubled lengthwise. 

Cone, 161. 

Conglomerate, crowded together. 

Confluent, running into one another. 

Conjugate, in pairs; coupled. 

Connate, joined together at base. 

Connective, the organ which connects 
the two cells of an anther. 

Connivent. converging, the tips in- 
clining towards each other. 

Conoid, like a cone. 

Continuous, without interruption or 
articulation. 

Contorted, twisted, bent from a com- 
mon position. 

Convolute, rolled together. 

Coraloid, resembling coral in appear- 
ance. 

Cordate, heart-shaped. 

Coriaceous, leathery, tough and thick. 

Cormus or conn, the fleshy subter- 
raneous base of a stem, resembling 
a bulb, but solid. 

Corneous, horny, having a consist- 
ence like horn. 

Corniculate, horn-shaped. 

Corolla, 77. 

Cortical, belonging to the bark. 

Corymb, 67. 

Costatc, ribbed. 

Cotyledons, 172. 

Creeping, 12. 

Crcnate, scolloped, having sharp 
notches on the edge separated by 
round or obtuse dentures. 

Crcn a/ale, finely or minutely crenate. 

Crested, having an appendage re- 
sembling a cock's comb. 

Crowned, having a circle of projec- 
tions round the upper part of the 
tube of a flower, on its inside. 

Cruciform or cruciate, consisting of 
four petals placed like a cross. 

QmstaceouSj having a hard brittle 
shell. 

Cucull(it(\ hooded or cowled, rolled 
or folded in ; as the spathe oi'Arum 
triphyllum. 



XXII 



GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS. 



Cucurbitaceous, like gourds or melons. 

Culm, the stem of Grasses and Cype- 
raceous plants. 

Cuneate or cuneiform, wedge-sha- 
ped, tapering with straight edges 
to the base. 

Cupule, 155. 

Cusp, a stiffish tapering sharp point. 

Cuspidate, having a sharp straight 
point. 

Cuticle, 6, 23. 

Cyathiform, cup-shaped. 

Cylindric or cylindrical, round and 
not tapering, cylinder-shaped. 

Cyme, 70. 

Cymose, bearing or flowering in 
cymes. 

Cymules, the reduced cymes, or cy- 
mose clusters of the LabiataB ; 
sometimes called Verticillasters. 

Deciduous, falling off, in opposition 
to persistent and evergreen, later 
than caducous. 

Declined or declinatc, turned down- 
wards. 

Decompound, twice compound, com- 
posed of compound parts. 

Decumbent, leaning upon the ground, 
the base only erect. 

Decurrent, when the edges of a leaf 
run down the stem or stalk. 

Decur site, see Decurrent. 

Decussate, or decussating, in pairs al- 
ternately crossing each other. 

Deflected, bent off or downwards. 

Dehiscent, gaping or opening nat- 
urally by seams at maturity. 

Deltoid, nearly triangular, shaped like 
the Greek letter A. 

Dentate, toothed, edged with sharp 
projections separated by notches, 
larger than serrate. 

Denticulate, minutely toothed. 

Dentures, teeth, the sharp parts 
which separate notches. 

Depauperated, few-flowered. 

Depressed, flattened or pressed in at 
the top. 

Depressed-globose, globular, with the 
base and apex flattened. 

Diaphanous, transparent. 

Dichotomous, forked, dividing into 
two equal branches. 

Diclinous, having the stamens and 
pistils in distinct flowers on the 
same or different plants. 



Dicoccous, containing two grains or 

seeds. 
Dicotyledonous, 179. 
Didymous, twin ; growing in pairs, 

and more or less united. 
Didynamous, having 2 long and 2 

shorter stamens in the same flower. 
Diffuse, scattered, widely spread. 
Digitate, when a petiole gives off five 

or more leafets from a single point 

at its extremity. 
Dimidiate, halved, as if one side or 

one-half had been cut off. 
Dicecious, having the barren and fer- 
tile flowers on different plants. 
Discoid, having a disc covered with 

flowers, but no ray-flowers. 
Disk, 86 ; also the central part of a 

head of compound flowers. 
Dissepiment, the partition or internal 

wall of a pericarp. 
Distichous, two-rowed, producing 

leaves or flowers in two opposite 

rows. 
Distinct, separate ; not connected 

with each other, nor with any con- 
tiguous organ. 
Divaricate, diverging so far as to 

turn backwards. 
Divergent, spreading, separating 

widely. 
Divided, separated or cleft to the base, 

or to the midrib, if a leaf. 
Dorsal, growing on, or belonging to, 

the back. 
Downy, clothed with soft fine hairs. 
Drooping, inclining downwards, 

more than nodding. 
Drupaceous, bearing or resembling 

drupes. 
Drupe, 147. 

Ebracteate, without bracts. 

Ecaudate, without a tail. 

Echinate, beset with prickles, hedge- 
hog like. 

Effuse, a term applied to a loose one- 
sided panicle; as in Juncus effusus. 

Elliptic or elliptical, oval, longer 
than wide with the two ends nar- 
rowing equally. 

Elongated, exceeding a common or 
average length. 

Emarginate, having a notch in the 
end. 

Embryo, 176. 

Emersed, raised out of water. 



GLOSSARY OP BOTANICAL TERMS. 



XX111 



Endocarp, the hard shell which 
forms the covering of the seeds. 

Ensiform, sword-shaped, two-edged. 

Entire, even and whole at the edge ; 
without incision, notch, or tooth. 

Envelope, an integument or covering. 

Epicarp, the outer coating of the 
pericarp or fruit. 

Epidermis, see Cuticle. 

Epigynous, attached to the ovary, 
so that the upper portion is appa- 
rently inserted on its summit. 

Epipetalous, upon the petals. 

Equal, similar parts of nearly the 
same size and form; as sepals, 
petals, &c. 

Eroded or erose, appearing as if 
gnawed at the edge. 

Esculent, eatable. 

Evergreen, remaining fresh through 
the winter, not deciduous. 

Exsert or exserted, projecting or pro- 
truding out; as stamens from the 
tube of a corolla, &c. 

Falcate, sickle-shaped, linear and 
crooked. 

Fascicle, 70. 

Fascicled ox fasciculate, collected in 
bundles. 

Fastigiate, flat or level topped. 

Favose, deeply pitted, resembling a 
honeycomb. 

Feather-veined leaf, where the lat- 
eral veins diverge regularly from 
each side of the midrib ; as in a 
quill. 

Ferruginous, reddish-brown, like the 
rust of iron. 

Fertile, containing perfect pistils and 
yielding fruit. 

Fibrous, being composed of fibres. 

Filiform, thread-like, or very slender. 

Fimbriate, finely divided at the edge 
like fringe. 

Fimbrillale, clothed with fimbrilht, 
membranaceous linear or subulate 
filaments ; as the receptacle of 
certain compound flowers. 

Fistulous or fistular, hollow or tu- 
bular. 

Flabclliform, spreading like a fan. 

Flaccid, weak, so as to bend by its 
own weight. 

Flagclliform, like a whip-lash. 

Flexuous or jlexuose, serpentine or 






zigzag. 



Floral leaf, see Bract. 
Foliaceous, resembling a leaf. 
Follicle, 150. 
Frond, the leaf of Cryptogamous 

plants. 
Frutescent, becoming shrubby. 
Fruticose, shrub-like, or shrubby. 
Fulvous, tawny or tan-colored. 
Fugacious, that which lasts but for a 

short time. 
Funiculus, the little cord by which 

seeds are attached to the placenta. 
Funnel-shaped, tubular at bottom, 

and gradually expanding at top. 
Fuscous, grayish brown, or deep 

brown tinged with green. 
Fusiform, 11. 

Galea, a helmet, the upper part of 

a ringent corolla. 
Geminate, doubled. 
Gemmoxeous, belonging to a bud, 

made of the scales of a bud, 49. 
Geniculate, bent like a knee. 
Germ or germen, the old name for 

the ovary. 
Germination, the sprouting of a seed. 
Gibbous, swelled out, commonly on 

one side. 
Glabrous, very smooth, without any 

roughness or pubescence. 
Glandular pubescence, hairs tipped 

with little heads or glands. 
Glaucous, sea-green, pale bluish 

green. 
Globose or globular, spherical, round 

on all sides. 
Glomerate, gathered in a round heap 

or head. 
Glomerules, small dense roundish 

clusters. 
Glumaceous, resembling chaff or 

glumes. 
Glumes, the scales, valves or chaff 

which make the calyx of grasses. 
Glutinous, adhesive, viscid, covered 

with an adhesive fluid. 
Gramineous, resembling the grasses. 
Granifcrous, bearing a grain or 

grains. 
Granular, formed of grains or cov- 
ered with grains. 
Gumnospcrmous, having the seeils 

naked. 
Gunandrous, having the stamens 

growing on, or adhering to, the 

pistil. 



XXIV 



GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS. 



Habit, the general external appear- 
ance of a plant, by which it is 
known at sight. 

Habitat or habitatis, the natural or 
native place of growth. 

Hamate, hooked, a bristle curved at 
the end. 

Hastate, shaped like a halbert; it 
differs from arrow-shaped in hav- 
ing the barbs or lateral portions 
more distinct and divergent. 

Head, a dense roundish cluster of 
sessile flowers. 

Helmet, see Galea. 

Herbaceous or herb, not woody. 

Heter acephalous flowers, staminate 
and pistillate in distinct heads ; as 
in Ambrosia. 

Heterogamous heads, containing flow- 
ers of different structure and sexual 
character. 

Heterophyllous, having leaves of dif- 
ferent forms. 

Hilum, 167. 

Hirsute, rough with soft hairs. 

Hispid, rough with stiff hairs. 

Hoary, covered with white down. 

Homogamous heads, containing flow- 
ers of a similar structure and the 
same sexual character. 

Hooded, see Cucullate. 

Horn, see Spur. 

Hybrid, a mongrel, or partaking of 
the nature of two species. 

Hypocrateriform, salver-shaped, with 
a tube abruptly expanded into a 
fiat border. 

Hypogynous, 93. 

Imbricoie or imbricated, lying over 
each other like scales, or the shin- 
gles of a roof. 

Imperfect flower, one in which either 
stamens or pistils are wanting. 

Inched, cut, separated by incisions. 

Included, wholly received or con- 
tained in a cavity, the opposite of 
exserted. 

Incomplete flower, one which is des- 
titute of calyx or corolla. 

Incrassatsd, thickened upward, larger 
toward the end. 

Incumbent, !} T ing against or across, 
181. 

Incurved, bent or curved inwards. 

Indefinite, numerous, and of no con- 
stant number. 



Indehiscent, not opening. 

Indigenous, native, growing natu- 
rally in a country. 

Indusium, the involucre or veil which 
covers the fruit of ferns. 

Inferior, lowermost. 

Inflated, blown up like a bladder. 

Infiexed, bending inwards. 

Inflorescence, 59. 

Itifu ndibuliform, funnel-shaped. 

Inserted into, growing out of. 

Internode, the space between joints ; 
as in Grasses. 

Interrupted, having intervals, or the 
continuity broken. 

Interruptedly pinnate, when smaller 
leafets are interposed among the 
principal ones. 

Introse anthers, having the cells 
turned inwards or towards the 
pistils. 

Involucel, a partial involucre, 53. 

Involucre or involucrum, 53. 

Involute, rolled inwards. 

Irregular, the component parts dif- 
fering in size and shape. 

Keel, 81. 

Keeled, shaped like a keel. 
Kidney-shaped, heart-shaped without 
the point, and broader than long. 

Labiate, 80. 

Lacerate, divided into irregular seg- 
ments, as if torn. 

Laciniate, cut or divided into seg- 
ments. 

Lactescent, milky ; yielding a whitish 
or milkyjuice. when cut. 

Lacunose, covered with little pits or 
depressions. 

Larnellated, in thin plates. 

Lamina, a thin layer or plate ; the 
flat portion of a leaf or petal, as 
distinguished from the petiole or 
claw. 

Lanceolate, spear-shaped, narrow, 
with both ends acute. 

Lance-linear, Lance-ovate, &c., lin- 
ear, ovate, &c. with something of 
the lanceolate form. 

Lanuginous, woolly. 

Lateral, at the side. 

Lax, loose, not compact. 

Leafet, a partial leaf, a constituent 
of a compound leaf. 

Legume. 151. 



GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS. 



XXV 



Leguminous, bearing legumes. 

Lenticular, having the form of a lens ; 
orbicular and compressed, but con- 
vex on both faces. 

Ligneous, woody. 

Ligulaie, ribbon-shaped; a kind of 
corolla found in compound flowers, 
consisting of a tube at bottom, con- 
tinued into a long flat portion at 
top. 

Ligule, the mostly membranaceous 
appendage at the summit of the 
sheath, in the Grasses. 

Liliaceous, resembling the lily. 

Limb, 82. 

Line, the twelfth part of an inch. 

Linear, long and very narrow with 
parallel sides. 

Linear-lanceolate, partaking of both 
forms, but more of the latter. 

Lip, the front segment of an Orchi- 
deous or other flower. 

Lobe, a large division or distinct por- 
tion of a leaf or petal. 

Lobate or lobed, cut or divided into 
lobes. 

Lome tit, 151. 

Lunate or lunulate, shaped like a 
half-moon. 

Lyrate, pinnatifid, with a large 
roundish segment at the end. 

Marcescenl, withering. 
Melliferous, honey-bearing. 
Membranous or membranaceous, very 

thin and delicate. 
Mericarp, a name given to the inde- 

hiscent carpel of the Umbelliferae. 
Midrib, 43. 
Monadelphous, 98. 
Moniliform, arranged like the beads 

of a "necklace. 
Monoclinous, having the stamens and 

pistils in the same flower. 
Monocotylcdonous, 1 78. 
Monoecious, having staminate and 

pistillate flowers distinct, but on 

the same plant. 
Monopelalous , having but one petal, 

or the petals united into one. 
Monoplujllous, one-leaved. 
Monoscpalous, consisting of one sepal. 
Mucronatc, having a mucro or point 

projecting from an obtuse end. 
Mullijid, many-cleft. 
Multipartite, many-parted. 
Multiple, a number containing an- 



other number several times with- 
out a remainder ; as 9 is a multi- 
ple of 3. 

Muricale, covered with sharp spines 
or prickles. 

Mulicous, awnless or pointless. 

Naked, destitute of the usual covering 
or appendage ; as the corolla with- 
out a calyx, seeds without a peri- 
carp, &c. 

N apt form, turnip-shaped. 

Nectariferous, bearing honey. 

Nectary, 84, 89. 

Nerves, parallel veins or rib-like 
fibres extending from about the 
base to the apex. 

Neater or neutral flower, having 
neither stamen nor pistil. 

Nodding, inclining to one side, partly 
drooping. 

Nodi or nodes, 26. 

Nodose, having many nodi or joints. 

Nucamentaceous, producing nuts.. 

Nucleus, a central body, the kernel 
of a nut. 

Nucules, little nuts, or nut-like fruit. 

Nut, a hard indehiscent fruit, mostly 
with a single seed. 

Ob, a particle, which, when prefixed 
to any other term, denotes the in- 
version of the usual position. 

Obconic, conic with the apex down- 
ward. 

Obcordate, heart-shaped, with the 
point inwards, or downwards. 

Oblanccolate , with the widest part 
above the middle, and tapering 
gradually to the base. 

Oblong, longer than oval with the 
sides parallel. 

Obovatc, ovate, but inverted. 

Obovoid, inversely ovoid. 

Obsolete, indistinct, appearing as if 
worn out. 

Obtuse, blunt, rounded, not acute. 

Ochrea, a membranous sheath, cm- 
bracing the stem like a boot-log ; 
as in Polygonum. 

Oc/irotcuious, whitish-yellow, cream- 
color. 

Opercular, opening by a lid fixed at 
one side. 

Opposite, standing directly against 
each other on opposite sides of the 
stem. 



B2 



XXVI 



GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS. 



Orbicular, circular. 

Oval, longer than broad, the sides 
curving from end to end, and the 
ends of equal breadth and curva- 
ture. 

Ovary, 1 10. 

Ovate, flat, with the outline of the 
longitudinal section of an egg, the 
lower end being the largest. 

Ovoid, having the outline of an en- 
tire egg. 

Ovule, 122. 

Palate, a large obtuse projection 
which closes the throat of a per- 
sonate flower. 

Palea, a term applied to the parts of 
the corolla in Grasses. 

Paleaceous, chaffy. 

Palmate, hand-shaped, deeply di- 
vided into spreading and some- 
what equal segments. 

Panduriform, contracted in the mid- 
dle like a violin. 

Panicle, 68. 

Panicled or paniculate, arranged in 
the form of a panicle. 

Papilionaceous, 81. 

Papillose, producing small glandular 
excrescences like nipples. 

Pappus, the crown of the fruit of 
Compositse and similar plants. 

Parasitic, growing on another plant 
and drawing nourishment from it ; 
as the Misseltoe. 

Parietal, 117. 

Parted, deeply divided almost to the 
base, more than cleft. 

Partial, a term applied to small or 
constituent parts in distinction 
from general. 

Partition, the dividing wall or dis- 
sepiment in seed vessels. 

Pectinate, like the teeth of a comb, 
intermediate between fimbriate and 
pinnatifid. 

Pedate leaf, like a bird's-foot; di- 
vided nearly to the petiole in nar- 
row segments, with the lateral 
ones diverging 

Pedicel, 57. 

Pedicillate or pcdicelled, having, or 
being supported on, a pedicel. 

Peduncle, 56. 

Peduncled or pedunculate, having a 
peduncle. 

Pellicle, a very thin stratum or coat. 



Pellucid, transparent, pervious to 

light. 

Pellucid-punctate, having punctures 
admitting the passage of light. 

Peltate, having the stalk attached to 
some part of the surface or disk, 
and not to the margin. 

Pencilled or yenicillate, ending like a 
painter's pencil or brush. 

Pendulous, hanging down. 

Pentagonal, having five corners or 
angles. 

Pcpo, 159. 

Perennial, 30, c. 

Perfect fioicer , 91. 

Perfoliate, surrounding the stem on 
all sides and perforated by it ; it 
differs from connate, in not con- 
sisting of two leaves : as in Ewpa- 
toritim perfoliatum. 

Perianth, perianthium or perigoni* 
uni, 74. 

Pericarp, 133. 

Perigynium, the sac formed by the 
union of two bractlets, which en- 
closes the ovary ; as in certain 
Cyperacece. 

Perigynous, 94. 

Permanent, see Persistent. 

Persistent, not falling off; those parts 
of a flower are persistent which re- 
main till the fruit is ripe. 

Personate, masked, having the mouth 
of the corolla closed by a prominent 
palate. 

Petal, 77. 

Pctaloid, like a petal. 

Petiole, 40. 

Petioled or petiolate, with a petiole, 
not sessile. 

Pha2nogamous, applied to all plants 
which have visible flowers con- 
taining stamens and pistils. 

Pilose, hairy, with a stiff pubescence. 

Pinna, the leafets or divisions of a 
pinnate leaf. 

Pinnate, a leaf is pinnate when the 
leafets are arranged in two rows 
on the side of a common petiole. 

Pinnatifid, cut in a pinnate manner ; 
it differs from pinnate in consist- 
ing of a simple or continuous leaf, 
not compound. 

Pinnules, the leafets or subdivisions 
of a bi- tri- or multi-pinnate leaf. 

Pisiform, formed like peas. 

Pistil, 108. 



GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS. 



XXV11 



Pistillate, having pistils but no sta- 
mens. 
Place ida, 114. 
Plane, flat. 
Plicate, plaited, folded like a ruffle 

or fan. 
Plumose, feathery, feather-like. 
Plumnla, 174. 
Pod, 154. 
Pollen, 104. 

Pollen-masses or pollinia, 107. 
Polyiamo-tltczcious, having perfect 

and imperfect flowers on distinct 

plants. 
Polygamous, having some flowers 

which are perfect, and others which 

have stamens only or pistils only. 
Polygyiwus, having many styles. 
Polymorphous, changeable, assuming 

a variety of forms. 
Polypetalows, 77. 
Poli/p/iyllous, having many leaves, 

applied to the calyx. 
Polysepalous, 76. 

Polyspermous, having many seeds. 
Pome, 158. 

Porrected, extended forward. 
Pouck, 154. 
Pracmorsc, blunt at the end, as if 

bitten off. 
Prickle, 27. 
Prismatic, having several parallel 

flat sides. 
Process, a protuberance or projecting 

part. 
Procumbent, lying on the ground. 
Produced, extended or lengthened 

out. 
Proliferous, an umbel or flower is 

said to be proliferous when it has 

smaller ones growing out of it. 
Pse u do pinnate, falsely or imperfectly 

pinnate, not resolving at any time 

into separate leafets ; as the Pea, 

Vetch, &c. 
Pubcrulcnl, covered with a minute 

pubescence. 
Pubescence, a general term for the 

hairy covering of plants. 
Pubescent, clothed with short weak 

hairs. 
Pulp, the soft, juicy, cellular sub- 
stance found in berries ami similar 

fruits. 
Pulverulent, dusty, composed of 

powder, or appearing as if covered 

with it. 



Punctate, appearing as if pricked full 

of small holes, or dots. 
Puncticulate, having very minute 

punctures. 
Pungent, sharp-pointed, or prickly 

at the apex ; acrid. 
Putamen, a hard shell. 
Pyramidal, tapering upwards. 
Pyriprm, shaped like the fruit of a 

pear. 

Qicadrangular, 4-angled. 
Q v adr ij 'arious, in four rows or direc- 
tions, pointing or facing four ways. 
Q^adrijid, 4-cleft. 
Quatemate, four together. 
Quinale, five together. 

Raceme, 62. 

Racenws3, flowering in racemes. 

Rac/iis, the main stem of a compound 
peduncle, along which the pedicels 
are arranged, as in the Grasses ; 
also the midrib of the divided frond 
in Ferns. 

Radiant or raiiate, often applied to 
a cluster or head of flowers when 
those of the circumference or ray 
are long and spreading, and unlike 
those of the disk. 

Radical, growing immediately from 
the root. 

Radicating, sending out roots at the 
nodes or joints of the stem. 

Radicle, 175. 

Rameal, belonging to the branches. 

Ramenla, the scales or persistent re- 
mains of leaves or other parts of 
the plant. 

Rame idaceous, covered with ramenta. 

Ramose, branching. 

Raphe, the linear ridge on one side 
of the anatropous or inverted ovule, 
formed by the adhesion of a part 
of the funicle. 

Ray, (he diverging florets or petals 
which form the outside of radiate 
flowers, cymes, and umbels. 

Receptacle, 83. 

Reclined or reclinate, bending over, 
with the end inclining toward the 
ground. 

Recurved, curved backwards. 

Reduplicate, with the edges folded or 
turned outwards. 

R jl zed, bent backwards, more than 
recurved. 



xxvm 



GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS. 



Regular, having the parts equal and 
uniform; as the divisions of the 
calyx or corolla, 

Reniform, kidney-shaped, heart- 
shaped without the point. 

Repaud, slightly wavy or serpentine 
at the edge. 

Resuplnaie, turned upside down ; as 
the corolla of Tric/wstema. 

Reticulate, net-like, having veins 
distributed like net- work. 

Retrose or retrorsely, pointing back- 
wards or downwards. 

Rhizoma, 15. 

Rhomboid, having 4 sides with un- 
equal angles. 

Ribbed, marked with parallel ridges 
or veins. 

Ribs, parallel ridges or nerves exten- 
ding from near the base to the apex. 

Riugenl, gaping, with an upper and 
under lip ; as in some of the La- 
biatse. 

Rooting, sending out lateral roots. 

Rostrate, furnished with a beak. 

Rosulate, arranged in the form of a 
rosette. 

Rotate, wheel-shaped ; applied to a 
monopetalous corolla, the limb of 
which is flat and tube very short. 

Rough, covered with points, dots or 
hairs, which are rough to the touch. 

Rudiment, a term applied to an or- 
gan that is imperfectly developed. 

Rufesccnt, becoming reddish-orange 
or rusty. 

Rufous, reddish-brown or rust -col- 
ored. 

Rugose, wrinkled ; as the leaves of 
Sage. 

Rugulose, finely wrinkled. 

Runcinate, having large teeth point- 
ing backward ; as the leaves of the 
Dandelion. 

Runners, 16. 

Saccate, bagged, having a bag or 

pouch ; as in many petals. 
Sagittate, arrow-shaped, like the 

head of an arrow. 
Salver-shaped, tubular, with the limb 

flatly or horizontally expanded. 
Samara, 148. 
Sarcocarp, the fleshy portion of a 

pericarp. 
Sannentose, running on the ground 

and striking roots from the joints. 



Scabrous, rough with little asperi- 
ties. 

S:ales, any small processes resem- 
bling minute leaves ; also the leaves 
of the involucre of Composite. 

Scandent, climbing, usually by ten- 
drils. 

Scape, 58. 

Scarious, having a thin membranous 
margin ; as in the calyx scales of 
Liains scariosa,. 

Scattered, irregularly and thinly ar- 
ranged. 

Scions, lateral shoots or offsets from 
the root. 

Scrobicidate, excavated into little pits 
or hollows. 

Scutellate, shaped like a target or 
shield. 

Sccund, arranged on one side only, 
the same as unilateral. 

Segment, a part or principal division 
of a leaf, calyx or corolla. 

Semi, half. 

Ssmibivalved, half divided into two 
valves. 

Sspaloid, like sepals, not petal-like. 

Sepals, 76. 

Septicidal dehiscence, 138. 

Septiferous, bearing a septum. 

Septifragal dehiscence, when the 
dissepiments remain united to the 
axis, while the valves separate 
from them ; as in the Pea. 

Septum, the partition which divides 
the interior of the fruit. 

Sericeous, silky. 

Serrate, notched like the teeth of a 
saw, the points tending upward. 

Serrulate, minutely serrate. 

Sessile, placed immediately on the 
stem without the intervention of a 
stalk. 

Seta,, a bristle. 

Setaceous, bristle-like. 

Setiform, formed like a bristle. 

Setose, covered with bristles. 

Sheath, a tubular or folded leafy por- 
tion enclosing the stem; as in the 
Grasses. 

Sheathed, embraced by a sheath. 

Sheathing, embracing the stem with 
a sheath. 

Shining, glossv, smooth and polished. 

Stlicle, Ibi. 

Silique, 154. 

Siliquose j having siliques. 



GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS. 



XXIX 



Simple, not divided branched or com- 
pound. 

Sinuate, having sinuses at the edge. 

Sinuate-dentate or shiuate-lootked, 
sinuate-serrate, having teeth or ser- 
ratures, with the clefts rounded at 
the bottom. 

Sinus, a large rounded indentation 
or cavity. 

Soboliferous, producing young plants 
from the roots. 

Sori, plural of Sorus, small clusters 
of minute capsules or spore-cases 
on the back of the fronds of ferns. 

Spadiz 64. 

Spathaceous, having or resembling a 
spathe. 

Spathe, a sheathing calyx opening 
lengthwise on one side, and con- 
sisting of one or more valves. 

Spalulate or spathulate, obtuse or 
large at the end and gradually ta- 
pering into a stalk at base. 

Spermoderm, the skin of a seed. 

Spike, 63. 

Spikeltt, a small spike, the subdivision 
of a compound spike ; as in many 
of the Grasses. 

Spindle-shaped, see Fusiform. 

Spine, 27. 

Spinulose, covered with small spines, 

Spore or Sporule, that part in cryp- 
togamous plants which answers to 
the seed of other plants. 

Spur, a sharp hollow projection from 
a flower commonly called the nec- 
tary. 

Spurred, having spur-like elonga- 
tions. 

Squamiform , scale-shaped. 

Squamose, scaly. 

Sijuarroxe or squarrovs, ragged, hav- 
ing reflected or divergent scales. 

Staminate, having stamens but not 
pistils. 

Siaminifcrous, bearing or supporting 
the stamens. 

Standard, see Banner. 

Slellate, like a star. 

S'.cllular pubescence, hairs with 
branches like rays. 

Stent, 13. 

Stemiess, 14. 

Sterile, barren, producing no fruit. 

Stigma, 111. 

Stigniatifcrous or stigmaiose, bearing 
or belonging to the stigma. 



Stipe, the stem of a fern or fungus ; 
also the little footstalk of seeds, 
&c. ; as in the Dandelion. 

S.ipitate, having or supported on a 
stipe. 

Scipular, belonging to stipules. 

Stipule, 47. 

Stoloniferous, having scions or run- 
ning shoots. 

S rice, fine parallel ridges streaks or 
furrows. 

Striate, marked with striae. 

Strict, straight and stiffly erect. 

SLrigose, clothed with bristly and ap- 
pressed hairs. 

Strobile, 161. 

Slrophiolate, surrounded by protube- 
rances. 

Style, 112. 

S.ylopodium, the thickened foot or 
base of the style which is confluent 
with the epigynous disk ; as in the 
Umbellifera?. 

Sub, a particle prefixed to various 
terms, to imply the existence of a 
quality in a diminutive or inferior 
degree, as 

Subacute, somewhat acute, less than 
acute, &c. 

Suberose, cork-like. 

Subserrate, slightly serrate. 

Subsessile, nearly sessile. 

Subulate, awl-shaped, narrow, stiff, 
and sharp-pointed. 

Succulent, juicy. 

Sucker, a shoot from the root or 
lower part of the stem. 

Suffrutescent, almost shrubby. 

Suffruticose, somewhat shrubby at 
base. 

Sulcatc, furrowed or grooved. 

Superior, above ; a term applied to 
the ovary when it is above the 
calyx, &c. 

Surculosc, with suckers or offsets. 

Suture, 137. 



Tendril, a filiform appendage of cer- 
tain vines, which supports them 
by twining round other objects. 

Terete, round, cither eylindrie or ta- 
pering. 

Terminal, extreme, situated at the 
end, 

Tcmate, three together; as the lea\cs 
of common Clover. 



XXX 



GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS. 



Tessellated, in little squares or 
checkers, like a chess-board. 

Testa, 168. 

Tdramerous, of four parts or con- 
stituent portions. 

Tiwrn, see Spine. 

Tkroab, the passage into the tube of 
a corolla. 

Tiyrse, 69. 

Tn/rsoid, resembling or in the form 
of a thyrse. 

Tomentose, downy, covered with fine 
matted pubescence. 

Toothed, divided so as to resemble 
teeth. 

To rose, uneven ; alternately elevated 
and depressed. 

Tortucus, bent in various directions. 

Tondose, slightly torose. 

Torus, 83. 

Transverse, transversely, across, 
crosswise. 

Trichotomous, 3-forked. 

Tricoccous, of three cocci or separa- 
ble inJehiscent carpels. 

Tr'firtous, pointing in three direc- 
tions. 

Trifi I, 3-cleft. 

Trifoliate, 3 leaved, see Ternate. 

Trigonous, 3-cornered. 

Trilobate, 3-lobed. 

Tiilosular, 3-celled. 

Tripartite, 3-parted. 

Tripinuale, thrice-pinnate, when the 
leafets of a bipinnate leaf become 
pinnate. 

Trtpinnai'ijid, pinnately divided, with 
the primary divisions twice pinna- 
tifid. 

Triplinerved, with three principal 
nerves from the base. 

Triquetrous, having three sides or 
angles. 

Triternate, thrice ternate, when the 
leafets of a biternate leaf become 
ternate. 

Truncate, having a square termina- 
tion as if cut off. 

Tj.be, a pipe or hollow cylinder, ap- 
plied to that of a monopetalous 
corolla formed by the united claws. 

Tuber, 1 19. 

T.ibercula'.e, covered with knobs or 
tubercles. 

Tuberous or tuber if erous, bearing 
tubers, 119. 

Tabular •, shaped like a tube; in a 



compound flower, the florets which 
are not ligulate are called tu- 
bular. 

Tuft, a branch growing from the 
same root. 

Tumid, swelling or enlarged. 

Tmicate, coated with concentric 
layers ; as the Onion. 

Turbinate, shaped like a top or pear. 

Turion, a thick, tender young shoot ; 
as of Asparagus. 

Twin, two of the same kind growing 
together. 

Ttviniug, winding round and as- 
cending spirally. 

Umbel, 66. 

Umbellate, like an umbel. 

Umbdlel, a partial umbel; one of the 

subdivisions of a compound umbel. 
Umbelliferous, bearing umbels. 
Umbilicate, marked with a central 

depression. 
Una) vied, without prickles or thorns. 
Uncinate, hooked, hook-shaped. 
Undulate, wavy, serpentine, gently 

rising and falling. 
Unequal, the parts not corresponding 

in length, form, &c. 
Unsruiculale, inserted by a claw, 82. 
Uniform, in one form or manner. 
Unilateral, growing all on one side, 

or with the flowers leaning to one 

side. 
Unisexual, of one sex, staminate or 

pistillate only. 
Urceolate, pitcher-shaped, swelling 

in the middle and slightly con- 
tracted at top. 
Utricle, 145. 

Valvate aestivation, when the sepals 

or petals are folded together and 

fit by their margins only. 
Valves, the segments or parts of a 

seed-vessel into which it finally 

separates, 136 ; also the leaves 

which make up a glume or spathe. 
Valvular or valved, consisting of 

valves or seed-cells. 
Var. (yarietas), a variety of a species, 

not specifically distinct. 
Vaulted, arched over, with a concave 

covering. 
Veined, having the divisions of the 

petiole irregularly branched on the 

under side of the lea£ 



GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS. 



XXXI 



Venation, in reference to the leaf: 

the distribution of veins or the 

frame-work. 
Venlricose, swelling, inflated. 
Vernation, the mode in which young 

leaves are folded in the bud. 
Verrucose, warty, covered with little 

protuberances. 
Versatile, swinging lightly on a stalk. 

so as to be continually changing 

direction. 
Vertical, perpendicular. 
Verticil or whorl, flowers or leaves 

arranged around the stem in a 

horizontal ring. 
Verticillaster or verticillaslrum, a 

false whorl or verticil ; a condensed 

cyme or cluster, as in some of the 

Labiatae. 
Verticillate, arranged in a vertieil or 

whorl. 
Vesicular, made up of vesicles or little 

bladders. 
Vesiculose, bladder-like. 



Villous or villose, hairy, the hairs 

long and soft. 
Virescent, becoming green. 
Virgate, long and slender, wand-like. 
Viridescent, greenish. 
Virose, poisonous, nauseous and 

strong to the smell. 
Viscid or viscous, thick, glutinous, 

covered with adhesive juice. 
Viviparous, producing a collateral 

offspring by means of bulbs. 



Wedge-shaped, formed like a wedge, 
and commonly rounded at the 
largest end. 

Wheel-shaped, see Rotate. 

Whorl, see Verticil. 

Winged, having the sides extended 
into a leafy expansion. 

Wings, the two lateral petals of a 
papilionaceous flower, 81. 

Woolly, clothed with a matted pubes- 
cence, resembling wool. 



TABLE OF LIXX.EAX ARTIFICIAL CLASSES AXD ORDERS, 

Div. I. Plants with conspicuous flowers. Phaxerogamia. 

A. Stamens and pistils in the same flower. 

* Stamens free and equal. 

Cl. 1. Moxaxdria, with 1 stamen. 6. Hexaxdria, with 6 stamens. 

2. Diaxdria, 2 stamens. 7. Heptaxdria, 7 stamens. 

3. Triaxdria, 3 stamens. 8. Octaxdria, 8 stamens. 

4. Tetraxdria, 4 stamens. 9. Exxeaxdria, 9 stamens. 

5. Pextaxdria, 5 stamens. 10. Decaxdria, 10 stamens. 
*11. Dodecaxdria, 11 to 19 stamens. 

12. Icosaxdria, 20 or more stamens, perigynous or inserted on the calyx. 

13. Polyaxdria, 20 or more stamens, hypogynous or inserted on the re- 

ceptacle. 
Orders. — In the first 13 classes the orders depend solely on the number of 
pistils, and they are named — Monogynia 1. Digynia 2. Trigynia 3. Telragynia 
4. Penlagynia 5. Hexagynia 6. Heptagynia 7. Octagynia 8. Enneagynia 9. 
Decagyniu 10. Pulygynia more than 10. 

** Stamens free, unequal. 

14. Didyxamia, 4 stamens, 2 longer than the others. 

Two orders. 1. Gytnnospermia, the seeds naked. 2. Angiospermia, the seeds 
enclosed in a pericarp. 

15. Tetradyxamia. 6 stamens, 4 longer than the others. 

Two orders. 1 . Siliculosa, fruit a silicle or pouch. 2. Siliquosa, fruit a long 
pod or silique. 

*** Filaments united. 

16. Monadelphia, filaments forming 1 set- 

17. Diadeephia, filaments forming 2 sets. 

*18. Poeyadelphia, filaments forming more than 2 sets. 
Orders depend upon the number of stamens, and have the same names as the 
first 13 classes. 

**** Anthers united. 

19. Syxgexesia, 5 stamens, the anthers united (compound flowers.) 
Five orders. 1. Polygamia JEqualis, florets all perfect. 2. P. Superflua, 

disk florets perfect, rays pistilliferous. 3. P. Frustranea. disk perfect, rays ueutral. 
4. P. Necessaria, disk with stamens, rays with a pistil. 5. P. Segregaia, with 
a perianth to each floret. 

***** Anthers united to the pistil. 

20. Gyxaxdria. 

. Orders named according to the number of stamens, as Monandria, &c. 
B. Stamens and Pistils in different flowers. 

21. Moxcecia, stamens and pistils on the same individuals. 

22. Dicecia, stamens and pistils on different individuals. 

Orders named according to the number of stamens, except where there is a 
union of the filaments : then named Monadtlphia, &c. 

*23. Polygamia, perfect and unisexual flowers either on the same or dif- 
ferent individuals. 

Three orders. Mojicecia, Dicecia, Tricecia. 

Div. II. Plants with inconspicuous flowers. Cryptogamia. 
24. Cryptogamia, having neither stamens nor pistils. 
Six orders, viz., 1. Filices. 2. Musci. 3. Algce. 4. Fungi. 5. Hepaticce- 
6. Lichenes. 

* The classes marked thns. viz. Dodecarnlria, Pnlvadelphia, and Polysomia, have 
baen discarded by most American botanists. Thev comprise, at least in 'the States to 
which this work is principally devoted, but few genera, and these, being variable in 
their characters, can be very well distributed among the other classes. 



SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA TREATED OF IN THIS WORK, 
ACCORDING TO THE LINNjEAN SYSTEM; 

WITH REFERENCES TO THE NATURAL ORDERS. 



CLASS I— MONANDRIA— 1 Stamen. 
Order I.— MONOGYNIA.— 1 Pistil 

Saltcornia. Perianth single, turbinate, fleshy, obscurely lobed. Style 
bifid. Utricle compressed, enclosed in the enlarged perianth. Ckenopodi- 
acece, p. 299. 

Hippuris. Calyx with the tube adnate to the ovary; the limb minute, 
entire. Petals none. Style received into the groove of the anther. Fruit 
1-seeded. Haloragacece, p. 113. 

Hemfcarpha. Flowers glumaceous. Scales very numerous, deciduous. 
Valve single, opposite the scale. Style 2-cleft. Achenium oblong. Cype- 
roxece, p. 399. 

Order II.— DIGYNIA — 2 Pistils. 

Callitriche. Flowers perfect or imperfect. Bracts 2, opposite, petaloid. 
Calyx (corolla of some) inconspicuous. Petals none. Capsule compressed, 
4-celled, indehiscent. Haloragacecp., p. 113. 

Blitum. Perianth single, 5-cleft, baccate in fruit. Utricle compressed, 
covered with the perianth. Chenopodiacece, p. 299. 

CLASS II.— DIANDRIA.— 2 Stamens. 
Order I.— MONOGYNIA.— 1 Pistil 

* Perianth double, inferior, l-petalled, regular. 

Ligustrum. Calyx minutely 4-toothed. Corolla 4-cleft. Stigma 2-cleft. 
Berry globose, 2-celled ; cells 1 — 2-seeded. Oleacece, p. 229. 

Chionanthus. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-parted ; the lobes long 
and linear. Drupe 1-seeded. Oleacece, p. 229. 

** Perianth double, inferior, 1-pctallcd, irregular. 

Veronica. Calyx 4- rarely 5-parted. Corolla rotate, unequally 4-Iobod ; 
the lower segments narrower. Capsule 2-celled, few-seeded. Scrophuld- 
riacecc, p. 264. 

Leptandra. Calyx 5-parted; segments acuminate. Corolla tubular; 
border 4-lobed, a little ringent, the lower segment narrower. Capsule 2- 
celled, many-seeded. Scrophulariacccc, p. 26(5. 

Gratiola. Calyx 5-parted, often with 2 bracts at the base. Corolla 
tubular, sub-bilabiate ; upper lip entire or shortly bifid ; lower one 3-lobed. 
Capsule ovate, 2-cclled, 2-valved, the valves at length 2-cleft. ScrophvXa- 
riacea, p. 262. 

Lindernia. Calyx 5-parted, naked at base. Corolla ringent : upper lip 
short, reflexed, cmarginate ; lower one tritid, unequal. Capsule ovoid- 
oblong, 2-celled, 2-valved ; dissephnent parallel with the valves. Scrophu- 
lariacecs, p. 263. 

BZ* 



XXXIV LINNvEAN ARRANGEMENT 

Hemianthus. Calyx tubular, cleft on the under side ; border 4-toothed. 
Corolla with the upper lip obsolete ; the lower 3-parted ; intermediate seg- 
ment ligulute and truncate, much longer and closely incurved. Capsule 
1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. Scrophulariacea, p. 263. 

Catalea. Calyx 2-parted. Corolla campanulate ; tube ventricose; limb 
5-lobed, unequal. Stigma in 2 plates. Capsule pod-form, long, cyiindric, 
2-valved. Seeds membranaceously winged. Bignoniacece, p. 242. 

Justicia. Calyx 5-parted, often with 2 bracts at the base. Corolla ir- 
regular, bilabiate; upper lip emarginate; lower 3-cleft, Anthers 1 or 2 
on each filament. Capsule attenuated, 2-celled, 2-valved. Acanthacece, 
p. 286. 

Utricularta. Calyx 2-parted; lips undivided, nearly equal. Corolla 
personate, with the lower lip spurred at the base. Stigma 2-lipped. Cap- 
sule globose, 1-celled. Leiitibulariacece, p. 287. 

Pinguicula. Calyx 4 — 5-cleft, unequal. Corolla ringent, spurred at the 
base beneath. Stigma of 2 plates or lobes. Capsule 1-celled. Lentibula- 
riacece, p. 287. 

Elatine. Calyx 2 — 4-parted. Petals 2 — 4. Capsule 2— 4-valved; 
margin of the valves not introflexed. Elat'macece, p. 53. 

Obs. The remaining genera of this division have the corolla more or less 
bilabiate, and four naked seeds or achenia enclosed within the persistent 
calyx. They form, with the plants of Didynamia Gymnospermia, (from 
which indeed they only differ in having two of the stamens abortive,) the 
Natural Order Labiates, p. 270. 

*** Perianth double, superior. 

Circea. Calyx short; limb 2-parted. Petals 2. Stigma emarginate. 
Capsule obovate, hispid with hooked hairs, 2-celled, 2-valved 2-seeded. 
Onagracece, p. 111. 

**** Perianth single or none. 

Lemna. Spathe membranaceous, urceolate, with 2 sterile flowers. Sta- 
mens 2, rarely wanting. Filaments longer than the style, curved. Stigma 
flat. Fruit a utricle. Pistiacecs, p. 384. 

Cladium. Flowers glumaceous. Spikelets 2-flowered. Scales few, 
imbricate in a somewhat trifarious manner; the lowest empty. Bristles 
none. Style 2 — 3-cleft. Achenium globose-ovoid. Cyperacea, p. 399. 

Order II.— DIGYNIA.— 2 Pistils. 

Anthoxanthum. Flowers glumaceous. Spikelets 3-flowered ; the two 
lower flowers neutral, and each consisting of a single awned palea ; the 
upper flower perfect, of two palese, nearly equal, short, awnless. Gram- 
minacecB, p. 437. 

CLASS in.— TRIANDPJA.— 3 Stamens. 
Order I.— MONOGYNIA.— 1 Pistil. 

* Perianth double, superior. 
Fedia. Calyx with the limb toothed and persistent or obsolete. Corolla 
tubular, not spurred ; the limb 5-lobed, regular or slightly irregular. Fruit 
3-celled ; 2 cells empty, (sometimes confluent into one,) the other 1-seeded, 
ValerianacecS) p. 153. 



OF THE GENERA. XXXV 

Valeriana. Calyx with the limb involute, and at length evolved in a 
deciduous plumous pappus. Corolla with the tube obconic or cylindric, 
equal or gibbous at base, the limb obtusely 5-cleft. Fruit indehiscent, 1- 
celledj 1-seeded. Valerianacea, p. 153. 

** Perianth single, superior. 

Iris. Perianth 6-cleft ; 3 of the segments larger and reflexed, the others 
erect. Stigmas 3, petaloid, covering the stamens. Iridacece, p. 333. 

Lachnanthes. Perianth 6-cleft; segments unequal. Stigma minutely 
3-lobed. Capsule 3-celled, truncate, many-seeded. Hcemodoracece, p. 376. 

*** Perianth double, inferior. 

Commelyna. Perianth in 2 rows ; the outer one 3-leaved, calycine ; 
inner 3-leaved, petaloid. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved; one valve abortive. 
Commelynacece, p. 377. 

Xyris. Perianth in 2 rows ; outer row glumaceous, 2 of the segments 
somewhat boat-shaped ; inner row petaloid ; the segments with long nearly 
distinct claws and dilated laminse. Capsule 1-celled. Xyridacece, p. 371. 

**** Perianth single, inferior. 

Schollera. Spathe 1-flowered. Perianth with a long slender tube? 
limb deeply 6-parted. Anthers similar, oblong-sagittate. Stigma 3-lobed. 
Capsule l-celled. Pontederacece, p. 370. 

Heteranthera. Flowers in a spathe. Perianth with a long slender 
tube ; border 6-parted, equal. Anthers of two forms. Capsule 3-celled, 
many-seeded. Pontederacece, p. 369. 

Sisvrinchium. Spathe 2-leaved, bract-like. Perianth colored; limb 
flat, 7-cleft ; the lobes equal ; tube short. Filaments mostly united below. 
Stigmas 3. Capsule pedicellate, roundish-triangular. Iridacea, p. 354. 

***** Flowers glumaceous (dry and chaffy.') 

Obs. All the genera of this division belong to the Subclass Glumaceals, 
(p. 387,) and all except Cenchrus, Spartina, and Oryzopsis, belong to the 
Order Cyperacea, p. 387. 

Order II.— DIGYNIA.— 2 Pistils. 

Obs. All the genera of this order are proper grasses, Graminacccv, p. 418. 
The family is so entirely natural that it is unnecessary to repeat the generic 
descriptions. 

Order III.— TRIGYNIA.— 3 Pistils. 

Moi/lugo. Calyx inferior, deeply 5-parted. Petals none. Capsule 3- 
c'elled, 3-valved, many-seeded. Garyophyllaceee, p. 47. 

Lechea. Calyx inferior, 3-sepalled, with two outer bracts or sepals, per- 
sistent. Petals 3, inconspicuous, lanceolate. Stigmas 3, scarcely distinct. 
Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, few-seeded. Cistacea, p. !>.">. 

Proserpinaca. Calyx superior, the tube adhering to the triquetrous 
ovary ; limb 3-parted. Pctuls none. Fruit bony, 3-sided, 3-cclled. Hot** 
ragacca, p. 111. 



XXXVI LINNuEAN ARRANGEMENT 

CLASS IV.— TETRANDRIA.— 4 Stamens, equal in height. 
Order I.— MONOGYNIA— 1 Pistil. 

* Perianth double. Corolla \-petalled } superior. 

Cephalanthus. Flowers in a globose head. Calyx small, angular, in- 
versely pyramidal, 4-cleft. Corolla tubular, slender, 4-cleft. Capsule 2- 
celled, 2-seeded (mostlv 2-parted.) Receptacle globose, hairy. Ricbiacece, 
p. 150. 

Dipsacus. Flowers collected in an ovoid or roundish head. Common 
calyx (involucre) foliaceous, many-leaved ; proper superior, of one leaf. 
Corolla tubular, 4-cleft. Fruit crowned by the limb of the calyx. Dipsa- 
cacece, p. 154. 

Galium. Calyx with the tube ovate-globose or oblong; limb nearly 
wanting. Corolla rotate, 4-parted, (very rarely 3-parted). Fruit didymous, 
roundish, rarely oblong. Rubiacece, p. 151. 

Diodia. Calyx with the tube ovate or obovate, 2 — 4-toothed. Corolla 
funnel-form, 4-lobed. Fruit crowned with the calyx, 2-celled, bipartite. 
Rubiacece, p. 151. 

Hedyotis. Calyx with the tube ovate, the limb 4-toothed. Corolla fun- 
nel-form, salver-form or rotate, 4-parted. Capsule ovoid or globose, 2-celled, 
opening transversely at the top, many-seeded. Rubiacece, p. 149. 

Mitchella. Flowers in pairs with their ovaries united. Calyx 4- 
toothed. Corolla funnel-form; tube cylindric ; limb 4-parted, spreading, 
villous on the inner side. Stigma 4-cleft. Berry didymous, 4-seeded. 
Rubioxece, p. 150. 

Linn-Ea. Calyx with the tube ovate; limb 5-parted. Corolla turbi- 
nate, subcampanulate, 5-lobed. Stigma globose. Berry dry, small, ovoid- 
globose, 3-celled (one cell only bearing a perfect seed.) Caprifoliacea, 

** Perianth double (rarely single.') Corolla many-petalied, (rarely none?) 
superior. 

Cornus. Calyx adherent to the ovary; the limb minute, 4-toothed. 
Petals 4, oblong, spreading. Drupe with the cells not united. Cornaceos, 
p. 142. 

Isnardia. Calyx with the tube ovate or sub-cylindric, short, adhering 
to the ovary ; limb 4-parted. Petals 4, often minute or wanting. Capsule 
short, 4-sided, 4-valved, many-seeded. Onagracece, p. 110. 

Sanguisorba. Flowers perfect or rarely polygamous. Calyx 4-cleft, 
with 2 — 3 scales at base externally. Petals none. Achenium dry, included 
in the hardened 4-winged calyx tube. Saiiguisorbacece, p. 105. 

*** Perianth double. Corolla 1-petalhd, inferior. 
Plantago. Calyx 4- (rarely 3)- parted. Corolla 4-cleft ; border re- 
flexed. Stamens mostly very long. Capsule 2 — 4-celled, opening trans- 
versely. Plantaginacea, p. 293. 

Cextatjrella. Calyx 4-parted, appressed. Corolla subcampanulate, 
4-parted. Stigma thick, glandulous and partly bifid. Capsule 1 -celled, 
2-valved, many-seeded, surrounded by the persistent calyx and corolla. 
GerM<m<ux<B } p. 840. 



OF THE GENERA. XXXV11 

Exacum. Calyx deeply 4-parted. Corolla 4-lobed, with the tube globose. 
Stigma 2-cleft. Capsule bisulcate, 2-celled, many-seeded. Gentianacece, 
p. 240. 

Swertia. Calyx 4 — 5-parted. Corolla rotate, 4 — 5-parted ; the seg- 
ments with 2 glanduliferous fimbriate pores at the base of each. Stigmas 
2-lobed, (rarely 2.) Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. Gentiana- 
cece, p. 238. 

Frasera. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla deciduous, rotate, 4-parted, with 1 or 
2 fringed glands on each lobe. Capsule compressed, 1-celled, 2-valved. 
Seeds few, large, winged. Gentianacece, p. 238. 

Halenia. Calyx 4 — 5-parted. Corolla campanulate, 4 — 5-cleft; the 
lobes erect, equalling the tube, with a glanduliferous spur at the base. 
Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. Gentianacece, p. 237. 

Obolaria. Calyx 2-parted, in the form of bracts. Corolla campanulate, 
4-cleft. Stamens somewhat didynamous, proceeding from the clefts of the 
corolla. Stigma emarginate. Capsule ovate, 1-celled, 2-valved, many- 
seeded. Orobancliacece, p. 258. 

(Some Gentiance, see CLASS V., Order II.) 

* Perianth double. Corolla 4 — 5-petalled, inferior. 

Ammannia. Calyx 4 — 5-toothed or lobed, the sinuses expanding into 
teeth or horns. Petals 4, or wanting. Capsule globose or ovate, many- 
seeded. Lytkracece, p. 115. 

Ptelea. Calyx mostly 4-sepalled. Petals much longer than the sepals. 
Torus tumid, pentagonal. Samarae membranaceous, margined, 2-celled ; 
cells 1 — 2-seeded. Zanthoxylacece, p. 68. 

***** Perianth single, inferior. 

Symplocarpus. Spathe ventricose-ovate, acuminate. Spadix roundish, 
covered with perfect flowers. Perianth deeply 4-parted, persistent. Berries 
numerous, globular, imbedded in the spadix. Aracece, p. 383. 

Alchemilla. Perianth with the tube somewhat contracted at the top ; 
limb 8-parted, the alternate lobes smaller. Carpels 1—2, with a filiform 
capitate style on the side, at length dry and 1-seeded. Sanguisorbacca:, 
p. 106. 

Order II— DIGYNIA.— 2 Pistils. 

Hamamelis. Calyx 4-lobed, with 2 — 3 bracteoles at the base. Petals 4, 
long, ligulate. Capsule coriaceous, 2-celled, 2-valved at the top. Hamamc- 
lidacece, p. 141. 

Order III.— TETRAGYNIA— 4 Pistih. 

Ilex. Calyx 4 — 5-toothed, persistent. Corolla 4— 5-parted nearly to the 
base, rotate. Stamens 4 — 5. Stigmas 4 — 5, sometimes muted. Fruit 
fleshy, with 4 — 5-ribbed or veined nucules. Aquifoliacca-, p. 227. 

Sagina. Calyx 3 — 5-parted. Petals 4 — 5, or none. Capsule 1-celled, 
4-valved, many-seeded. Canjophyllacecc, p. 47. 

TiLLJEA, Calyx 3 — 4-parted. Petals 3— 4, oblong, acuminate. Carpels 

3 — 4, distinct, opening by the inner suture, 2 — many-seeded. Cross* 

p. 121. 



XXXV11I LINN^EAN ARRANGEMENT 

Ruppia. Flowers 2, perfect, naked, on a spadix arising from the sheath- 
ing base of the leaves. Anthers large, peltate. Stigmas sessile, peltate. 
Fruit drupaceous, pedicellate. Naiadacece, p. 386. 

Potamogeton. Flowers perfect, on a spadix arising from a spathe. 
Perianth single, 4-leaved. Anthers nearly sessile, alternating with the 
divisions of the perianth. Ovaries 4, becoming four compressed and some- 
what cochleate nuts. Naiadacece, p. 386. 

CLASS V.— PENTANDRIA —5 Stamens. 

Order I.— MONOGYNIA.—l Pistil. 

* Perianth double, inferior. Corolla 1-petalled. Fruit consisting of four 
naked nuts or seeds. 

Obs. The genera of this division constitute the Natural Order Bora- 
ginacece, p. 247. 

** Perianth double, inferior. Corolla 1-petalled. Seeds covered with a dis- 
tinct capsule. 

Anagallis. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, deeply 5-parted. Filaments 
hairy. Capsule globose, opening hemispherically, many-seeded. Primu- 
lacece, p. 292. 

Lysimachia. Calyx 5 — 6-parted. Corolla somewhat rotate, 5 — 6- 
parted. Capsule globose, 5 — 10-valved, dehiscent at the summit. Primu- 
lacece, p. 291. 

Primula. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-form; tube cylin- 
dric ; orifice open. Stigma globose. Capsule opening with 10 teeth. 
Primulacece, p. 289. 

Dodecantheon. Calyx 5-parted, reflexed. Corolla rotate, 5-parted, 
the lobes reflexed. Capsule oblong-ovate, 5-valved, many-seeded. Priviu- 
lacece, p. 289. 

Hottonia. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla salver-form, 5-lobed. Stamens 
seated on the tube of the corolla. Stigma globose. Capsule globose, 
crowned with the persistent style, at length 5-valved. Primulacece, p. 290. 

Menyanthes. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form ; limb spreading, 
5-lobed, equal, hairy within. Stigma 1 — 2-lobed. Capsule 1-celled, with 
the axis of the valves seminiferous. Gentianacece, p. 241. 

Limnanthemum. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, 5-parted, the lobes 
bearded or- scaly at base, and furnished with glands. Stigma 2-lobed. 
Capsule 1-celled, few-seeded. Gentia.nacece, p. 241. 

Sabbatia. Calyx 5 — 12-parted. Corolla rotate, 5 — 12-parted. Anthers 
at length revolute. Stigmas 2, spiral. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved. Gen- 
tianacece, p. 238. 

Erythr.ea. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form; limb short; 
5-cleft. Anthers, after flowering, spirally twisted. Style erect. Stigmas 2. 
Capsule linear, 1 — 2-celled, 2-valved. Gentianacece, p. 239. 

Hydrophyllum. Calyx 5-parted, the lobes subulate and the sinuses 
mostly naked. Corolla campanulate, 5-cleft, with 5 longitudinal margined 
grooves on the inside alternating with the lobes. Filaments bearded in the 
middle. Stigma bifid. Capsule globose, 2-valved, 1-seeded, 3 other seeds 
mostly abortive. Hydrophyllacece, p. 252. 

Phacelu. Calyx 5-parted, the sinuses naked. Corolla tubular-campan- 



OF THE GENERA. XXXIX 

uiate, caducous, 5-cleft or half 5-cleft, with 10 plaits or scales on the inside. 
Stamens often exserted. Style bifid. Capsule ovoid, 2-valved. Hydro- 
pkyllacea, p. 253. 

^osmanthus. Calyx 5-parted ; the sinuses naked. Corolla broadly 
campanulate, caducous, 5-cleft ; tube without scales. Filaments slender, 
about as long as the corolla. Style bifid. Capsule 2-valved, septiferous in 
the middle. Hydrophyllacece, p. 254. 

Spigelia. Calyx 5-parted, persistent; the segments linear-subulate. 
Corolla funnel-form, 5-cleft. Anthers linear, erect, 2-lobed at base. Cap- 
sule ovoid-compressed, didymous, 2-celled, few-seeded. Loganiacece, p. 235. 

Nicotiana. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form; 
the limb 5-lobed and plaited. Stigma capitate. Capsule 2-celled, 2 — 4- 
valved, many-seeded. Solanqcece, p. 256. 

Hyoscyamus. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form, irregular, 
lobes obtuse. Stigma capitate. Capsule ovoid, opening with a lid. Sola- 
nacece, p. 257. 

Convolvulus. Calyx 5-parted, naked or with 2 bracts at base. Co- 
rolla funnel-form or campanulate, with 5 plaits. Stigma capitate or lobed. 
Capsule 2 — 3-celled, 2 — 3-valved. Convolvulacece, p. 245. 

Phlox. Calyx prismatic, 5-parted. Corolla salver-form; tube long, 
somewhat curved ; the limb flat, 5-lobed. Stamens inserted about the mid- 
dle of the tube of the corolla, very unequal. Capsule roundish-ovoid, 3- 
seeded. Polemoniacece, p. 243. 

Polemonium. Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft. Corolla campanulate-rotate ; 
tube very short, closed by the dilated bases of the filaments. Capsule ovoid, 
obtuse, the cells many-seeded. Polemoniacece,, p. 244. 

Diapensia. Calyx of 5 imbricate sepals, with 3 bracts at the base. Co- 
rolla somewhat salver-form, 5-lobed. Filaments broad-linear, inserted into 
the throat of the corolla, Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. Dia- 
pensiacece, p. 247. 

Azalea. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short, campanulate, 5-cleft. Style 
straight, included. Capsule 5-ceIled, 5-valved, opening at the top. Erica- 
ceae, p. 219. 

Rhododendron. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla somewhat funnel-form, 5- 
cleft. Stamens 5 — 10, declinate. Anthers opening by 2 terminal pores. 
Capsule mostly 5-celled, 5-valved. Ericacecc, p. 218. 

*** Perianth double, inferior. Corolla l-petalled. Fruit a berry. 

Solanum. Calyx 5 — 10-parted. Corolla rotate or subcampanulate ; 
limb plaited, 5 — 10-cleft. Anthers erect, large, connivent, opening by two 
pores. Berry 2 — 6-celled. Solanacece, p. 254. 

Physahs. Calyx 5-cleft, persistent, finally becoming ventricose. Corolla 
campanulate-rotate ; limb plaited, somewhat 5-lobed ; tube very short. An- 
thers opening longitudinally. Berry 2-celled. Solanacea, p. 035. 

Nfcandra. Calyx 5-parted, 5-angled, the angles compressed, segments 
sagittate. Corolla campanulate, dry ; the limb plaited and nearly entire. 
Stamens incurved. Berry 3 — 5-celled, covered by the calyx. So'lanaccu, 
p. 256. 



LINNyEAN ARRANGEMENT 



**** Perianth double, inferior. Corolla i-petalled. Fruit a capsule. 

Campanula. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla 5-lobed or 5-cleft, usually campan- 
ulate. Filaments bi-oad and membranaceous at base. Stigmas 3 — 5, fili- 
form. Capsule 3 — 5-celled, opening by 3 — 5 lateral valves. Campamda- 
cece, p. 211. 

Specularia. Calyx 5- (sometimes 3 — 4-) lobed; the tube elongated, 
prismatic or obconic. Corolla rotate. 5-lobed. Filaments membranaceous, 
hairy, shorter than the anthers. Stigmas 3. Capsule elongated, prismatic, 
3-celled, opening laterally by 3 valves near the summit, Campanulacece, 
p. 211. 

Lobelia. Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla irregular, cleft on the upper side, 
2-lipped ; lower lip 3-cleft. The two lower anthers, rarely all, bearded at 
the summit. Capsule 2 — 3-celled, opening at the summit. Lobeliacece, 
p. 212. 

Diervilla. Calyx with the tube oblong, bibracteate at base ; the limb 
5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form, 5-cleft, spreading, much longer than the calyx. 
Stigma capitate. Capsule oblong, acute, not crowned, 1 -celled, many- 
seeded. Caprifoliacece, p. 147. 

Samolus. Calyx 5-cleft, the base adnate to the ovary. Corolla salver- 
form, 5-parted, with 5 scales alternating with the lobes ; tube short. Cap- 
sule half-inferior, 1-celled, many-seeded, opening with 5 valves. Primu- 
loxece, p. 292. 

***** Perianth double, superior. Corolla 1-petalled. Fruit a berry. 

LoNrcERA. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla tubular, campanulate or funnel- 
form, 5-cleft, often irregular. Stigma capitate. Berry 3-celled, few-seeded. 
Caprifoliacece, p. 147. 

Symphoricarpus. Calyx with the tube globose ; the limb small. 4 — 5- 
toothed. Corolla funnel-form, subequally 4 — 5-lobed. Stigma subglobose. 
Berry crowned by the calyx, 4-celled, 4-seeded ; 2 of the cells sometimes 
abortive. Caprifoliacece, p. 148. 

Triosteum. Calyx with the tube ovoid and the limb 5-parted ; lobes 
linear-lanceolate, persistent. Corolla tubular, subequally 5-lobed, gibbous 
at base. Stigma capitate. Berry rather dry, crowned by the calyx,, with 
3 — 5 bony nucules. Caprifoliacece, p. 146. 

****** Perianth double, inferior. Corolla 4 — 6-petalled. Fruit a capsule. 

Itea. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed ; the teeth subulate. Petals 5, 
lanceolate-linear, I -nerved. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule 2-celled, 2-parted 
from the base to the apex. Escalloniacecc, p. 128. 

Impatiens. Sepals 5, the lower one spurred. Corolla 4-petalled, irreg- 
ular ; the two inner petals unequally bilobed. Stigmas 5, united. Capsule 
prismatic-terete, elongated, 5-valved, opening elastically. Balsaminacece, 
p. 65. 

Viola. Sepals 5, auricled at the base. Petals unequal, the lower one 
spurred. Anthers connate, the two lower ones with processes at their back. 
Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved, opening elastically. Vio/acece, p. 36. 

Solea. Sepals scarcely equal, not auricled at base, decurrent into a 
pedicel, at length reflexed. Petals unequal, the lowest one lobed and some- 
what gibbous at base. Stamens cohering, the two lowest bearing a gland 
above the middle. Capsule somewhat 3-sided. Violacecs, p. 40. 



OF THE GENERA. xli 

Claytonia. Calyx of 2 ovate or roundish persistent sepals. Petals 5, 
obcordate or obovate, unguiculate. Style 5-cleft. Capsule 1-celled, 3- 
valved, 3 — 5-seeded. Portulacacece, p. 120. 

Ceanothus. Calyx 5-cleft, campanulate, persistent and somewhat ad- 
hering to the fruit. Petals 5, small, saccate and arched, with long claws. 
Styles 2 — 3, united to the middle. Fruit dry and coriaceous, 3-celled, 3- 
seeded, 3-parted, opening on the inner side. Rhamnacecc, p. 70. 

Evonymus. Calyx 4 — 5-cleft, having a peltate disk within. Petals 
4 — 5. Stamens inserted upon glands at the margin of the disk. Capsule 
with 3 — 5 angles, and as many cells and valves. Seeds with a colored 
fleshy aril. Celastracece, p. 68. 

Celastrus. Calyx minute, 5-lobed. Petals 5, small, unguiculate. 
Ovary small, with JO striae, immersed in the disk. Stigma 3-lobed. Cap- 
sule 2 — 3-valved ; valves septiferous in the centre. Seeds enclosed in a 
pulpy aril. Celastracece, p. 69. 

******* Perianth double, inferior. Corolla 4 — 5-petalled. Fruit a drupe 
or berry. 

Vitis. Calyx somewhat 4 — 5-toothed. Petals 4 — 5, cohering at the 
apex, deciduous. Stigma simple, sessile. Berry 2-celled, 1 — 4-seeded; cells 
and seeds often abortive. Vitacecc, p. 63. 

Ampelopis. Calyx nearly entire. Petals 5. Stigma capitate. Ovary 
not immersed in the disk. Berry 2 — 4-seeded. Vitaceee, p. 62. 

Rhamnus. Calyx 4 — 5-cleft, urceolate. Petals alternating with the 
lobes of the calyx, sometimes very minute or wanting. Style 2 — 4-cleft. 
Fruit drupaceous, roundish, containing 2 — 4 cartilaginous nuts. Rham- 
nacea, p. 70. 

******** Perianth double, superior. Corolla 4 — b-pelalled. 

Ribes. Calyx campanulate or tubular, 4 — 5-parted. Petals 4—5, mi- 
nute, inserted into the throat of the calyx. Style 2— 4-cleft. Berry crowned 
with the withered flower, 1-celled. Grossulariacecc, p. 124. 

********* perianth single. 

Hamtltonia. Polygamous. Perianth turbinate-campanulate, 5-cleft. 
Germ immersed in the 5-toothed glandulous disk. Stigmas 2 — 3, sublen- 
ticular. Drupe pyriform, 1-seeded, enclosed in the adhering base of the 
calyx. Santalacecc, p. 308. 

Comandra. Perianth urceolate-campanulate, colored ; the limb 5-cleft. 
Stamens villous externally. Fruit somewhat drupaceous, dry, 1-cclled, 
crowned by the persistent perianth. Santalacea, p. 307. 

Glaux. Perianth inferior, campanulate, 5-lobed, colored. Stigma cap- 
itate. Capsule globose, 5-valved, few-seeded. Print u/acccr, p. 201. 

Anychia. Calyx 5-parted. Sepals connivent, subsaccate, callous at the 
apex. Petals none. Stigmas 2, subcapitate. Capsule indehiseent, utri- 
cular, 1-seeded, surrounded by the persistent calyx. Illcccbracccc, p. 52. 

Order II.— DIGYNIA.— 2 Pistils. 

* Perianth double, inferior. Corolla 1-pct 'ailed. 

Apocynum. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla campanulate. 5-cleft ; the base 
furnished with 5 triangular scales, alternating with the lobes. Anthers 



Xlii LINN^EAN ARRANGEMENT 

sagittate, connivent, adhering to the stigma. Follicles slender, elongated, 
coriaceous. Apocynacea, p. 231. 

Gonolobus. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, 5-parted. Stamineal 
crown scutelliform, 5-lobed. Anthers opening transversely, terminated by 
a membrane. Pollen-masses 5 pairs, not separating into grains. Follicles 
2, ventricose. Asclepiadacece, p. "235. 

Asclepias. Calyx small, 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted ; the lobes lanceo- 
late, reflexed. Stamineal crown 5-leaved ; leafets opposite the anthers, 
each mostly producing from its base a subulate averted process or little 
horn. Pollen-masses 5 distinct pairs, compressed, affixed by their atten- 
uated summits in the cells of the anthers. Follicles ventricose, smooth or 
muricate. Asclepiadacece, p. 232. 

Gentiana. Calyx 4 — 5-cleft. Corolla tubular-campanulate, funnel- 
form or somewhat salver-form; the limb 4 — 5-cleft, sometimes with inter- 
mediate plaits. Stamens included. Capsule 1-celled, 2- valved. Gentiana- 
cecz, p. 236. 

Ccscuta. Calyx 5- (rarely 4-) parted. Corolla giobose-urceolate, 4 — 5- 
cleft. Filaments often with scales at the base. Capsule 2-celled, opening 
all round transversely. Cuscutacece, p. 246. 

** Perianth double, inferior. Corolla 5-petalled. 

Heuchera. Calyx campanulate, coherent with the ovary below, 5-cleft. 
Petals 5. small, entire. Capsule with 2 beaks, 1-celled, many-seeded. 
SazifragacetB, p. 127. 

*** Perianth double, superior. Corolla 5-petalled. Fruit fleshy. 

Panax. Calyx with the margin very short, and obsoletely 5-toothed. 
Styles 2 — 3, short. Fruit fleshy, compressed, orbiculate or didymous, 2- 
celled; cells 1-seeded. Araliacecs, p. 141. 

**** Perianth double, superior. Corolla 5-petalled. Fruit of 2 carpels. 

Obs. The genera of this division form the Natural Order U?nbellifercs, 
p. 129. 

***** Perianth single. 

Atriplex. -Flowers monoecious or dioecious, rarely perfect. Sterile 
Fl. without bracts. Perianth 3 — 5-parted, without appendages. Fertile 
Fl. with 2 bracts at base. Perianth none. Utricle compressed, partly in- 
cluded in the bracts, 1-seeded. Chenopodiacecc, p. 298. 

Chexopodium. Perianth 5-parted, closing upon but not wholly envelop- 
ing the fruit. Utricle thin, membranaceous. Seed lenticular. CJtenopodi- 
aceee, p. 296. 

Salsola. Perianth 5-cleft, persistent, enveloping the fruit with its base, 
and crowning it with its enlarged limb. Chenopodiacece, p. 299. 

Ulmus. Perianth campanulate, 5 — 8-cleft. Stamens 5 — 8. Fruit (a 
samara) flat, with a membranaceous border. Ulmacca, p. 334. 

Celtis. Polygamous. Sterile Fl. Perianth inferior, 5— 6-parted. 
Perfect Fl. Perianth deeply 5-parted. Drupe globose, 1-seeded Uima~ 
ce<z, p. 335. 



OP THE GENERA. xlitt 

Orber III.— TRYGYNIA.— 3 Pistils. 

* Flowers superior. 

Viburnum. Calyx with the limb small, 5-toothed and persistent. Co- 
rolla rotate, subcampanulate or tubular, 5-lobed. Berry ovate or globose, 
1-seeded, crowned by the teeth of the calyx. Caprifoliacecz, p. 144. 

Sambucus. Calyx with the limb small and 5-cleft. Corolla rotate or 
urceolate, 5-lobed ; lobes obtuse. Berry roundish, pulpy, 1-celled, 3 — 5- 
seeded. Caprifoliacece, p. 144. 

** Flowers inferior. 

Rhus. Calyx small, 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5, ovate, spreading. 
Drupe nearly dry, with one bony seed. Anacardiacece, p. 71. 

Staphylea. Sepals 5, oblong, erect, colored. Petals 5, imbricate. 
Fruit a membranaceous inflated 2 — 3-celled capsule. Stapliyleacece, p. 69. 

Order IV.— TETRAGYN1A.-- 4 Pistils. 

Parnassia. Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Petals 5. Scales opposite to the 
claws of the petals, terminating in glandular bristles at the apex. Capsule 
1-celled, 4-valved. Seeds arillate. Droseracece, p. 41. 

Nemopanthes. Flowers by abortion dioecious or polygamous. Calyx 
scarcely conspicuous. Petals 3 — 5, distinct, oblong, linear, deciduous. 
Stigmas 3 — 5, sessile. Fruit subglobose ; nucules usually 4, smooth, bony. 
Aquifoliacea, p. 228. 

Order V.— PENTAGYNIA,— 5 Pistils. 

Aralia. Calyx with the margin very short, 5-toothed or entire. Petals 
5, spreading. Berry 5-celled. — Flowers in umbels. Araliacece, p. 140. 

Statice. Calyx funnel-form, 5-toothed. Petals 5, united at base. Fruit 
a membranaceous utricle. Plumb aginacecz, p. 293. 

Linum. Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, unguiculate. Filaments united 
at base. Capsule subglobose, 10-valved, 10-celled. Seed solitary, ovate, 
compressed. Linacece, p. 53. 

Sibbaldia. Calyx 10-cleft, with the alternate segments narrower. Pe- 
tals 5, minute. Styles proceeding laterally from the germ. Capsules 5, 
indehiscent, in the bottom of the calyx, 1-seeded. Rosacea, p. 100. 

Drosera. Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Petals 5. Capsule superior, globose 
or ovoid, 1 — 3-celled, 3 — 5-valved, many-seeded. Droseracece, p. 41. 

(See Cerastium and Spergula in CLASS X.) 

Order VI.— HEXAGYNIA.— Many Pisiih. 
Zanthortza. Calyx deciduous, 5-sepallcd. Petals 5. Ovaries 5 — 15, 
pointed with the curved styles. Follicles membranaceous, compressed, 
usually 1-seeded. Rammculaccct, p. 14. 

CLASS VI.— HEXANDRIA —6 Stamens, equal in height. 
Order I— MONOGYNIA.— 1 Pistil 

* Perianth double or in two rows, inferior. 

Tradescantia. Perianth in 2 rows ; the outer one 3-loavcd, calycine; 
inner one 3-leaved, petaloid. Filaments villous. Stigma obtuse. Capsule 
2 — 3-celled, 3-valved, few-seeded. Commchjnacecc, p"o77. 



Xliv LINN^EAN ARRANGEMENT 

Berberis. Sepals 6, mostly with 3 bracteoles at the base. Petals 6, 
with 2 glands upon their claws. Berry 2 — 3-seeded. Berberidacece, p. 16. 

Leoxtice. Sepals 6, naked without. Petals 6, bearing a scale at the 
base within. Capsule 2 — 4-seeded. Seeds globose. Berberidacece, p. 17. 

Prinos. Flowers mostly dioecious or polygamous. Calyx minute, 4 — 6- 
toothed. Corolla somewhat rotate, usually 6-parted. Fruit with 4 — 6 
smooth bony nucules. Aquifoliacece, p. 228. 

Flcerkia. Calyx 3-sepalled. Petals 3, shorter than the sepals. Stig- 
mas 3 — 5. Fruit indehiscent, winged. Tropceolacece, p. 66. 

** Perianth single, petaloid, issuing from a spathe. 

Amaryllis. Perianth superior. 6-parted, unequal. Stamens arising 
from the orifice of the tube, declined or straight, unequal. Stigma 3-lobed. 
Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved. Amaryllidacece, p. 354. 

Allium. Flowers umbellate, arising from a 2-leaved spathe. Perianth 
inferior, 6-leaved or deeply 6-parted, spreading. Filaments sometimes tri- 
cuspidate. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, few-seeded. Seeds black and 
rough. Liliacece, p. 363. 

Pontederia. Perianth inferior, 6-cleft, 2-lipped; underside of the tube 
perforated with a longitudinal foramen ; the lower part persistent, calycine. 
Stamens unequally inserted. Utricle muricate. Pontederacece, p. 369. 

*** Perianth single, petaloid, destitute of a spathe. 

Aletris. Perianth inferior, tubular, or tubular-campanulate, 6-cleft, 
rugose. Stamens inserted at the orifice of the tube. Style triquetrous. 
Capsule 3-celled, many-seeded, opening at the summit. Hcemodoracece, 
p. 376. 

Hypoxis. Perianth inferior, 6-parted, persistent. Capsule elongated, 
narrowed at the base, 3-celled, many-seeded. Seeds roundish, naked. 
Hijpozidacece, p. 355. 

Lophiola. Perianth 6-parted, woolly, bearded within. Filaments 
naked. Capsule opening at the summit. Liliacece, p. 364. 

Agave. Perianth inferior, 6-cleft. Stamens exserted. Anthers versa- 
tile. Capsule ovate, attenuate at each end, obtusely triangular, 3-celled, 
many-seeded. Amaryllidacece, p. 355. 

Hemerocallis. Perianth inferior, 6-parted ; tube cylindric ; limb cam- 
panulate, marcescent. Stamens declined. Capsule 3-sided, 3-celled, 3- 
valved, many-seeded. Liliacece, p. 363. 

Ornithogalum. Perianth inferior, deeply 6-parted, spreading above. 
Filaments dilated at base. Capsule roundish-angular, 3-celled. Seeds 
few, black and rough. Liliacece, p. 364. 

Narthecium. Perianth inferior, of 6 linear spreading pieces. Filaments 
hairy. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved. Seeds with an appendage at each ex- 
tremity. Juncacece, p. 375. 

Asparagus. Perianth inferior, 6-parted, subcampanulate, the segments 
spreading at the apex. Anthers peltate. Berry 3-celled ; cells 2-seeded. 
Liliacece, p. 364. 

Erythronium. Perianth inferior, campanulate, 6-parted ; segments 
reflexed ; the 3 inner with a callous tooth on each side near the base and 
a nectariferous pore. Capsule narrowed at base or substipitate, 3-celled. 
Liliacece, p. 362. 



OF THE GENERA. xlv 

Lilium. Perianth inferior, campanulate, deeply 6-parted ; segments with 
a longitudinal furrow at the base. Stamens adhering to the base of the 
perianth. Style elongated. Capsule oblong, 3-celled, with numerous seeds. 
Li'diacece, p. 361. 

Uvularia. Perianth inferior, deeply 6-parted, erect ; segments with a 
nectariferous cavity at base. Filaments very short, growing to the anthers. 
Capsule 3-angled, 3-celled. Melanthacece, p. 367. 

Clintonta. Perianth 6-parted, campanulate. Stamens 6, inserted at 
the base. Style compressed. Stigma 2-lobed, compressed. Berry 2-celled ; 
cells many-seeded. Smilacece, p. 358. 

Smilacina. Perianth inferior, 6- (rarely 4-) parted, spreading. Stamens 
as many as the segments of the perianth, and inserted at their base. Berry 
globose, pulpy, 1 — 3-seeded. Smilacece, p. 357. 

Polygonatum, Perianth inferior, tubular, 6-cleft. Stamens inserted 
near the summit of the tube. Berry subglobose, 3-celled ; cells 2-seeded. 
Smilacece, p. 359. 

Streptopus. Perianth inferior, 6-leaved, campanulate at base ; the 
3 inner leaves carinate. Stamens inserted at the base of the leaves. An- 
thers sagittate, longer than the filaments. Stigma obtuse. Berry globose, 
3-celled. Melanthacece, p. 368. 

Prosartes. Perianth 6-leaved, campanulate-spreading ; the leafets with 
a nectariferous pit or saccate at base. Filaments inserted at the base of 
the perianth. Stigmas short, recurved. Berry ovoid, 3-celled. Melantha- 
cece, p. 368. 

**** Perianth single, calyx-like, on a spadix. 

Orontium. Spathe none. Spadix cylindric, covered with flowers. 
Perianth of 4 — 6 truncate concave sepals. Ovary superior. Stigma ses- 
sile, subumbilicate. Utricle 1-seeded. Aracece, p. 383. 

Acorus. Spathe leaf-like, continuous with the scape. Spadix cylindric, 
covered with flowers. Perianth inferior, glumaceous, 6-leaved. Stigma 
minute, sessile. Fruit baccate or capsular. Aracece, p. 383. 

***** Perianth single, glumaceous. 

Juncus. Perianth inferior, 6-leaved, glumaceous. Stigmas 3, subsessile. 
Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. Juncacecc, p. 372. 

Luzula. Perianth inferior, 6-leaved, glumaceous. Filaments smooth. 
Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved. Seeds 3, sometimes with an appendage at one 
end. Juncacece, p. 372. 

Order II.— DIGYNIA.— 2 Pistils. 

Oxyria. Perianth 4-leaved, two inner ones larger. Nut triquetrous, 
with a broad winged membranous margin. Polygonacea, p. 305. 

Order III.— TRIGYNIA.— 3 Pistils. 

Rumrx. Perianth 6-leaved ; the three inner leaves somewhat colored, 
larger, often with tubercles on the outside ami closing in a valvate manner 
over the fruit. Stigmas many-cleft. Nut triquetrous. Polijgonacea, p. 304. 

Zygadknus. Rarely polygamous. Perianth deeply 6-parted; segments 

spreading, without claws, with two glands at the base of each. Filaments 
dilated at base. Capsule ovoid-conic, 3-celled ; cells 6 — 10-seeded. -U - 
lanthaccce, p. 365. 



Xlvi LINNJEAN ARRANGEMENT 

Melanthtum. Polygamous. Perianth petaloid, rotate, deeply 6-parted ; 
segments unguiculate, with, two glands at the base. Stamens on the claws 
of the perianth. Capsule ovoid-conic, 3-celled, many-seeded. MeLaniha- 
cece, p. 365. 

Veratrum. Polygamous. Perianth calyx-like, deeply 6-parted, spread- 
ing, persistent ; the segments sessile and without glands. Stamens on the 
receptacle. Capsule ovoid, membranaceous, 3-lobed ; the carpels distinct 
at the summit, many-seeded. Melanihacea, p. 366. 

Helonias. Sometimes dioecious. Perianth corolla-like, 6-parted, spread- 
ing; segments sessile and without glands. Stamens at length exceeding 
the perianth. Capsule 3-celled, 3-horned. Melauthacecz, p. 366. 

Xerophyllum. Perianth subrotate, deeply 6-parted. Stamens contigu- 
ous at base. Stigmas 3, revolute, partly united below. Capsule subglobose, 
3-celled ; cells 2-seeded, opening at the summit. Melant/iacece, p. 366. 

Tofieldia. Perianth 6-parted, with a small 3-parted involucre. Stamens 
smooth. Capsule 3 — 6-celled ; cells united at base, many-seeded. Melaa- 
tkacece, p. 366. 

Scheuchzeria. Perianth of 6 somewhat petaloid persistent leaves; the 
3 inner ones narrower. Anthers on slender filaments. Capsules 3, inflated, 
united at base, 1 — 2-seeded. Juncaginacece, p. 380. 

Triglochin. Perianth 6-leaved, somewhat colored, deciduous ; leaves 
concave. Anthers subsessile. Capsules 3 — 6, united by a longitudinal re- 
ceptacle from which they usually separate at the base, 1-seeded. Juncagi- 
nacece, p. 379. 

Medeola. Perianth petaloid, 6-parted, revolute. Stamens inserted at 
the base of the perianth. Styles filiform, elongated, divaricate. Berry 
3-celled. Trilliacecc, p. 359. 

Trillium. Perianth deeply 6-parted ; 3 outer segments (sepals) spread- 
ing ; 3 inner petaloid, (petals.) Stamens inserted at the base of the seg- 
ments, nearly equal. Styles stigmatose on the inside. Berry ovoid, 3- 
celled. Triltiaccce, p. 360. 

Saururus. Flowers in a solitary spike. Scales 1-flowered. Corolla 
none. Fruit 3- or 4-celIed ; the carpels easily separating at maturity. 1- 
(rarely 2-) seeded, not opening. Saururaeece, p. 318. 

Order IV.— POLYGYNIA.— Many Pistils. 

Alisma. Perianth 6-leaved ; 3 outer leaves persistent, calycine ; 3 inner 
colored, petaloid. deciduous. Carpels numerous, distinct, 1-seeded, crowned 
with the persistent style. Alismacece, p. 379. 

CLASS VII.— HEPTANDRIA.— 7 Stamens. 

Order I.— MONOGYNIA.— 1 Pistil. 

Trientalis. Calyx deeply 6— 8-parted. Corolla deeply 6 — 8-parted, 
rotate. Stamens 6 — 8 (mostly 7.) Capsule globose, somewhat fleshy, 
(berry,) opening at the sutures, and then 5-valved. Primulacece, p. 290. 

iEscuLUs. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Petals 4—5, more or less 
unequal. Filaments recurved backward. Fruit coriaceous. Hippocasia- 
nacecB, p. 62. 

(Ulmus in CLASS V. } Order II.) 



OF THE GENERA. xlvti 

CLASS Vin.— OCTANDRIA.-8 Stamens. 
Order I.-MONOGYNIA.— 1 Pistil. 

* Flowers complete, superior. 

Rhexia. Calyx with the tube ventricose-ovoid at base, narrowed at the 
apex ; the limb 4-cleft. Petals 4, obovate. Capsule free in the calyx, 4- 
celled. Seeds cochleate. Melastomacece, p. 117. 

CEnothera. Calyx with a long 4-sided or 8-ribbed deciduous tube ; seg- 
ments 4, reflexed. Petals 4, equal. Capsule 4-valved, with many naked 
seeds. Ouagracece, p. 108. 

Gaura. Calyx tubular, adnate to the ovary at base; segments 4, re- 
flexed ; tube deciduous. Petals mostly 4-clawed, somewhat unequal. Fruit 
4-angled, dry and indehiscent, by abortion mostly l-celled, 1 — 4-seeded. 
Seeds naked. Onagraccce, p. 108. 

Epilobium. Calyx with a long 4-sided tube ; limb 4-parted, deciduous. 
Petals 4. Capsule linear, obtusely 4-sided, 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded. 
Seeds crowned with a tuft of hairs. Onagracece, p. 107. 

Oxycoccus. Calyx adnate to the ovary, with the limb 4-cleft. Corolla 
4-parted, with the segments somewhat linear and revolute. Filaments con- 
nivent. Anthers tubular, 2-parted. Berry 4-celled, many-seeded. Vac- 
ciniacece, p. 223. 

Phalerocarpus. Calyx bi-bracteate, adhering to the ovary ; the limb 
4-parted. Corolla short-campanulate, 4-cleft. Filaments short and dilated. 
Anthers awnless. Berry globose-ovoid, crowned by the teeth of the calyx, 
4-celled, white. Vacciriiacece, p. 223. 

** Flowers complete, inferior. 

Menziesia. Calyx campanulate, 4-cleft or 4-toothed. Corolla tubular 
or globose; limb very short, 4-toothed, revolute. Filaments subulate, 
smooth. Capsule 4-celled, 4-valved. Ericacece, p. 216. 

Acer. Flowers mostly polygamous. Calyx 5-lobed, sometimes 5-parted. 
Samarse 2, winged, united at base, by abortion 1-seeded. Aceracece, p. 60. 

Dirca. Perianth colored, tubular-campanulate ; limb obsolete, erosely 
toothed. Stamens unequal. Berry 1-seeded. Thymelacccc, p. 307. 

Jeffersonia. Sepals 4, petaloid. Petals 8, oblong. Capsule obovate, 
semicircularly dehiscent. Seeds many, arillate at base. BerberidacecB, 
p. 17. 

*** Flowers incomplete. 

(Monotropa in CLASS X.) 

Order II.— DIGYNIA.— 2 Pistils. 

(Polygonum in Order TRIGYNIA. Vaccinium, Chrysosvlcnium and 
Scleranthus, in CLASS X.) 

Order III.— TRIGYNIA.— 3 Pistils. 

Polygonum. Perianth mostly 5-parted, petaloid, persistent. Fruit a 
1-seeded compressed or triquetrous nut. Poiijgonacc<c, p. 301. 



Xlviii LINNJ3AN ARRANGEMENT 

CLASS IX.— ENNEANDRIA.— 9 Stamens. 

Order I.— 3IONOGYNIA.— 1 Pistil 

Laurus. Dioecious. Perianth colored, 5 — 6-parted. Fertile stamens 9, 
arranged in three series, the six outer ones with simple distinct filaments ; 
three inner ones with two glands at the base of each. Drupe 1-seeded. 
Lauracece, p. 305. 

CLASS X— DECANDRIA.— 10 Stamens. 

Order I.— MOXOGYNIA.— 1 Pistil. 

* Flowers regular. 

Vaccinium. Calyx adherent to the ovary, 4 — 5-toothed. Corolla urceo- 
Iate, cylindric, campanulate or somewhat rotate, 4 — 5-cleft. Berry globose, 
4 — 10-celled, many- (or by abortion few-) seeded. VacciniacecE, p. 221. 

Obs. The remaining genera of this division are included in the Natural 
Orders, Ericaceae, p. 213, and Pyrolacece, p. 224. 

** Flowers irregular. 

Cassia. Sepals 5, scarcely united at base, somewhat unequal. Stamens 
unequal ; 3 upper ones usually abortive ; 3 lower ones longer. Legume 
terete or compressed, many-seeded. Leguminosce, p. 89. 

Baptisia. Calyx half 4 — 5-cleft, bilabiate. Petals 5, nearly equal. 
Standard with the sides reflexed. Wings oblong. Keel slightly incurved. 
Legume ventricose, pedicelled, many-seeded. Leguviinosce, p. 73. 

Cercis. Calyx 5-toothed, gibbous at base. Petals 5, with claws, sub- 
papilionaceous, all distinct. Wings larger than the standard. Legume 
oblong, compressed, 1 -celled, many-seeded. Leguminosece. p. 90. 

Order II. -DIGYNIA.— 2 Pistils. 

Hydrangea. Marginal flowers usually sterile. Sterile Fl. Calyx 
membranaceous, colored, veiny, 4 — 5-parted. Petals, stamens, and pistils 
rudimentary or none. Fertile Fl. Calyx hemispheric, adnate to the 
ovary, 5-toothed. Petals 5, ovate. Capsule 2-celled, opening by a foramen 
between the styles. Hydrangeacece, p. 129. 

Saxifraga. Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, entire, with short claws. Cap- 
sule with 2 beaks, 2-celled, many-seeded, opening between the beaks. 
Saxifragacece. p. 125. 

Chrysosplenium. Calyx adhering to the ovary, the limb of 4 — 5 obtuse 
lobes. Petals none. Capsule 2-beaked, 2 — 4-valved, at length 1-celled, 
many-seeded. Saxifragacece, p. 126. 

Tiarella. Calyx 5-parted, persistent, with the lobes obtuse. Petals 5, 
inserted into the calyx, unguiculate, entire. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved ; 
valves unequal. Saxifragacea, p. 127. 

Mitella. Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft. Petals 5, laciniate or toothed, 
inserted into the calyx. Capsule 1 -celled, 2-valved ; valves equal. Saxi- 
fragacece, p. 127. 

Safonarfa. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, naked at base. Petals 5, ungu- 
iculate; claws equalling the calyx. Capsule 1-celled. Caryophyllacccc, 
p. 46. 



OF THE GENERA. xlix 

Dianthus. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, with 2 — 5 opposite imbricate 
scales at base. Petals 5, with long claws. Capsule l-celled. Caryophyl- 
lacece, p. 44. 

Scleranthus. Calyx 5-cleft, persistent ; tube urceolate. Stamens in- 
serted in the orifice of the tube. Petals none. Capsule very smooth, with- 
out valves, covered by the indurated tube of the calyx. Scleranthacece. 
p. 121. 

Order III.— TRIGYNIA.— 3 Pistils. 

Silene. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, naked. Petals 5, unguiculate, mostly 
crowned at the orifice ; limb bifid. Capsule 3-celled at base, dehiscent at 
the top into 6 teeth. Caryophyllacece, p. 45. 

Stellaria., Calyx 5-sepalled. Petals 5, 2-cleft or 2-lobed. Capsule 
3 — 4-valved ; valves 2-parted, membranaceous. Seeds usually many. 
Caryophyllacece, p. 48. 

Arenaria. Calyx 5-sepalled. Petals 5, entire. Capsule l-celled, 3- 
valved, many-seeded. Caryopliyllacecs, p. 49. 

Mcehringia. Sepals 4 — 5. Petals 4 — 5, somewhat perigynous. Cap- 
sule splitting into twice as many (half) valves as there are stigmas. Seeds 
few, smooth. Caryophyllacece, p. 50. 

Honckenya. Sepals 5, slightly united at base. Petals 6, perigynous, 
with short claws, entire. Stamens inserted with the petals into a glandu- 
liferous disk. Capsule 3 — 5-valved ; valves entire, 8— 10-seeded. Caryo- 
p/hyllacece, p. 60. 

Order IV.— PENTAGYNIA.— 5 Pistils. 

Sedum. Sepals usually 5, more or less united at base, ovate, often turgid 
and leafy. Petals 5, often spreading. Carpels 5, many-seeded, with a 
nectariferous scale at the base of each. Crassulacece, p. 122. 

Oxalis. Sepals 5, free or united at base. Petals 5. Stamens often 
monadelphous at base, unequal. Capsule 5-angled, oblong or cylindric, 
5-celled. Oxalidacece, p. 66. 

Agrostemma. Calyx tubular, 5-sided, coriaceous. Petals 5, unguicu- 
late, not crowned ; limb entire. Capsule l-celled, opening with 5 teeth. 
Caryophyllacea, p. 47. 

Cerastium. Calyx 5-sepalled. Petals 5, bifid or emarginate. Capsule 
membranaceous, cylindric or oblong, opening at the summit by 10 teeth. 
CaryophyUacece, p. 50. 

Spergula. Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, entire. Capsule ovate, 5-celled, 
5-valved. Illecebracecc, p. 52. 

Penthorum. Sepals 5, united at base. Petals 5 or none. Carpels 5, 
united at the base into a 5-beaked, 5-celled capsule ; cells opening trans- 
versely on the inner side of the beaks. Crassulacca', p. 122. 

(Silene and Stellaria in Order TRIGYNIA.) 



Order V.— DECAGYNIA.— 5— W Pistils. 

Phytolacca. Perianth 5-Ieavcd, petaloid. Berrv superior, fflobose-de- 

p. 300. 



Phytolacca. Perianth 5-Ieavcd, petaloid. Berry superior, glol 
pressed, made up of 5—12 closely united carpels. P/ii/lolaccacac, p. 

C3 



1 LINN^AN ARRANGEMENT 

CLASS XL— ICOCANDRIA.— 20 or more Stamens placed on the Calyx. 
Order L— MONOGYNIA.— 1 Pistil. 

Opdntia. Sepals numerous, leafy, adnate to the ovary; outer ones flat, 
short; inner ones petal-like, obovate, rosaceous; tube above the ovary 
none. Berry ovoid, umbilicate at the apex, tuberculate, often bearing spines. 
Cactacece, p. 123. 

Prunus. Calyx urceolate, hemispheric ; limb 5-parted, deciduous. Drupe 
ovoid or oblong, fleshy, very smooth, covered with grayish dust ; stone com- 
pressed, acute at both ends, subsulcate at the margin, elsewhere smooth. 
Drupacece, p. 90. 

Cerasus. Flowers as in the preceding. Drupe globose or umbilicate 
at base, fleshy, very smooth, destitute of gray powder ; nucleus subglobose, 
smooth. Drupacece, p. 91. 

Lythrum. Calyx cylindric, striate, 8 — 12-toothed. Petals 4— 6, inserted 
into the calyx. Capsule oblong, 2-celled, many-seeded. Lythroxea, p. 115. 

Decodon. Calyx short, broad-campanulate, 10-toothed ; 5 teeth longer 
and spreading. Petals 5. Capsule covered with the calyx, 3 — 4-celled. 
Lythraxecc, p. 116. 

Cuphea. Calyx tubular, ventricose, 6 — 12-toothed, unequal. Petals 
6 — 7, unequal. Capsule membranaceous, 1 — 2-celled, at length bursting 
longitudinally. Lytkracece, p. 116. 

Order II.— DI-PENTAGYNIA.— 2— 5 Pistils. 

Sesuvium. Calyx 5-parted, persistent ; lobes colored within. Petals 
none. Styles 3 — 5. Capsule 3- rarely 4 — 5-celled, opening circularly, 
many-seeded. Tetragoniacece, p. 123. 

Obs. The remaining genera belong to the Natural Orders Rosacea, 
p. 92, and Pomacece, p. 102. 

Order III.— POLYGYNIA.— Many Pistih. 

Caltcanthus. Lobes of the calyx in many rows, imbricate, lanceolate, 
colored, all more or less coriaceous or fleshy. Corolla none. Stamens un- 
equal. Nuts enclosed in the fleshy tube of the calyx. Calycanthctcecc, 
p. 107. 

Obs. The remaining genera belong to the Natural Order Rosacea, 
p. 92. 

CLASS XII. — POLYANDRiA. — Many Stamens hiserted upon the Receptacle. 
Order I.— MONOGYNIA.— 1 Pistil. 

Tilia. Calyx 5-parted, deciduous. Petals 5, naked, or with a small 
scale within. Fruit coriaceous, by abortion 1-celled, 1 — 2-seeded. Tilia- 
cea, p. 56. 

Helianthemum. Calyx with 3 equal sepals, or 5 disposed in two rows; 
the two outer ones smaller, rarely larger. Petals 5, (sometimes wanting,) 
often irregularly denticulate at the apex. Capsule 3-valved, with the dis- 
sepiment in the middle of the valves. Cistacece, p. 34. 

Hudsonia. Calyx 5-parted ; segments unequal, the two outer ones 
minute. Petals 5. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved, 1— 3-seeded. Cistacece, 
p. 36. 



OF THE GENERA. il 

Portulaca. Calyx adnate to the ovary, 2-parted, finally separating at 
base and deciduous. Petals 4 — 6, inserted in the calyx, equal. Capsule 
subglobose, 4-celled, many-seeded, opening circularly. Portulacacece, 
p. 120. 

Talinum. Sepals 2, ovate, deciduous. Petals 5, distinct, or somewhat 
connected at base. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. Purtulaxa- 
cea>, p. 120. 

Chelidonium, Sepals 2, caducous. Petals 4. Capsule elongated, (re- 
sembling a silique,) 1-celled, 2-valved ; valves dehiscent from the base to 
the apex. Papaveracece, p. 21 . 

Meconopsis. Sepals 2, caducous. Petals 4. Stigmas 4 — 6, radiating, 
convex, free. Capsule obovoid, 1-celled; valves 4 — 6, dehiscent at the 
apex. Papaveracece, p. 20. 

Argemone. Sepals 3, caducous. Petals 4 — 6. Stigma 4 — 7-lobed; 
lobes radiately reflexed, persistent. Capsule obovoid, spinose, 1-celled, 5- 
valved ; valves opening at the apex. Papaveracece, p. 20. 

Sanguinaria. Sepals 2, deciduous. Petals 8 — 12. Stigmas 2, con- 
nate. Capsule oblong, 1-celled, 2-valved, ventricose; valves deciduous. 
Papaveracece, p. 20. 

Papaver. Sepals 2, concave, caducous. Petals 4. Stigma sessile, 
radiate, persistent. Capsule obovoid, 1-celled, opening by minute valves 
under the margin of the stigma. Papaveracea, p. 21. 

Podophyllum. Sepals 3, caducous. Petals 6—9. Stigma large, sub- 
sessile, peltate, persistent. Berry somewhat fleshy, not dehiscent. JBerbe- 
ridacea, p. 13. 

Actjea. Sepals 4—5. Petals 4 — 8, spatulate. Carpels solitary, bac- 
cate, many-seeded. Raminculacece, p. 13. 

Cimicifuga. Sepals 4 — 5. Petals 3 — 5, concave or unguiculate, some- 
times fewer or none. Carpels 1 — 8. follicular, many-seeded. Ranuncida- 
cece, p. 13. 

Sarracenia. Sepals 5, with a 3-leaved involucre. Petals 5. Stigma 
very large, peltate, 5-angled. Capsule 5-celled. Sarraceniace/z, p. 22. 

Nympioea. Sepals 4, at the base of the disk. Petals and stamens in- 
serted into the fleshy disk surrounding the ovary. Nymphaacece, p. 10. 

Nuphar. Sepals 5 — 8, and with the petals and stamens inserted at the 
base of the disk. Nymp/ueacece, p. 19. 

Order II.— DI-PENTAGYNIA.— 2— 5 Pistils. 

Ascyrum. Sepals 4; 2 inner ones much smaller. Petals 4, caducous. 

Stamens scarcely united at base. Styles 2 — 3. Capsule 1-celled, — .">- 
vulved. Hyper icacecs, p. 59, 

Hypericum. Sepals 5, more or less united at the base, mostly equal. 
Petals 5, oblique, and often inequilateral. Stamens mostly numerous, 
sometimes few, distinct or united into 3 — 5 parcels. Styles 3 — 5, distinct 
or more or less united. Capsule membranaceous. Hypericacea, p. 57. 

Elodea. Sepals 5, somewhat united at base. Petals 5, deciduous, equi- 
lateral. Stamens 9 — 15, united into three parcels,, which alternate with 3 
hypogynous glands. Styles 3, distinct. Capsule oblong, membranaceous, 
3-celled. Hypcricacca, p. GO. 

Obs. The remaining genera belong to the Natural Order R<munc\tia~ 

cecc, p. 3. 



Hi LINN^EAN ARRANGEMENT 

Order IH— POLYGNIA.— Many Pistils. 

Magnolia. Sepals 3, deciduous. Petals 6 — 12, in concentric series. 
Carpels 1 — 2-seeded, persistent, forming a strobile-like fruit. Seeds coated 
with a fleshy aril. Magnoliacece, p. 14. 

Liriodendron. Sepals 3, deciduous. Petals 6. Carpels (samarse) im- 
bricated in a cone, 1 — 2-seeded, not opening, attenuated. Magnoliacets, 
p. 15. 

Asimina. Calyx deeply 3-parted. Petals 6, spreading, ovate-oblong ; 
inner smallest. Anthers many, subsessile. Carpels usually 3, ovoid or 
oblong-sessile, pulpy within. Seeds many. Anonacece, p. 15. 

Hydropeltis. Calyx of 3 — 4 sepals. Petals 3 — 4. Ovaries 6 — 18. 
Carpels oblong, acuminate, 1 — 2-seeded. Cabombacecs, p. 18. 

Nelumbium. Calyx petaloid, of 4 — 6 sepals. Petals numerous. Car- 
pels numerous, deeply ^immersed in the upper surface of a turbinate recepta- 
cle or torus, 1-seeded. " Nelumbiacece, p. 18. 

Obs. The remaining genera belong to the Order Ranunculacece, p. 3. 

CLASS Xni.— DIDYNAMIA.— 4 Stamens ; 2 longer than the other 2. 

2 Orders.— 1. GYMNOSPERMIA.— Seeds apparently naked. 
2. ANGIOSPERMIA.—- Seeds in a distinct capsule. 

Obs. The genera of this class form a very natural group, having irreg- 
ular or bilabiate flowers, with mostly 4 stamens (2 longer) ; but sometimes 
2 are abortive, and hence such are arranged artificially in the class Diandria. 
The whole will be more easily, as well as correctly, studied, by the Natural 
Orders. The genera belonging to the order Gymnospermia will be found in 
the Natural Order Labiatce, p. 270 ; those belonging to Angicspermia, in 
the Natural Orders Bignoniaceee, p. 241 ; Pedaliacecs, p. 242 ; Oroban- 
chacece, p. 257 ; Scrophulariacece, p. 258 ; Verbenaccce, p. 283, and Acantha- 
cecB, p. 286. 

CLASS XIV.— TETRADYNAMIA.— 6 Stamens ; 4 long and 2 short. 

Obs. This class is entirely natural ; and it is therefore altogether unne- 
cessary to repeat the generic descriptions. It is identical with the Natural 
Order Cruciferce, p. 23. I have, chiefly for the sake of convenience, pre- 
served the Linnsean division into Siliculosce and SUiquosce. Gynandropsis 
and Polanisia (Cleome Linn.) usually arranged under this class, form the 
order Capparidacece, p. 33. 

CLASS XV.— MONADELPHIA.— Filaments combined in one set. 

Order I.— PENTANDRIA.— 5 perfect Stamens. 

Passiflora. Calyx 5-parted, colored. Petals 5 or none, inserted into 
the calyx. Crown of many filiform rays. Berry often pulpy, rarely sub- 
membranaceous, pedicelled. Passifloracece, p. 119. 

( Geranium in Order DECANDRIA.) 

Order II.— DECANDRIA.— 10 Stamens. 

Geranium. Sepals 5, equal. Petals 5, equal. Stamens 10, all fertile ; 
5 alternate ones longer, and with nectariferous scales at the base. Carpels 



OF THE GENERA. liii 

with long awns, at length separating elastically from the summit to the 
base. Geraniacece, p. 64. 

Erodium. Sepals 5, equal, regular. Petals 5, mostly equal. Stamens 
10 ; 5 outer ones shorter and sterile ; the perfect ones with a nectariferous 
scale at the base. Styles persistent, bearded on the inside, at length spirally 
twisted. Geraniacece, p. 65. 

Order III.— POLY ANDRIA.— Many Stamens. 
Obs. The genera of order from the Natural Order Malvacece, p. 54. 

CLASS XVI. — DIADELPHIA. — Filaments combined in two sets (except in 
some of the 3d Order.) 

Order L— HEXANDRIA.--6 Stamens. 

Obs. The genera belong to the Natural Order Fnmariacea, p. 22. 

Order II.— OCT ANDRIA.— 8 Stamens. 

Polygala. Calyx of 5 sepals, 2 of them wing-shaped and colored. 
Petals 3 — 5, united to the stamens, the lower one keel-form. Capsule com- 
pressed, elliptic, obovate or obcordate. Seeds pubescent. Polygalacece, 
p. 42. 

Order HI.— DECANDRIA.— 10 Stamens. 

Obs. The genera of this order, with a few usually arranged under the 
class Decandria, constitute the Natural Order Leguminosce, p. 72. 

CLASS XVIL— SYNGENESIA. 

Obs. The plants of this class, with a few exceptions, have 5 anthers 
united into a single tube. They are further characterized by the flowers 
being clustered together in heads and inserted upon a common receptacle, 
which is surrounded by an involucre ; being usually known as Compound 
Flowers. They form the Natural Order Composites, p. 154. 

CLASS XVIII. — GYN ANDRIA— Stamens situated upon tlie style or column 
above the germ. 

Obs. The orders MONANDRIA and DIANDRIA constitute the Or- 
chidacece, p. 343. 

Order III.— HEX ANDRIA. —6 Stamens. 

Artstolochia. Perianth tubular, ventricose at base, dilated at the apex 
and ligulate. Capsule inferior, 6-sided, 1-celled, many-seeded. Aristolo- 
ckiacece, p. 309. 

Order IV.— DODECANDR1 A- -12 or more Stamens. 

Asarum. Perianth campanulate, mostly 3-partcd. Stamens 12, placed 
on an epigynous disk. Anthers adnate to the middle of the filaments.. 
Stigma 6-parted or lobed. Capsule 6-celled, many-seeded. Aristolachiacea. 
p. 309. 



HV LINN^EAN ARRANGEMENT 



CLASS XIX. — MONCECIA. — Stamens and Pistils in separate flowers on the 
same plant. 

Order L— MONANDRIA.— 1 Stamen. 

Zostera. Stamens and pistils separated, seated in 2 rows upon one side 
of a flat spadix. Anthers ovate, sessile. Pistils alternating with the 
anthers, ovate. Stigmas 2. Utricle with one seed, bursting irregularly. 
Naiadacca, p. 385. 

Zannichellia. Sterile Fl. Perianth none. Filament slender. Fer- 
tile Fl. Perianth cup-shaped. Pistils 2 — 4, tapering into a short style. 
Stigma large and peltate. Fruit on a short stipe, coriaceous. Naiadacece, 
p. 385. 

Caulinia. Perianth none. Sterile Fl. Anther nearly sessile. Fer- 
tile Fl. Style filiform. Stigmas 2. Fruit capsular, 1-seeded. Naiad- 
acece, p. 385. 

Euphorbia. Rarely furnished with a perianth. Involucre 1-leaved, 
campanulate, 4 — 5-lobed ; the lobes usually alternating with peltate glands. 
Sterile Fl. numerous, each consisting of an anther with its filament artic- 
ulated in the middle. Fertile Fl. solitary, central, on a long peduncle. 
Styles 3, usually 2-cleft. Capsule 3-celled, 3-seeded. Euphorbiacece, p. 312. 

Order II.— DIANDRIA.— 2 Stamens. 

Podostemum. Calyx and corolla none. Stamens affixed to a common 
pedicel. Stigmas 2, sessile, recurved. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, many- 
seeded. Podostemacecz, p. 114. 

(Carex, Order III. Callitriche. CLASS MONANDRIA, Order DI- 
GYNIA.) 

Order in.— TRIANDRIA.— 3 Stamens. 

Sparganium. Flowers in dense spherical heads, the sterile ones above. 
Perianth single, of 3 leaves. Fruit dry. indehiscent, sessile. TyphacecB, 
p. 380. 

Carex. Sterile Fl. Stamens 3, rarely 2 or 1. Fertile Fl. Peri- 
gynium membranaceous or somewhat coriaceous, 2-toothed, emarginate or 
truncate at the apex. Style single, included. Stigmas 2 — 3. Achenium 
lenticular, plano-convex or triangular, crowned with the lower portion of 
the style. Cyperacece, p. 403. 

Typha. Flowers collected into a long dense cylindric spike. Sterile 
Fl. above. Stamens intermixed with simple hairs, inserted directly on the 
axis. Fertile Fl. below the sterile on the same axis. Fruit oblong, very 
small, stipitate. Typhacece, p. 381. 

Scleria. Flowers glumaceous. Fertile spikelets 1-flowered; the sterile 
several-flowered. Scales 2—6. Disk shallow, saucer-like or lobed. Peri- 
gynium coriaceous or crustaceous, sometimes wanting. Achenium globose 
or ovoid. Cyperacece, p. 402. 

Tripsacum. Sterile Spikelets in pairs on each joint of the rachis, and 
longer than the joint, collateral, 2-flowered. Flowers with 2 paleae. Fer- 
tile Spikelets solitary, as long as the joint, 2-flowered. Flowers with 2 
paleae ; the outer or lower flower neutral, the inner or upper one fertile. 
Grarninacece, p. 452. 

Comptonia. Sterile Fl. Anient cylindric, imbricate j scales reniform- 



OF THE GENERA. Iv 

cordate, acuminate, 1-flowered. Perianth of 2 minute scarious leaves. 
Stamens 3 — 5. Fertile Fl. Ament globose ; scales 1-flowered. Styles 
2, Nut ovoid-oblong, smooth. Myricacecc, p. 324. 

Adike. Perianth 3- (sometimes 4-) leaved ; leaves nearly equal, oblong 
or lanceolate. Sterile Fl. Stamens 3. Fertile Fl. Perianth with a 
petaloid cucullate scale at the base of each of the leaves inside, mem- 
branaceous in fruit. Stigma 1, minute, capitate, sessile. Nut minutely 
papillose, straight. Urticacece, p. 315. 

Order IV.— TETRANDRIA.— 4 Stamens. 

Eriocaulon. Flowers collected into a compact scaly head. Sterile 
Fl. in the disk. Perianth 4 — 6-cleft, the inner segments nearly to their 
summit. Stamens 3 — 6. ■ Fertile Fl. in the margin. Perianth deeply 
4-parted. Capsule 2 — 3-celled. EriocaulacecE, p. 370. 

Alnus. Sterile Fl. Ament long, cylindric ; scales 3-lobed, 3-flowered. 
Perianth 4-parted. Fertile Fl. Ament ovoid-oblong ; scales subtrifid, 
2-flowered. Perianth none. Styles 2. Nut compressed. Betulacecc, 
p. 326. 

Betula. Sterile Fl. Ament imbricate, cylindric ; scales ternate, the 
middle one bearing the stamens. Fertile Fl. Ament ovoid-oblong ; 
scales trifid, 3-flowered. Nut compressed, winged on each side. Betula- 
cece, p. 325. 

Bobhmeria. Sterile Fl. Perianth 4-parted. Fertile Fl. Perianth 
none, but a cluster of ovate acuminate scales, with a compressed ovary 
within each scale. Nut ovate, pointed with the subulate style. Urticacece, 
p. 316. 

Urtica. Sterile Fl. Perianth single, of 4 roundish obtuse leaves, 
containing the cup-shaped rudiment of a germ. Fertile Fl. Perianth 
mostly of 2 persistent leaves. Stigma 1. Nut orbicular-ovate, compressed, 
shining. Urticacece, p. 314. 

Parietaria. Flowers polygamous, surrounded by a many-cleft involucre. 
Perfect Fl. Perianth 4-parted, persistent. Filaments at first incurved, 
then expanding with ehistic force. Style 1. Nut enclosed by the enlarged 
perianth. Urticacece, p. 316. 

Morus. Sterile Fl. in loose spikes. Perianth 4-parted. Fertile 
Fl. in dense spikes. Perianth 4-parted, becoming baccate. Styles 2. Nut 
ovate, compressed, covered by the succulent perianth. Moracccs, p. 317. 

(Mijriophylluvi in Order HEXANDRIA.) 

Order V.— PENTANDRIA.— 5 Stamens. 

Crotonop.sis. Sterile Fl. Perianth 5-parted, with 2 petaloid scales. 
Fertile Fl. Perianth 5-parted. Stigmas 3, twice bifid. Capsule 1- 
seeded, not opening. Eupkorbiacc(V, p. 311. 

Amarantiius. Perianth deeply 3— 5-parted. Sterile Fl. Stamens 
3—5. Fertile Fl. Styles 3. Capsule 1-celled, 1-seeded, opening trans- 
versely all round. Amaranthacccc, p. 295. 

Xanthium. Heads in glomerate spikes, sterile at the summit, pistillate. 
below. Sterile Fl. Involucre subglobose, many-flowered, with the scales 
in one series. Receptacle cylhidric, chaffy. Corolla short. f> lobed, 
what hairy. Fertile Fl, Involucre with hooked prickles, surmounted 



lvi LINIOEAN ARRANGEMENT 

by 1 — 2 beaks. Corolla filiform. Stamens none. Achenia compressed, 
one in each cell of the involucre. Composites, p. 183. 

Ambrosia. Fertile heads at the base and sterile ones at the top of the 
spike. Sterile Fl. Involucre hemispheric or turbinate ; scales few. 
Receptacle naked. Corolla tubular, short. Fertile Fl. Involucre 1- 
flowered, incurved and often armed with several tubercles or horns. Corolla 
none. Achenia ovoid or obovoid. Composite?, p. 184. 

(Fagus and Quercus in Order POLYANDRIA.) 

Order VI.— HEXANDRIA.— 6 Stamens. 

Zizania. Flowers glumaceous. Spikelets 1-flowered. Sterile Fl. 
Glumes none, or only rudimentary. Paleas 2, herbaceous, concave, nearly 
equal, awnless. Perfect Fl. Glumes none. Palese 2, herbaceous ; 
lower one longer, oblong, keeled, terminating in a straight awn. Styles 2, 
short. GraminacecB, p. 419. 

Order VII.— POLYANDRIA.— Many Stamens. 

* Stems not woody. 

Ceratophyllum. Calyx inferior, many-parted. Corolla none. Ste- 
rile Fl. Stamens 12 — 20; filaments wanting. Fertile Fl. Stigma 
filiform, oblique. Fruit a beaked achenium. Ceratophyllacece, p. 114. 

Myriophyllum. Sterile Fl. Calyx 4-parted. Petals 4, ovate, some- 
times inconspicuous or wanting. Stamens 4 — 8. Perfect Fl. Calyx ad- 
hering to the ovary ; limb 4-lobed. Petals none. Nuts 4, compressed or 
subglobose, 1-seeded. Haloragacece, p. 112. 

Sagittaria. Perianth 6-leaved ; 3 outer leaves persistent, calycine ; 3 
inner colored, petaloid. Fertile Fl. Ovaries collected into a head. Car- 
pels compressed, 1-seeded, crowned with the persistent style. Alismacece, 
p. 378. 

Aris^ma. Spathe convolute below, the limb arched or flattish. Spa- 
dix naked above, the lower part covered with flowers, of which the upper 
are sterile and the lower fertile, or in some plants all sterile. Anthers some- 
what verticillate and distinct. Stigma nearly sessile. Berry 1 — several- 
seeded. Aracece, p. 381. 

Peltandra. Spathe elongated, convolute, undulate on the margin, 
curved at the apex. Spadix covered with flowers. Perianth none. An- 
thers sessile, covering the upper part of the spadix in a tesselated manner. 
Ovaries 1-celled, on the lower part of the spadix. Berries ovoid, forming a 
dense cluster. Aracece, p. 382. 

Calla. Spathe ovate, somewhat flattened. Spadix covered with flowers 
which are destitute of a perianth, and consist of pistils surrounded by sta- 
mens. Berries distinct, depressed, few-seeded. Aracece, p. 382. 

** Stems woody. {Trees or Shrubs.) 
Obs. The genera of this division are included in the Natural Orders 
Cupulifera, p. 326 ; Platanacece, p. 333 ; Altingiacecc, p. 333 ; and Juglan- 
dacece, p. 335. 



OF THE GENERA. lvii 



Order VI1L — MONADELPHIA. — Stamens united into 1 set {.sometimes in two 
or three sets.) 

* Stems not woody. 

Acalypha. Sterile Fl. Perianth 3 — 4-parted. Stamens 8 — 16, very 
short. Fertile Fl. Styles 3, 2-parted. Capsule 3-celled ; cells 1-seeded. 
Eicphorbiacece, p. 312. 

Ricinus. Sterile Fl. Perianth 5-parted. Stamens numerous. Fer- 
tile Fl. Perianth 3-parted. Styles 3, 2-parted. Capsule mostly echinate, 
3-celled, 3-seeded. Eupkorbiacece, p. 311. 

Phyllanthus. Sterile Fl. Perianth 6-parted ; segments spreading. 
Stamens 3, very short. Anthers didymous. Fertile Fl. Perianth as in 
the sterile. Styles 3, bifid. Capsule 3-celled. Euphorbiacece, p. 311. 

Melothria. Sterile Fl. Calyx 3 — 5-toothed. Corolla campanulate. 
Filaments 5, in 3 sets. Fertile Fl. Calyx and corolla as in the sterile. 
Style 1. Stigmas 3, fimbriate. Fruit 3-celled, many-seeded. Cucurbi- 
tacece, p. 118. 

Echinocystis. Calyx flattish ; segments 6, filiform-subulate. Corolla 
6-parted, rotate-campanulate. Sterile Fl. Calyx slightly contracted 
above the ovary. Stamens 3, in two sets. Fertile Fl. Abortive fila- 
ments 3, very small, distinct. Style very short. Stigmas 2. Fruit globose- 
ovoid, bristly-echinate, 2-celled, 4-seeded. Cucurbitacece, p. 118. 

Sicyos. Sterile Fl. Calyx 5-toothed ; teeth subulate or minute. 
Petals 5, all cohering in a tube, at length separating into three parcels. 
Fertile Fl. Calyx constricted above the ovary, campanulate. Corolla 
campanulate. Style rather slender. Stigmas 3, thick, obtuse. Fruit 
ovate, spiny or hispid, 1-seeded. Cucurbitacece, p. 118. 

** Stems woody. 

Thuya. Sterile Fl. Ament terminal, very small, ovoid. Perianth 
none. Anther-cells 4, opening longitudinally. Fertile Fl. Cone with 
the scales 2-flowered. Seeds more or less winged. Conifercc, p. 338. 

Cupressus. Sterile Fl. Ament solitary. Anthers 2 — 4-ceIled. Fer- 
tile Fl. Cone globose ; the scales protuberant or mucronate in the centre, 
and finally spreading. Seeds angular, compressed. Conifercc, p. 339. 

Pinus. Aments racemosely clustered ; scales peltate. Stamens nume- 
rous, with short filaments. Fertile Fl. Aments more or less conic or 
cylindric ; scales closely imbricate, 2-flowered, enlarging and becoming 
woody, forming a cone. Seeds winged at the summit, covered by the 
scales of the cone. Conifercs, p. 339. 

CLASS XX. — DICECIA. — Stamens and Pistils in separate flowers and on 
different plants. 

Order I.— DIANDRIA.— < Stamens 1—5, mostly 2. 

Salix. Ament cylindric. Perianth none. Sterile Fl. Stamens 
mostly 2, but often 3 — 5. Fertile Fl. Ovary with a gland at the base. 
Stigmas 2, often cleft. Salicacc<c, p. 319. 

Valisneria. Sterile Fl. Spathe ovate, 2 — 4-partcd. Spadix covered 
with minute flowers. Perianth 3-parted. Stamens 2. Fertile Fl. Scape 
very long, flexuous or spiral. Spathe tubular, bifid, l-ilowcivd. Perianth 
elongated, 6-parted; the alternate segments linear. Stvle none. Stigma* ; ; , 

1*3* 



iviii LINN^EAN ARRANGEMENT 

ovate, bifid. Capsule elongated, cylindric, 3-toothed, 1-celled, many-seeded. 
Uydrocharidacece, p. 342. 

Fraxinus. Polygamous. Calyx small, 4-cleft or none. Corolla none 
or 4-petalled ; the petals cohering at the base in pairs, oblong or linear. 
Stamens 2. Capsule 2-celled, compressed, winged at the apex, by abortion 
1-seeded. Oleacece, p. 230. 

Order II— TRIANDRIA.— 3 Stamens. 

Empetrum. Perianth consisting of two rows of scales. Sterile Fl. 
Stamens 3, upon long filaments. Fertile Fl. Style none, or very short. 
Stigma with 6 — 9 rays. Fruit globose, with 6—9 nucules. Empetracecc, 
p. 310. 

Oakesia. Staminate Fl. Perianth of 5 — 6 leafets ; the innermost 
ones somewhat petaloid and often united on one side. Stamens mostly 3, 
(sometimes 4 or 5,) exserted. Ovary wanting or mostly abortive. Fertile 
Fl. Perianth nearly as in the sterile. Disk none. Ovary 3 — 4-celled. 
Style filiform, 3 — 4-cleft. Fruit dry and drupaceous, globose, minute. 
Empetracea, p. 310. 

Order III — TETRANDRLA.— 4 Stamens. 

Myrica. Sterile Fl. Ament cylindric ; scales concave. Stamens 
4 — 6. Fertile Fl. Ament closely imbricate, small, ovoid. Styles 2. 
Drupe 1-celled, 1-seeded. Myricacece, p. 324. 

Visctm. Sterile Fl. Sepals 4, (rarely 3 — 5,) fleshy, the segments 
triangular. Fertile Fl. Calyx with the margin obsolete ; inner sepals 
(petals) 4, distinct. Stigma obtuse, sessile. Berry pulpy. Loranthacecs, 
p. 143. 

(Rhamnus in CLASS PENTANDRIA, Order MONOGYNIA.) 

Order IV.— PENTANDRIA.— 5 Stamens. 

Nyssa. Sterile Fl. Perianth 5-parted. Stamens 5 — 10. Fertile 
Fl. Perianth 5-parted. Stamens 5. Style 1. Drupe inferior, 1-seeded. 
Santalacecc, p. 307. 

Zanthoxylum. Diceciously polygamous. Sepals 3—5, small. Petals 
longer than the sepals, or none. Stamens and carpels as many as the 
lobes of the calyx, 1 — 2-seeded. Zanthoxylacece, p. 67. 

Acnida. Sterile Fl. Perianth 5-parted. Stamens 5, very short. 
Fertile Fl. Perianth 3-parted. Styles none. Stigmas 3 — 5, spreading. 
Capsule 1-seeded. Cke?wpodiacea : p. 298. 

Humultts. Sterile Fl. Perianth 5-parted. Stamens 5. Fertile Fl. 
in aments; the scales large, membranous, imbricate in several rows, 2- 
flowered. Stigmas 2, long, spreading. Achenia invested with the enlarged 
perianth, and forming a membranaceous strobile. Cannabinacete, p. 317. 

Cannabis. Sterile Fl. Perianth 5-parted. Stamens 5. Fertile 
Fl. Perianth oblong, acuminate, convolute, the base ventricose, and in- 
cluding the ovary. Stigmas 2, long, subulate. Nut 2-valved. Cannabi- 
nacece. p. 316. 

Negundo. Calyx minute, unequally 4 — 5-toothed. Petals none. An- 
thers 4 — 5, linear, sessile. Aceracece, p. 61. 

(Saliz, Order I. Ribes, CLASS PENTANDRIA.) 



OF THE GENERA. Hx 



Order V.— HEXANDRIA.— 6 Stamens. 

Smilax. Perianth campanulate, spreading, of 6 leaves in a double 
series, somewhat petaloid. Sterile Fl. Filaments short. Fertile Fl. 
Stigmas 3, thick. Berry 3- (or by abortion 1 — 2-) celled. Smilacece, 
p. 356. 

Dioscorea. Perianth 6-parted. Sterile Fl. Stamens 6, 3 sometimes 
barren. Fertile Fl. Styles distinct nearly to the base. Capsule 3- 
celled, triangular ; the angles winged. Dioscoreacece, p. 356. 

Gleditschia. Sepals 3 — 4 — 5, equal. Petals as many as the sepals, 
arising from the tube of the calyx. Style short. Stigma pubescent above. 
Legume compressed, 1 — many-seeded. Leguwiinosce, p. 88. 

Order VI. -OCTANDRIA.— 8 Stamens. 

Popdlus. Ament cylindric ; scales lacerately fringed at the summit. 
Sterile Fl. Anthers 8 — 30, arising from a turbinate oblique entire sin- 
gle perianth. Fertile Fl. Perianth turbinate, entire. Stigmas 4. Cap- 
sule superior, 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds comose. Salicacece, 
p. 322. 

Diospyros. Calyx 4 — 6-cleft. Corolla urceolate, 4 — 6-cleft. Sterile 
Fl. 8 — 16, often producing 2 anthers. Fertile Fl. Stamens about 8, 
abortive. Style divided. Stigmas simple or 2-cleft. Fruit globose or 
ovoid, 4 — 8-celled. Ebenacece, p. 227. 

Shepherdia. Sterle Fl. Perianth 4-parted. Stamens 8, included, 
alternating with 8 glands. Fertile Fl. Perianth 4-cleft, campanulate, 
superior. Stamens none. Style 1. Stigma oblique. Berry 1-seeded. 
Elceagnacece, p. 306. 

Order VII.--ENNEANDRIA.— 9 Stamens. 

Udora. Spathe bifid, 1-flowered. Perianth 6-parted, petaloid. Sterile 
Fl. Stamens 9, 3 of them inferior. Perfect Fl. Tube of the perianth 
very long and slender. Stamens 3 — 6. Stigmas 3, large and spreading, 
2-lobed. Fruit coriaceous, few-seeded. Hydrocharidacece, p. 342. 

Order VIII.— DECANDRIA.— 10 Stamens. 

Gymnocladus. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft. Petals 5, equal, oblong, exserted 
from the tube. Legume oblong, very large and thick, pulpy inside. Lcgu- 
minosce, p. 89. 

Order IX.— POLYANDRIA.— Many Stamens. 

Menispermum. Sepals and petals arranged in fours, 2- or 3-rowed. 
Sterile Fl. Stamens 12—20. Fertile Fl. Ovaries 1 — 1. Drupe 
berried, roundish-re niform, with a single lunate nut or seed. Maiispcrma- 
cece, p. 16. 

Order X.--MONADEBfcHIA.— Stamens united. 

Juniperus. Sterile Fl. Ament ovoid-oblong, very small ; scales verti- 
cillate, peltate. Anther-cells 3—6. Fertile Fl. Anient ovoid; scales 
few, concave, united at base, becoming a fleshy tuberculate beny, and on- 
closing 1 — 3 crustaccous seeds. CV\ / . . 338. 



IX LINN^AN ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA. 

Taxus. Sterile Fl. consisting of peltate anthers in an ament ; anther- 
cells 3 — 6 or more, inserted in the lobes of the connective, opening beneath. 
Fertile Fl. solitary, with imbricate scales at the base. Seed nut-like, 
seated in the disk which becomes a succulent cup. Conifer -ce, p. 341. 

CLASS XXL— CRYPTOGAMIA.— Stamens and Pistils not visible. 
Order L— FILICES. 

This includes the Fern-like plants, being the Natural Orders Equisitacece, 
LycojpodiacecB, p. 467 ; and Marsikacece, p. 470. 



TABLE OF THE NATURAL ORDERS 

NOTICED IN THIS WORK. 



DIVISION I. 

FLOWERING or PHiENOGAMOUS PLANTS. 

CLASS I.— EXOGENOUS or DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. 

Subclass I. — Tkalamiflorals. 

Calyx many-sepalled. Petals many, distinct, and with the stamens in- 
serted into the receptacle.* 







Page 






Page 


Order 1. 


Ranunculaceae, 


3 


Order 17. 


Polygalaceae, 


42 


2. 


Magnoliaeeas, 


14 


18. 


Caryophyllaceaa, 


44 


3. 


Anonaceas, 


15 


19. 


Illecebraceaa, 


51 


4. 


Menispermaceas, 


16 


20. 


Elatinacea?, 


52 


5. 


Berberidaceae, 


16 


21. 


Linaceae, 


53 


6. 


Cabombace®, 


18 


22. 


Malvaceae, 


54 


7. 


Nelumbiaceae, 


18 


23. 


Tiliaceae, 


56 


8. 


Nymphaeaceas, 


19 


24. 


Hypericaceaa, 


57 


9; 


Papaveraceas, 


19 


25. 


Aceraceae, 


60 


10. 


Sarraceniaceffi, 


21 


26. 


Hippocastanaceas, 


62 


11. 


Fumariaceaj, 


22 


27. 


Vitaceag, 


62 


12. 


Cruciferae, 


23 


28. 


Geraniaceas, 


63 


13. 


Capparidaceas, 


33 


29. 


Balsaminaceae, 


65 


14. 


Cistaceae 


34 


30. 


Tropceolace®, 


66 


15. 


Violacea?, 


36 


31. 


Oxalidaceae, 


65 


16. 


Droseraceas, 


41 


32. 


Zanthoxylaceae, 


67 




Subclass II.- 


-Calyciflorals. 




Calyx with the sepals more or less united at base. Petals and stamens 


inserted into the calyx. 










Order 33. 


Celastraceas, 


68 


Order 48. 


Melastomaceae, 


116 


34. 


Staphyleaceas, 


69 


49. 


Cucurbitaceaa, 


117 


35. 


Rhamnaceee, 


70 


50. 


Passifloraceae, 


119 


36. 


Anacardiace®, 


71 


51. 


Portulaoace®, 


119 


37. 


Leguminosse, 


72 


52. 


Scleranthace®, 


121 


38. 


Drupacere, 


90 


53. 


Crassulacea3, 


121 


39. 


Rosacere, 


92 


54. 


Tetragoniaceas, 


122 


40. 


Pomacea?, 


102 


55. 


Cactaceae, 


123 


41. 


Sanguisorbaeeae, 


105 


56. 


Grossulariaeea 1 , 


124 


42. 


Calycanthaceae, 


106 


57. 


Saxifragaeea\ 


125 


43. 


Onagracere, 


107 


58. 


Eseallouiaceee, 


128 


44. 


Haloragacea?, 


111 


59. 


Hydrangeace®, 


128 


45. 


Podostemace®, 


113 


60. 


UmbellUeras, 


129 


46. 


Ceratophyllaceo3, 


114 


61. 


A.raliacea\ 


110 


47. 


Lythracere, 


114 


62. 


llainamelulaiva-. 


141 



* In this subclass are placed some genera and species in which the petals are 
united, and a few are excluded in which the petals are distinct to the base ; but all 
these plants agree with the orders under which they are arranged in some move 
important characters. The same remark is more or less applicable to the other sub- 
classes. 



lxii 



TABLE OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. 







Page. 








Pa^e. 


Order 63. 


Cornacese, 


142 


Order 


69. 


Composites, 


154 


64. 


Loranthaceae, 


143 




70. 


Campanulaceae, 


210 


65. 


Caprifoliacese, 


144 




71. 


LobeliaceaB, 


212 


66. 


Rubiaceaa, 


149 




72. 


Ericaceae, 


213 


67. 


Valerianacess, 


153 




73. 


Vacciniacea?, 


220 


68. 


Dipsacaceae, 


154 




74. 


Pyrolaceas, 


224 



Subclass HI. — Corolliftorals. 
Petals united into a hypogynous corolla, or not attached to the calyx. 
Stamens inserted into the corolla. 



75. 


Ebenaceee, 


227 


Order 88. 


Boraginaceas, 


247 


76. 


Aquifoliacea?, 


237 


89. 


Hydrophyllaceas, 


252 


77. 


Oleaceas, 


229 


90. 


Solanaceas, 


452 


78; 


Apocynaceas, 


231 


91. 


Orobanchaceaa, 


257 


79. 


Asclepiadaceas, 


222 


92. 


Scrophulariaceae, 


258 


80. 


Loganiaceas, 


235 


93. 


Labiates, 


270 


81. 


Gentianaceas, 


236 


94. 


Verbenaceae, 


284 


82. 


Bignoniaceas, 


241 


95. 


Acanthaceag, 


286 


83. 


Pedaliaceae, 


242 


96. 


Lentibulariaceae, 


287 


84. 


Polemoniaceag, 


242 


97. 


Primulaceas, 


289 


85. 


Convolvulaceae, 


244 


98. 


Plumbaginaceas, 


293 


86. 


Cuscutaceas, 


246 


99. 


Plantaginaceae, 


293 


87. 


Diapensiaceas, 


247 









Subclass IV. — Monochlamydeals, 

Flowers with a single perianth, or whose calyx and corolla form only 
one envelope. 



100. 


Amaranthaceae, 


295 


Order 112. 


Cannabinaceae, 


316 


101. 


Chenopodiaceae, 


296 


113. 


Moraceae, 


317 


102. 


Phytolaccaceas, 


300 


114. 


Saururaceas, 


318 


103. 


Polygonaceas, 


300 


115. 


Salicaceae, 


318 


104. 


Lauraceas, 


305 


116. 


Myricaceae, 


323 


105. 


Ekeagnaceas, 


306 


117. 


Betulaceae, 


324 


106. 


Thymelaceae, 


307 


113. 


Cupulifera?, 


326 


107. 


Santalaceae, 


307 


119. 


Platanaceaa, 


333 


108. 


Aristolochiaceaa, 


308 


120. 


Altingiaceas, 


333 


109. 


Empetraceas, 


309 


121. 


Ulmaceae, 


334 


110. 


Euphorbiaceas, 


310 


122. 


Juglandaceas, 


335 


111. 


Urticaceae, 


314 


123. 


Coniferae, 


337 



CLASS H.— ENDOGENOUS or MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. 

Subclass I. — Petaloideals. 
Stamens and pistils naked, or covered by verticillate floral envelopes. 



Order 124. 


Hyd rocharidaceae, 


342 


Order 135. 


Eriocaulaceas, 


370 


125. 


Orchidacea?, 


343 


136. 


Xyridaceas, 


371 


126. 


Iridaceae, 


353 


137. 


Juncaceae, 


371 


127. 


Amaryllidacea?, 


345 


138. 


Pfemodoraceae, 


376 


128. 


Hypoxidaceae, 


355 


139. 


Commelynaceaa, 


376 


129. 


Dioscoreaceae, 


355 


140. 


Alismaceas, 


377 


130. 


Smilaceae, 


356 


141. 


Juncaginaceae, 


379 


131. 


Trilliaceas, 


359 


142. 


Typhaceae, 


380 


132. 


Liliaceae, 


361 


143. 


Araceae, 


381 


133. 


Melanthaceas, 


365 


144. 


Pistiaceae, 


384 


134. 


Pontederaceas, 


369 


145. 


Naiad aceas, 


381 



TABLE OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. Ixiii 

Subclass II. — Glumaceals. 
Flowers destitute of a true perianth, but consisting of imbricate colorless 
or herbaceous scales. 

Page. Page. 

Order 146. Cyperaceas, 387 Order 147. Graminaceae, 418 

DIVISION II. 

FLOWERLESS or CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS. 

CLASS I.— FERN-LIKE PLANTS. 

Order 148. Equisitaceas, 454 Order 150. Lycopodiacese, 467 

149. Filices, 456 151. Marsiliacese, 470 



GENERIC AND SPECIFIC DESCRIPTIONS 

OF THE 

PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES, 

NORTH OF VIRGINIA. 
ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 



BOTANY OF THE UNITED STATES, 

NORTH OF VIRGINIA. 

DIVISION I. 
FLOWERING or PHENOGAMOUS PLANTS 

PLANTS FURNISHED WITH FLOWERS AND PRODUCING SEEDS. 



CLASS I. EXOGENOUS or DICOTYLEDONOUS 

PLANTS. 

Stem composed of bark, wood and pith ; increasing by an 
annual deposit of new wood and cortical matter between the 
wood and bark. Leaves articulated with the stem, their veins 
reticulated. Propagation effected by stamens and pistils. 
Ovules in a pericarp ; embryo with two or more opposite 
cotyledons. 

Sub-Class I. THALAMIFLORALS. 
Calyx many sepalled. Petals many, distinct, and with the 
stamens inserted into the receptacle. 

ORDER I. RANUNCULACEiE.— Crowfoots. 

Calyx of 3 — 6, (but usually 5,) distinct deciduous sepals. 
Petals 3 — 15 (sometimes wanting.) Stamens indefinite in num- 
ber, distinct. Pistils numerous. Fruit either dry nuts or 
carpels, baccate, or follicular. Seeds solitary or several. — Her- 
baceous plants or rarely shrubs. Leaves alternate or opposite, 
generally much divided, with the petiole dilated at the base. 
Flowers usually conspicuous. 



4 RANUNCULACE^E. 

1. CLEMATIS. Linn.— Virgin's Bower. 

(From the Greek *A>?^a, a shoot or tendril ; in allusion to the climbing habit 
of the genus.) 

Involucre none, or like a calyx under the flower. Sepals 
4 — 8, colored. Petals none, or shorter than the sepals. Car- 
pels many, terminated by a long mostly feathery awn. 

§ 1. Clematis proper. Involucre none. Sepals 4 — 8, colored. Petals 
none. 

1. C. Virginiana Linn. : stem climbing ; leaves ternate ; leafets cordate- 
ovate, acute, coarsely toothed or lobed ; flowers paniculate, dioecious. 

Woods and thickets. Can. to Flor. N. to lat. 55° W. to Columbia river. 
Aug. 17- — Stem long. Flowers white, in large panicles. Tails of the carpels 
at length clothed with long silken hairs, having the appearance of tufts of 
wool. Virgin's Bower. 

2. C. Viorna Linn. : stem climbing ; leaves pinnately divided ; seg- 
ments entire, or 3-lobed, ovate, acute ; floral ones entire ; peduncles 1-flow- 
ered ; sepals thick, acuminate, connivent, reflexed at the apex. 

Woods. Penn. to Geor. W. to Miss. June, July. %. — Flowers large, nod- 
ding, violet, on peduncles 3 — 6 inches long. Tails of the carpels from 1 to 
near two inches long, plumose. Leather Flower. 

3. C. ochroleuca Ait. : herbaceous, erect, simple, pubescent ; leaves sim- 
ple, ovate, very entire, the younger ones with the calyx silky ; flower pe- 
duncled, terminal, solitary, nodding. C. sericca Mich. 

Woods. N. Y. to Geor. May, June % — Stem 12 — 18 inches high. Flowers 
yellowish- white. Carpels conspicuously feathered, the silk of a yellowish 
color. Silky Virgin's Bower. 

§ 2. Atragene. Involucre none. Sepals 4. Petals several, minute. 

4. C. verticillaris D. C. : leaves whorled in fours, ternate ; leafets 
petioled, ovate, acuminate, somewhat cordate, nearly entire ; peduncles 
1 -flowered ; petals acute. Atragene Americana Sims. 

Rocks. Ver. to Car. N. to Lat. 54°. W. to the Rocky Mountains. April, 
May. \i. — Stem climbing. Flowers very large, purple. 

Whorl-leaved Virgin's Bower. 

2. THALICTRUM. Linn.— Meadow Rue. 

(Supposed to be from the Greek ddWu, tobe green ; in allusion to its verdant 
aspect.) 

Involucre under the flower none. Sepals 4, rarely 5, peta- 

loid, generally caducous. Petals none. Carpels dry, not awned, 

sometimes stipitate, sometimes with a longitudinal furrow. 

Often dioecious or polygamous. 

* Stamens longer than the sepals. 
1. T. Cornuti Linn. : leaves decompound ; leafets roundish-obovate or 
oblong, 3-lobed, glaucous beneath, with the nerves scarcely prominent ; pe- 
duncles longer than the leaves ; flowers dioecious or polygamous ; carpels 



RANUNCULACE.E. 5 

nearly sessile, acute at each end, strongly ribbed, twice as long as the style. 
— T. Cornuti and T. pubescens Pursh. T. revolutum and T. corynellum 

d. a 

Wet grounds. From lat. 56° N. to Car. June, July. %.— Stem 3—5 feet 
high, branching. Leaves very variable in form, deep-green above, paler glau- 
cous smooth or pubescent beneath. Flowers in a compound leafy panicle. Se- 
pals greenish-white, oblong, much shorter than the stamens. Carpels about 
3 lines long, beaked with the persistent style. Common Meadow Rue. 

2. T. dioicum Linn. : very smooth ; leaves decompound, on short pet- 
ioles ; leafets rounded, crenately and obtusely lobed, glaucous beneath ; 
flowers dioecious or polygamous ; peduncles as long as the leaves ; carpels 
oblong, sessile, strongly ribbed. T. Icsvigalum Mich. T. purpurascens 
Zdnn. 

Banks of streams. Can. to Car. N. to lat. 67°. W. to Oregon. April, 
May. 94.. — Stem 1 — 2 feet high. Flowers in a terminal panicle. Sepals white 
or purplish. Filaments much longer than the sepals. Anthers yellowish- 

Early Meadow Rue. 

** Stamens shorter than the petaloid calyx. 

3. T. anemonoides Mich. : root tuberous ; radical leaves biternate ; leaf- 
ets subcordate, 3-toothed ; floral leaves petioled, resembling an involucre ; 
flowers perfect, few, umbelled ; petaloid calyx 8 — 10-leaved. Anemone 
thalictroides Linn. 

Woods. Common throughout the U. S. April — June. %. — Stems or scapes 
4 — 8 inches long, often several from one root. Flowers about an inch in di- 
ameter. Sepals 6 — 10, white or purplish, twice as long as the stamens. The 
flowers of this species resemble those of Anemone, but the fruit that of Tkalic- 
trum. Rue Anemone. 

3. ANEMONE. Linn— Wind Flower. 

(From the Greek ave[zos, wind ; because the flowers are supposed to open 
when the wind blows.) 

Involucre remote from the flower, of 3 divided leaves. Calyx 
petaloid, with 5 — 15 sepals. Petals none. Achenia mucronate. 

1. A. nemorosa Linn.: leaves ternate ; leafets undivided, or with the 
middle one 3-cleft and the lateral one 2-parted, incisely toothed, acute ; 
those of the involucre similar, petioled ; sepals 4 — 6, oval or elliptical. 
A. lancifolia Pursh. 

var. quinquefolia, D. C. : lateral leaves of the involucre 2-parted to the 
base. A. quinquefolia Linn. 

Woods. Can. to Car. N. to lat. 53°. W. to the Rocky Mountains. April, 
May. %. — Stem or scape 4 — 8 inches high, slender. Flowers about an inch in 
diameter. Sepals 4 — 7, white or purplish. Wood Anemone. 

2. A. Pennsylvania Linn.: leaves 3 — 5-parted ; segments 3-cleft : lobes 
oblong, incisely toothed, acuminate; involucre similar, 2-loaved, sessile; 
sepals 5, elliptic ; carpels hairy, compressed, crowned with a long style. 
A. aconitifolia Mich. A. dichotoma Linn. 

Meadows. Throughout the U. S. N. to Hudson's Ray. June. July. %.. — 
Stem 12 — 18 inches high. Flowers 1 — 1^ inches in diameter. Sepals white and 
membranaceous. Pennsylvania Wind Flower. 

3. A.cylindrica Gray: silky, pubescent; leaves tcrnately divided ; late- 



O RANITNCULACE.dE. 

ral segments 2-parted, the terminal one 2-cleft ; lobes linear-lanceolate, with 
the apex incisely toothed ; those of the involucre similar and petioled ; pe- 
duncles 2 — 6, rarely solitary ; sepals 5, obovate, obtuse ; carpels densely 
woolly, in a long cylindrical head. 

N. H. Mass. Western N. Y. W. to Ind. and Mich. May, June. 71.— Plant 
1 — 3 feet high. Peduncles 8 — 12 inches long, usually purple. Flowers about 
half an inch in diameter. Sepals hairy outside, pale yellowish green within. 
Heads of carpels an inch long. Resembles A. Virginiana. 

Cylindiical-headed Wind Flower. 

4. A. Virginiana Linn.: leaves ternate; segments ovate-lanceolate, 
3-cleft, acuminate, incisely toothed; those of the involucre similar, petio- 
late ; sepals 5, elliptic, acuminate, silky without ; peduncles elongated ; 
carpels densely woolly, in an ovoid-oblong head. 

Woods. Throughout the U. S. and Can. as far N. as lat. 55°. July. %. — 
Stem 18 — 20 inches high. Flowers three-fourths of an inch in diameter. Se- 
pals greenish- white, two narrower than the others. Heads of carpels three- 
fourths of an inch long. Thimble Weed. 

5. A. multifida Poir. : hairy; leaves ternately divided ; segments cunei- 
form, laciniately 3-cleft, the lobes linear, acute ; those of the involucre sim- 
ilar, on short petioles ; sepals 5 — 8, oval, obtuse ; heads of carpels oval, 
woolly. 

var. Hudsoniana D. C: stem mostly 2-flowered. A. Hudsoniana Oakes. 

Limestone rocks. Watertown, Jefferson county, N. Y. (var. Hudsoniana.) 
N. to Arc. Amer. W. to Oregon. June. 71. — Stem a foot high. Flowers about 
as large as those of A. Virginiana, bright purplish red. Sepals silky- villous 
within. Heads of carpels about three-fourths of an inch long. 

Cut-leaved Wind Flower. 

4. HEPATICA. Willd.— Liverwort. 

(From the Greek -?;-ap, the liver ; from the supposed resemblance of its leaves.") 

Involucre 3-leaved, 1-flowered, resembling a calyx, entire. 
Sepals petaloid, 6 — 9, arranged in 2 or 3 rows. Ovaries many. 
Carpels without awns. 

H. triloba, Willd. : leaves cordate, 3 — 5-lobed ; lobes entire. Anemone 
Hepatica Linn. 

var. 1. obtusa Pursh.: leaves 3-lobed; lobes roundish, obtuse. H. 
Americana D. C. 

var. 2. acuta Pursh. : leaves 3 — 5-lobed ; lobes spreading, acute. H. 
acutiloba D. C. 

In woods. Common throughout the U. S. and N. to lat. 52°. April, May. 
% : — There appears to be no doubt that these supposed distinct species are no- 
thing more than varieties. They grow indiscriminately, and the lobes of the 
leaves assume almost every variety of form. The sepals are white, blue, or 
pale purple. This plant has been much used as a remedy in pulmonary dis- 
eases ; but its virtues have no doubt been overrated. 

Liverwort. Early Anemone. 

5. HYDRASTIS. Linn.— Yellow Root. 

(Supposed to be from the Greek vSwp, water ; from its growing in moist 
places.) 



RANUNCULACEiS. / 

Sepals 3, petaloid, caducous. Petals none. Stamens and 
ovaries numerous. Carpels berry-like, numerous, aggregated in 
a globose head, terminated by the style, 1 — 2-seeded. 

H. Canadensis Linn. 

Rocks woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. Rare. May. %.— Stem 6—10 
inches high, with two nearly opposite leaves above. Leaves 2—6 inches wide, 
palmately 3 — 5-lobed ; lobes acute, doubly serrate. Flower solitary, on a pe- 
duncle about an inch long. Sepals fleshy, pale rose-color, caducous. Fruit 
fleshy, purplish, about the size of a large raspberry. The root affords a juice 
of a fine yellow color, which is used by the Indians for staining skins and 
clothing- Yellow Root- Yellow Puccoon- 

6. RANUNCULUS. Linn.— Crowfoot. 

(Probably from the Latin rana, a. frog ; the plant often growing in wet places 
where frogs abound,) 

Sepals 5, deciduous. Petals 5, rarely 10, with a honey scale 
at the base on the inside. Stamens and ovaries numerous. 
Carpels ovate, somewhat compressed, terminating in a point or 
horn, smooth, striated, or tuberculated, arranged in a globose 
or cylindric head. 

* Carpels transversely rugose-striate. Petals ivhite ; claws yelloio. 

1. JR. aquatilis, var. capillaceus D. C. : stem filiform, floating; leaves 
all submersed, divided into capillary diverging segments; petals obovate, 
longer than the calyx. R.Jluviatilis Wild. 

In streams. Throughout the U. S. and British America. N. to lat. 68°. 
Rather rare. July, Aug. %. — Stem long. Leaves petioled. Flowers small, 
white or ochroleucous. There are several varieties of R. aquatilis, which have 
been described as distinct species. Water Crowfoot. 

** Carpels smooth, ovale, collected into a roundish head. Flowers yelloio. 

f Leaves undivided. 

2. R. Fammula Linn. : leaves glabrous, linear-lanceolate or ovate-lan- 
ceolate, subentire, the lower ones petiolate, the upper ones nearly sessile ; 
stem more or less decumbent, rooting at the lower joints ; peduncles oppo- 
site to the leaves. R. Fammula, vav. major Hook. 

Swamps. Can. to Geor. July, Sept. %. — Ste?n 1—2 feet long. Flowers 
about half an inch in diameter. Whole plant of a yellowish-green color. Said 
to be a powerful and speedy emetic. SiihiII Spear wort 

3. R.rcptans Linn.: leaves linear, entire, remote, smooth; stem filiform, 
creeping, jointed ; joints 1-flowcred. R.ji/iform/s Mich. R. re plans, var. 
Jilijormis D. C. Ton: R. Fammula, vax.JUif minis Hook. 

River banks. Can. to N. Y. N. to Labrador. W. to Oregon. July. A.ug. 
%. — A very delicate species. StrmG — 12 inches long, Flowers small." FVw« 
very smooth. Although coining from such high authority, I cannot yet adopt 
the opinion of Dr.' Hooker, thai this plant is a mere variety o( R. Fammula. 
From a comparison of specimens, lam satisfied that our plain is identical with 
the foreign R. irptans. Filiform Crowfoot. 



b RANUNCULACEiE. 

4. R. pusillus Pursh. : stem erect or decumbent ; leaves petioled ; lower 
ones ovate and subcordate, entire or sparingly toothed ; upper ones linear- 
lanceolate ; pedicels opposite to the leaves, solitary, 1-flowered ; carpels 
smooth, with a minute blunt point. 

Wet grounds. N. J. to Geor. and Louisiana. June. Aug. %. — Stems 
6 — 12 inches high, weak. Flowers small, pale-yellow. Distinguished from 
R. Fammula by its smaller size, and by its lower leaves being ovate. Accord- 
ing to Dr. Torrey, a variety, (rnuticus,) in which the carpels are destitute of a 
beak, occurs in the low grounds of Bloomingdale, about five miles from the 
City Hall. The same variety is also found in Chester co. Penn. Darlingt. Fl. 
Cest. Small-flowered Crowfoot. 

5. R. Cymbalaria Pursh. : stoloniferous ; leaves petiolate, smooth, some- 
what fleshy, cordate, reniform or ovate, coarsely crenate; scape 1 — 3 
flowered ; petals spatulate, longer than the calyx ; carpels ovate, ribbed, 
in oblong heads. R. Cymbalaria, var. Americanus D. C. 

Salt marshes. N. Y. Mass. Can. to lat. 68° N., and from Hudson's Bay to 
the summits of the Rocky Mountains, where it does not appear to be confined 
to salt marshes. July, Aug. %.. — Scapes 2 — 6 inches high. Flowers small. 
Fruit oblong. Its runners are very properly compared by Dr. Smith, to those 
of the garden strawberry. Sea Crowfoot. 

f\ Leaves divided. 

6. R. aboriivus Linn. : smooth ; radical leaves petiolate, cordate-orbicu- 
late, crenate, sometimes 3-parted; cauline ternate and 3 — 5-cleft, with 
linear-oblong nearly entire segments ; upper ones sessile ; sepals a little 
longer than the petals, reflexed. 

Wet grounds. Throughout the U. S. and Can. to lat. 57° N. W. to the 
Rocky Mountains. May. %. — Stem a foot high, simple or branching, smooth. 
Leaves very variously dissected, mostly smooth. Flowers small, yellow, the 
petals being sometimes longer than the calyx. Carpels compressed, forming an 
ovate or nearly globose head. R. nitidus of Walter, is a variety of this species, 
differing only in size, being nearly twice as large. Kidney-leaved Crowfoot. 

7. R. sceleratus Linn. : smooth ; radical leaves petioled, 3-parted, the seg- 
ments lobed ; cauline ones 3-lobed, lobes oblong, linear, entire ; sepals re- 
flexed, about equal to the petals ; carpels small, numerous, forming a cylin- 
drical head. 

Wet grounds. From lat. 67° N. to Car. May— Aug. %.—> Stem a foot high, 
branched, succulent. Flowers small. Petals pale yellow. Head sometimes 
an inch in length. The plant is almost entirely glabrous. 

Celery-leaved Crowfoot. 

8. R. Purshii Richardson : submerged leaves 2 — 3-chotomously divided, 
with the segments flat and filiform ; emersed ones reniform, 3 — 5-parted, 
the lobes variously divided ; petals 5 — 8, obovate, twice as large as the re- 
flexed sepals ; carpels in globose heads. R. multifidus Pursh. R. lacuslris 
Bed <$> Tracy. 

Ponds and muddy places. Arct. Amer. to Car. W. to the Rocky Mountains. 
May- — July. %.. — Stem 1 — 4 feet long. Leaves varying with the place of 
growth, from being all divided into numerous filiform segments, to all rounded 
or reniform, and cleft into 3 — 5 lobes. Flowers large, shining, bright yellow. 

Pursh' s Crowfoot. 

p. R. acris Linn. : leaves mostly pubescent, 3 — 5 parted ; lobes incisely 



RANUNCULACEiE. 9 

toothed, acute, the upper ones linear; stem many-flowered; peduncles 
terete, not furrowed; calyx spreading, villous; carpels roundish, com- 
pressed, terminated hy a short recurved beak. 

Meadows and pastures. Hudson's Bay to Del. W. to Miss. May — Sept. 
/ 2|_. — Stem varying much in height, mostly hairy. Flowers bright yellow, 
shining, about an inch in diameter. Introduced I Tall Crowfoot. 

10. R. repens Linn. : leaves ternate ; leafets wedgeform, 3-lobed, incisely 
dentate ; central one petiolate ; main stems prostrate, flowering ones erect ; 
peduncles furrowed ; calyx pilose, spreading ; carpels with a straight point. 
R. nitidus Muhl. R. Marylandicus Poir. 

Wet meadows. Can. to Geor. W. to the Pacific. June — Sept. % — Plant 
increasing by runners. Flowering stems erect, 1 — 2 feet high. Flowers mid- 
dle sized. Creeping Crowfoot. 

11. R. Clintonii Beck: somewhat hairy; stems creeping and rooting at 
each of the joints ; lower leaves on long petioles, ternate ; leafets toothed 
and incised, cuneate, terminal one petioled ; floral leaves incised or linear ; 
peduncle 1 — 3 flowered; petals rounded; calyx spreading; carpels mar- 
gined, with a short uncinate style. R. prostratus Eat. R. repens Torr. 
fy Gr. 

Banks of the canal, near Rome, Oneida co., N. Y. June, July. %. — Much 
smaller than R. repens, at least of American botanists, in all its parts except 
the flower, which is of a bright yellow, and about as large as that of R. acris. 
Leases seldom more than lh inches in length, and about the same in breadth. 
Stems distinctly creeping like those of R. reptans ; flowering ones 6 — 8 inches 
high. Style short and hooked. This species, which was introduced into the 
1st edition, I still believe to be distinct. Clinton's Crowfoot. 

12. R. Mspidus Mick. : erect, branched ; stem and petioles with stiff 
spreading hairs ; leaves ternate or 3-parted ; leafets or segments acutely 
lobed ; pubescence of the pedicels appressed ; calyx hairy, at length reflexed ; 
carpels in a globose head, margined, compressed, smooth ; style short and 
straight. R. Pennsylv aniens Pursh. 

Wet grounds. Can. to Car. N. to lat. 67° ; and from Hudson's Bay to the 
Pacific. June — Aug. %. — Stem 18 inches high, very hairy ; Lower leaves on 
long petioles ; upper ones nearly sessile ; leafets nearly all petioled, 3-cleft or 
3-parted, attenuate at base. Flowers about the size of R- acris. 

Hairy Crowfoot. 

13. R. Pennsylvanicits Linn. : stem erect and with the petioles covered 
with stiff spreading hairs; leaves ternate, villous; segments subpetiolate, 
acutely 3-lobed, incisely serrate ; calyx reflexed, longer than the small pe- 
tals; carpels with a short oblique style, collected into an oblong head. 
R. Mspidus Pursh. 

Wet meadows. From the Arctic regions to Geor. July, Aug. 1[ — Stem 
1 — 2 feet high, usually much branched. Flowers small. pale yellow. < 
viscid. Distinguished from R. hispidus, by its oblong heads of carpels, ana by 
its shorter style. Pennsylvanian Crowfoot. 

14. R. rccurra/us Pursh.: stem erect and with the petioles covered with 
spreading hairs; leaves 3-parted, hairy; segments oval, subineised, the 
lateral ones 2-lobed ; calyx reflexed; petals lanceolate; carpels crowned 
with a sharp hooked style. 

Shady woods. Throughout the U. S., and from Labrador to the Colombia 

1* 



10 RANUNCULACE.E. 

river. May — July. %. — Stem 12 — 15 inches high. Flowers small, pale yel- 
low, on short peduncles. Sanicle-leaved Crowfoot. 

15. R. fascicular us, Muhl.: stem erect, branched; leaves on long peti- 
oles, pubescent, pinnately divided; the lobes oblong, obovate, pinnatifid ; 
calyx spreading, shorter than the petals, villous ; carpels orbicular, crowned 
with a slender subulate style, collected into a sub-globose head. 

Woods. Can. to Penn. W. to Miss. April, May. % — Root fascicled. 
Ste?n6 — 12 inches high. Flowers about as large as those of R. acris, pale 
yellow. Varies considerably in the form of its leaves, which are however al- 
ways much more compound than is usual in this genus. 

Bundle-rooted Crowfoot. 

16. R. bulbosus Linn. : stem erect, hairy, bulbous at the base; leaves ter- 
nate, or quinate-pinnate ; leafets 3 — 5-parted, segments trifid or incised; 
peduncles snlcate ; calyx reflexed, hairy ; carpels in a globose head, with 
a short recurved beak. 

Meadows. May — Aug. %. — Root consisting of thick fibres, tuberous at the 
neck. Stem about a foot high. Petals usually 5, deep yellow and shining. 
Medicinal. See Big. Med. Bot., III. 61. Introduced from Europe. 

Butter-cups. 

*** Carpels aculeate or tuberculate. 

17. R. muricatus Linn. : stem erect or diffuse ; leaves smooth, petiolate, 
suborbiculate, 3-lobed, coarsely dentate ; peduncles opposite to the leaves ; 
calyx spreading ; carpels tuberculate-aculeate, terminated by an ensiform 
beak. 

Alleghany mountains. Drummond. S. to Louisiana. May — July. %. — 
Leaves sometimes undivided. Flowers small. Petals obovate, bright yellow. 
Introduced \ Muricate Crowfoot. 

7. CALTHA. Linn.— Marsh Marigold. 
(From the Greek Ka\aQos, a basket : in allusion to the form of the flower.) 

Calyx colored, with 5 — 10 roundish sepals resembling pe- 
tals. Petals none. Stamens numerous. Ovaries 5 — 10. Fol- 
licles compressed, spreading, many-seeded. 

1. C. palustris Linn. :. stem succulent, erect; leaves cordate, suborbicu- 
lar, obtusely crenate, petiolate ; flowers large, pedunculate ; sepals broad 
oval. 

var. integerrima Torr. ($• Gr. : radical leaves entire ; floral ones sessile, 
obscurely crenate ; petals obovate. C. integerrima Pursh. 

In swamps. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. Labrador to the Columbia river. 
April, May. ^4-- — Root of coarse fasciculate fibres. Stem 6 — 12 inches high, 
erect, somewhat succulent, dichotomously branched above. Leaves large and 
shining. Flowers few, an inch or more in diameter, bright yellow. 

Common Marsh Marigold. 

2. C. parnassifolia Raf. : stem erect, 1-fiowered, 1-leaved ; radical leaves 
petiolate, lanceolate-cordate, very obtuse, many-nerved; sepals elliptical, 
styles 5 — 8. C. ficaroides Pursh. C. palustris, var. parnassifolia Torr. 
<$- Gr. 



RANUNCULACE^E. 11 

Cedar swamps. N. J. to Car. June, July. r 2J f -- — Flowers deep yellow, mid- 
dle sized. Parnassia-leaved Marsh Mar' gold. 

3. C, flabellifolia Pursh. : stem procumbent, many-flowered ; leaves di- 
iated-reniform ; lobes widely spreading, coarsely and acutely toothed ; pe- 
duncles axillary, solitary, 1-flowered ; sepals obovate ; capsules uncinate. 
C. palustris, \a.r. ftabellifolia Torr. fy Gr. 

Sand spring, on Pokono mountain, Penn. Pursh. July, Aug. %. — Stem 
a foot high. Flowers yellow, middle sized. Allied to C. natans found in Can- 
ada and in Siberia. Tooth-leaved Marsh Marigold. 

8. TROLLIUS. Linn.— Globe Flower. 
(Said to be derived from the obsolete German trol, signifying anything round.) 
Sepals colored, 5 — 10 — 15, deciduous, petaloid. Petals 
5 — 25, small, 1 -lipped, tubular. Stamens and ovaries numer- 
ous. Follicles many, subcylindrical, sessile, many-seeded. 

T. Americanus Muhl. : leaves palmate ; sepals 5 — 6, spreading ; petals 
15 — 25, shorter than the stamens. T. laxus Pursh. 

Wet grounds. Can. to Del. W. to the Rocky Mountains. May — July. %. 
— Stem a foot or more high. Flowers terminal, large, yellowish. Probably 
often mistaken for a species of Ranunculus. American Globe-fiower. 

9. COPTIS. Salisb.— Gold Thread. 

(From the Greek kotttw, to cut ; in allusion to the numerous divisions of the 
leaves.) 

Sepals 5 — 6, colored, petaloid, deciduous. Petals small, 

cucullate. Stamens 20 — 25. Follicles 3 — 10, on long stalks, 

membranous, 4 — 8 seeded. 

C. trifolia Salisb. : leaves on long petioles, ternate ; leafets cuneifonn- 
obovate, obtuse, toothed or obscurely 3-lobed ; scape 1-flowered. Helleborus 
trifolius Linn. 

Swamps. Can. to Virg. N. to Labrador. May— July. %.— Scape 4—6 
inches high, slender, wiry. Flowers white. It affords a bitter infusion and a 
yellow dye. See Big. Med. Bot. i. CO. 

Common Gold Thread. 

10. AQJJILEGIA. Linn.— Columbine. 

(From the Latin aquila, an eagle; the spurs or nectaries having some re- 
semblance to the claws of that bird.) 

Sepals 5, deciduous, petaloid. Petals 5, bilabiate, drawn out 
into a hollow spur at base. Follicles 5, distinct, many-seeded, 
with acuminate styles. 

A. Canadensis Lhm.: spur straight ; styles and stamens exserted ; sepals 
somewhat acute, a Little longer than the petals; segments of the leaves 3- 
parted, rather obtuse, incisely toothed. 



12 RANUNCULACEJE. 

Rocks. Throughout the IT. S. and Can. N. to Hudson's Bay. April, May. 
<2|.. — Stem 1 — 2 feet high, branched above. Leaves glaucous ; radical ones 
biternate, the upper ones becoming gradually more simple. Flowers yellow 
and scarlet. Wild Columbine. 

11. HELLEBORUS. Adam.— Hellebore. 

(From the Greek e\eiy, to cause death ; and (3opa,food ; on account of its poison- 
ous properties.) 

Sepals 5, persistent, mostly greenish. Petals 8 — 10, very- 
short, tubular, 2 -lipped. Stamens numerous. Stigma orbicu- 
lar. Follicles 3 — 10, slightly cohering at the base, coriaceous, 
many-seeded. Seeds elliptical. 

H. viridis Linn. : radical leaves glabrous, pedately divided ; the cauline 
few, nearly sessile, palmately parted; peduncles often geminate; sepals 
roundish-ovate, green. 

On the plains near Jamaica, and in a wood near Brooklyn, N. Y. April. %. — 
Ste?n about a foot high. Radical leaves on long petioles. Flowers an inch or 
more in diameter. A naturalized foreigner. Torr. 4' Gr. 

Green Hellebore. 

12. DELPHINIUM. Linn.— Larkspur. 

(From the Greek fc\<?iv, a dolphin ; from the shape of the upper sepal.) 
Calyx deciduous, petaloid, irregular, the upper sepal pro- 
duced downward into a spur. Petals 4 ; 2 upper ones horned 
behind. Ovaries 1 — 5. Follicles many-seeded. 

* Ovaries 3 — 5. Petals free. Perennial. 

1. D. azureum Mich.: petioles a little dilated at the base; leaves 3 — 5 
parted, many-cleft, lobes linear ; raceme erect ; petals densely bearded at 
the apex ; flowers on short pedicels. 

Woods. Penn. to Geor. W. to Miss. May. %.— Stem 2 feet high. Flow- 
ers large, blue. Azure Larkspur. 

2. D. exaltation Ait. : petioles not dilated at the base ; leaves flajt, 3 — 7 
cleft beyond the middle ; lobes wedgeform, 3-cleft at the apex, acuminate ; 
lateral ones often 2-lobed ; raceme erect ; spur straight, as long as the 
calyx ; capsules 3. D. tridaetylum Mich. 

Woods. Penn. to Car. W. to Miss. May. %.— Stem 2 feet high. Flowers 
large, light blue. High Larkspur. 

3. D. tricorne Mich. : petioles smooth at the base, scarcely dilated ; leaves 
5-parted, lobes 3 — 5-cleft ; segments linear ; petals shorter than the calyx ; 
carpels reflexed, spreading at base, arcuate. 

Hills and woods. Penn. to Louis. W. to Arkansas. April, May. %. — Stem 
6 — S inches high. Raceme loose, 6 — 12 flowered. Flowers bright blue, some- 
times white. Three-homed Larkspur. 

** Ovary solitary. Petals united '. Annual. 

4. D. Consolida Linn. : stem erect, smoothish. divaricately branched ; 



RANUNCULACE^S. 13 

flowers few, in lax racemes ; pedicels longer than the bracts ; carpels 
smooth. 

Near cultivated grounds. July. ®. — Stem 2 feet high. Flowers blue. In- 
troduced from Europe. Common Larkspur. 

13. ACONITUM. Linn.— Wolfsbane. 
(From the Greek (xk6vti, a cliff or rock ; in allusion to its place of growth.) 
Calyx petaloid, irregular, deciduous ; the upper sepal large 
and helmet-form. Petals 5 ; the 3 lower ones minute, often 
converted into stamens ; the 2 upper on long claws, expanded 
into a sac or short spur at the summit. Follicles 3 — 5, many- 
seeded. 

A. uncinatum Linn. ; panicle rather loose, with divergent branches ; 
galea exactly conical ; spur inclined, somewhat spiral ; leaves 3-lobed ; 
lobes equal. 

Mountains. N. Y. to Geor. Sept. 71.. — Stem twining, branching. Leaves co- 
riaceous, deeply 3-lobed. Flowers 3 — 4, near the summit of each branch, large, 
bright blue. De Candolle notices two American varieties of this species. 

American Monkshood. 

14. ACT^A. Linn.— Baneberry. 
(From the Greek axTri, the elder ; on account of its resemblance to that plant.) 
Sepals 4 — 5. Petals 4 — 8, spatulate. Stamens numerous. 
Carpels solitary, baccate, many-seeded. 

1. A. rubra Willd. : leaves twice and thrice ternate; raceme hemi- 
spherical ; petals shorter than the stamens, acute ; pedicels of the fruit 
smaller than the peduncle ; berries shining, red, many-seeded. A. spicata 
Mich. A. brachypetala. D. C. A. Americana, var. rubra Pursh. 

Woods. Can. to Car. W. to the Rocky Mountains. May. %. — Stem 2 
feet high. Flowers white. Berries red and shining. Red Coliosh. 

2. A. alba Big. : leaves twice and thrice ternate ; raceme oblong ; petals 
equal to the stamens ; pedicels of the fruit as large as the peduncle ; berries 
white, few-seeded. A. spicata, var. alba Mich. A. Americana, var. alba 
Pursh. A. pachypoda Ell. 

Woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. May. %.— Pedicels shorter and thicker 
than in the preceding. Berries milk-white tipt with red, smaller than in A. 
rubra. White Cohosh, 

15. CIMICIFUGA. Linn,— Bugbanc. 
(From the Latin cimex, a bug, and f ago, to drive away.) 

Sepals 4 — 5. Petals 3 — 5, concave or imguieulate, some- 
times fewer or none. Stamens numerous. Style short. Car- 
pels 1 — 8, follicular, many-seeded. 

C. raccmosa Ell, : racemes very long ; loaves ternatelv decompound ; le;;f- 
ets ovate-oblong, incisely toothed. C.Sc/pcntaria Pursh. Acttsa raa 
Linn. 



14 MAGNOLIACEjE. 

Woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Texas. July, Aug. %.—Stem 3—8 feet high. 
Racemes 6 — 10 inches long, somewhat panicled. Flowers greenish-white. 
Has a very fetid smell. Medicinal. Black Snake-root. 

16. ZANTHORIZA. Linn.— Yellow Root. 
(From the Greek "lavdos, yellow, and piga, a root.) 

Calyx deciduous, 5-sepalled. Petals 5, of 2 roundish gland- 
like lobes, raised on a pedicel. Stamens 5 — 10. Ovaries 5 — 15, 
pointed with the curved styles. Follicles membranaceous, com- 
pressed, usually 1 -seeded. 

Z. apiifolia L'Herit. 

Banks of streams. Penn. to Geor. W. to Texas. May. T^. — Suffruticose. 
Root large, yellow. Stem 2 — 3 feet high. Leaves bipinnate. Flowers in ra- 
cemes, dark purple. Yellow Root. 

Order II. MAGNOLIACE^E.— Magnoliads. 

Sepals 3 — 6, deciduous. Petals 3 — 27, in several rows. 
Stamens indefinite, distinct, hypogynous ; anthers adnate, long. 
Ovaries numerous ; style short ; stigma simple. Fruit either 
dry or succulent, consisting of numerous carpels, which are ar- 
ranged upon an elongated axis. Seeds solitary or several. — 
Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, coriaceous. Flowers large, 
solitary, often odoriferous. 

1. MAGNOLIA. Linn.— Magnolia. 
(In honor of Prof. Magnol, a French botanist.) 
Sepals 3, deciduous. Petals 6 — 12, in concentric series. 
Carpels 1 — 2-seeded, persistent, forming a strobile-like fruit. 
Seeds coated with a fleshy arillus, suspended by a long slen- 
der funiculus. 

1. M. glauca Linn. : leaves perennial, oblong or oval, petiolate, glau- 
cous beneath ; flowers 9 — 12 petalled ; petals obovate, concave. 

Swamps. Mass. to Flor. W. to Miss. May, June. — A shrub or tree 
10—15, sometimes 30 feet high, with a smooth whitish bark. Flowers terminal, 
on thick peduncles, white, 2—3 inches broad, very fragrant. The bark is aro- 
matic and bitter. Sweet Bay. 

2. M. acuminata Linn. : leaves deciduous, oval, acuminate, pubescent 
beneath ; flowers 6 — 9 petalled ; petals obovate, somewhat obtuse. 

Woods. N. Y. to Geor. June, July. A middle sized tree, sometimes, how- 
ever, attaining the height of 70 feet. Flowers of a dull yellow color, sometimes 
6 — 8 inches in diameter, glaucous externally. Fruit when green resembling a 
young cucumber. Bark aromatic. ^Cucumber Tree. 

3. M. tripeiala Linn. : leaves deciduous, cuneate-lanceolate, acute, silky 
when young; petals 9, oval-lanceolate, acute, the outer ones reflected. 
]M. Umbrella Linn. 



ANONACE^E. 15 

Mountain woods. Penn. to Geor. June. — A small tree with irregular 
branches and very large leaves. Flowers white, 7 — 8 inches in diameter. 

Umbrella Tree. 

2. LIRIODENDRON. Linn.— Tulip Tree. 

(From the Greek ~Xeipiov, a lily, and SsvSpov, a tree; from the appearance of 
its flowers.) 

Sepals 3, deciduous. Petals 6. Carpels [Samara) imbri- 
cated in a cone, 1 — 2-seeded, not opening, attenuated. 

L. Tulipifera Linn. 

Woods. Throughout the U. S. June, July. One of the largest trees of 
our forest. Leaves alternate, 3-lobed ; the middle lobe truncate. Flowers sol- 
itary, large, each with two large caducous bracts at the base. Sepals obovate- 
oblong, spreading and at length deciduous. Petals lance-obovate, greenish- 
yellow, stained with reddish orange below the middle. According to Dr. 
Darlington, there are two varieties of this species, differing chiefly in the color 
and texture of the wood ; the one being yellow and the other white. The 
yellow is the most valuable, but both are employed extensively by cabinet 
makers. The bark is a valuable tonic, &c. — See Big. Med. Bot. 

Tulip Tree. White Wood< 

Okder III. ANONACE./E.— Anonads. 

Sepals 3 — 4, persistent, usually partly cohering. Petals 6, 
in two rows, coriaceous. Stamens indefinite, covering a large 
hypogynous disk, packed closely together; filaments short; 
anthers adnate. Ovaries mostly numerous ; styles short ; stig- 
mas simple. Fruit consisting of a number of carpels. Seeds 
attached to the suture in one or two rows. — Trees or shrubs. 
Leaves alternate, simple, almost always entire, without stipules. 
Flowers usually green or brown, axillary, mostly solitary. 

ASIMINA. Adans — Papaw. 

(A name given by Adanson, the origin of which is unknown.) 

Calyx deeply 3 -parted. Petals 6, spreading, ovate-oblong ; 

inner ones smallest. Anthers many, subsessile. Carpels 

usually 3, baccate, ovate or oblong, sessile, pulpy within. Seeds 

man}^. 

A. triloba D. C. : leaves oblong, crenate, acuminate, and with the 
branches smoothish ; flowers on short peduncles; outer petals roundish 
ovate, 4 times as long as the calyx. Anona triloba Linn. Porcelia triloba 
Pursh. Uvaria triloba Torr. tf* Gr. 

Banks of streams. Western N. Y. to Flor. W. to Miss. April. — .V small 
tree usually from 10 to 15 feet high, with slender nearly smooth branches. 
Flowers solitary, lateral, appearing rather before the leaves, dark brownish* 
purple. Fruit large, fleshy, sweetish. Nuttall states thai the fruit does not 
come to perfection N. or E. of Steubenville. Ohio. Trav. in I 

Papa 



16 BERBERIDACE.E. 

Order IV. MENISPERMACE^E.— Menispermads. 

Flowers diclinous, usually dioecious and very small. Sepals 
and petals confounded in one or several rows, each of which is 
composed of 3 or 4 parts, deciduous. Stamens monadelphous 
or occasionally distinct, sometimes opposite the petals and equal 
to them in number, sometimes 3 or 4 times as many ; anthers 
adnate. Ovaries sometimes numerous, each with one style, 
distinct or rarely united. Drupes mostly berried, 1 -seeded, 
compressed. Seed same shape as the fruit ; albumen wanting 
or small. — Shrubs, with a flexible tough tissue and sarmenta- 
ceous habit. Leaves alternate and entire. Flowers small, 
usually racemose. 

MENISPERMUM. Linn.— Moonseed. 

(From the Greek fifivr], the moon, and <nr«p//<z, a seed ; on account of the lunate 
form of the seeds.) 

Sepals and petals arranged in fours, 2 or 3 -rowed. Sterile 
Fl. Stamens 12 — 20. Fertile Fl. Ovaries 1 — 4. Drupe 
berried, roundish-reniform, with a single lunate nut or seed. 
Sterile and fertile flowers often dissimilar. 

M. Canadense Linn: leaves peltate, somewhat glabrous, cordate, ob- 
tusely angled, mucronate ; racemes solitary, compound ; petals 4 — 8. 

Banks of streams. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July. I7. — Varies somewhat 
in the angles of the leaves. Stem climbing, 8 — 12 feet long. Flowers very 
small, greenish yellow, tinged with purple. Berries black, resembling grapes. 

Canadian Moonseed. 

Order V. BERBERIDACE^E.— Berberids. 

Sepals 3 — 4 — 6, deciduous, in a double row, surrounded ex- 
ternally by petaloid scales. Petals either equal to the sepals 
in number and opposite to them, or twice as many, generally 
with an appendage at the base in the inside. Stamens equal 
in number to the petals, and opposite to them. Ovary solitary, 
1 -celled ; style rather lateral ; stigma orbicular. Fruit a berry 
or capsule. Seeds crustaceous or membranous. — Shrubs or 
herbaceous plants, with alternate leaves. 

1. BERBERIS. .Lima.— Barberry. 
(Supposed to be the Arabian name of the plant.) 

Sepals 6, mostly with 3 bracteoles at the base. Petals 6, 
with 2 glands upon their claws. Stamens without teeth, or 



BERBERIDACE^E. 17 

■with 2 — 3 teeth. Berry 2 — 3 -seeded. Seeds 2, rarely 3, in- 
serted laterally at the base of the cell. 

B. vulgaris Linn. : spines 3-parted ; leaves simple, obovate, attenuate 
at base, closely serrate with bristly teeth ; racemes many-flowered, pendu- 
lous ; petals entire . B. Canadensis Pursh. Nutt. 

Road sides and fields. Throughout the U. S. and Can. April, May. T^. — 
A shrub 4 — 6 feet high. Leaves alternate. Flowers in pendulous racemes, pale 
yellow. Berries red, and of an agreeable acid. Supposed to have been intro- 
duced from Europe. At all events the American, is exactly similar to the Eu- 
ropean, plant. Common Barberry. 

2. LEONTICE. Linn.— Lion's Foot. 

(Abridged from the Greek \zovTaTrera\ov ; the leaf resembling the print of a 
lion's foot.) 

Sepals 6, naked without. Petals 6, bearing a scale at the 
base within. Capsules 2 — 4-seeded. Seeds globose, inserted 
into the bottom of the capsule. 

L. thalictroides Linn. : lower leaf triternate, upper one biternate ; leafets 
oblong ovate and cuneate-obovate, mostly 3-lobed at the apex ; flowers 
paniculate ; peduncle from the base of the upper petioles. Caulophyllum 
thalictroides. Mich. 

Rocky woods. Throughout the U. S. and Can. April, May. % — Stem a 
foot high, purplish and glaucous when young. Leaves mostly 2. Flowers 
small, greenish-yellow. Seeds deep blue, globose, contracted below into a 
long stipitate base. Whole plant turns almost black in drying. 

Blue Cohosh. 

3. PODOPHYLLUM. Linn.— May Apple. 

(From the Greek novs, foot, and cjivWov, a leaf; the leaf resembling a web 
foot.) 

Sepals 3, caducous. Petals 6 — 9. Stamens 12 — 18. Stig- 
ma large, subsessile, peltate, persistent. Berry somewhat fleshy, 
not dehiscent. Seeds many. 

P. peltatum Linn. : stem erect, 2-leaved, 1-flowered ; fruit oval. 

Woods. Throughout the U. S. and Can. May. %.— Stem a foot high, 2- 
leaved, 1-flowered. Leaves large, peltate, palmate-lobed. Flower solitary in 
the fork of the petiole, pendulous, white. Fruit an inch to an inch ami a half 
long, yellowish when mature, pulpy and succulent. Its root, is often used as a 
substitute for jalap. See Bin: $ Bart. Med, Bat. and Schneck's Extter. /;<(/. i\Y. 
N. ¥. Med. and Phi/s. Jour. ii. 30. May Apple. Mandrake. 

4. JEFFERSONIA. Bart.— Twin-leaf. 

(In honor of Thomas Jefferson.) 

Sepals 4, petaloid. Petals 8, oblong. Capsules obovate, 
semicircularly dehiscent. Seeds many, arillate at base. 
J. diphjlla Pers. J. Bart on is Mich. 
Western and Northern N. Y. Penn. Virg. and Tenn. May. '1\.— Scape a 



IS NELUMBIACE^. 

foot high. Leaf b'mn&te, petioled. Flower terminal, solitary, large, white, re- 
sembling that of Sanguinaria. Capsule large, coriaceous. Seeds shining, ob- 
long. Twin-leaf. Rheumatism-root. 

Order VI. CAC OMB ACE^E.— Water-shields. 

Sepals 3 or 4, colored inside, persistent. Petals 3 or 4, al- 
ternate with the sepals. Stamens definite or indefinite ; an- 
thers linear, turned inwards, continuous with the filament. 
Ovaries 2 or more. Fruit indehiscent, tipped by the indurated 
style. Seeds few, pendulous ; embryo seated at the base of a 
fleshy albumen. — Aquatics, with floating leaves. Flowers ax- 
illary, solitary, yellow or purple. 

HYDROPELTIS. Mich.— Water-shield. 

Calyx of 3 — 4 sepals. Petals 3 — 4. Stamens, 18 — 36. 
Ovaries 6 — 18. Carpels oblong, acuminate, 1 — 2-seeded. 

H. purpurea Mich. Brasenia peltata Pu rsh . 

Lakes and ponds. Can. to Geor. June, July. %. — Whole plant covered with 
a viscid gelatine. Stem floating, long, terete, branched. Leaves oval, peltate, 
coriaceous, very entire and tinged with purple on the lower side. Peduncles 
solitary, long, each springing from the side of a petiole. Flowers purple, about 
an inch in diameter. Water-shield. Water-target. 

Order YII. NELUMBIACEJE.— Water Beans. 

Sepals 4 or 5. Petals numerous, oblong, in many rows. 
Stamens numerous, arising from within the petals in several 
rows ; filaments petaloid ; anthers adnate. Torus a fleshy ele- 
vated disk, very large, enclosing the numerous separate ovaries 
in hollows of its substance. Nuts numerous, half buried in 
hollows of the disk in which they are finally loose. Seeds soli- 
tary, rarely 2. — Herbs with peltate fleshy floating leaves, arising 
from a prostrate trunk, growing in quiet waters. 

NELUMBIUM. Juss.— Sacred Bean. 
(From the Ceylon name, Nelumbo.) 

Calyx petaloid, of 4 — 6 sepals. Petals numerous. Carpels 
numerous, deeply immersed in the upper surface of a turbinate 
receptacle or torus, 1 -seeded. Seed large, round, solitary. 

N. hitev/m Willd. : anthers produced into a linear appendage at the ex- 
tremity ; leaves peltate, orbicular, very entire. Cyamus fiavicomus Salisb. 
Pursh. C. luteus Nutt. 

Lakes. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. July. %. — Leaves a foot or more in 
diameter, alternate, peltate- Peduncles very long, more or less scabrous. 
Flowers yellowish-white, and larger than that produced by any plant in North 
America, except Magnolia macrophyUa. Water Chinquepin. 



PAPAVERACEJ3. 19 

Order VIII. NYMPH^EACE^E.— Water-lilies. 

Sepals and petals numerous, imbricated, passing gradually 
into each other. Stamens numerous, inserted above the petals 
into the disk ; filaments petaloid ; anthers adnate. Disk large, 
flesh)'', surrounding the ovary more or less. Ovary with radi- 
ating stigmas. Fruit many-celled, indehiscent. Seeds very 
numerous. — Herbs with peltate or cordate fleshy leaves, arising 
from a prostrate trunk, growing in quiet waters. 

1. NYMH^A. Linn.— White Water-lily. 

(From its imbibing the water, as the Nymphs were supposed to do.) 
Sepals 4, at the base of the disk. Petals and stamens inserted 
into the fleshy disk surrounding the ovary. 

N. odorata Ait. : leaves, floating, orbicular-cordate, very entire ; nerves 
anel veins prominent ; stigma 16 — 20 rayed ; rays incurved. 

Ponds. Can. to Car. June, July. %. — There are two varieties of this plant. 
One has the sinus and lobes of the leaves more or less acute ; the flowers 
white (iV. alba. Mich.) The other is smaller, has purplish leaves and peduncles, 
and rose-colored flowers, (N. minor D. C.) Both have the leaves on very long 
petioles, coriaceous, and lying on the surface of the water. Flowers 3 — 4 inches 
in diameter, very odorous. White Pond Lily. 

2. NUPHAR. Smith.— Yellow Water-lily. 

(A name applied by Dioscorides.j 
Sepals, petals, and stamens, inserted at the base of the disk. 

1. N.lutea Smith: calyx with 5 sepals; stigma entire, 16—20 rayed, 
deeply umbilicate ; leaves cordate, oval, lobes approximate ; petioles 3-sided, 
acute-angled. Nymphaa lutea Linn. 

In water. N. S. and N. to lat. 64°. June. %.— Sepals very obtuse. Pe- 
tals much smaller, truncate. Confounded by some of our botanists with the 
next species, from which it is quite distinct. 

Small-flowered Yellow Water-lily. 

2. N. advena Ail. : calyx 6-sepalled ; petals numerous, small ; leaves 
cordate, with divaricate lobes ; petioles semicylindrical ; fruit silicate. 
Nymphcca advena Mich. 

In water. Can. to Car. W. to Oregon. June, July. %. — Leaves upright 
or floating. Flowers large, yellow. Common Yellow Water-lily. 

3. N. Kalmiana Ait.: calyx 5-lcaved ; stigmas incised, 8 — 10-vaved; 
leaves cordate, submersed, with approximate lobes; petioles terete. — 
Ni/niphaa lutea var. Kalmiana Mich. 

In water. N. S. and Can. July, Aug. %. — Leaves and flowers small. Tor- 
rey considers it a variety of N. lutea. Kid in' s Water-lily. 

Order IX. PAPAVERACE.E.— Poppyworts. 

Sepals 2, rarely 3, deciduous. Petals 4 or 0. usually crum- 
pled before expansion, occasionally none. Stamens numerous : 



20 PAPAVERACE^E. 

anthers 2-celled, innate. Ovary 1 ; style short or none. Fruit 
1 -celled, either pod-shaped or capsular, with several placentae. 
Seeds numerous, with a minute embryo. — Herbaceous plants 
or shrubs, often with a milky juice. Leaves alternate, more or 
less divided. Peduncles long, 1 -flowered. 

1. ARGEMONE. Linn.— Prickly Poppy. 

(From the Greek apye^a, a disease of the eye ; supposed to be relieved by this 
plant.) 

Petals 4 — 6. Stamens many. Style scarcely any. Stigma 
4 — 7-lobed; lobes radiately reflexed, persistent. Capsules obo- 
vate, spinose, 1 -celled, 5-valved; valves opening at the apex. 

A. Mexicana Linn. 

Banks of streams. Penn. to Flor. W. to the Platte River. June, July. ®. 
■ — Stem 2 — 3 feet high, branching, armed with prickles. Leaves sessile, pin- 
natifid. repand-sinuate, margins and veins beneath armed with spines. Flowers 
axillary and terminal, large, yellow or white. Probably introduced. 

Common Prickly Poppy. 

2. SANGUINARIA. Linn.— Blood-root. 

(From the Latin sanguis, blood ; in allusion to the color of its juice.) 

Sepals 2, deciduous. Petals 8 — 12. Stamens 24. Stigmas 
2, connate. Capsule oblong, 1 -celled, 2-valved, ventricose ; 
valves deciduous. 

S. Canadensis Linn. 

Woods. Throughout the U. S. and Can. April, May. %. — Root tuberous, 
affording a bitter orange-colored juice, which contains' a vegeto-alkaline prin- 
ciple. Leaves radical, reniform or cordate. Flowers large, white, solitary. 
Medicinal. Emetic, &c. Big. Med. Bot. i. 75. Fully on Sanguinaria. — Am. 
Med. Recorder, vol. xiii. Red Puccoon. Blood-root. 

3. MECONOPSIS. D. C— Meconopsis. 

(From the Greek jxtikuv, a poppy, and oxpis, appearance ; on account of its re- 
semblance to the poppy.) 

Petals 4. Stamens many. Style short. Stigma 4 — 6, ra- 
diating, convex, free. Capsules obovate, 1 -celled ; valves 4 — 6, 
dehiscent at the apex. 

1. M. diphylla D. C. : leaves 2, sessile, hairy ; lobes rounded and obtuse ; 
capsules 4-valved, echinate. Chelidonium dAphyllum Mich. Pursh. Stylo- 
phorum diphyllum Nutt. 

Woods. Penn to Miss. S. to Tenn. May. ^1 — Stem a foot high. Leaves 
glaucous. Flowers yellow. Abundant in Indiana. Two-leaved Meconopsis. 

2. M. petiolata D. C. : leaves 2 — 3, on long petioles, smoothish : cap- 
sules echinate. Stylophorum petiolatum Nutt. 

Alleghany Mountains. Hooker. Shady woods on the banks of the Ohio.— 



SARRACENIACE^E. 21 

Nutt. May — July. % — Stem 12 — 18 inches high. Leaves large, smooth and 
glaucous beneath, with 5 — 7 large lobes. Flowers large, yellow. 

Stalk-leaved Meconopsis. 

4. CHELIDONIUM. Linn.— Celandine. 

(From the Greek ^sXtJoi/, a swallow; its flowers appearing about the same 
time as that bird.) 

Sepals 2, glabrous. Petals 4. Stamens many. Capsule 
elongated, (resembling a silique,) 2-valved, 1 -celled ; valves de- 
hiscent from the base to the apex. Seeds several, furnished 
with a glandular crest. 

C. majus Linn. : leaves pseudo-pinnate, glaucous ; segments ovate, cre- 
nate-lobed ; pedicels somewhat umbellate ; petals elliptic, entire. 

Fields and waste places. N. S. May— Oct. %.— Stem 1—2 feet high, 
branched. Flowers yellow. Capsule about an inch long, narrow, sublinear. 
Plant full of an orange juice. Introduced from Europe. Common Celandine. 

5. PAP AVER. Linn.— Poppy. 

(From the Celtic Papa, pap; being added to the food of children to induce 
sleep.) 

Sepals 2, concave, caducous. Petals 4. Stigma sessile, ra- 
diate, persistent. Capsule obovoid, 1 -celled, opening by mi- 
nute valves under the margin of the stigma. 

P. dubium Linn. : leaves pseudo-pinnate ; segments lance-oblong, pin- 
natifidly incised, sessile, decurrent ; stem with spreading hairs ; peduncles 
with appressed bristly hairs ; capsule obovoid-oblong, smooth. 

Cultivated grounds. Downington, Penn. Darlingt. May. (I). — Stem 1 — 2 
feet high. Flowers on long flexuous peduncles, pale red. Introduced. 

Field Poppy. 

Order X. SARRACENIACE^E.— Sarraceniads. 

Calyx 4 — 6-leaved, much imbricated, without a corolla ; or 
consisting of 5 persistent sepals, often having a 3 -leaved invo- 
lucre on the outside, and 5 unguiculate, concave petals. Sta- 
mens numerous ; anthers oblong, adnate. Ovary, 2 — 5-celled ; 
style simple, truncate, or expanded into a large peltate plate 
with 5 stigmatic angles. Capsule with 3 — 5 cells. Seeds mi- 
nute, very numerous. — Herbs found in bogs. Leaves radical, 
with a hollow urn-shaped petiole, at whose apex the lamina is 
articulated, and which fits like a lid. Scapes each bearing one 
large flower. 



22 FUMARIACEJS. 



SARRACENIA. Linn.— Side-saddle Flower. 

(In honor oi Dr. Sarrazin, who resided in Quebec, and sent the plant to 
Tournefort.) 

Sepals 5, with a 3-leaved involucre. Petals 5. Stigma very 
large, peltate, 5-angled. Capsule 5 -celled. 

S. purpurea Linn. : leaves much shorter than the scape, inflated, con- 
tracted at the mouth, having a broad arched lateral wing ; appendix erect, 
broad-cordate, undulate, not mucronate. 

Sphagnous swamps. Can. to Car. W. to Lake Superior. June, July. %.— 
Scape 1 — 2 feet high, with a solitary terminal purple flower. A variety with 
yellow flowers has been found in Northampton, Mass. and in Seneca co. N. Y. 

Common Side-saddle Flower. 

Order XI. FUMAMACEJE.— Fumeworts. 

Sepals 2, deciduous. Petals 4, cruciate, very irregular. 
Stamens 4, distinct, or 6, in 2 parcels, opposite the outer pe- 
tals, very seldom all separate. Ovary free, 1 -celled. Stigma 
with 2 or more points. Fruit either an indehiscent 1 or 2- 
seeded nut, or a 2-valved many-seeded pod. Seeds horizontal, 
with fleshy albumen. — Herbs with brittle stems and a watery 
juice. Leaves usually alternate, many-cleft, often with tendrils. 

1. FUMARIA. Linn.— Fumitory. 

(From the Latin fumus, smoke ; perhaps in allusion to the effect of its juice 
and odor on the eyes.) 

Calyx of 2 sepals. Petals 4, one gibbous or spurred at the 
base. Pouch ovate or globose, 1 -seeded, indehiscent, not pointed 
with a style. 

F. officinalis Linn. : stem sub-erect • leaves bipinnate and cleft with 
linear segments ; racemes rather loose ; fruit-bearing pedicels erect, twice as 
long as the bracts ; pouch globose, smooth, somewhat retuse. 

Near cultivated ground. N. Y. to Car. May — July, Aug. (J). — Stem a foot 
high. Flowers rose-colored. Introduced from Europe. Common Fumitory. 

2. DICENTRA. Borckh.— Dicentra. 
(From the Greek <5ts twice, and nivrpov a spur.) 

Petals 4, 2 outer ones equally spurred or gibbous at base. 
Pod 2-valved, many-seeded. 

1. D. Cvxullaria Torr.: scape naked; raceme, simple, 1-sided; wing 
of the inner petals short ; spurs straight, divaricate, acute. Diclytra Cucul- 
laria D. C. Fumaria Cucullaria Linn. 

Shady hills. Throughout Can. and N. S. W. to Miss. April, May. % 

Root bulhous. Scape 6 — 8 inches high. Leaves 2, triternately decompound. 



CRUCIFERiE. 23 

Flowers large, white, tinged with yellow and purple. Spurs frequently much 
divaricated. Dutchman's Breeches. 

2. D. Canadensis Torr. : scape naked, raceme simple, 4 — 6 flowered; spurs 
short, rounded; wing of the inner petals projecting beyond the summit. 
Diclytra Canadensis D. C. Corydalis Canadensis Goldie. 

Rocky woods. Can. to N. Y. W. to Ken. April. %■— Root tuberous. 
Scape 5 — 6 inches high, rising above the leaves, which usually have the seg- 
ments longer and narrower than those of the preceding species. Flowers fra- 
grant, white, tinged with pale purple. Turkey Corn. 

3. D. eximia Torr. : scape naked ; raceme compound, the branches cym- 
ulose ; spurs short, obtuse, somewhat incurved; wings of the petals project- 
ing beyond the summit ; leaves numerous. Diclytra eximia D. C. Cory- 
dalis jormosa Pursh. 

Mountains. Yates County, N. Y. Sartwell. S- to Car. April— July. %. — 
Root bulbous. Scape 8 — 12 inches high. Leaves numerous. Flowers pendu- 
lous, reddish purple. Choice Dicentra. . 

3. CORYDALIS. D. C. Corydalis. 

(From xopvSa\is, the Greek name of Fumitory.) 

Petals 4, one spurred at base. Pod 2-valved, compressed, 
many-seeded. 

1. C. glauca Pursh. : stem erect, branched ; leaves glaucous, decom- 
pound ; segments cuneate, trifid ; bracts oblong, acute, shorter than the 
pedicels ; pod linear, flat, scarcely torulose. — Fumaria glauca Ctirtis. 

Rocky woods. Can. N. to 64° S. to Car. W. to Miss. May— July. (£) or 
®.—Stem 1—2 feet high. Leaves 1—3 inches long, the lower ones on long 
petioles. Flowers variegated with red yellow and green. 

Glaucous Corydalis. 

2. C. aurea Willd. : stem branched, diffuse ; leaves glaucous, doubly pin- 
nate ; lobes oblong, acute ; bracts lanceolate or ovate, acuminate, toothed ; 
pod terete, torulose. Fumaria aurea Muhl. 

Shady rocks. Throughout Can. and N. to lat. 64°. W. to Rocky Mountains, 
and S. to S. Car. April— August. © or ®.—Stem 8—12 inches high, branch- 
ing, slender. Racemes terminal and opposite the leaves. Flowers small, bright 
yellow. Golden Corydalis. 

4. ADLUMIA. Raf. — Climbing Fumitory. 

( In honor of Mr. John Adlum, a distinguished cultivator of the vine.) 

Petals 4, united in a spongy monopetalous corolla, persistent, 
and with two protuberances at base. Pod 2-valved, many- 
seeded. 

A.cirrhosa Raf.: Corydalis fwngosa Pers. Fumaria fungosa Willd. 

Woods. Can. to Penn. Catskill mountains. July — September, (g). — Stem 
8—15 feet long, slender, branching and climbing. Leaves ninnuiely divided, 
the midrib twining like a tendril. Flowers in compound axillary racemes, 
pale violet or nearly white. Ctimting Fumitory. 

Order XII. CRUCIFER.E.— Ciu rcii f.hs. 

Sepals 4, deciduous, imbricate or valvals. Petals 1. cruciate. 
alternate with the sepals. Stamens 0, of which two arc shorter. 



24 CRUCIFER.E. 

solitary, and opposite the lateral sepals, and four longer, in 
pairs, opposite the anterior, and posterior sepals. Disk with 
various green glands between the petals and the stamens and 
ovary. Ovary superior, 1 -celled. Stigmas 2. Fruit a silicule 
or silique (pouch or pod,) rarely 1 -celled and valveless, gene- 
rally 2-celled and 2-valved, 1 or many-seeded, indehiscent or 
opening by the two valves. Seeds attached in a single row by 
a cord to each of the placentae, generally pendulous, without 
albumen ; the embryo with the radical folded upon the cotyle- 
dons. — Herbaceous plants. Leaves alternate. Flowers usually 
yellow or white, in corymbs or racemes. 

I. SIlilCUhOSM.—Pod short and broad (pouch.) 

1. CAKILE. Linn.— Sea. Rocket. 
(An old Arabic word, applied probably to this or some allied genus.) 
Pouch 2-jointed, compressed ; the upper joint ensiform or 
ovate. Seed solitary in the cells ; upper erect, lower (some- 
times abortive) pendulous. 

C. Americana Nutt. : leaves fleshy, obovate, attenuate at base, more or 
less toothed and lobed ; joints of the pouch 1-seeded ; the uppermost one 
ovate, acute. C. maritima, var. Americana Torr. Bunias maritima 
Pwsh. B. edentula Big. 

Sea shores. Can. to Geor. Shores of the Great Lakes. July, Aug. (1). — 
Plant fleshy, branched and decmnbent. Flowers corymbed, pale purple. 

American Sea Rocket. 

2. THLASPI. Linn.— Penny Cress. 

(From the Greek 0Aau, to flatten ; probably on account of its compressed 
seed vessels.) 

Pouch emarginate at the apex ; valves boat-form, winged on 

the back ; cells 2 — many-seeded. Petals equal. Calyx equal 

at base. 

1. T. arvense Linn. : leaves oblong-sagittate, coarsely toothed, smooth ; 
pouch suborbicular, shorter than the pedicel, its wings dilated longitudinally. 

Stony fields. Can and N. S. W. to Miss. June. Q.—Stem a foot high, 
erect, somewhat branched. Leaves smooth. Flowers small, white, in a ra- 
ceme. Pouch very large, with dilated wings. Perhaps introduced. 

Penny Cress. 

2. T. tuberosum Nutt. : leaves rhombic-ovate, obsoletely toothed, smooth, 
sessile ; radical ones upon long petioles ; stem pubescent, very short and 
simple ; root tuberous ; pouch suborbicular, short. 

Penn. Nutt. April, May. (T).— Stem 4-— 5 inches high. Flowers large, 
rosaceous. Tuberous Penny Cress. 



CRUCIFER^S. 25 

3. CAPSELLA. D. C— Shepherd's Purse. 
(The diminutive of capsula ; a little capsule or box.) 

Pouch triangular, wedge-form at base ; valves boat-form, 
not winged ; cells many-seeded. 

C. Bursa-pastoris D. C. : radical leaves pinnatifid. 

Cultivated grounds. Throughout the U. S. April — Oct. (J). — Stem from 3 
inches to 1 — 2 feet high. Radical leaves more or less pinnatifid, hairy ; cauline 
ones oblong, toothed, sagittate at base. Flowers small, white, in terminal spiked 
racemes. Introduced from Europe. Common Shepherd's Purse. 

4. DRAB A. Linn.— Whitlow Grass. 
(From the Greek dpaffri, acrid, as are the leaves of many of this genus.) 

Pouch sessile, oval or oblong ; valves flat or slightly convex. 
Seeds many, not margined. Calyx equal. Petals entire. Sta- 
mens without teeth. 

1. D. Caroliniana Walt.: stem leafy and hispid at the base, naked and 
smooth at the top ; leaves ovate-roundish, entire, hispid ; pouch linear, 
smooth, longer than the pedicel. D. hispidula Mich. 

Sandy fields. Conn, to Geor. W. to Miss. April, May. (T).— Stems 2—4 
inches high. Leaves clustered on the lower part of the stem, very ha.iry. Pouch 
4 — 6 lines long, linear-lanceolate. Flowers white. Carolina Whitlow Grass. 

2. D. arabisans Mich. : stem leafy, somewhat branched, subpubescent ; 
leaves sparingly toothed ; radical ones wedge-lanceolate ; cauline oblong ; 
pouch smooth, lanceolate-oblong, longer than the pedicel. 

Rocks. Can. to Virg. W. to Miss. May, June, (g).— Stems 6—12 inches 
high. Pouch half an inch long, erect, acuminate, twisted. Flowers white. 

Bu nch-jlowered Whitlow-grass. 

5. EROPHILA. D. C— Erophila. 
(From the Greek rjp, vpos, spring, and (piXXeco to love; in allusion to its early 
flowering.) 

Pouch oval or oblong ; valves flat. Seeds many, not mar- 
gined. Calyx equal. Petals 2-parted. Stamens without 
teeth. 

E. vulgaris D. C. : pouch elliptic, shorter than the pedicel ; scape 5 — 15 
flowered. E. Americana D. C. Drabaverna Linn. 

Fields. Can. to Virg. March— May. ®.— Scape 2—6 inches high, naked. 
Leaves lanceolate, somewhat toothed, hairy. Flowers minute, white. Pouch 
on long pedicels, with a very short style. Specimens of this plant obtained 
from my friend, Dr. Matthew Stevenson, of Washington co. N. Y. agree in 
all respects with the foreign E. vulgaris, as do also those which 1 have collected 
elsewhere. Common Whitlow Gross. 

6. COCHLEARIA. Li>m.— Scurvy Grass. 
(From the Latin, cochlear, a spoon ; from a fancied resemblance in the leaves.) 

Pouch sessile, ovate, globose, or oblong; valves, ventrieose. 
Seeds many, not margined. Calyx equal at base, spreading. 
Petals entire. Stamens without teeth. 



26 CRUCIFER-E. 

C. Armor -aria, Linn. : root large, fleshy : radical leaves on long petioles, 
oblong, crenate ; cauline long-lanceolate, serrate or entire ; pouch oblong ; 
stigma dilated, nearly sessile. 

Waste grounds. June. %. — Root large and yen' pungent to the taste. Stem 
2 — 3 feet high. Flowers white, in elongated racemes. Introduced, and exten- 
sively cultivated. Used as a condiment. Horse Radish. 

7. LEPIDIU3I. Linn. — Pepper-grass. 
(From the Greek Xfrrtj, a scale ; in allusion to the form of the pouch.) 

Pouch ovate or somewhat cordate ; valves keeled or rarely 
ventricose, dehiscent; cells 1 -seeded. Seeds somewhat triquet- 
rous or compressed. Petals equal. 

1. L. Virginicum Linn.: stem branched; radical leaves pinnatifid : cau- 
line linear-lanceolate, serate, smooth : stamens often 2 ; pouch orbicular, 
flat, emarginate, shorter than the pedicel. Thlaspi Virginia num Poir. 

Sandy fields. Can. to Louis. W. to 3Iiss. June — Oct. (J). — Stem a foot 
high, branched above. Flowers minute, white. Pouch about 2 lines long, 
slightly emarginate. Wild Pepper-grass. 

2. L. campestre Broicn: cauline leaves sagittate, toothed; pouch ovate, 
winged, rough with minute scales, emarginate ; style scarcely longer than 
the notch. Tidaspi campestre Linn. 

Waste places. Long Island, Staten Island, and elsewhere in the U. S. 
June, July. (I) or <%. — Stem a foot high, erect, simple or paniculate ly branched 
above. Racemes much elongated in fruit. Flowers white. Introduced. 

Field Pepper-grass. 

3. L. Smithii Hook: cauline leaves sagittate, toothed; pouch ovate, 
emarginate, winged, smooth or minutely scaly on the back ; style much 
esserted beyond the notch. L. hirtum Beek Bot. 1st Ed. 

Fields near New Brunswick. N; J. June. (g ? — Stem 12 — 18 inches high, 
very leafy. Lower leaves petioled. and somewhat pinnatifid; cauline sub- 
clasping, sagittate, toothed, covered with a whitish pubescence. Flowers in 
dense hairy racemes. Pouch, in my specimens, scabrous, emarginate, with a 
style about halt' its length. Perhaps introduced. Rough Pepper-grass. 

8. CAMELIXA. Crantz.— Camelina. 

(From the Greek x a l iai i dwarf or humble, and \ivov : jlax ; on account of a fan- 
cied resemblance in the plants.) 

Pouch obovate or subglobose ; valves ventricose, dehiscent 
with part of the style ; cells many-seeded. Style filiform. Seeds 
oblong, not margined. 

C. saliva- D. C: pouch obovate, pyriform, margined, tipped with the 
pointed style ; leaves roughish, sub-entire, lanceolate, sagittate ; flowers nu- 
merous, in corymbs. Myogram sativum Linn. 

Cultivated grounds. X. Y. and Penn. May, June. ©.—Stem 2—3 feet hish, 
panicled above. Flowers numerous, corymbose, paiuculate, small yellow. 
Pouches large, on long slender pedicels. Introduced from Europe. 

Gold of Pleasure. 



CRUCIFER^E. 27 

9. SUBULARIA. Linn.— Awl-wort. 
(From the Latin subula, an awl ; the leaves being subulate, or awl-shaped.) 

Pouch oval ; dissepiment elliptical ; valves convex ; cells 
many-seeded. Stigma sessile. Cotyledons incumbent, linear, 
2-plicate. 

£. aquatica Linn. 

Margins of ponds. Maine. July. %. — Scape 2 — 4 inches high. Leaves 
few, radical, awl-shaped, 1 — 3 inches long. Flowers small, white, in corymbs. 
Valves more convex or turgid than in Draba. Water Awl-wort. 

10. LUNARIA. Linn.— Honesty. 

(From the Latin luna, the moon ; in allusion to the form and appearance of its 
pouch.) 

Poucli pedicellate, elliptic or lanceolate ; valves flat. Funicles 
long, adhering to the dissepiment. Calyx somewhat bisaccate. 
Petals nearly entire. Stamens not toothed. 

L. biennis D. C: pouch elliptical, obtuse at each end. L. annua. Linn. 
Nutt. 

Fields. Penn. May, June. (g). — Naturalized near Philadelphia. Nutt. 

Biennial Honesty. 

II. SILIQUOSiE. — Pod mostly long and narrow. 

11. DENTARIA. Linn.— Tooth-wort. 
(From the Latin dens, a tooth ; on account of the tooth-like scales of the rooU 
Pod narrow-lanceolate, with a long tapering style ; valves 
flat, nerveless, often opening elastically. Seeds ovate, not mar- 
gined, in one row. 

1. D.laciniata Mulil.: cauline leaves 3, verticillate, on short petioles; 
ternate ; leafets 3-parted ; segments linear, entire, or coarsely toothed ; root 
moniliform. D. concatenata Mich. 

Woods. Throughout the U. S., but rather rare. April, May. %. — Stan 
6 — 12 inches high, simple. Flowers in loose terminal racemes, pale rose-colored 
or white. Petals wedge-obovate, attenuated below. Pod an inch long. 

Common Tooth-wort. 

2. D. diphyUa Mich. : cauline leaves mostly 2, on short petioles, ternate ; 
leafets ovate-oblong, unequally and coarsely serrate or laciniate. 

Woods. Throughout Can. and U. S. May. %.—Stem 6—10 inches high. 
Leaves large, opposite or closely approximate above the middle of the stem. 
Flowers white or pale purple, larger than in the preceding species. /%/ about au 
inch long. Pepper-root 

3. D. helcrophylla Null: stem 2-leaved ; leaves ternate, petiolate ; leafets 
linear, sub-lanceolate, acute, entire, margin rough, ciliatej radical loaves 
ovate-oblong, incisely and coarsely toothed. 

Woods. Penn. to Ken. June. '?|.. — Root tuberous. Corymb about 9-flowered. 
Flowers pale purple, about, as large as those of CarJaminc pratensis. The smallest 
of the genus. Small Tooth- wort. 



28 CRUCIFER.E. 

4. D. maxima Nutt, : leaves many, alternate, on long petioles, ternate ; 
leafets sub-oval, incisely and acutely toothed, lateral ones lobed ; axils 
naked ; racemes lateral and terminal. 

Woods. In the western part of N. Y. and Perm. Nutt, Rare. June. °J..— 
Tubers concatenate. Stem sometimes nearly 2 feet high. Leaves 5 — 7, remote, 
the margin a little roughened ; leafets broad! Flowers in racemes, pale purple. 

Tall Tooth-wort. 

12. BARBAREA. Br&um — Winter-cress. 

(From St. Barbara, to whom this plant was formerly dedicated.) 

Pod 4-angled and somewhat 2 -edged; valves awnless at the 
apex. Seeds in a single row. Calyx erect, equal at base. 

1. B. vulgaris Brown : lower leaves lyrate, the terminal lobes roundish ; 
upper ones sessile, obovate, toothed ; pod 4-sided, tapering into a slender 
style. Erysimum Barbarea Linn. 

Pastures and wet grounds. N. S. X. to the Arctic Regions. Hook. May — 
Sept. %. — Stem 1 — 2 feet high, smooth, branched above. Flowers in dense 
racemes, small, yellow. Bitter Winter-cress. 

2. B. prtzcoz Brovm : lower leaves lyrate, upper ones pinnatifid ; seg- 
ments linear-oblong, entire; pod linear, obtuse, compressed. Erysimum, 
precox Smith. 

"Waste grounds. Can. and Conn. Eaton. April — Sept. @. — Stem 1 — 2 feet 
high, more slender than the last. Flowers smaller ; pods longer. 

Early Winter-cress. 

13. ARABIS. Linn.— Wall-cress. 

(.Supposed to have received this name, because originally an Arabian genus.) 

Pod linear, plane ; valves flat, 1 -nerved in the middle. Seeds 
in one row in each cell, oval or orbicular, compressed. Coty- 
ledons flat, accumbent. 

1. A. sagittata D. C. : leaves subdentate, rough, with the pubescence 
often branched ; radical ones ovate or oblong, attenuated into a petiole ; 
cauline lanceolate, sagittate-cordate ; pedicels of the length of the calyx ; 
pods stiffly erect. 

var. ovata D. C. : leaves rough ; radical ones ovate, toothed ; cauline 
clasping. A. ovata Poir. Turritis ovata Pursh. 

var. oblongata D. C. : leaves rough, radical ones ovate-oblong, toothed ; 
cauline sagittate-amplexicaul. Turritis oblongata Raf. 

Rocks. Can. Oat 63° N.) to Vug. W. to Oregon. ®,—Stem 12—18 inches 
high, simple. Flowers small, white. A very variable plant. 

Sagittate Wall-cress. 

2. A. hirsuta D. C. : leaves dentate, pubescent or scabrous ; radical 
ones obovate-oblong. tapering into a petiole ; cauline ovate-lanceolate ; 
pedicels as long as the calyx ; pod erect. Turritis hirsuta Jacq. 

Conn. Robbins. Alleghany Mountains. Hook. June. ©. — Stem 6 — 12 inches 
high, hairy, ffowers small, white. A specimen of this plant, gathered in Con- 
necticut by Dr. Robbins, agrees very well with the foreign one, from which it 
seems to me our A. sagittata is quite distinct. " Hairy Wall-cress. 



crucifer^e. 29 

3. A. lyrata Linn. : stem somewhat branched, haiiy at base ; radical 
leaves lyrate-pinnatifid, often pilose ; those of the stem linear or spatulate, 
entire, smooth ; pedicels somewhat spreading ; pod rather erect and nearly 
straight. Sisymbrium, arabidoides Hook. 

On rocks. Throughout the N. S. and Can. "W. to the Rocky Mountains. 
April — June. ®. — Stem 8 — 12 inches high. Flowers large, white, or rarely 
pale purple. Lyre-leaved Wall-cress. 

4. A. Icevigata D.C.: erect, glabrous and glaucous; radical leaves, 
obovate, petioled, sinuate-dentate ; cauline linear, sessile, very entire ; pod 
long and narrow, recurved-pendulous ; seeds margined. Turritis Icevigata 
Wittd. 

Rocky places. N. S. May. (g). — Stem 1 — 3 feet high. Flowers few, small, 
in corymbed racemes. Pod 2 inches long, linear, somewhat tortuous, tapering at 
the extremity into a very short style. Smooth Wall-cress. 

5. A. dentata Torr. fy Gr. : rough with a stellate pubescence ; radical 
leaves obovate, tapering at base into a petiole which is as long as the la- 
mina, irregularly dentate ; cauline oblong, clasping ; pod short, spreading ; 
seeds slightly margined. 

Sandy grounds. N. Y. to Miss, and Arkansas. May. ®. — Stem a foot or 
more high, slender, decumbent at base. Leaves scabrous beneath. Flowers dull 
white. Toothed Wall-cress. 

6. A. heterophylla Nutt. : nearly smooth ; radical leaves spatulate, 
toothed ; upper ones linear, sessile, entire ; pod long and spreading ; petals 
linear-oblong, exceeding the calyx. 

Maine or N. H. Nutt. (g). — Radical leaves somewhat hairy. Pod about 3 
inches long. Heterophyllous Wall-cress. 

7. A. Canadensis Linn. : cauline leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate, acu- 
minate, somewhat toothed ; pedicels thrice as long as the calyx, pubescent, 
reflexed in fruit ; pod pendulous, subfalcate, nerved ; seeds with a broad 
wing. A.falcata Mich. Pursh. A. mollis Raf. 

Rocky situations. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. June. &). — Stem 1 — 3 feet 
high. Flowers white, in long terminal racemes. Pod very long. 

SicJcle Pod. 

14. CARDAMINE. Linn.— Bitter-cress. 

(From the Greek KapSia, the heart, and Safiaw, to fortify ; on account of its sup- 
posed strengthening qualities.) 

Pod linear; valves flat, nerveless, often opening elaslieally. 
Seeds ovate, not margined ; funicle of the hilnm slender. 
* Leaves undivided. 

1. C. rhomboidca D. C. : root tuberous ; leaves ovate-rhomboid, obscurely 
repand-toothed, smooth ; lower ones on long petioles. Arabis rhomboidca 
Pursh. Pets'. 

Low grounds. From Hudson's Bay to Geor. W. to the Roeky Mountains, 
May, June. %. — Stem 9 — 18 inches high, erect, smooth, simple. Mowers in 
terminal racemes, large, white. Spring-cress. 

2. C. rotund i folia. Mich.-, root fibrous; stem weak, procumbent ; leaves 
Buborbicular, subdentate, smooth, petioled ; pod spreading, slender, with a 
long style. C. rhomboidca var. 1 'orr, *)'• (Hi: 



30 crucifer^:. 

Wet grounds near springs, Can. to Car. July. %. — Stem 6 — 15 inches high, 
decumbent. Flowers in terminal racemes, white, or yellowish, half the size of 
the preceding. The taste of the root is rather bitter than acrid, as in that of C. 
rhomboidea. Quite distinct. Hound-leaved Cardamine. 

3. C. bellidifolia Linn. : leaves glabrous, somewhat fleshy ; radical ones 
petioled, ovate, entire ; cauline few, entire, or somewhat 3-lobed ; pod erect ; 
stigma subsessile. C. rotundifolia Big. 

Highest summit of the White Mountains, Rocky Mountains, and throughout 
Arctic America. July. 9j~ — Plant 2 — i inches high. Flowers in a corymbed 
raceme. Petals cuneiform, twice as long as the calyx, white. Pod an inch long, 
surmounted by a short style. Allied to C. alpina. Mountain Cardamine. 

** Leaves divided. 

4. C. pratensis Linn. : leaves pinnate ; leafets of the radical ones round- 
ish ; of the cauline, linear or lanceolate, entire ; flowers large, in a terminal 
corymb ; style very short, nearly as thick as the pod ; stigma capitate. 

Swamps. Arct. and N. W. America to Western N. Y. June. 94-. — Stem 
12 — 18 inches high. Flowers purplish, large. Pod linear, an inch long. This 
species can be readily distinguished by its large flowers and thick style. 

Common Bitter Cress. 

5. C. hirsuta Linn. : leaves pinnate ; leafets of the radical ones petioled, 
mostly rounded ; of the cauline ovate or linear, toothed or entire ; petals 
small, oblong-cuneate ; stigma minute, subsessile. C.Pennsylvanica Muhl. 
B.C. C. Virginica Mich. 

Wet grounds. Throughout the U. S. and Can. to Arct. and N. W. Amer. 
July. (1) — From 4 inches to a foot or more in height. Leaves hairy or smooth. 
Flowers small, white. A very variable species. American Water Cress. 

6. C. teres Mich. : leaves sublyrate-pinnatifid; segments oval-oblong, the 
terminal one somewhat 3-lobed ; pod short, erect, terete. 

Low grounds. N. Eng. to N. J. Pursk. June, July. 9|-. — Stem slender, 
erect, branching. Pod on a short pedicel. De Candolle thinks this may belong 
to his genus Nasturtium ; while Torrey and Gray place it, with a mark of doubt, 
hi the genus Sisymbrium. Terete Cardamine. 

15. NASTURTIUM. Brou-n.— Cress. 

(From Nasus tortus, a convulsed nose, an effect supposed to be produced by the 
acrid and pungent quality of this plant.) 

Pod rounded (sometimes short.) Stigma sub-2-lobed. Valves 
concave, nerveless, not keeled. Cotyledons accumbent. Calyx 
spreading. 

1. N. officinale Brown: leaves pinnate; leafets ovate, subcordate, sinu- 
ate-dentate ; upper ones pinnatifid. Sisymbrium Nasturtium Linn. 

In water. Throughout the TJ. S. and to the N. W. coast. June, July. 94-.— 
Stem decumbent, floating. Leaves large. Flowers white, corjmibed. Pod about 
an inch long. Esteemed as a salad. Water Cress. 

2. N. palustre D. C. : root fibrous ; leaves lyrate-pinnatifid : lobes con- 
fluent, unequally toothed, smooth ; petals as long as the calyx ; pod obtuse 
at both ends, turgid. Sisymbrium palustre Willd. 

Wet places, throughout the U. S. and to the shores of the Arctic sea. July. 
(J). — Stem 18 inches high, mostly erect, branched. Jjeaves glabrous, all more or 
less pinnatifid. Flowers numerous, minute, yellow. Pod short, turgid. 

Marsh Cress. 



CRUCIFER^D. 31 

3. N. svlvestre Brown : leaves pinnate ; leafets lanceolate, cut, the upper- 
most ones entire. Sisymbrium sylvestre Linn. S. vulgare Pers. 

Banks ol ihe Delaware, near Philadelphia. Nutt. July %.. — Root creeping. 
Stem a foot liigh, angular, branched. Flowers yellow, larger than those of the 
preceding. Introduced from Europe. Creeping Cress. 

4. N. amphibium Brown : root fibrous ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, lyrate- 
pinnatifid or serrate ; petals longer than the calyx ; pod elliptical, tipped 
with the mucronate style. Sisymbrium amphibium Linn. 

Wet places. Throughout the U. S. and Can. May— July. %—Stem 1—2 
feet high, branched. Flowers yellow, minute, in a long raceme. Very variable 
in the character of its leaves. Water Radish. 

5. N. hispidum D. C. : leaves pinnatifidiy lobed or runcinate-pinnatifid ; 
lobes rather obtusely toothed ; pod ovoid, tumid, pointed with the distinct 
style, about half as long as the pedicel , petals rather shorter than the calyx. 
Sisymbrium hispidum Poir. 

Wet places. Conn. N. Y. Penn. July, Aug. %. — Stem 2 — 1 feet high, 
much branched above. Leaves more or less pinnatifid. Flowers yellow, in nu- 
merous panicled racemes. Hispid Cress. 

6. N. nutans D. C. : emerged leaves oblong-linear, entire ; immersed ones 
cut into many capillary segments ; petals scarcely longer than the calyx ; 
pod obovate, globose. 

In water. Montreal to New Orleans : rare. July. %.. — Stem long, sub- 
merged. Lower leaves finely divided ; middle ones often pinnatifid ; emerged 
ones lanceolate, undivided, serrate. Flowers pale yellow, small. According to 
Torrey and Gray the American plant is a variety of the foreign one. 

Floating Cress. 

16. TURRITIS. Dill.— Tower Mustard. 

(From the Latin turris, a tower ; on account of the pyramidal form of the 
plant.) 

Pod linear ; the valves plane. Seeds in a double row in each 
cell. — Flowers white or rose-color. 

T. sirida Graham ; smooth ; stem straight and erect ; cauline leaves 
linear-lanceolete clasping and sagittate, sparingly toothed ; radical petioled, 
narrow-spatulate, remotely denticulate ; pods linear, elongated and (like the 
flowers) strictly erect. 

On rocks. Jefferson and Chenango counties, N. Y. W. to the Rocky Moun- 
tains. May. (3). Stem I — 2 feet high, simple. Flowers in a terminal raceme, 
white. Pod 2—3 inches long. Straight Tower Mustard. 

17. CHEIRANTHUS. R. Brown.— Wall Flower. 

(Said to be derived from the Arabic kheyry, not however originally applied to 
this genus.) 

Pod terete or compressed. Stigma 2-lobed or capitate. 
Inner sepals saccate at the base. Seeds in a single series, 
ovate, compressed. 

C. hcsprridoidcs Ton. <{"• Or. : smooth; lower leaves lyrate-pinnatifid ; 
upper ovate-lanceolate, unequally and sharply serrate; pedicels as ' 
the calyx ; limb of the petals obovate, entire. Hesperis pimiat-ifidt M '. 



32 CRUCIFER^. 

Banks of streams. Western Perm, to Ken. and Arkansas. May — July. %• — 
Stem 1 — 3 feet high, simple or branched. Flowers in racemes, pale purple, small. 
Pods about an inch and a half long. Rocket-like Wall Flower. 

18. SISYMBRIUM. All— Sisymbrium. 

(From the Greek aiuv[iPpiov, a name given by the ancients to some plant allied 
to this.) 

Pod roundish, sessile upon the disk. Stigmas 2, somewhat 
distinct, or connate in a head. Calyx equal at base. Stamens 
without teeth. Seeds ovate or oblong. 

1. (S 1 . officinale D. C. : leaves runcinate and with the stem hairy; flow- 
ers in a long raceme; pod subulate, pressed to the rachis. Erysimum 
officinale Linn. 

Road sides. Throughout the U. S. and Can. W. to Columbia river. June — 
Sept. (I). — Stem 1 — 3 feet high, branched. Leaves hairy, or nearly smooth. 
Flowers yellow, minute. Varies much in the form of its leaves. Introduced ? 

Common Sisymbrium. 

2. S. Sophia Linn. : leaves bipinnate, smooth or pubescent ; segments 
oblong-linear, cut ; petals shorter than the calyx ; calyx thrice as short as 
the pedicel ; pod linear, erect. 

Sandy places. Can. to Virg. June, July. (J). — Stem 1 — 2 feet high. Flowers 
numerous, yellow. Segments of the leaves very narrow. Pod nearly an inch 
long, very narrow. Flix-weed. 

3. S 1 . canescens Nutt. : leaves bipinnatifid ; lobes oblong or lanceolate, 
somewhat toothed ; petals scarcely exceeding the calyx ; pods in elongated 
racemes, oblong or oblong-linear, shorter (or rarely longer) than the 
pedicels. 

Arct. Amer. to Flor. W. to the Rocky Mountains. — Stem 1 — 2 feet high. 
Floivers very small. Pedicels spreading, with the pod often erect. A very 
variable species. Canescent Sisymbrium. 

4. S. Thalianum Hook. : leaves obscurely dentate pilose ; radical ones 
numerous, elliptic-oblong, sub-petiolate ; cauline lanceolate, sessile : pod 
ascending, rather longer than the pedicel. Arabis Thaliana Linn. Pursh. 
A. parvijlora Raf. 

Sandy fields or rocks. Mass. to Geor. W. to Ken. April, May. (J). — Stem 
6 — 15 inches high, slender, terete. Leaves mostly in a radical cluster, scarcely 
an inch long. Flowers small, white. Introduced I Wall Cress. 

19. ERYSIMUM. Linn.— Hedge Mustard. 
(From the Greek epuw, to cure ; on account of the supposed virtues of the plant.) 

Pod four-sided. Calyx closed. Cotyledons flat, oblong. 

E. cheiranthoides Linn. : leaves lanceolate, somewhat toothed and 
scabrous ; pod erect, spreading, twice as long as the pedicel ; stigma small, 
nearly sessile. 

Along streams. Throughout the U. S. and Can. W. to the Rocky Mountains. 
July— Sept. ft) or (f ; .—Stem 1—2 feet high, erect, branched and with the 
leaves scabrous. Flowers yellow, in long terminal racemes . Pod about an 
inch long, pointed with a short style. Worm-seed Hedge Mustard. 



CAPPARIDACE^E. 33 

20. SINAPIS. Linn.— Mustard. 

(From the Greek aivam, derived again by Theis from the Celtic nap, a turnip 
or cabbage.) 

Pod roundish; valves bearing nerves. Style small, short, 
acute. Seeds in one series, subgiobose. Calyx spreading. 

1. &. nigra Linn. : lower leaves lyrate ; upper lanceolate, entire, petio- 
late ; pod smooth and even, somewhat 4-sided, appressed to the peduncle. 

Fields. N. S. June, July. (£). — Stem 2—4 feet high. Flowers yellow. In- 
troduced from Europe. Black Mustard. 

2. S. alba Linn. : leaves lyrate, nearly smooth, the terminal lobes large ; 
pod mostly hispid, spreading, shorter than the broad sword- form beak; 
seeds large, pale. 

Waste places. N. S. July. (£)■ — Stem 1 — 2 feet high. Flowers yellow, 
rather large, corymbose. Introduced from Europe. White Mustard. 

3. S. arvensis Linn. : leaves lyrately-pinnatifid, rough ; pod smooth, 
many-angled, turgid and knotty, longer than the two-edged beak. 

Wet meadows and fields. Can. and N. Y. June — Aug. (J). — Stem 2 — 3 
feet high, rough. Flowers rather large, bright yellow. Introduced from Europe. 

Charlock. Wild Mustard. 

21. RAPHANUS. Linn.— Radish. 

(From the Greek pa, quickly, and (fxiivojAat, to appear ; in allusion to its rapid 
germination.) 

Pod transversely many-celled or dividing into several joints. 
Seeds in one row, globose, pendulous. 

R. Raphanistrum Linn. : leaves simply lyrate ; pod jointed, 1 -celled, 
striate, 3 — 8-seeded, longer than the style. 

Fields and waste places. N. S. July. 0. — Stem 1—2 feet high, hispid. 
Flowers yellow, about as large as those of the common radish. Wild Radish. 

Order XIII. CAPP ARID ACE J±l.— Capparids. 

Sepals 4. Petals 4, or even 8, imbricated, or none, cruciate, 
usually unguiculate and unequal. Stamens 6 — 12, (rarely 4,) 
or numerous, usually some multiple of 4. Disk hemispherical 
or elongated. Fruit either pod-shaped and dehiscent, or fleshy 
and indehiscent, rarely 1 -seeded, most frequently with poly- 
spermous placentas. Seeds generally reniform, without albu- 
men ; embryo curved, cotyledons foliaceous. — Herbaceous 
plants or shrubs without a true stipule, but sometimes with 
spines in their place. Leaves alternate, petioled, undivided 
palmate. 



or 



1. GYNANDKOPSIS. D. C— Gynandropsis. 
(From three Greek words, in allusion to the situation of the stamens.) 
Calyx of 4 sepals, spreading. Petals 4. Disk elongated. 



34 CISTACEiE. 

Stamens 6, united around the torus, free at the apex. Pod 
stiped. 

G. pentaphylla D. C. : smoothish ; leaves quinate ; the lower and floral 
ones ternate ; leafets entire and subserrulate. Cleome pentaphylla Linn. 

In cultivated grounds. Penn. to Flor. July. ®. Stem 2 feet high, viscid. 
Flowers white, in long terminal racemes. Petals obovate, with very long capil- 
lary claws. Pod long, linear, on a long foot-stalk. Five-leaved Gynandropsis. 

2. POLANISIA. Raf.— Polanisia. 

(From the Greek no\v, much, and aviaos, unequal ; in allusion to the inequality 
of the stamens.) 

Calyx of 4 sepals, spreading. Petals 4. Stamens 8 — 32. 
Disk small. Pod sessile or scarcely stiped. Style distinct. 

P. graveolens Raf. : viscidly pubescent ; leaves ternate ; leafets elliptical- 
oblong ; stamens 8- — 12 ; pod oblong, attenuate at base, muricate with a 
glandular pubescence. Cleome dodecandra, var. Canadensis Linn. 

Gravelly banks of rivers and lakes. Can. to Penn. W. to Miss. : rare. June 
— Aug. %•— Stem 6 — 15 inches high, often purplish. Flowers in a corymbose 
raceme, yellowish- white and purple. Whole plant more or less viscid and fetid. 

Strong-scented Polanisia. 

Order XIV. CISTACE^E.— Rock Roses. 

Sepals 5, persistent, unequal, the three inner often with a 
twisted aestivation. Petals 5, (very rarely 3,) very fugitive, 
crumpled in aestivation and twisted in a direction contrary to 
that of the sepals. Stamens definite or indefinite ; ovary 1 or 
many-celled ; style and stigma simple, hypogynous ; style sin- 
gle. Fruit capsular, either 1 -celled with parietal placentae in 
the axis of the valves, or imperfectly 5 — 10-celled. Seeds few 
or numerous. Embryo inverted, either spiral or curved in the 
midst of mealy albumen. — Shrubs or herbaceous plants. Leaves 
usually entire, opposite or alternate. Flowers very fugacious. 

1. HELIANTHEMUM. Toum.— Rock Rose. 

(From the Greek nXios, the sun, and avOejiov, a, flower ; the flowers opening only 
in smishine.) 

Calyx with 3 equal sepals, or 5 disposed in two rows, the 
two outer ones* often smaller, rarely larger. Petals 5, (some- 
times wanting,) often irregularly denticulate at the apex. Stig- 
ma capitate. Ovary triquetrous. Capsule 3-valved, with the 
dissepiment in the middle of the valves. Seeds angled, smooth. 

1. H. Canadense Mich. : stem at first simple, erector ascending ; leaves 
oblong or somewhat lanceolate, with revolute margins, (when dry.) and with 



CISTACE.E. 35 

the sepals and often the branches and peduncles canescently tomentose : 
the primary or terminal flowers large, few or solitary, on peduncles about 
as long as the flower ; secondary flowers axillary, very small, nearly sessile, 
solitary or somewhat clustered on short leafy branches, the petals very 
small or none, the outer sepals usually wanting. (Torr.) H. ramuliflorivm, 
Mich. H. corymbosum Pursh. H. rosmarinifolium Pursh. Cistus Cana- 
densis Linn. 

Sandy woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. June — Aug. %. — Stem about 
a foot high, at length branching. Primary flowers an inch in diameter, yellow ; 
secondary ones often very numerous, with very minute capsules, in which stage 
it has probably been mistaken for Lechea. I follow Torrey, Gray, and Darling- 
ton, in uniting the several supposed distinct species above named. 

Rock Rose. Frost Weed. 

2. H. corymbosum Mich: stem branching from the base, canescent; 
flowers in terminal fastigiate cymes ; the primary ones on filiform peduncles 
much longer than the flower, the petals nearly twice the length of the 
calyx ; the secondary flowers in glomerate cymules, mostly apetalous, 3 — 10 
androus ; sepals tomentose villous ; the inner ones oblong-ovate, acute, the 
outer linear and obtuse ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, softly canescent beneath. 
( Ton: <$• Gr.) 

Sandy fields. N. J. to Flor. April— May. %—Slem about a foot high. 
Flowers about as large as those of H. Canadense. from which it is quite distinct. 

Corymbose Rock Rose. 

2. LECHEA. Linn.— Vin Weed. 
(Tn honor of John Leche, a Swedish botanist.) 

Calyx 3-sepalled, with two outer bracts or sepals, persistent. 
Petals 3, inconspicuous, lanceolate. Stamens 3 — 12, and often 
thrice the number. Ovary 1, 3-sided. Stigmas 3, scarcely dis- 
tinct. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, with as many inner valves 
opposite the others. Seeds affixed to the dissepiment or nerve, 
very few, often 8. 

1. L. villosa Ell.: radical branches prostrate, villose; leaves oblong 
lanceolate, mucronate, pilose; panicle short, leafy; flowers fasciculate-race- 
mose, secund, on very short pedicels. L. major Mick. 

Dry woods. Can. to Flor. July. %..— Stem I— "2 feet high, erect. Leaves 
on the radical branches opposite or verticillate ; those on the stem alternate. 
Flowers small, brown, in racemose clusters. Larger Pin U ted. 

2. L. minor Pursh.: nearly smooth; stem assurgent; leaves linear- 
lanceolate and linear, acute ; panicle leafy ; branches elongated ; flowers on 
short pedicels. 

Drv hills. Can. and N. S. My— Sept %.— Stem 8—12 inches high. 
Flowers brown. Fruit larger than in the former. Smaller I'm Weed. 

3. L. raccrmdosaMich. : whole plant covered with appressed pubescence ; 
stem erect; leaves linear, acute, ciliate ; panicle slender and verv branching; 
raceme naked ; flowers small, alternate, pedicellate. 

Sandy .grounds. N. J. to Car. July. 'l\..—Fursh. Perhaps only a variety 
of the preceding. Bunch flowered Fin M ted. 



36 VIOLACE.E. 

4. L. thy mi folia Pursh.: whole plant whitish- villose ; stem erect ; leaves 
linear, aeute ; panicle leafy, elongated ; branches very short ; flowers 
minute, in lateral and terminal fasicles ; pedicels very short. 

Sands. N. Y. to Yirg. July. %. — Stem a foot high, erect, much branched. 
Leaves villose at base. ^Flowers rather larger than in the preceding species. 

Thyme-leaved Lechea. 

3. HUDSONIA, Linn.— Hudsonia. 
(In honor of William Hudson, author of the Flora Anglica.) 

Calyx 5-parted; segments unequal, the two outer ones 

minute. Petals 5. Stamens 9 — 30. Style straight, simple. 
Stigma simple. Capsule 1-celled, S-valved, 1 — 3-seeded. Seeds 
granulated. 

1. H. ericoides Linn.: canescently pubescent: stem suffruticose. sub- 
erect ; branches elongated ; leaves filiform, subulate, subimbricate : pedun- 
cles exserted. longer than the flowers ; sepals acutish ; capsules oblong, 
slightly pubescent, 1 — 3-seeded. 

Sandy woods. IS". Y. to Virg. 3Iay. June. }}'. — Stem 4 — 6 inches high, 
much branched. Leaves small, persistent. Flowers small, yellow. Stamens 
about 15. Heath-like Hudsonia. 

2. H. tomentosa Nutt. : cespitose. hoary-pubescent : leaves minute, closely 
imbricate, ovate, acute ; flowers aggregated, subsessile : calyx sub-cylindric. 
with obtuse segments ; capsule 1-seeded : valves ovate, smooth. 

Sea-shores. Mass. and N. Y. to Virg. June. Jj. — Stem ascending, much 
branched. Flowers yellow, smaller than in the preceding. Stamens 9 — 18. — 
The whole plant is silvery gray and tomentose, ~ Woolly Hudsonia. 

Order XV. YIOLACE^.— Violets. 

Sepals 5, persistent, with an imbricate aestivation. Petals 
5, equal or unequal, with a convolute aestivation. Stamens 5, 
inserted in a hypogynous disk, often unequal ; anthers either 
separate or cohering, and lying close upon the ovary; filaments 
dilated, elongated beyond the anthers : two of them, in the 
irregular flowers, generally furnished with an appendage or 
gland at the base. Style usually declined, with a thickened or 
hooded stigma. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved. Seeds often with 
a tumor at their base ; albumen fleshy. — Herbaceous plants 
or shrubs. Leaves simple, usually alternate, furnished with 
stipules. 

1. VIOLA. Timrn.— Violet. 

(Origin of the name doubtful.) 

Sepals 5, auricled at their base. Petals unequal, the lower 
one spurred. Stamens 5, approximated ; filaments distinct ; 



VIOLACEiE. 37 

anthers connate, the two lower ones with processes at their 
back. Capsules 1-celled, 3-valved, opening elastically. 

* Stemless. 

f Flowers blue. 

1. V. pedata Linn. : leaves pedate, often nearly smooth, from 5 — 7 
parted ; segments linear-lanceolate, entire or somewhat toothed ; stipules 
radical, pectinately lacerate ; petals beardless, entire, rounded at the ex- 
tremity ; stigma large, compressed, obliquely truncate and perforate at the 
apex. V. digitata Pursh. 

Rocky hills. From lat. 53° N. to Flor. W. to Miss. May, June. %.— Scapes 
3 — 5 inches high, several from the same root. Flowers large, pale blue, rarely 
almost white. Pedate Violet. 

2. V. palmata Linn. : leaves more or less pubescent, reniform-cordate, 
palmate, or hastate-lobed ; lobes very various, the intermediate one always 
larger ; stipules lanceolate, subciliate ; lateral petals densely bearded to- 
wards the base ; stigma capitate, recurved, margined, rostrate. V. hetero- 
phylla Le Conte. 

Swamps and low grounds. Can. to Flor. W. to the River Platte. May. %. 
— Scape about as long as the leaves. Flowers middle-sized, bright blue. This 
species varies greatly in the form of the leaves, and sometimes closely resembles 
V. cucullata, of which it is perhaps only a variety. Palmate Violet. 

3. V. cucullata Ait. : smoothish ; leaves cordate, cucullate at base, den- 
tate-serrate, veined ; stipules small, linear, ciliate ; flower oblique ; lower 
and lateral petals rigidly bearded ; upper one smooth ; spur very short, 
rounded. V. papilionacea Pursh. V. ajjinis Le Conte. V. obliqua Pursh. 

Wet meadows. Common throughout Can. and the U. S. April, May. 1L. — 
This species varies considerably in the form of its leaves, and in the degree of 
oubescence. The same individual, indeed, undergoes changes during the season. 

Hood-leaved Violet. 

4. V. Selkirkii Goldie : leaves cordate, crenately serrate, minutely hairy 
above, smooth beneath, the sinus deep and nearly closed ; stigma triangu- 
lar, margined, with a distinct beak; spur nearly as long as the lamina, 
thick, very obtuse. 

Hills and mountains. Can. Mass. and N. Y. : rare. %. — Leaves numerous, 
in a radical tuft. Flowers pale blue, much smaller than in V". cucullata. Spur 
conspicuous, somewhat dilated at the end. Selkirk's Violet. 

5. V. sagittata Ait. : leaves pubescent on the upper surface, oblong, 
acute, cordate, sagittate, often hastate at base, serrate or eremite-dentate ; 
petals oblong, ovate, all except the lower one bearded; stigma depressed, 
margined. V. dentata Pursh. 

var. emarginata Nutt. : leaves almost triangular, laeoratelv toothed at 
the base ; petals emarginate or bi-dentate. V. emarginata Le Conic. 

Fields. Can. to Flor. W. to Ark. April, May. %.— Leaves quite variable. 
Flowers middle-sized, purple. Var. emarginata. is found in the Bandy fields of 
New Jersey. Arrow-leaved Violet 

6. V. ovala Nutt. : leaves oblong-ovate, rather acute, subcordate, erenate, 



38 VIOLACE.E. 

often lacerately toothed at base, decurrent on the petiole, pubescent on both 
sides ; stipules broad-lanceolate, ciliate ; sepals oblong-lanceolate ; petals 
obovate, entire ; lateral ones densely bearded. V. sagittata, var. ovata 
Torr. & Gr. V. primulcefolia Pursh. 

Dry hills. Can. to Geor. April, May. %. — Whole plant pubescent. Leaves 
much narrower and more downy than in C. cucullata. Flowers larger Than those 
of V. primulcefolia. Ovate-leaved Violet. 

7. V. villosa Walt. : leaves reniform-cordate or reniform, obtuse, crenate, 
fiat, very pubescent ; sepals oblong, auriculate at base ; lateral and lower 
petals bearded ; stigma deflexed ; capsule smoothish. V. barbata Muhl. 

var. cordifolia Nutt. : leaves smooth beneath, rather acute ; sepals narrow, 
short, smooth and scarcely produced at base. V. cordifolia Sckw. V. soro- 
ria Darlingt. 

Rocky hills. Penn. to Car. May. %. — Leaves rather thick, mostly incumbent 
on the ground*, often purplish on the under side. Scape longer than the leaves. 

Bearded Violet. 

"f-f Flov-ers yellov;. 

S. V. rotundifolia Mich. : leaves broad-ovate or orbicular, cordate, with 
the sinus at length closed, slightly crenate, smooth beneath ; stipules lance- 
olate-subulate ; sepals oblong, narrow, obtuse ; lateral petals bearded ; 
lower ones smaller, smooth ; spur very short ; stigma recurved. 

Rocky woods. Can. to Car. May. %. — Scape 1 — 2| inches high, smooth. 
Flowers pale yellow, middle sized. Distinct from V. clandestina of Pursh. 

Found-leaved Violet. 

•fff Flowers somewhat regular, small, white. 

9. V. lanceolata Linn. : leaves very smooth, narrow lanceolate, atten- 
uated at each end, sub-serrate ; sepals lanceolate, acute, smooth ; petals 
beardless, nearly equal ; spur very short ; stigma recurved, rostrate. 

Swamps. Can. to Flor. W. to Texas. April, May. %.. — Scape about as 
long as the leaves. Flowers small, white, inodorous. The long narrow leaves 
will sufficiently distinguish this species. One of the finest localities that I have 
met with, is a swamp about a mile west of Albany, N.Y. Lance-leaved Violet. 

10. V. acuta Big. : leaves ovate, smooth, crenate, rather obtuse ; stipules 
linear-subulate ; scape angular ; bracts nearly as long as the petals : sepals 
lanceolate, acute, smooth ; petals ovate, acute, mostly smooth, lower ones 
veined ; stigma capitate, rostrate. 

Moist grounds. Cambridge, Mass. Big. 7L. — A small species. Distin- 
guished by its even and always acute petals and by its long linear bracts. 

Acute Violet. 

11. V. primulcefolia Linn. : leaves smooth, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, 
subcordate, rather obtuse, sparingly crenate ; nerves beneath and scape 
somewhat pubescent ; sepals lanceolate ; petals obtuse ; the two lateral 
ones a little bearded and striate ; stigma capitate, rostrate. 

Wet grounds. Mass. to Flor. W. to Ken. ; rare. April. May. %. — Leaves 
2 — 5 inches long, and an inch or more wide, about as long as the scape. Flowers 
white, odorous, about the size of those of V. lanceolata. Bracts long. This 
species varies in the form of its leaves from broad-cordate to lanceolate. 
Near New Brunswick, where what I consider the V. primulcefolia, is very abun- 
dant, it certainly passes into V. lanceolata, with which species I think it will 
eventually prove identical. Dr. Bigelow suggests that V. blanda and V. lance- 



VIOLACE^E. 39 

olata may be the same. This seems also to be the opinion of Dr. Darlington ; 
but so far as my observation extends the former is much more constant in its 
characters than V. primulcefolia. Primrose-leaved Violet. 

12, V. blanda Willd : leaves broad-cordate, remotely serrate or crenate, 
nearly smooth ; sinus rounded ; sepals ovate, acuminate ; petals ovate, ob- 
tuse, nearly beardless ; stigma depressed, acutely margined. 

Wet meadows. From lat. 66° N. to Car. W. to Miss. April, May. %- 

11, ' 



Leaves 1 — 2 inches in diameter, fiat and thin. Flowers small, white, streaked 
with pUrple, odorous. This species very closely resembles the foreign V. palus- 
tris. White Violet. 



13. V. clandestina Pursh : cespitose ; leaves large, suborbicular, obtuse, 
thin, nearly smooth, crenate-serrate ; sinus closed, cordate ; stipules ovate, 
short ; stolons floriferous ; petals narrow, ovate, beardless, scarcely longer 
than the calyx ; flowers often apetalous ; stigma straight, capitate. 

Shady woods, on mountains. Can. and N. S. June — Sept. %. — Flowers 
often apetalous, generally concealed in the earth. More nearly allied to V. ro- 
tundifolia than to V. blanda; but, in my opinion, distinct from both. 

Hidden-flowered Violet. 
** Caulescent. 

14. V. Canadensis Linn.: stem erect; leaves broad-cordate, acuminate, 
serrate, slightly pubescent on the nerves, lower ones on long petioles ; stip- 
ules broad-lanceolate, membranaceous, entire ; sepals subulate, lanceolate ; 
spur very short ; stigma bhort, pubescent ; capsule somewhat globose, pu- 
bescent. 

Shady woods. Hudson's Bay to Car. W. to the Pacific. May — July. %.. — 
Stem 9 — 18 inches high, usually simple. Flowers large, blue without, paler 
within. Canadian Violet. 

15. V. ochroleuca Schw. : stem assurgent ; leaves alternate, lower ones 
round-cordate, crenate-serrate, obtuse, upper ones acuminate ; stipules large, 
oblong-lanceolate, dentate-ciliate ; sepals subulate-lanceolate ; petals ob- 
tuse, the lateral ones and often the lowest profusely bearded ; spur pro- 
duced, obtuse ; stigma recurved, subpubescent. V. striata Ait. Lc Conic. 
Ton. <f- Gr. 

Swamps. Can. to Geor. Le Conte : rare. May. %. — Stem. 6 — 10 inches 
high. Flowers yellowish- white, large. Ochroleucous Violet. 

1G. V. Mwhlcnbcrgii Torr. : stem weak, subprostratc, branched, smooth; 
lower leaves reniform-cordate ; upper ones a little acuminate, crenate-ser- 
rate, nearly smooth ; stipules large, oblong-lanceolate, scrrate-ciliate ; sepals 
linear-lanceolate ; petals obovate, obtuse, the lateral ones bearded ; spur 
nearly one-third the length of the corolla ; stigma rostrate. V. idiginosa and 
asarifolia Muhl. 

Swamps. Labrador to Geor. W. to the Rocky Mountains. May. %.. — Stem 
6 — 10 inches high, branched. Flowers middle-sized, pale purplish. Very nearly 
allied to V. canina of Europe. Muhlndnr^'s Violet. 

17. V. rostrata Muhl. : stem diffuse, erect; leaves smooth, cordate acute, 
serrate; sinus open; stipules large, lanceolate, serrate -ciliatc ; peduncles 
filiform, longer than the leaves; petals obovate, all beardless ; spur longer 
than the corolla. 

Rocky bills. Can. to Virg. W. to Ken. May. %,—Stan 6-~8 inches high, 



40 violace^:. 

smooth. Flowers large, pale blue, with a very long horn or spur, by which this 
species can be easily recognized. Spurred Violet. 

18. V. pubescens Ait. : villous-pubescent ; stem elongated, erect, naked 
below ; leaves broad-ovate, cordate, dentate, more or less acuminate ; stip- 
ules large, ovate, somewhat toothed ; lateral petals bearded ; spur short, 
acuminate. V. Pennsylvanica Mich. 

var. 1. eriocarpa Nutt : capsule densely villous. V. eriocarpa Schw. 

var. 2. scabrittscula Torr. ty Gr. : stems several, often decumbent, nearly 
smooth, or with a pubescent line on one side ; leaves somewhat scabrous, 
but hardly pubescent ; capsule smooth or villous. V. scabriuscula Schw. 

Dry woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Council Bluffs. May. %.— Stern 6—8 
inches high. Flowers middle-sized, yellow. Var. 2 is found near Albany and in 
Oneida county, N. Y. Yellow Violet. 

19. V. hastata Mich. : smooth ; stem erect, simple, leafy above ; leaves on 
long petioles, cordate-lanceolate or hastate, acuminate ; lobes obtuse, den- 
tate ; stipules minute, ciliate-dentate ; lower petal dilated, sub-3-lobed ; 
lateral ones slightly bearded ; spur short ; stigma truncate, hairy on the 
sides. 

Mountains. Penn. to Flor. May. %. — Stem 6 — 12 inches high. Flowers 
yellow, smaller than in the preceding. Halberd-leaved Yetlow Violet. 

20. V. tricolor Linn. : root somewhat fusiform ; stem branching, diffuse ; 
lowest leaves ovate, cordate ; stipules runcinately pinnatifid, the middle lobe 
crenate ; petals with short claws ; spur thick, obtuse, not produced ; appen- 
dages short ; seeds oblong-ovate. 

var. arvensis D. C. Torr. <$* Gr. : annual ; stems assurgent ; upper leaves 
spatulate-ovate ; petals scarcely longer than the calyx, yellowish, blue, or 
spotted with purple. V. tricolor Pursh. V. arvensis Ell. V. tenella Muhl. 

Dry hills. N. Y. to Geor. W. to Miss. May. (T).—Stem slender, 3— 8 inches 
high. Leaves less than an inch long. Flowers small, pale blue. I follow 
Hooker, Torrey and Gray, in muting our plant with V. tricolor, although not 
without some hesitation. Pansey. Heart's Ease. 

2. SOLEA. Ging. D. C— Solea. 
(In honor of W. Sole, author of an Essay on the genus Mentha.) 
Sepals scarcely equal, carinate ? not auricled at base, decur- 
rent into a pedicel, at length reflexed. Petals unequal, the 
lowest one 2-lobed and somewhat gibbous at base. Stamens 
cohering, the lowest two bearing a gland above the middle. Cap- 
sule somewhat 3-sided. Seeds 6 — 8, very large. . 

/S. concolor D. C. S. stricta Spreng. Viola concolor Fors. Null. 
Shady woods. _N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. ; rare. April, May. %.— Stem 
2 — 4 feet high, simple, erect. Leaves cuneate-lanceolate, sessile, irregularly 
toothed above. Peduncles short, 2— 3-flowered. Flowers small, greenish. Ca- 
lyx nearly as long as the petals. Spur none. I possess fine specimens of this 
plant, which were gathered near Lebanon, N. Y. It is also found in the western 
part of that state, and in Delaware county, Penn. Green-flowered Solea. 



DROSERACE^E. 41 

Order XVI. DROSERACE^E.— Sundews. 

Sepals 5, persistent, equal, with an imbricate aestivation, 
Corolla of 5 nearly equal petals. Stamens distinct, either equal 
in number to the petals and alternate with them, or 2 or 3 or 
4 times as many. Styles 3 — 5, either wholly distinct or slightly 
connected at the base, bifid or branched. Capsule of 3 or 5 
valves. Seeds either naked or furnished with an arillus ; em- 
bryo minute, in the base of fleshy albumen. — Delicate herbs, 
often covered with glandular hairs. Leaves alternate, with 
stipulary cilice and a circinate vernation. 

1. DROSERA. Linn.— Sundew. 

(From the Greek Spogug, dew ; the glands exuding a fluid which makes the plant 
appear as if covered with dew.) 

Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Petals 5. Stamens 5. Styles 3 — 5, 
bipartite. Capsule superior, globose or ovoid, 1 — 3-celled, 
3 — 5-valved, many-seeded. 

1. D. rotundifolia Linn. : leaves all radical, orbicular, spreading, fringed 
with purple ciliae, pilose above, abruptly tapering into the long hairy petiole ; 
scape erect, bearing a terminal and mostly simple raceme ; seeds arillate. 

Sphagnous swamps. From Arct. Amer. to Flor. July, Aug. %. — Scape 
4 — 3 inches high. Flowers small, 5 — 10, whitish. Round-leaved Sundew. 

2. D. longifolia Linn.; leaves spatulate-oblong, erect-spreading, tapering 
below into the long and slender naked petiole ; scape declined at base ; seeds 
not arillate. D. Americana Muhl. D. foliosa Ell. 

Swamps. Can. to Alabama. July, Aug. %. — Scape 3—6 inches long, usu 
ally curved to one side at the base. Flowers 5 — 9 in a raceme, twice as large as 
in the preceding. Long-leaved Sutidew. 

3. D.filiformis Raf. : leaves filiform, very long, nearly erect, glandular 
the whole length ; scape longer than the leaves, many-flowered, simple or 
bifid. D. tenwifolia, Wllld. 

Sandy swamps. Mass. to Flor. ; rare. Aug., Sept. %. — Scape S — 12 inches 
high. Leaves 6 — 10 inches long. Flowers purple, few, in a one-sided raceme. 

Th read-lea ved Su n dew. 

2. PARNASSIA. Linn.— Parnassus Grass. 

(From Mount Parnassus ; on account of the beauty of this plant.) 

Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Petals 5. Scales (or abortive sta- 
mens?) opposite to the claws of the petals, terminating in 
glandular bristles at the apex. Stamens 5, Stigmas I. sessile. 
Capsule 4-valved, 1 -celled. Seeds arillate, numerous. 

1. P. Carol/ niana Mich. : radical leaves cordate, orbicular-ovate, on long 
petioles; cauline one sessile; flowers solitary, terminal; scales 3-bristled. 
P. Americana and P. ovata JHu/tl. 



42 POLYGALACE^E. 

Swamps. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. Aug. Sept. %. — Stem 12 — 18 inches 
high. Leaves mostly radical. Flowers large, yellowish white. 

Carolina Parnassus Grass. 

2. P. palustris Linn. : leaves all cordate ; cauline one sessile ; scales 
smooth, many hristled. 

Bog meadows. Labrador to N. Y. ? W. to the Rocky Mountains. Flowers 
white, with veins of green or purple. Distinguished by the numerous, slender, 
white, pellucid hairs of its scales from all the other species of the genus. 

Marsh Parnassus Grass. 

Order XVII. POLYGALACE^E.— Milkworts. 

Sepals 5, very irregular, distinct, 3 exterior, of which 1 is 
superior and 2 inferior ; 2 inner ones (the wings) usually peta- 
loid. Petals hypogynous, mostly 3, of which the anterior (keel) 
is larger than the rest, and usually crested or lobed. Stamens 
8, usually in a tube ; anthers mostly 1 -celled, and opening by a 
terminal pore. Ovary superior, 2-celled ; style and stigma sim- 
ple. Fruit usually a capsule, sometimes indehiscent. Seeds 
with abundant albumen. — Shrubs or herbaceous plants, with sim- 
ple entire leaves destitute of stipules. Flowers mostly in ra- 
cemes or spikes. 

POLYGALA. Tourn.— Milkwort. 

(From the Greek no\v, much, and ya\a, -milk ; from its supposed power of in- 
creasing the secretion of milk.) 

Calyx of 5 sepals, 2 of them wing-shaped and colored. 

Petals 3 — 5, united to the stamens, the lower one keelform. 

Capsule compressed, elliptic, obovate or obcordate. Seeds 

pubescent. 

* Flowers in racemes or spikes. 

1. P. incarnata Linn.: glaucous; stem erect, slender, nearly simple; 
leaves scattered, few, subulate ; racemes spiked, oblong, without glands ; 
corolla with a long tube. 

N. J. to Flor. W. to Ark. Near Niagara Falls. Hook. June, July. (p. — 
Stem 12 — 18 inches high, somew T hat angled, with few remote subulate leaves. 
Flowers flesh-colored, in a somewhat loose terminal spike. Petals united into a 
long slender tube. A specimen of this plant, received from Dr. Charles Picker- 
ing, and gathered by him in New Jersey, has only 4 or 5 subulate leaves on the 
stem, which is more than a foot high. Flesh-colored Milkwort. 

2. P. cruciata Linn. : stem fastigiate, winged at the angles ; leaves 
whorled in fours, linear and linear-oblong, punctate ; spikes ovate, dense, 
sessile or on short peduncles ; flowers subcristate ; wings deltoid-cordate, 
acute or cuspidate. P. brevi folia and P.fastigiata Nutt. 

Swamps. Mass. to Flor. W. to Louis. Aug. Sept. (J). — Stem variable 
in height, depending on situation. Spikes sometimes pedunculate. Flowers red 
or purple. Cross-leaved Milkwort. 



POLYGALACE^. 43 

3. P. purpurea Nutt. : stem fastigiately branched ; leaves alternate, linear 
and oblong-linear ; flowers beardless, imbricated in obtuse cylindrical spikes ; 
rachis squarrose ; wings of the calyx cordate-ovate, erect, twice as long as 
the capsule. P. sanguinea Mich. Pwrsh. 

Woods and hill sides. Mass. to Louis. W. to Ark. July, Aug. (p. — Stem 
12 — 18 inches high. Flowers rose- colored. Purple Milkwort. 

4. P. sanguinea Linn. : stem fastigiately branched ; leaves alternate, 
narrow-linear ; flowers beardless, in long and crowded spikes ; rachis squar- 
rose; wings of the calyx obovate, as long as the capsule. 

Dry soils. N. J. to Geor. W. to Ken. July— Oct. (T).— Stem 8—12 inches 
high. Flowers dark red. Allied to the former, but a much smaller plant, the 
leaves shorter and narrower, and with a longer and more loose spike ; the rachis 
also is much more squarrose. lied Milkwort. 

5. P. anibigua Nutt. : stem erect, virgately branched ; leaves linear ; 
the lower ones sometimes whorled, the rest scattered ; spikes rather ob- 
tuse, dense, on very long peduncles ; flowers cristate ; wings of the calyx 
round and veined, as long as the fruit ; bracts deciduous. 

Dry Woods. N. Y. to Virg. Aug. Sept. (T). — Stem 6 — 12 inches high, slen- 
der, somewhat angular. Flowers greenish-white, tinged with purple, distinctly 
pedicellate, larger than those of the next species. Ambiguous Milkwort. 

6. P. verticillala Linn. : stem erect, branched ; leaves whorled, linear, 
and lance-linear ; racemes spiked, acute, on rather short peduncles ; bracts 
deciduous ; flowers cristate ; wings of the calyx roundish, shorter than the 
capsule. 

Sandy soils. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. July — Oct. (I). — Stem 8 — 12 inches 
high, slender, slightly angled. Leaves sometimes solitary, but mostly in whorls 
of 4 or 5. Flowers small, greenish- white, sometimes tinged with purple. 

Whorl-leaved Milkwort. 

7. P. Senega Linn. : stems numerous, erect, smooth, simple ; leaves al- 
ternate, lanceolate, tapering at each end, scabrous on the margin ; spikes 
rather dense, somewhat acute; wings of the calyx orbicular; capsule ellip- 
tic, emarginate. 

Woods. Can. to Geor. June, July. 'l\. — Stem a foot high, with ovate, 
scale-like leaves at the base. Leaves smooth, finely serrulate and fringed under 
a lens. Flowers greenish-white, in a terminal spike, which is 1 — 2 inches long. 
The root is hard, firm and branching, and is much used in medicine. Big. Med. 
Bot. ii. 97. Seneca Snake- root. 

8. P. polygama Walt. : stems numerous, simple, erect and procumbent ; 
leaves linear-lanceolate, attenuate downwards ; racemes filiform, terminal 
and lateral, elongated ; lower ones procumbent, without petals ; flowers 
sessile. P. rubella Willd. Purs/i, 

Forests. Can. to Flor. June, July. ®. — Stem 4 — 8 inches high, angular. 
Terminal racemes 10 — 25-flowered ; pedicels slender. Flowers purple, at length 
pendulous. The whole plant is bitter and is used in medicine. Big. Med. BoL 
iii. 129. Bitter Milkwort. 

** Flowers capitate, (ircUoir.) 

9. P. lutca Linn.: stem simple or branched; lower leaves spatulatej 
upper ones lanceolate; flowers in globular heads, yellow ; wings of the 
calyx ovate, mucronatc ; bracts shorter than the Sowers. 

Bogs, in pine barrens. N. J. to Flor. June — Oct ®. — Stan 8 — 19 inches 



44 caryophyllacetE. 

high, mostly simple. Leaves fleshy. Flowers bright orange yellow. Abundant 
in a peat bog four miles south of New Brunswick, N. J. Yellow Milkwort. 

*** Flowers in corymbs. 

10. P. cymosa Walt. : stem simple below, corymbose at the summit ; radi- 
cal leaves spatulate-obovate ; cauline ones linear ; cymes compound ; spikes 
ovate ; wings oblong, cuspidate. P. corymbosa Mich. P. ramosa Ell. 

Swamps. Del. to Flor. W. to Texas. July, Aug. 1L. — Stem 8 — 12 inches 
high, bearing a large terminal corymb. Spikes compact, half an inch in diam- 
eter. Flowers yellow, dark green when dry. Corymbose Milkwort. 

**** Floivers axillary, (large.) 

11. P. pauciflora Willd. : stem simple, erect, naked below ; leaves ovate, 
acute, smooth ; flowers mostly terminal and by threes, large, cristate, some- 
times axillary. P. uni/lora Mich. 

var. alba Eights ; flower solitary, smaller, white ; stem somewhat leafy 
at base. 

Woods. Arct. Amer. to Geor. June. %. — Stemo — 4 inches high. Flowers 
large, purple, with the summit of the keel densely crested. Var. alba was found 
by Dr. James Eights in the sandy plains near Albany. It has the stem rather 
lower and more leafy than in the former ; the flower also is solitary, smaller, 
white, and the keel less densely crested. Fringed Milkwort. 

Order XVIII. CARYOPHYLLACE./E.— Cloveworts. 

Sepals 4 — 5, either distinct or cohering in a tube, persistent. 
Petals 4 — 5, unguiculate, inserted upon the pedicel of the 
ovary ; occasionally wanting. Stamens as many or more com- 
monly twice as many as the petals, and inserted with them ; an- 
thers fixed by the middle. Ovary often stipitate ; stigmas 2 — 5, 
sessile, filiform, papillose on the inner surface. Capsule 2—5- 
valved, either 1-celled or 2 — 5-celled, in the latter case with a 
loculicidal dehiscence ; placenta in the axis. Seeds numerous, 
rarely few ; the embryo curved round mealy albumen. — Her- 
baceous plants. Stems with tumid joints. Leaves opposite, 
entire, without stipules. 

1. DIANTHUS. Linn.— Vink. 

(From the Greek Zsus, Ato?, Jupiter, and avdos, & flower ; the high value set 
upon the plants of this genus being such as to render them worthy of being dedi- 
cated to Deity itself.; 

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, with 2 — 4 opposite imbricate scales 
at base. Petals 5, with long claws. Stamens 10. Styles 2. 
Capsule 1-celled. 

D. Armeria Linn. ; flowers in terminal crowded clusters ; scales of the 
calyx lanceolate, villous, as long as the tube. D. armerioides Raf. 



CARYOPHYLLACE^E. 45 

Sandy fields- Mass. to Md. July. (J). — Stem 18 inches high, branched 
above. Leaves linear, opposite and connate. Flowers rose-colored, with white 
dots, inodorous, small. Introduced from Europe. Deptford Pink. 

2. SILENE. Lvw— Catchfly. 

(Supposed to be derived from the Greek via\ov, saliva ; in allusion to the vis- 
cid secretion on the stem.) 

Calyx tubular, 5 -toothed, naked. Petals 5, unguiculate, 
mostly crowned at the orifice ; limb bifid. Stamens 10. Styles 
3. Capsule 3 -celled at base, dehiscent at the top into 6 teeth. 

* Caulescent. Flowers solitary or panicled. Calyx inflated. 

1. S. stellata Ait. : stem erect, branching, pubescent ; leaves verticillate 
in fours, oval-lanceolate, long-acuminate, smooth ; flowers in panicles ; 
calyx bladder-like, pubescent ; limb of the petals fringed. Cucubahis stel- 
latus Linn. 

Dry woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. % — Stem 2 — 4 feet 
high, slender, somewhat 4-sided. Leaves with a long tapering point, sessile. 
Flowers white, the petals fringed at the apex. Four-leaved Campion. 

2. S. inflata Smith : stem erect, branching ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, 
acute ; flowers numerous, panicled ; petals deeply cleft, with narrow seg- 
ments, scarcely crowned; calyx inflated, reticulated. Cucubalus Belicn 
IAnn. 

Fields. Can. and Mass. July. %. — Stem 1 — 2 feet high. Flowers white ; 
petals bifid. Calyx bladder-like and beautifully veined. Introduced from 
Europe. Bladder Campion. 

3. S 1 . nivea Muhl. : stem divaricate and dichotomous above ; leaves ob- 
long-lanceolate, minutely and puberulently pubescent, the uppermost ovate ; 
calyx obtuse, bell-shaped, inflated, subpilose; petals small, reflexed, bifid 
at the extremity ; claws exserted beyond the calyx, nearly naked ; flowers 
solitary, dichotomal, terminal. Cucubalus niveus Nutt. Silene alba Muhl. 

" Upon an island in the Susquehannah near to Columbia, Penn. Muhlen- 
berg." Nutt. June, July. 1}.. — Stem smooth and slender. Leaves opposite. 
2 inches long, and £ an inch wide. Flowers white, remote, solitary, dichotomal 
and terminal. White Calchjly. 

** Caulescent. Floivers in axillary spikes, alternate. Calyx 10-str/atc. 

4. & noctuma Linn. : stem branched, pilose below ; leaves pubescent, 
long ciliate at base; lower ones spatulate, upper ones linear-lanceolate; 
spike second, dense ; flowers sessile, alternate ; calyx cylindrical, nearly 
smooth ; petals 2-partcd, narrow. 

Penn. and Virg. July. (£). — Flowers white, greenish beneath. Introduced 
from Europe. Night-smelling Catchfly. 

*** Caulescent. Stem rigidly erect. Peduncles fih [form. Calyx bcliform 
or cylindrical. 

5. S 1 . Antirrhina Linn. : almost smooth ; stem erect, simple or branching 
above, somewhat leafy; leaves lanceolate, acute, subciliate. upper ones 



46 CAE-YOPHYLLACEiE. 

linear ; flowers small, panicled ; calyx ovoid, glabrous ; petals small, ob- 
cordate, slightly crowned. 

Dry hills. Can. to Flor. W. to Oregon. June, July. Q.—Stem 1—2 feet 
high, nearly glabrous, with some of the upper intemodes viscid. Petals white or 
pale purple, only expanding towards evening. Calyx broad-oval or obovate, 
shining. Snapdragon Catchjly. 

**** Caulescent. Flowers panicled, rarely solitary. Pedicels opposite, 
short. Calyx tubular. 

6. *S. nociiflora Linn. : viscid-pubescent ; stem erect, branching ; lower 
leaves spatulate, the upper ones linear : calyx cylindrical-ventricose, the al- 
ternate striae veined ; teeth very long, subulate ; petals 2-parted. 

In cultivated places. N. S. Torr. July. (J). — Stem a foot or more high. 
Flowers rather large, pale reddish or white, expanding only in cloudy weather 
or in the evening. Night -jlowering Catchjly. 

7. S 1 . Catesbcei Walt. : branching ; leaves broad-lanceolate ; flowers in 
panicles ; calyx clavate, colored ; petals with long claws ; limb bifid, with 
two lateral teeth ; lobes acute. S. Virginica Mich. Pur sh. not of Linn. 

Penn. to Miss. Muhl. June. 1L. — Stem, a foot high. Flowers crimson. 
Both De Candolle and Hooker concur in supposing the present plant distinct 
from S. Virginica. Catesby's Catchjly, 

8. (S 1 . Virginica Linn. : viscid-pubescent ; stem mostly erect, branching ; 
leaves lanceolate ; lower ones on long petioles, with long ciliae at base ; 
flowers large, in panicles ; petals with long claws, broad, bifid, crowned. 

Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. May, June. %. — Stem 1 — 2 feet high. Flowers 
larger than in the next species, purple. Virginia Catchjly. 

9. &. Pennsylvania Mich. : viscidly-pubescent ; radical leaves some- 
what cuneate ; those of the stem long-linear ; flowers in panicles, some- 
what trichotomous ; calyx long, tubular ; petals slightly emarginate, sub- 
crenate. S. Caroliniana Walt. 

Sandy w-oods. Can. to Geor. May, June. 1|_. — Stems numerous, cespitose, 
8 — 12 niches high. Petals bright purple, sometimes almost white. 

Wild Pink. 

***** Cespitose. Stems almost wanting. Calyx subinjlated. Peduncles 
\-jlowered. 

10. S. acaulis Linn. : stems very densely cespitose, low ; leaves linear, 
ciliate at base ; peduncles solitary, short, 1-flowered ; calyx campanulate ; 
petals obcordate, crowned. 

White Mountains, N. H. Arct. Amer. Rocky Mountains. July. %.. — Stem 
short, much branched or tufted. Leaves spreading. Flowers purple. 

Moss Campion. 

3. SAPONARIA. Linn.— Soapwort. 

(From the Latin sapo, soap ; the plant yielding a mucilaginous juice, which 
has been used as a substitute for that article.) 

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, naked at base. Petals nnguicu- 
late; claws equalling the calyx. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Cap- 
sule 1 -celled. 



CARYOPHYLLACE^E. 47 

1. (S 1 . Vaccaria Linn.: leaves ovate-lanceolate, sessile; flowers in pan- 
icles ; calyx pyramidal, 5-angled, smooth ; bracts membranaceous, acute. 

Cultivated grounds. Mass. and N. Y. ; rare. July, Aug. ®. — Stem 1 — 2 
feet high. Flowers rose-colored. Introduced from Europe. Field Soapviort. 

2. £. officinalis Linn. : leaves ovate-lanceolate, ribbed, acute or obtuse ; 
flowers large, in a fasciculate panicle ; calyx cylindrical ; appendages of 
the petals linear. 

Road sides. N. Y. to Geor. June — Sept. %. — Stem 12 — 18 inches high. 
Leaves opposite and connate. Flowers large, rose-colored. It is said to make a 
lather with water, and hence its common name. Introduced from Europe. 

Common Soapwort. 

4. AGROSTEMMA. Linn.— Rose Campion. 

(From the Greek aypu are^fxa, crown of the field, quite applicable to this species.) 

Calyx tubular, 5-sided, coriaceous. Petals 5, unguiculate, 
not crowned; limb entire. Capsule 1 -celled, opening with 5 
teeth. 

A. Githago Linn.: hairy; leaves opposite, linear-lanceolate; segments 
of the calyx much longer than the corolla ; flower solitary, terminal, large ; 
petals entire, destitute of a crown. Lychnis Githago D. C. Torr. fy Gr. 

Cultivated grounds. June, July. (I). — Stem 18. — 20 inches high. Flowers 
large, purple, not crowned, on long peduncles. Introduced from Europe. 

Corn Cockle. 

5. SAGINA. Linn.— Pearlwort. 

(The name signifying meat which fattens, is applicable to any of the minute 
plants of this genus.) 

Sepals 3 — 5, united at base. Petals 4 — 5, or more. Sta- 
mens 4 — 10. Styles 4—5. Capsule 4 — 5-valved, 1-celled, 
many-seeded. 

1 . S. procumbent Linn. : perennial ; stems procumbent, smooth, branched ; 
leaves linear-mucronate ; petals much shorter than the calyx. 

Borders of streams. N. Y. to Car. and W. to the banks of the Columbia river. 
May — July. %.. — Stems 2 — 4 inches long, diffuse and rooting at the lower joints. 
Lower leaves connate. Peduncles solitary, longer than the leaves. Flowers 
small, white, at first drooping. Procumbent Pearlwort. 

2. S. apelala Linn.: annual; stems erect or procumbent only at base, 
subpubescent ; leaves subulate; flowers alternate; petals 1, very minute or 
none. 

Sandy fields. N. Y. to Md. May. June. (T\ — Stems numerous, erect, tiii- 
form. Lgaves narrower and more bristle-pointed than in the preceding. Flowers 
on long slender peduncles. Petals, according to Mr. Wilson, {Hook. Br. Fl.) 
always present, but if so, they must be exceedingly minute. 

Annual Pearlwort. 

C. MOLLUGO. £//»■?/..— Indian Chickweed. 

(Supposed to be from Galium MoUugO, to which this plant bears seme re- 
semblance.) 

Sepals 5, united at base. Petals none. Stamens 3 — 5. 

Styles 3. Capsule 3-valved, 3-eelled, many-seeded. 



48 CARYOPHYLLACEJE. 

31. veriicillata Linn. : stem decumbent, dichotomous ; leaves verticillate, 
obovate-lanceolate, acute ; peduncles 1-flowered, verticillate. 

Fields. Can. to Car. W. to the Columbia river. July— Sept. ®.—Stem 
spreading on the ground in all directions, 4 — 12 inches long. Leaves about 6 in 
a whorl. Flowers small, white, forming a sessile umbel. Carpet Weed. 

7. STELLARIA. lAnn—Stibchw&t. 

(From the Latin stella, a star ; because the corolla is spread in a star-shaped 
maimer.) 

Calyx of 5 sepals. Petals 5, (sometimes by abortion none,) 
2-cleft or 2-lobed. Stamens 10, or by abortion 3 — 8. Styles 
3, rarely 4. Capsule 3 — 4-valved ; valves 2-parted, membra- 
naceous. Seeds usually many. 

1. S. media Smith: stem procumbent, with an alternate pubescent late- 
ral line ; leaves ovate or lanceolate, very smooth ; upper ones sessile ; pe- 
tals oblong, deeply divided, shorter than the sepals ; stamens 3 — 10. Alsine 
media Linn. 

Road sides, &c. Can. to Flor. March — Nov. ®. — Stem much branched 
and somewhat succulent. Peduncles axillary and terminal, hairy, deflexed in 
fruit. Petals white. Stamens usually 3 or 5. Introduced. 

Common Chickweed. 

2. S". pubera Mich.: pubescent; stem decumbent; leaves ovate-oblong, 
sessile, acute, ciliate ; pedicels filiform dichotomous, recurved or deflexed ; 
petals longer than the calyx. 

Rocky banks. Penn. to Geor- ; rare. April, May. %. — Stem 6 — 12 inches 
liigh, diffuse and dichotomous. Flowers large, axillary and terminal, on filiform 
pedicels. Peta Is white, deeply bifid. Oval-leaved Stitchwort. 

3. S. longifolia MM. : smooth ; stem erect, square, weak ; leaves linear- 
acute, spreading, with the margins often scabrous ; panicle terminal, divari- 
cate, very long, bracteate ; petals broad-obovate, 2-parted, about as long as 
the 3-nerved calyx. SpergulaMrum gramineum Mich. Micropetalon 
gramincum Pers. 

Moist woods. N. S. and N. to lat. 64°. W. to Oregon. June. %.—Stem 
12 — 15 inches high. Petals white, becoming longer than the calyx. Stamens 
8 — 10. Long-leaved Stitchwort. 

4. S. borealis Big. : stem spreading, angular, dichotomous ; leaves oval- 
lanceolate, acute, veinless ; peduncles axillary, elongated, 1-flowered ; petals 
deeply cleft, about equal to the calyx ; capsule ovate, oblong, nearly twice 
as long as the calyx. Micropetalon lanceolatum Pers. 

Shady swamps. N. Y. to Arct. Amer. July, Aug. (T). — Stem 4 — 15 inches 
high, weak. Leaves slightly connate. Petals white, deeply cleft. 

Northern Stitchwort. 

5. &. aquatica D. C. : weak and decumbent, nearly smooth ; leaves ob- 
long, acute, veined ; petals 2-cleft, rather shorter than the lanceolate very 
acute sepals ; capsule ovoid, about as long as the calyx. ( Torr. <%> Gr.) S. 
borealis Darlingt. 

Sandy springs. Penn. W. to the Rocky 3Iountains. May. %.— Stem 6 — 12 
inches long, very slender. Flowers white, smaller than in the preceding. 

Water Stitchwort. 



CARYOPHYLLACE^E. 49 

■6. S. longipes Goldie.: weak, very smooth, glaucous; leaves linear 
subulate, spreading; peduncles terminal, dichotomously branched • bracts 
membranaceous; pedicels much elongated; petals broad-ovate, deeply bifid 
a little longer than the obtuse and obscurely 3-nerved calyx. 

• S u h0r fK Lake , 0ntario to Subarct. Amer. W. to Oxeeon— Stem 2— fi 
inches high, nearly simple or branched. Very variable. ^ reg0n> * tm Z b 

Sharp-leaved Stitchwort. 
8. ARENARIA. Linn.— Sandwort. 
S oilS° mtlieLatin ar6na ' mnd; because the species g^erally grow in sandy 

Calyx 5-sepalled. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 10, or fewer 
by abortion. Styles 3, rarely 2 or 4. Capsule 1-celled, 3- 
valved, many-seeded. 

* Leaves linear, with scarious stipules at base. 
I. A. rubra Linn.: stem prostrate, pilose: leaves filiform, somewhat 
fleshy acute or mucronate, shorter than the internodes ; sepals lanceolate, 
somewhat obtuse, scarious on the margin; peduncles axillary, at length 
deflexed; seeds compressed, angular, roughish, not margined. A. Cana- 
densis Pers. A. manna Big. Spergula rubra Torr. fy Gr 

Sandy fields. Can to Flor. W. to California. April-Nov (ft —Stem 
3-10 inches long, at first erect, at length diffuse, smooth or pubescent Learns 
variable in length and form. Flowers small, red, axillary arS !Sv and S 
terminal leafy cymes, or racemes. A very variable species. bOUlar y' and m 

Common Sandwort. 
** Leaves linear, lanceolate, or rounded, without stipules. 

2. A. squarrosa Mich.: densely cespitose ; stem simple, few-leaved • lower 
leaves, densely squarrose, imbricate, channelled, smooth; flowers in dicho- 
tomous panicles, erect; sepals roundish-ovate, smooth; petals obovate, much 
longer than the calyx ; capsule oval, 3-valved, exceeding the calyx A 
Caroliniana Walt. 

Pine barrens. N. Y. to Geor. May— Au£. % —Stem 6—8 inch** h,vi. 
forming dense tufts. Flowers white, in a small terminal SnS ^ T^ 

Squarrose Sandwort. 

3. A. stricta Mich. : stems numerous, erect, smooth, filiform ; leaves sub- 
ulate-lmear, erect, subfasciculate, spreading ; panicle few-flowered- sepals 
ovate, very acute, 3-ribbed, half as long as the petals; capsule ovate. 

Rocks and barren ground. Can. to Car. May, June. %.— Stems 6—12 
inches high. Leaves more linear than in the preceding, and not so much crowded 
near the Dase. Upright Sandwort. 

4. A Gramlandica Spreng. : densely cespitose, smooth ; stems low, de- 
cumbent at base, 1— 5-flowered ; leaves narrow-linear, obtuse; pedicels 
filiform, nearly erect; petals obovate wedge-form, entire or with a slight 
notch, twice the length of the oblong, obtuse, membranareouslv margined 
nerveless sepals. ( Torr. <f« Gr.) 

Rocks. Greenland; Labrador; White Mountains, N. TI. • Whitetaee and 
Shawangunk Mountains, N. Y. June-Au* % ._ N , ( ,„,,< JJJJJ «* 
inches high slender. Leaves erect. or spreading. Flowers 1 or i l.nes in 
diameter. A. glabra of Michaux is said to he confined to the mere or less 
mountainous portions of the southern states. Greenland Sandwort ' ' 

3 



50 GAUYOPHYLLACE^E. 

5. A. serpyllifolia Linn. : stem dichotomous, diffuse ; leaves ovate, acute, 
sessile, somewhat rugose, smooth, ciliate ; sepals lanceolate, acute. 3-nerved, 
larger than the corolla ; capsule ovate, 6-valved, equalling the calyx ; seeds 
exactly reniform, rugose. 

Sandy fields. Mass. to Geor. Ma}*— July. (J). — Stem mostly decumbent, 
3 — 8 inches long. Flowers axillary and terminal, solitary. Introduced from 
Europe. Thyme-leaved Sandwort. 

9. MGEHRINGIA. Linn.— Moehringia. 
(In honor of JSIcehring, a German physician and botanist of the last century.) 

Sepals 4 — 5. Petals 4 — 5, somewhat perigynous. Stamens 
8 — 10. Styles usually 3, sometimes 2 or 4. Capsule splitting 
into twice as many (half) valves as there are stigmas. Seeds 
few, smooth. 

M. latcrijlara Fenzl. : minutely pubescent ; stem erect ; leaves oblong or 
oval, obtuse ; peduncles lateral and terminal, 2 (rarely 3 — 4) flowered, one 
of the pedicels with 2 bracteoles near the middle; petals twice the length of 
the sepals. ( Torr. N. Y. El.) Arenaria lateriflora Linn. 

Woods. Mass. N. Y. N. to Hudson's Bay : not very common. June. %. — 
Stem 5 — 10 inches high, simple or sparingly branched above. Peduncles axil- 
lary, solitary, filiform. Flowers white. Lateral-flowered Mahringia. 

10. HONCKENYA. Ehrh.— Sea Chickweed. 
(In honor of J. G. Honckeny, a German botanist.) 

Sepals 5, slightly united at base. Petals 6, perigynous, with 
short claws, entire. Stamens 10, inserted with the petals into 
a glanduliferous disk. Styles 3 — 5. Capsules 3 — 5-valved ; 
valves entire, 8 — 10-seeded. Seeds large, smooth. 

H. peploides Ehrh. : sepals broadly ovate, mostly obtuse, with scarious 
margins ; petals spatulate-obovate ; leaves and stem very fleshy. ( Torr. fy 
Gr.) Arenaria peploides Linn. 

Sea coast. Long Island, N. Y. Mass. N. J. N. to Arctic America and 
Labrador. May, June. %.. — Stems 6 — 10 inches high, thrown up from a 
creeping rhizoma. Leaves ovate or oval, closely sessile or clasping, very acute, 
or mucronate. Flowers in short pedicels, white. Common Sea Chickweed. 

11. CERASTIUM. Linn,— Mouse-ear Chickweed. 
(From the Greek Ktpas, a horn ; in allusion to the form of the capsule.) 

Calyx 5-sepalled. Petals 5, bifid or emarginate. Styles 5, 
(rarely 4.) Capsule membranaceous, cylindrical or oblong, 
opening at the summit by 10 teeth. 

1. C. vulgatum Linn.: viscidly pubescent, pale green ; stems numerous, 
cespitose, suberect ; leaves ovate or obovate, obtuse, hirsute ; flowers dicho- 
tomous, subumbelled, longer than the peduncles ; petals oblong, emarginate, 
scarcely larger than the calyx ; capsule oblong, tapering, as long again as 



ILLECEBRACEJ3. 51 

the calyx. C. hirsutum Muhl. C. connahim Beck, Bot. 1st. Ed. C. semi- 
deca?idrum Walt. 

Fields and hills. Can. to Geor. May — Aug. (J). — Stem 6 — 10 inches high. 
Flowers white. Introduced from Europe. Common Mouse-ear Chickweed. 

2. C. viscosum Linn. : hairy and somewhat viscid, deep green ; stems 
numerous, erect ; leaves lanceolate-oblong ; flowers subpaniculate, shorter 
than their pedicels ; capsule somewhat incurved, terete, as long again as 
the calyx. C. semidecandrum Linn. 

Fields and road sides. Can. to Louis. May — Aug. 1\. — Stems 6 — 12 inches 
high. Leaves rather obtuse. Petals white, obovate, a little longer than the 
calyx. Introduced from Europe. Clammy Mouse-ear Chickweed. 

3. C. arvense Linn. : stems ascending ; leaves linear-lanceolate, obtuse ; 
more or less hairy, especially at base ; flowers few, terminal ; peduncles de- 
flexed, pubescent ; petals twice as long as the calyx ; capsule oblong-cylin- 
dric, scarcely longer than the calyx. C. tenuifolium Pursh. C. Pennsyl- 
vanicum Horn. 

Rocky places. Can. to Geor. W. to the Rocky Mountains. May — Aug. 
*^4-- — Root creeping. Stems 4 — 3 inches long, ascending, slender, somewhat 
cespitose. Leaves crowded at the base of the stem, short, ciliate at base, 
Flowers large, 2 or 3 on terminal pedicels. Petals deeply cleft, white, twice 
as long as the calyx. Field Chickweed. 

4. C. oblongifoliumTorr. : stems erect or declined, villous; leaves oblong- 
lanceolate, mostly obtuse; flowers numerous; peduncles viscid; petals obo- 
vate, 2-cleft, twice the length of the oblong obtuse sepals ; capsule cylindrical, 
about twice as long as the calyx. C. pubescens Goldie. C. villosum. Muhl. 

Rocky places. Can. to Penn. ; rather rare. May, June. %. — Stons 6 — 12 
inches high, rather stout, very villous, tomentose at and below the nodes. 
Flowers larger than in C. arvense, 7 — 15 in a cyme. 

Oblong-leaved Chickweed. 

5. C. nutans Raf. : viscid and pubescent ; stem erect, straight, deeply 
striate; leaves elongated, distant, lanceolate-linear; panicle much elongated, 
divaricate, many-flowered, with long filiform pedicels ; petals oblong, bifid 
at the tip, longer than the calyx ; capsule nodding, twice as long as the 
calyx. C. gkttinosum Nutt. C. longepedimculatum Muhl. 

Moist grounds. Hudson's Bay to Louis. W. to Oregon. June. (!)• — Stem 
8 — 12 inches high, very viscid and covered with a woolly pubescence. Lower 
leaves oblong-spatulate, acute. Flowers terminal, in a loose dichotomous pan- 
icle. Nodding Chickweed. 

Order XIX. ILLECEBRACE^E.— Kxotworts. 

Sepals 5, seldom 3 or 4, distinct or more or less cohering. 
Petals minute, inserted upon the calyx between the lobes, oc- 
casionally wanting. Stamens as many as the sepals and oppo- 
site to them, or fewer by abortion. Ovary superior ; styles 2 — 5, 
distinct or partially combined. Fruit small, dry. 1 -celled, either 
indehiscent or opening- with 3 valves. Seeds solitary or nume- 
rous, with mealy albumen. — Herbaceous or half shrubby plains. 



52 ELATINACE^E. 

with opposite or alternate, entire leaves, and scarious stipules. 
Flowers minute, with scarious bracts. 

1. ANYCHIA. Mich.— Forked Chickweed. 

(From the Greek uw£, ovvxos, a finger-nail ; on account of its reputed virtue 
in curing whitlows.) 

Calyx 5 -parted. Sepals connivent, subsaccate, callous at the 
apex. Petals none. Stamens 3—5 ; filaments distinct. Styles 
short ; stigmas 2, subcapitate. Capsule indehiscent, utricular, 
1 -seeded, surrounded by the persistent calyx. 

1. A. dichotovia Mich. : stem erect or spreading, dichotomously branched, 
pubescent, leaves opposite, lanceolate, smooth; flowers solitary, terminal 
and axillary, very minute, on very short pedicels, about as long as the stip- 
ules. A. Canadensis Ell. Queria Canadensis Linn. 

Dry soils. Can. to Geor. W. to Ark. July, Aug. (I). — Stem 6 — 12 inches 
high, very pubescent, with numerous forking almost filiform branches, often 
purple. Flowers very minute, solitary in the forks of the stem, greenish. A 
very variable plant. Common Forked Chickweed. 

2. A. capillacca D. C. : stem very smooth and slender ; leaves ovate ; 
stipules shorter than the flowers ; flowers remote. A. dichotojna Torr. cf« Gr, 
Queria capUlacea Nutt. 

Pine barrens. N. J. Aug. ®. — Perhaps only a variety of the preceding. 

Capillary Forked Chickv>eed. 

2. SPERGULA. Linn.— Spurrey. 
(From the Latin spargo, to scatter ; from the seeds being so widely dispersed.) 

Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 5 — 10. Styles 
3 — 5. Capsule ovate, 5-celled, 5-valved. 

1. S. arvensis Linn. : leaves whorled, with minute stipules at the base ; 
panicle dichotomous ; flowers decandrous ; peduncles of the fruit reflexed ; 
seeds spherical, somewhat hispid, black, with a narrow margin. 

Sandy Fields. Can. to Geor. W. to the Columbia river. June — Aug. (T)- — 
Stem 6—12 inches high, swelling at the joints. Leaves narrow-linear, whorled. 
Flowers in a panicle, white. According to Sir W. Hooker, the margin of the 
seed varies greatly in its breadth. {Brit. Fl.) Introduced from Europe. 

Corn Spurrey. Tares. 

2. &. saginoides Linn. : stems creeping ; leaves opposite linear, smooth, 
awnless ; peduncles solitary, very long ; petals oblong, obtuse, as long as 
the calyx ; seeds kidney-form, punctate. S. decumbens Ell. Sagina de- 
cumbent Torr. ty Gr. 

Sandy fields. Can. to Louis. W. to the Pacific Ocean. April — July. (1). — 
Stems 2 — 4 inches long, decumbent. Flowers erect, white. Resembles Sagina 
procumbens. Introduced l Pearlwort Spurrey. 

Order XX. ELATHSTACE^E.— Waterworts. 
Sepals 2 — 5, distinct, or slightly connate at the base. Petals 
hypogynous, alternate with the sepals. Stamens as many or 



LINACE.E. 53 

twice as many as the petals. Styles 2 — 5, very short, or none ; 
stigmas capitate. Capsule 2 — 5-celled, 2 — 5-valved. Seeds 
numerous, without albumen ; embryo straight. — Small annual 
plants, found in marshes. Stems fistulous, rooting. Leaves 
opposite, with minute stipules. 

ELATINE. Linn.— Waterwort. 

(From the Greek £Xdr>7, a fir ; its minute leaves somewhat resembling those 
of the fir tree.) 

Calyx 2 — 4-parted. Petals 2 — 4. Stamens 2 — 8. Cap- 
sule 2 — 4-valved ; margin of the valves not introflexed. 

E. Americana Arnott : stems diffuse, rooting and creeping ; leaves cu- 
neate-obovate, obtuse ; flowers minute, sessile ; sepals, petals, stamens 
and sessile stigmas 2, sometimes 3 ; seeds 6 — 8. (Torr. N. Y. El.) Crypta 
minima Nutt. Peplis Americana Pursh. 

Banks of streams. Throughout the U. S. July — Sept. (J) ? — Stems rooting 
and creeping, fonning patches. Leaves 2 — 3 lines long, entire. Flowers soli- 
tary, very minute. Petals roundish, white. American Waterwort. 

Order XXI. LINACE^E.— Flaxworts. 
Sepals 3 — 5, persistent, with an imbricated aestivation. Pe- 
tals as many as the sepals, unguiculate, with a twisted aestiva- 
tion. Stamens as many as the petals, and alternate with them, 
often with intermediate teeth or abortive stamens. Ovaries of 
3- — 5 united carpels ; styles filiform. Capsule globose, 3 — 5- 
celled ; each cell partially divided in two by an imperfect spu- 
rious dissepiment, and opening by 2 valves at the apex. Seeds 
solitary, with thin albumen and a straight embryo. — Herba- 
ceous plants or small shrubs. Leaves entire, opposite or alter- 
nate, without stipules. Flowers terminal. 

LINUM. Linn.— Flax. 
(From the Celtic lin, thread.) 

Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5. Stamens 5, with the fila- 
ments united at base. Styles 5, very rarely 3. Capsule supe- 
rior, subglobose, 10-valved, 10-celkxl. Seeds ovate, com- 
pressed. 

1. L. usita tissimum Linn, : stem mostly solitary, round, smooth, simple, 
branched above; leaves lanceolate, alternate ; (lowers large, on peduncles; 
segments of the calyx ovate, acute ; petals eremite ; capsule roundish, 
acuminate. 

Fields. June, July. (J). — Stem 1 i to £ feet high. Leaves distant. 3- rowed. 
Flowers large, purplish-blue. Introduced ; scarcely naturalized. 

Common Fla.r. 



54 malvace^:. 

2. L. Virginianum Linn. : stem erect, slender, smooth ; radical leaves 
ovate and spatulate ; those of the stem linear-lanceolate, alternate ; panicle 
lax, corymbose ; sepals acute ; capsule globose, awnless. 

Hills and fields. Can. to Flor. W. to Arkansas. June — Aug. (p. — Stem 
1 — 2 feet high, slender. Flowers small, yellow, in a dichotomous panicle. 

Virginian Flax. 

3. 5*. rigidum Pursli. : stem rigid, angular, grooved ; leaves subseta- 
ceous, short and erect ; margin of the calyx glandulously ciliate ; petals 
cuneate-oblong ; seeds pale brown. 

Woods. Mass. to Geor. W. to Fort Mandan and California. (1). — Stem about 
6 inches high. Flowers pale yellow. Small Wild Flax. 

Order XXII. MALVACEAE. — Mallowworts. 

Sepals 5, very seldom 3 or 4, more or less united at the base, 
often bearing external bracts forming an involucre. Petals 
equal in number to the sepals. Stamens indefinite, monadel- 
phous ; anthers 1 -celled, reniform. Ovary formed by the union 
of several carpels round a common axis, either distinct or co- 
hering ; styles as many as the carpels. Fruit capsular or ber- 
ried. Seeds without albumen. — Herbaceous plants or shrubs. 
Leaves alternate, more or less divided, stipulate. Flowers 
showy. 

1. MALVA. Linn.— Mallow. 

(Name altered from ]xa\aj(ri, soft ; in allusion to the emollient nature of the 
species. Hook. Br. Fl.) 

Calyx 5-cleft, surrounded by an involucre usually of 3, some- 
times 1 — 2, or 5 — 6 setaceous bracts ; rarely naked. Capsules 
dry, numerous, 1 -seeded, circularly arranged. 

1. M. sylvestris Linn. : stem erect, herbaceous, branched hairy; leaves 
large, roundish, with 7 somewhat acute lobes ; flowers large, axillary ; pe- 
duncles and petioles hairy ; petals obcordate, thrice as long as the calyx. 

Fields. N. Y. July, Aug. %—Stem 2—3 feet high, branched. Flowers 
large, 3 or 4 together, purplish rose-color, with darker veins. Whole plant mu- 
cilaginous and emollient. Introduced from Europe. High Mallow. 

2. M. rotundifolia Linn. : stem somewhat prostrate ; leaves roundish, 
cordate, obtusely 5 — 7-lobed ; peduncles bent downwards, and with the 
petioles pubescent ; flowers axillary ; corolla twice the length of the calyx. 

Cultivated grounds. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June — Oct. %.. — Root fusi- 
form. Stem 10 — 18 inches long. Floivers small, pink, with darker veins, on 
pedicels, 2 — 3 together. Extensively naturalized. Low Mallow. 

3. M. ? Americana Muhl. : leaves ovate, crenate, stipules oblong-linear ; 
peduncles axillary, 1-flowered. Malope malacoides Linn. 

Penn. Virg. ®. — Stem 12 — 18 inches high, sparingly branched. Floivers 
on peduncles 2 — 3 lines long. Petals twice as long as the calyx, yellow. Torr. 
ty Gr. American Mallow. 



MALVACEAE. 55 

2. ALTHJ2A. Linn.— Marsh Mallow. 
(From the Greek a\6u>, to cure ; on account of its healing properties.) 
Calyx surrounded by a 6 — 9-cleft involucre. Capsules nu- 
merous, 1 -seeded, arranged circularly. 

A. officinalis Linn. : leaves soft tomentose on both sides, cordate and 
ovate, dentate, entire or 3-lobed ; peduncles axillary, many-flowered, much 
shorter than the leaves. 

Near salt marshes. Mass. N. Y. N. J. Aug., Sept. %. — Stem 2 feet high. 
Flowers large, purple. Introduced from Europe. Marsh Mallow. 

3. HIBISCUS. Linn.— Hibiscus. 
(From an ancient Greek name of some plant of this tribe.) 
Calyx 5-cleft or 5-toothed, surrounded by an involucre which 
is often many-leaved. Stigmas 5. Carpels united in a 5 or 10- 
celled capsule ; valves septiferous in the middle ; cells many- 
seeded, rarely 1 -seeded. 

1. H. Virginicus Linn. : roughish tomentose ; leaves cordate-ovate, acu- 
minate, unequally serrate-toothed ; upper ones undivided ; lower 3-lobed ; 
pedicels longer than the petioles ; flowers cernuous ; capsule hispid. H. 
dypeatus Walt. 

Salt marshes. N. Y. to Car. Aug. %. — Stem 3 feet high. Flowers in pan- 
iculate racemes, 2 inches in diameter, rose-colored. Involucre 8 — 9- leaved, to- 
mentose. Petals obovate-cuneate. Virginian Hibiscus. 

2. H. Moschcutos Linn. : leaves ovate, acuminate, serrate, often 3-lobed, 
whitish-tomentose beneath, somewhat scabrous pubescent above ; pedun- 
cles and petioles often united ; calyx tomentose. H. palustris Linn. 

Swamps, especially near salt water. Can. to Car. Aug., Sept. 11 — Stem 
3 — 5 feet high. Leaves 5 inches long and 3 broad, usually obtuse at base. 
Flowers white or pale purple, sometimes with a crimson centre, about as large as 
the common Hollyhock. Swamp Hibiscus. 

3. H. militaris Wilhl. : leaves 3-lobed, hastate, acuminate, serrate, 
smooth; pedicels articulate in the middle; corolla subeampanulate ; cap* 
sule ovate, acuminate, smooth; seeds silky. II. Virginicus Walt. II. 
hastalus Mich. 

Banks of streams. Penn. to Geor. W. to Ark. Aug. %.— -Stem 3—4 feet 
high. Flowers large, purple, axillary, solitary. Smooth Hibiscus. 

4. H. Triomtm Linn.: leaves toothed; lower ones scarcely divided; 
upper 3-parted; lobes lanceolate, middle one very long; calyx inflated, 
membranaceous, nerved. H. pallidas Raf. 

Near gardens and cultivated grounds. N. Y. July. <J\ — Stem 2 feet high, 

somewhat hispid. Flowers yellowish white, with the lower pari purple. Intro- 
duced from Europe. BhuUUr Kttmia. 

4. SIDA. Unn.— Sida. 

(An ancient Greek name applied to some plant of this tribe.) 

Calyx 5-cleft, often angled, naked, or rarely with 1 -J se» 



56 TILIACE.E. 

taceous bracts. Style many-cleft at the top. Carpels numerous, 
arranged circularly, 1 -celled, 1 — 3 -seeded. 

1. S. spinosa Linn. : leaves ovate-lanceolate, toothed, with the tubercles 
at the base spiny ; pedicels axillary, solitary, shorter than the stipules and 
petioles ; carpels 5, bi-rostrate. 

Barrens and road sides. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. (X). — Stem 
1 — 2 feet high, branched. Flowers solitary, yellow. Leaves sometimes sub- 
cordate. Prickly Sida. 

2. S. Napcea Willd. : leaves palmately 5-lobed, smooth ; lobes oblong, 
acuminate, toothed; peduncles many-flowered; capsules 10, awnless, 
acuminate. Napcea Icevis Linn. 

Rocky places. Penn. to Virg. ; rare. Pursh. July. %. — Stem 3 — 4 feet high. 
Flowers small, white. Smooth Sida. 

3. &. dioica Willd. : leaves palmately 7-lobed, rough ; lobes lanceolate, 
incisely toothed ; peduncles many-flowered, bracteate, subcorymbed ; flow- 
ers dioecious ; capsules 10, awnless. Napcea dioica and N. scabra Linn. 

Stony ground. Penn and Virg. Oct. %. — Stem 4 — 5 feet high. Flowers 
small, white, crowded into heads. Rough Sida. 

4. S. Abut Hon Linn. : leaves roundish-cordate, acuminate, toothed, 
tomentose ; peduncles shorter than the petioles ; capsules 15, truncate, 
bi-rostrate, hairy. Abutilon Avicennce Gceert. Torr. fy Gr. 

Waste ground. N. S. July, Aug. (I). — Stem 3 — 5 feet high, with spreading 
branches. Leaves large. Flowers orange yellow. Introduced from India. 

Indian Mallow. 

Order XXIII. TILIACE^E.— Lixdens. 

Sepals 4 — 5, distinct or united, with a valvate aestivation. 
Petals 4 — 5, entire, rarely wanting. Stamens generally in- 
definite, hypogynous, distinct; anthers 2 -celled. Disk often 
with 4 — 5 glands at the base of the petals. Ovary of 2 — 10 
united carpels ; style 1 ; stigmas as many as the carpels. Fruit 
dry, of several cells. Seeds solitary or numerous, with fleshy 
albumen. — Trees or shrubs, with simple, stipulate, alternate 
leaves and axillary flowers. 

TILIA. Linn. — Linden or Lime Tree. 
(A name of uncertain origin.) 

Calyx 5-parted, deciduous. Petals 5, naked, or with a small 
scale within. Stamens many ; filaments free, or somewhat in 
sets. Ovary globose, villous, 5-celled ; cells 2-seeded, (Fruit.) 
coriaceous, by abortion 1-celled, 1 — 2-seeded. 

1. T. glabra Vent.: leaves deeply cordate, abruptly acuminate, acutely 
serrate, subcoriaceous, smooth ; flowers in cymes ; petals truncate at the 
apex, crenate ; style as long as the petals ; fruit ovate, somewhat ribbed. 
T. Americana Linn. Mich. f. T. Canadensis Mich. 



hypericacejE. 57 

Woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June. A tree often 60 or 70 feet high, 
with yellowish-white flowers. The wood is white and soft, and much used by- 
cabinet and coach-makers. The bark is grayish, and so strong and flexible as 
to make tolerable ropes. Big. Basswood. Whilewood. 

2. T. laxifiora Mich. : leaves cordate, gradually acuminate, serrate, 
membranaceous, smooth ; flowers in loose panicles ; petals emarginate ; 
styles longer than the petals ; fruit globose. 

Near the sea coast. Penn. to Geor. May. Yi . — A very distinct species, 
though generally confounded with the former. Pursh. 

Loose-flowered Linden. 

3. T. pubescens Ait. : leaves truncate at the base, subcordate, oblique, 
denticulate-serrate, pubescent beneath ; petals emarginate ; styles longer 
than the petals ; fruit globose, smooth. T. Americana Walt. 

Banks of streams. Penn. to Geor. W. to Tenn. June. — A large tree. 
Flowers white, in axillary cymes. Hairy-leaved Linden. 

Order XXIV. HYPERICACE^E.— Tutsans. 

Sepals 4 — 5, distinct or cohering, unequal. Petals 4 — 5, 
with a twisted aestivation and oblique veins. Stamens usually- 
numerous and cohering at base in three or more parcels. Ovary- 
single, superior ; styles several, rarely connate ; stigmas simple, 
occasionally capitate. Fruit a capsule or berry, of many valves 
and many cells. Seeds very numerous, minute, without albu- 
men ; embryo straight. — Herbaceous plants or shrubs, with a 
resinous juice, and dotted with pellucid or black glands. Leaves 
opposite, entire, without stipules. Flowers mostly yellow. 

1. HYPERICUM. Linn.— St. John's Wort. 
(A name of uncertain origin.) 
Sepals 5, more or less united at the base, mostly equal. Pe- 
tals 5, oblique, and often inequilateral. Stamens numerous, or 
sometimes few, united at the base into 3 — 5 parcels, sometimes 
distinct. Styles 3 — 5, distinct or more or less united. Capsule 
membranaceous. 

* Stamens numerous. Styles 5. Flowers mostly terminal, large, yellow. 

1. H. pyramid alum Ail.: smooth; stem square, somewhat branching 
above; leaves oblong-lanceolate, somewhat clasping, acute, membranaceous, 
pellucid-punctate; sepals ovate-lanceolate ; styles free, as long as the sta- 
mens. H. macrocarpon Mich. H. ascyroides Willd. 

River banks. Can. to Penn. and Ohio. July. *2|.. — Stem '2 — I feet high, wjth 
two of the angles strongest. Floiwrs few or solitary, at the ends of the branches, 
more than an inch in diameter. Capsule o\ oul-couieal. as larae a^ a nutmeg. 

Giant <S/. Joint's Wort. 

2. Kalmianum Willd.: frutesccnt, much branched; branches square; 

8* 



5S HYPERICACE^. 

leaves crowded, narrow-oblanceolate, obtuse ; cymes fastigiate, 3 — 7-flow- 
ered ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, about half as long as the petals. 

Banks of streams and in swamps. Can. and around the great lakes. Falls 
of .Niagara. Z\. J. July. Aug. A shrub about 2 feet high. Flowers smaller than 
in the preceding. The var. ehngatum of Macnab occurs in a swamp about 
8 miles S. of New Brunswick, !N. J. The branches are more elongated, the 
leaves more obtuse, and the flowers smaller than in the specimens from Niagara 
Falls. Kalm's St. John's Wort. 

** Stamens numerous. Styles mostly 3. Flowers yellow. 

3. H. angulosum Mich. : stem herbaceous, square, erect ; leaves distant, 
elongated, ovate, subclasping, sinuate on the margin, acute, not punctate ; 
flowers axillary, solitary, in a dichotomous panicle ; sepals lanceolate, acute, 
somewhat keeled. H. dxniiculatum Walt. 

Cedar swamps. N, J. to Flor. June, July. %, — Stem 12 — 18 inches high, 
branched towards the summit. Flowers scattered in the panicle and alternate, 
orange-colored. Styles 3, often united. Angular St. John's Wort. 

4. H. adpresswm Bart. : stem 2-winged above ; leaves linear-lanceolate 
or linear-oblong, closely sessile, pellucid-punctate; cyme few-flowered, 
naked ; sepals very unequal, oblong and obovate, at length reflexed ; petals 
oblong-obovate. twice as long as the sepals. 

Swamps. N. J. Penn. W. to Ark. Aug., Sept. %.—Stem 2 feet high, 
somewhat shrubby at base. Flowers in compound cymes. Stamens very nu- 
merous. ~\\ inged St. John's Wort. 

5. H. ellipticum Hook. : stem square, simple below, somewhat branched 
above ; leaves elliptic, very obtuse, closely sessile, pellucid-punctate ; cyme 
nearly naked ; sepals oblong, very unequal, spreading ; capsule ovate-glo- 
bose. 

Moist grounds. Can. to Penn. July. %. — Stem 10 — 20 inches high. Flowers 
pale orange. Styles 3, connate nearly to the summit. 

Elliptic St. John's Wort. 

6. H. corymbosum Muhl. : stem terete, black punctate ; leaves ovate lance- 
olate, obtuse, sub-clasping ; flowers in dense corymbs ; sepals ovate, acute ; 
petals oblong. H. pun-ctatum Torr. Comp. 

Shady woods. Can. to Penn. W. to Mis?. June. %. — Stem 2 feet high. 
Flowers in a compact panicle or corymb. Styles 3, longer than the stamens. 
Whole plant, except the filaments and'styles, spotted with" black dots. 

Corymbed St. John's Wort. 

7. H. perforatum Linn. : stem ancipital : leaves obtuse, ovate-elliptic, and 
with the lanceolate sepals pellucid-punctate ; flowers panicled ; anthers with 
black punctures : styles diverging. 

Fields, pastures, &e. Throughout Can. and the U. S. June — Aug. %. — 
Stem 1 — 2 feet high, branched. - Flowers numerous. Stamens mostly in three 
sets. A pernicious weed, producing', according to Dr. Darlington, troublesome 
sores upon horses and horned cattle, where it comes in contact with them. It 
would seem that the dew which collects on the plant, becomes active in this 
way. Fh Cest. Introduced from Europe. Common St. John's Wort. 

8. H. mutUum Linn. : stem erect, much branched, smooth, square ; leaves 
ovate, subcordate, obtuse, sessile, obscurely 5-nerved, pellucid-punctate ; 
flowers in a dichotomous corymb ; sepals lanceolate, longer than the petals. 
H. quinquenervium Walt. Mich. H. parviflorum WiUd. 



HYPERICACE^E. 59 

Overflowed grounds. Throughout Can. and the U. S. June — Aug 1[. 

Stem 6 — 12 inches high. Flowers very small, pale yellow, solitary in the divisions 
of the stem. Small-flowered St. John's Wort. 

9. H. Canadense Linn. : stem erect and straight, 4- winged ; leaves linear, 
attenuate at the base, rather obtuse : panicle elongated, dichotomous ; sepals 
lanceolate, very acute, longer than the petals j stamens 5 — 10 ; capsule 
long, conical, colored. 

Gravelly soil. Can. to Geor. June— Aug. (J). — Stem 6 — 12 inches high. 
Flowers small, yellow. Capsule much longer than the calyx, and of a reddish 
color, by which, together with its linear leaves, it can be readily distinguished 
from the preceding. Canadian St. John's Wort. 

10. H. Sarothra Mich.: erect, much branched above; branches seta- 
ceous ; leaves minute, subulate, appressed ; flowers terminal, subsolitary ; 
stamens 5 — 10 ; capsule conical, very acute, 1-celled. H. nudicaule Wall. 
Sarothra gentianoides Willd. 

Sandy fields. N. Y. to Car. June— Aug. %..— Stem 4—8 inches high, 
much branched. Leaves scarcely more than a line long. Flowers minute, 
orange-yellow. Stamens variable in number. Ground Pine. 

11. H. prolificum Linn. : stem shrubby, terete ; branches angled ; leaves 
linear-lanceolate, revolute on the margin, pellucid-punctate ; corymbs 
axillary and terminal, few-flowered, sepals ovate-lanceolate ; stamens very 
numerous. H. galioides Pursh. 

Banks of streams. N. J. to Flor. W. to Texas. July. — A shrub 2—3 feet 
high, with much compressed bi-anches. Leaves 2 inches long. Peduncles gen- 
erally 3-flowered, the intermediate one nearly sessile. 

Proliferous St. John's Wort. 

•2. ASCYRUM. Linn.— St. Peter's Wort. 

(From the Greek a, privative, and oxvpog , roughness ; the plant being smooth 
to the touch. Torr. N. Y. Fl.) 

Calyx 4-sepalled ; 2 outer sepals smaller. Petals 4, cadu- 
cous. Stamens many, scarcely united at base. Styles 2 — 3, 
rarely 4, sometimes united. Capsule 1-celled, 2 — 3-valved. 

1. A. Crux- Andrea, Linn.: stem much branched at base, assurgent ; 
leaves obovate-oblong, or linear-oblong, obtuse ; flowers solitary or cymu- 
lose, on short pedicels ; outer sepals ovate, inner ones very minute ; petals 
linear-oblong; styles 2, at length distinct. {Torr. tf« Gr.) A. multicauk 
Mich. 

Sandy fields. N. J. to Flor. and Louis. July. %.— Stem 8 inches to 2 foot 
high, aneipital above. Leaves variable in width. Flowers usually in throes, 
pale yellow. Common St. Peter's Wort. 

2. A. stans Mich. : stem aneipital and somewhat winged ; straight ; 
leaves closely sessile, ovate-elliptic, obtuse, glaucous ; outer sepals cordate- 
orbicular; inner ones lanceolate, one-third shorter than the others; .styles 
3, rarely 4. A. hypcricoides Linn. ? 

Sandy swamps. N. Y. to Flor. July, Aug. '71 .— Stem 1—2 feet high, 
branched at the summit. Flowers mostly three together, yellow, much larger 
than in the preceding. Upright St. Fete . H 



60 ACERACE^E. 

3. ELODEA. Adans.—Elodea. 

(From the GreeA; eXcoJ/yy, growing in marshy places.) 

Sepals 5, somewhat united at base. Petals 5, deciduous, 

equilateral. Stamens 9, (rarely 12 — 15,) united into three 

parcels which alternate with 3 hypogynous glands. Styles 3, 

distinct. Capsule oblong, membranaceous, 3 -celled. 

E. Virginica Nutt. : leaves sessile, clasping ; stamens united below the 
middle. E. campanulata Pursh. Hypericum Virginicum Linn. 

Bogs and meadows. Can. to Flor. and Louis. July — Sept. 11-. — Stem 12 — 18 
inches high, tinged with purple. Leaves 1 — 2 inches long, paler beneath. Flow- 
ers few, in terminal and axillary cymes, reddish-yellow, half an inch in diameter, 

Virginian Elodea. 

Order XXV. ACERACE^E.— Maples. 

Calyx 5, or rarely 4 — 9 -parted, with an imbricate aestivation. 
Petals as many as the lobes of the calyx and alternate with them, 
inserted round a hypogynous disk. Stamens usually 8, some- 
times 3 — 12, distinct. Ovary 2-lobed, 2-celled ; style 1 ; stig- 
mas 2. Fruit of 2 indehiscent winged carpels, (samarce,) each 
1 -celled, 1 — 2-seeded. Seeds with little or no albumen. — Trees, 
with opposite, palmately lobed, rarely pinnate, leaves. Flowers 
small, often polygamous, in racemes, corymbs or fascicles. 

1. ACER. Linn.— Maple. 
(From the Latin acer, sharp ; the wood having been used for pikes, or lances.) 

Flowers mostly polygamous. Calyx 5-lobed, sometimes 5- 
parted. Stamens rarely 5, often 1 — 10. Samara 3, winged, 
united at base, by abortion 1 -seeded. 

* Flowers in corymbs or fascicles. 

1. A. rubrum Linn. : leaves 3— 5-lobed, cordate at the base, unequally 
and incisely toothed, glaucous beneath ; the sinuses acute, the lobes acute 
or acuminate ; flowers aggregated in about fives, on rather long pedicels ; 
fruit smooth ; the wings slightly falcate, at length spreading. 

Moist woods. Can. to Flor. April— A tree from 20—50 feet high. Leaves 
pubescent when young. Flowers appearing before the leaves, in sessile fascicles, 
red or yellowish. Pedicels of the flowers, half an inch long, of the fruit 2—3 
inches. R ea - Maple. 

2. A. eriocarpum Mich. : leaves palmately 5-lobed, truncate at theT)ase, 
smooth and whitish-glaucous beneath ; sinuses obtuse ; lobes acuminate, 
incisely toothed ; flowers aggregated, on short pedicels ; fruit woolly when 
young, nearly smooth when old, with large dilated wings. A. dasycarpum 

Willd, 



ACERACEiE. 61 

Banks of streams. Can. to Geor. April, May. — A tree 30 — 50 feet high, af- 
fording a sweet sap. Leaves on long petioles, nearly smooth when old. Flowers 
greenish-yellow or purplish, usually about 5 together. Pedicels of the fruit 
about an inch long. Silver-leaved Maple. White Maple. 

3. A. barbatum Mich. : leaves ovate-cordate, with 3 short lobes, un- 
equally serrate, glaucous beneath and pubescent on the nerves ; corymbs 
sessile ; peduncles hairy ; those of the sterile flowers branched, of the fer- 
tile simple ; calyx bearded within ; fruit smooth ; wings erect. 21. Caro- 
linianum Walt. 

Cedar swamps. N. J. to Car. Pursk. April. — A small tree. Leaves small. 
Flowers pale green. Calyx densely bearded within. Hairy Maple. 

4. A. saccharinum Linn. : leaves palmately 3 — 5-lobed, subcordate at 
base, petioled, glaucous beneath ; sinuses obtuse ; lobes acuminate ; pe- 
duncles corymbose, loose, nodding, hairy ; fruit glabrous ; wings divergent. 

Woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. April. — A tree 50 — 80 feet high. 
Leaves deep green and smooth above. Flowers yellowish, on long filiform pe- 
duncles. Petioles smooth. Valuable for its timber and for the sugar obtained 
from its sap. Common Sugar Maple. Hard Maple. 

5. A. nigrum Mich. : leaves palmately 5-lobed, cordate, with the sinus 
closed, pubescent beneath ; lobes divaricate, sinuate-dentate ; flowers on 
long slender peduncles, corymbed ; fruit glabrous, turgid at base ; wings 
diverging. A. saccharinum var. nigrum Torr. fy Or. 

Woods, on hill-sides. Ver. to Car. April. — A large tree. Flowers yellowish. 
Petioles pubescent. Black Sugar Maple. 

** Mowers in racemes. 

6. A. striatum Mich. : leaves with 3 acuminate lobes, rounded at the 
base, acutely dentate, somewhat pubescent ; racemes simple, pendulous ; 
petals oval ; fruit smooth ; wings large, somewhat diverging. A. Pennsyl- 
vanicum Linn. 

Shady rocks. Can. to Geor. (Not south of the Highlands in N. Y. Torr.) 
May. — A shrub or small tree 10 — 15 feet high ; trunk beautifully striate. Leaves 
rarely undivided. Flowers large, greenish-yellow, 10 — 12 in a raceme. 

Striped Maple. Moose Wood. 

7. A. spicatum Linn. : leaves small, 3 — 5-lobed, acute, dentate, cordate, 
pubescent beneath ; racemes spikeform, erect ; petals linear ; fruit smooth ; 
wings somewhat diverging. A. montanum Ait. 

Rocky hills. Can. to Geor. May. — Shrub 8—12 feet high. Flowers green- 
ish, small, in racemes 2 or 3 inches long. Mountain Maple. 

2. NEGUNDO. D. C. Box Elder. 

Flowers dioecious. Calyx minute, unequally 4 — 5-toothed. 
Petals none. Anthers 4 — 5, linear, sessile. 

N. fraxinifolkim Null.: leaves ternate, or pinnate by fives: leaftts 
rhomboid-oval or oval-lanceolate, acuminate, unequally and coarsely den- 
tate; flowers dioecious, in simple pendulous racemes. Acer Negundo Linn. 
Mich. 

Low wet grounds. Can. to Geor. W. to the Rocky Mountains. April. —A tree 
15 — 20 feet high, with a smooth yellowish-green bark. Leaves mostly ternate. 
Flowers yellowish-green, pendulous. Ash-leaved Maple. Box Elder. 



62 VITACEiE. 



Order XXVI. HIPPOCASTAKACEJE.— Horse Chestnuts. 

Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed. Petals 4 or 5, unequal. Stamens 
7 — 8 distinct, unequal, inserted upon a hypogynous disk. 
Ovary 3-celled ; style filiform, acute. Fruit coriaceous, 1 — 2 
or 3-valved, 1 — 2 or 3-celled. Seeds 1 — 3, large, roundish, 
with a smooth shining coat, and a broad hilum ; albumen none ; 
embryo curved, germinating under ground. — Trees or shrubs. 
Leaves opposite, compound. Flowers in racemes or panicles. 

^SCULUS. Linn.— Horse Chestnut. 
(A Latin name said to have been originally applied to an oak.) 
Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Petals 4 — 5, more or less 
unequal. Filaments recurved backward. 

1. M. glabra Willd. : leafets 5, ovate, acuminate, very smooth ; corolla 
4-petalled, spreading, with the claws as long as the calyx ; stamens longer 
than the corolla ; fruit echinate. JE. echinata Muhl. Pavia Ohiensis 
Mich.f. 

Banks of streams. Penn. to Virg. W. to Miss. May. — A large shrub or small 
tree. Flowers yellowish-white, in terminal racemose panicles. Buck-eye. 

2. 2E. Hippocastanum Linn. : leafets 7, obovate-cuneate, acute, dentate ; 
flowers with 5 petals and 7 stamens ; fruit echinate. 

About houses. May. — A tree with a smooth bark, very branching towards 
the top. Flowers large, white, spotted with purple and yellow. A native of 
India. Common Horse Chestnut. 

Order XXVII. VITACE.^.— Vines. 

Calyx small, nearly entire. Petals 4 or 5, sometimes co- 
hering above and calyptriform, with a valvate aestivation. 
Stamens as many as the petals, inserted upon the disk, some- 
times sterile by abortion. Ovary 2-celled ; style 1, very short ; 
stigma simple. Fruit a globose pulpy berry, 2- (or by abortion 
1-) celled. Seeds 1 — 5, bony, with hard albumen. — Climbing 
shrubs, with simple or compound leaves, and small green 
flowers. 

1. AMPELOPSIS. Mich.— Ampelopsis. 

(From the Greek ajirre'Xos vine, and oxpis, aspect; on account of its resemblance 
to the vine.) 

Calyx nearly entire. Petals 5. Style 1, very short. Stig- 
ma capitate. Ovary not immersed in the disk, 2 — 4-seeded. 
1. A. cordata Mich. : stem climbing, with slender branches ; leaves cor-^ 



geraniacetE. 63 

date, acuminate, toothed and angular ; nerves beneath pubescent ; racemes 
dichotomous, few-flowered. Cissus Ampelopsis Pers. Vitis indivisa Willd. 
Banks of streams. Penn. to Car. W. to Ark. June, July. yi : — Leaves cor- 
date, often straight at base as if truncate. Panicles opposite the leaves. Berries 
pale red. Heart-leaved Ampelopsis. 

2. A. quinquefolia Mich. : stem climbing and rooting ; leaves digitate, 
by fives, on long petioles, glabrous ; leafets connected at base, lanceolate, 
acuminate, dentate towards the apex ; racemes somewhat dichotomously 
cymose. A. hederacea D. C. Cissus hederacea Pursh. Hedera quinquefolia 
Linn. 

var. hirsuta Torr. fy Gr. : leaves pubescent on both sides ; leafets ovate. 
A. hirsuta Muhl. Cissus hederacea. var. hirsuta Pursh. 

Woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Ark. Var. hirsuta, Alleghany Mountains. Pursh. 
June, July. Yi- — Stem climbing. Flowers small, yellowish-green. Berries dark 
blue or nearly black. Virginian Creeper. 

2. VITIS. Linn.— Vine. 

(An ancient Latin name, the derivation of which is unknown.) 

Calyx somewhat 4 — 5-toothed. Petals 4 — 5, cohering at their 

apex, deciduous. Stamens 5. Style none. Berry 2-celled, 

1 — 4-seeded ; cells and seeds often abortive. 

1. V. Labrusca Linn. : leaves very large, broad-cordate, sub-3-Iobed, 
acutely toothed, glabrous above, and with the peduncles grayish-tomentose 
beneath ; racemes small, panicled ; berries large. 

Woods. Can. to Flor. June, July. Pj. — Stem climbing to a great height. 
Flowers greenish. Berries dark purple, sometimes greenish- white. It under- 
goes great changes by cultivation. Fox Grape. 

2. V. aestivalis Mich. : stem long and slender ; leaves broad-cordate, 
3 — 5-lobed, younger ones ferruginous-tomentose beneath, when old nearly 
smooth ; sinuses rounded : racemes opposite the leaves, rather crowded, 
oblong ; berries small. V. intermedia Muhl. 

Woods and river banks. N. Y. to Flor. W. to Miss. June. Tj. — Berries 
deep blue, almost black. Summer Grape. 

3. V. vulpina Linn. : leaves cordate, abruptly acuminate, somewhat 
equally and rather coarsely toothed, smooth above ; racemes loose, many- 
flowered ; berries small. V. cordifolia Mich. Pursh. 

River banks. Can. to Flor. June. 1^. — Berries amber-colored, nearly black 
when ripe, and have a tart taste. Winter Grape. Frost Grape. 

4. V. riparia Mich. : leaves cordate, unequally and incisely toothed ; 
shortly 3-lobed, pubescent on the margin, nerves and petiole ; racemes 
loose ; berries small. V. odoratissima Donn. 

Gravelly banks. Can. to Virg. W. to Ark. May — July. !;•. — Stem long. 
Leaves incisely toothed, by which it maybe distinguished from the preceding. 
Flowers sweet-scented. Berries dark purple or amber color, when ripe. 

Sitrct-scrntcd Grajx: 

Order XXYIII. GERANIACEJE.— Crane's-bills. 
Sepals 5, persistent, more or less unequal, with an imbricated 
aestivation. Petals 5, (or by abortion 4, rarely none.) unguicu- 



64 GERANIACE^. 

late. Stamens usually monadelphous, hypogynous, twice or 
thrice as many as the petals. Fruit formed of 5 carpels co- 
hering round the axis, having a membranous pericarp and ter- 
minated by an indurated style, which finally twists and carries 
the pericarp along with it. Seeds solitary, without albumen. 
Cotyledons convolute and plaited. — Herbaceous or shrubby 
plants usually strong-scented. Leaves opposite and alternate, 
mostly lobed. Flowers regular or irregular. 

1. GERANIUM. Linn.— Crane's-bill. 

(From the Greek yepavos, a crane ; the fruit resembling the bill of that bird.) 

Sepals 5, equal. Petals 5, equal. Stamens 10, all fertile; 

alternate ones longer, and with nectariferous scales at the base. 

Carpels with long awns, at length separating elastically from 

the summit to the base ; awns smooth internally. 

* Perennial. 

1. G. maculatum Linn.: stem somewhat angular, erect, dichotomous, 
retrorsely pubescent ; leaves 3 — 5-parted, incised ; radical on long petioles ; 
upper opposite, sessile ; petals entire ; filaments slightly ciliate at the base. 

Woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. May, June. %.— Stem 8—15 inches 
high. Leaves hairy. Flowers large, purple. The root is very astringent, and 
is useful for medicinal purposes. Big. Med. Bot. i. 19. 

Spotted Geranium, or Crane's-bill. 

** Annual. 

2. G. pusillum Linn. : stem procumbent ; leaves reniform or nearly orbicu- 
lar, deeply 5 — 7-lobed; lobes of the lower leaves 3-cleft, of the upper entire; 
peduncles short, 2-flowered; petals emarginate, scarcely longer than the 
awnless calyx ; carpels keeled, pubescent. 

Sandy soils. N. Y. & Penn. May— July. (£).—Stem 1—2 feet long, very 
slender. Leaves slightly pubescent. Flowers pale purple, much smaller than in 
the preceding. Introduced ? Small-flowered Crane's-bill. 

3. G. Carolinianum Linn. : diffusely branched, pubescent ; leaves 5- 
lobed beyond the middle ; lobes incised, 3 — 5-cleft ; peduncles crowded to- 
wards the top ; petals notched, as long as the awned calyx ; carpels hairy. 
G. dissectum Pursh. 

Barren grounds. Arct. Amer. to Flor. and Louis. W. to the Rocky Moun- 
tains and California. April — June. CD- — Stem 4 — 12 inches high. Flowers 
small, rose-color, or nearly white. Carolina Crane's-bill. 

4. G. Robertianum Linn. : leaves ternate or quinate ; leafets somewhat 
pinnatifid, segments mucronate ; peduncles long, 2-flowered ; calyx, angu- 
lar, hairy, with longish awns, snorter than the entire petals ; carpels small, 
wrinkled. 

Rocky places. Can. to Virg. June— Sept. ©.—Stem long. Flowers rather 
small, purple. Plant very fetid. Herb Robert. 



BALSAMINACE.E. 65 

2. ERODIUM. VHerit.— Heron' s-bill. 

(From the Greek tpwdiog, a heron ; the fruit resembling the head and beak of 
that bird.) 

Sepals 5, equal, regular. Petals 5, mostly equal. Stamens 
10, the 5 outer ones (opposite the petals) shorter and sterile; 
the perfect ones with a nectariferous gland at the base. Styles 
persistent, bearded on the inside, at length spirally twisted. 

E. cicutarium Smith : stem prostrate or diffuse, hairy ; leaves pinnately 
divided ; segments sessile, pinnatifid, incised or acute ; peduncles several 
flowered ; petals unequal. Geranium cicutarium Linn. 

Gravelly shore of Oneida Lake, N. Y. ; abundant. W. to Oregon and Cali- 
fornia. May, June. (!)• — Leaves 2 — 4 inches long, oblong, with numerous pin- 
natifid lobes. Flowers as large as those of Geranium pusitticm. Introduced ? 

Hemlock-leaved Heron's-bill. 

Order XXIX. BALSAMIKACE^E.— Balsams. 
Sepals 5, irregular, deciduous ; the two upper commonly 
united into one, the lower spurred. Petals 4, hypogynous, 
united in pairs, so that apparently there are only 2 petals. 
Stamens 5 ; filaments subulate. Ovary 5 -celled ; stigma sessile, 
more or less 5-lobed. Fruit capsular, with 5 elastic valves 
and 5 cells. Seeds solitary or numerous, without albumen. — 
Succulent herbaceous plants. Leaves simple, without stipules. 

IMPATIENS. Linn.— Balsam. 
(In allusion to the bursting of the seed-vessels by the slightest touch.) 
Sepals 5, the lower one spurred. Corolla 4-petalled, irregu- 
lar ; the two inner petals unequally bilobed. Stigmas 5, united. 
Capsule prismatic-terete, elongated, 5-valved, opening elas- 
tically. 

1. J. pallida Nutt.: peduncles solitary 2— 5-flowered ; leaves oblong- 
ovate, on short petioles, coarsely and obtusely serrate, the teeth mucronatc ; 
lower sepal dilated, obtusely conic, shorter than the petals, with a very 
short recurved spur; flowers sparingly punctate. J. noli-tangcrc Pursh. 
I. aurea Muhl. 

Damp grounds. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. Aug. (!\ — Stem 3 — 5 feet high, 
much branched. Leaves obtuse at base, on petioles half an inch long, uppei 
ones sessile. Flowers gamboge-yellow, larger than the next. 

Snap- weed. Toitch-mc-tiot. 

2. I. fulva Nutt. : peduncles solitary, 2 — 1-flowered ; leaves rhombic- 
ovate, somewhat obtuse, on longish petioles, coarsely senate, the teeth nm- 
cronate; lower sepal acutely conic, with a long recurved spur; Sowers 
with crowded spots. J. bijlora Purs/i. I. noli-tangerc, var. Mich. I. via- 
culata Muhl. 



66 0XALIDACEJ2. 

Wet grounds. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept. (J). — Stem 2 — i feet 
high. Leaves on petioles an inch or more long. Flowers deep orange with red- 
dish brown spots, smaller and less numerous than the former. 

Balsam Weed. Jewel Weed. 

Order XXX. TROPJEOLACE^E.— Indian Cresses. 

Sepals 3 — 5, upper one with a long distinct spur. Petals 1 — 5, 
equal or unequal. Stamens 6 — 10, distinct. Ovary 1, 3-cor- 
nered ; style 1 ; stigmas 3 — 5, acute. Fruit indehiscent, the 
pieces separable from a common axis, sometimes winged. Seeds 
large, without albumen. — Herbaceous plants with an acrid taste. 
Leaves alternate, without stipules. 

FLCERKIA. VPiMd.— False Mermaid. 

(In honor of Floerke, a German botanist.) 

Calyx of 3 sepals. Petals 3, shorter than the sepals. Sta- 
mens 6. 

F. proserpinacoides Willd. F. uliginosa Muhl. Nectris pinnata Pursh. 

Marshes. Ver. to Virg. W. to Miss. April, May. (!)• — Stem 4 — 10 inches 
long, at length decumbent, nearly simple. Leaves somewhat succulent, on slen- 
der petioles, triiid and pinnatifid. Peduncles axillary, at first short, gradually 
lengthening. Flowers about 3 lines in diameter, with white oblong petals. 

False Mermaid. 

Order XXXI. OXALIDACE^E.— Wood Sorrels. 

Sepals 5, persistent, equal. Petals 5, equal, unguiculate, 
with a twisted aestivation. Stamens 10, usually more or less 
monadelphous. Styles 5, filiform ; stigmas capitate. Fruit 
capsular, membranous, with 5 cells, and from 5 to 10 valves. 
Seeds few, with a fleshy integument, which bursts elastically. 
Albumen between cartilaginous and fleshy. — Herbaceous plants, 
rarely shrubs or trees. Leaves mostly alternate and compound. 

OXALIS. Linn.— Wood Sorrel. 
(From the Greek o|vj, sharp or acid; in allusion to the sour taste of the plant.) 

Sepals 5, free or united at base. Petals 5. Stamens 10, 
often monadelphous at base, 5 outer ones shorter. Styles 5. 
Capsule pentangular, oblong or cylindric, 5 -celled. 

* Stemless. 

1. O. Acetosella Linn.: root creeping, scaly; scape 1-flowered, longer 
than the leaves, with two small bracts above the middle ; leaves ternate ; 
leafets obcordate. hairy ; petals oval, obtuse ; styles as long as the inner 
stamens. 



ZANTHOXYLACE^E. 67 

Mountain woods. Can. Mass. N. Y. and Penn. June. %.. — Scape 3 — 5 inches 
long. Flowers large, white, with red veins, drooping. Petals slightly emargi- 
nate. This is the Shamrock of the Irish. The expressed juice yields binoxate 
of potash. Common Wood Sorrel. 

2. O. violacea Linn. : bulb scaly ; scape umbelliferous, 3 — 9-flowered ; 
flowers nodding ; leaves ternate ; leafets 'obcordate, smooth ; styles shortei 
than the outer stamens. 

Rocky woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss, and Texas. May, June. %. — 
Scape 4 — 6 inches high. Flowers violet, umbelled, with the petals obovate and 
sometimes slightly emarginate. Violet Wood Sorrel. 

** Caulescent. 

3. O. corniculata Linn. : pubescent ; stem rooting, decumbent, branched ; 
peduncles 2-flowered, shorter than the leaves ; leaves ternate ; leafets ob- 
cordate ; petals obovate, emarginate ; styles as long as the inner stamens. 
O. corniculata var. Mich. 

Woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. May— Aug. %.~Stem 6—10 inches 
long. Flowers small, yellow. It is distinguished chiefly by its habit ; but the 
plant of American authors may after all be only a variety of the next. 

Decumbent Wood Sorrel. 

4. O. stricta Linn. : hairy ; stem erect, sometimes procumbent, branched; 
peduncles 2 — 6-flowered, longer than the leaves ; leaves ternate ; leafets 
obcordate ; petals obovate, entire ; styles as long as the inner stamens. 

Sandy Fields. Can. to Louis. W. to the Rocky Mountains. May — Aug. %. 
— Stem 4 — 12 inches high. Flowers small, yellow, 4 — 6 in an umbel. 

Upright Wood Sorrel. 

Order XXXII. ZANTHOXYLACE^E.— Zanthoxyls. 

Flowers diclinous, regular. Calyx in 3, 4, or 5 divisions. 
Petals as many as the sepals, rarely none, convolute. Stamens 
as many or twice as many as the petals. Ovaries as many as 
the petals, sometimes fewer; styles more or less combined. 
Fruit either baccate or membranous, sometimes consisting of 
several drupes or 2-valved capsules. Seeds solitary or in pairs, 
with fleshy albumen. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves without sti- 
pules, usually marked with pellucid dots. 

1. ZANTHOXYLUM. Liwn.— Prickly Ash. 

(From the Greek ^avQo^ yellow, and £vXoit, wood.) 

Polygamo-dioecious. Sepals 3 — 5, small. Petals longer 
than the sepals, or none. Stamens and carpels as many as the 
lobes of the calyx, 1 — 2-seeded. 

Z. Americans m Mill.: prickly; leaves pinnate; Leafets in 1 — ."> pairs, 
ovate, obsoletely serrate, equal at base ; petioles terete, unarmed ; prickles 
stipular; flowers in short axillary sessile umbels. Z. fraxincum WUhl. 
Z. ramiflorum Mich. 



68 CELASTRACE.E. 

Rocky woods. Can. to Car. (Not below the Highlands in N.Y. Torr.) W. 
to Ark. April. — Shrub, 3 — 5 feet high, covered with sharp strong prickles. 
Leaves pinnate, sometimes prickly on the back. Flowers in umbels, small, green- 
ish, appearing before the leaves. The bark of this shrub is pungent, and is em- 
ployed medicinally. Big. Med. Bot. hi. 156. Prickly Ash. 

2. PTELEA. Linn.— Shrubby Trefoil. 

(The Greek name of the elm, from a root which alludes to the winged seed 
vessels.) 

Polygamo- dioecious. Sepals 3 — 6, (usually 4,) small. Petals 
much, longer than the sepals. Stamens alternating with the 
petals. Torus tumid, pentagonal. Ovary 1 ; style short ; stig- 
mas 2. Samarae membranaceous, margined, 2 -celled ; cells 2- 
or by abortion 1 -seeded. 

Pt. trifoliata Linn. : leaves on long petioles, ternate ; leafets sessile, 
ovate, acuminate, odd one much attenuated at base ; flowers in panicles, 
polygamous, mostly with 4 stamens. 

Moist woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss, and Texas. June. — Shrub 6 — 10 
feet high. Flowers greenish- white, small, in corymbose clusters. 

Shrubby Trefoil. 

Subclass II.— CALCYFL ORALS. 

Calyx with the sepals more or less united at base, (gamosep- 
alous, D. C. — monophyllous, Linn.) Petals and stamens in- 
serted into the calyx. 

Order XXXIII. CELASTRACE.E.— Spindle Trees. 

Sepals 4 or 5, imbricated, inserted into the margin of a large 
expanded disk. Petals 4 — 5, imbricate. Stamens alternate, 
with the petals, inserted upon the margin or upper surface of 
the disk. Ovary free, 2 — 5-celled. Fruit capsular or drupace- 
ous. Seeds often with an aril ; albumen fleshy. — Small trees 
or shrubs, with simple leaves and small caducous stipules. 

1. EVONYMtJS. Linn.— Spindle Tree. 

(From Euonyme, mother to the Furies, in allusion to the injurious effects pro- 
duced by the fruit of this plant. Hook. Br. Fl.) 

Calyx 4— 5-cleft, having a peltate disk within. Petals 4 — 5. 
Stamens inserted upon glands at the margin of the disk. Cap- 
sule with 3 — 5 angles and as many cells and valves. Seeds 
covered with a colored fleshy aril. 

1. E. Americanus Linn,: branches opposite, smooth, square; leaves op- 
posite, subsessile, varying from elliptic4anceolate to oval-obovate ; smooth, 



STAPHYLEACE.E. 69 

acute, serrate; peduncles 1 — 3-flowered, terete; calyx small, with acute 
segments ; corolla 5-petalled ; fruit roughened, warty. 

Shady woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. June. — Shrub 4 — 6 feet high, with 
opposite branches. Flowers greenish-yellow, with a tinge of purple. Fruit 
crimson, when mature. E. obovalus Nutt. is a trailing variety. 

Strawberry Tree. 

2. E. atropurpureus Jacq. : stem with smooth, opposite, square branches ; 
leaves petiolate, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, pubescent beneath ; 
peduncles divaricate, many-flowered ; flowers 4-cleft ; fruit smooth. 

Shady woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. June. Yi- — Stem 4 — 8 feet high. 
Flowers dark purple. Fruit crimson. Burning Bush. 

2. CELASTRUS. Linn.— Staff Tree. 
(A Greek name of uncertain application.) 
Dioeciously polygamous. Calyx minute, 5-lobed. Petals 
5, small, unguiculate. Ovary small, with 10 striae, immersed in 
the disk ; style short and thick ; stigma 3-lobed. Capsule 
2 — 3-valved ; valves septiferous in the centre. Seeds 1 — 2 in 
each cell, inclosed in a pulpy aril. 

C. scandens Linn. : stem climbing, unarmed ; leaves petioled, oval, acu- 
minate, serrate ; stipules minute ; racemes terminal. 

Rocky woods. Can. to Virg. W. to Miss. May, June. — A woody vine or low 
shub. Leaves alternate. Flowers greenish-yellow, in small terminal racemes. 
Fruit scarlet. Climbing Staff Tree. 

Order XXXIV. STAPH YLE ACE JE.— Bladder-Nuts. 

Sepals 5, colored, imbricated. Petals 5, imbricated. Sta- 
mens 5, alternate with the petals, perigynous. Disk large, 
urceolate. Ovary 2 — 3-celled, superior ; styles 2 — 3, cohering 
at base. Fruit membranous or fleshy. Seeds roundish, with a 
bony testa ; hilum large ; albumen none. — Shrubs, with oppo- 
site pinnate leaves. Flowers in terminal racemes. 

STAPHYLEA. Linn.— ^Bladder-Nut. 

(From the Greek ara^vM, a bunch of grapes ; in allusion to its mode of flow- 
ering.) 

Sepals 5, oblong, erect, colored, persistent. Petals 5. Sta- 
mens 5. Styles distinct or slightly united. Fruit a membra- 
naceous inflated 2 — 3-celled capsule. Seeds globose. 

S. trifolia Linn.: leaves ternatc, on long petioles ; leafeta ovate, acumi- 
nate, serrulate, pubescent, the terminal one petioled ; styles glabroua ; cap- 
sule bladder-like. 

Moist places. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. April — .Tune. T;> — Stan 6 — 10 feet 
high, with straight and smooth slender brandies. FloUMtS white, in axillary 
and terminal pendulous panicles. American Bhiddcr-nut. 



70 RHAMNACE^. 

Order XXXV. RHAMNACE^E.— Buckthorns. 

Calyx 4 — 5-cleft, valvate. Petals distinct, inserted into the 
orifice of the calyx, occasionally wanting. Stamens definite, 
opposite the petals. Disk fleshy. Ovary superior or half su- 
perior, 2 — 3 — 4-celled. Fruit fleshy and indehiscent, or dry 
and separating in 3 parts. Seeds erect, mostly with fleshy al- 
bumen ; embryo with large flat cotyledons. — Trees or shrubs, 
often thorny. Leaves mostly alternate, simple, usually with 
minute stipules. 

1. RHAMN.US. Linn.— Buckthorn. 

(From the Greek pa/xvos, white-thorn ; probably from its resemblance to some 
of the thorn tribe.) 

Calyx 4 — 5-cleft, urceolate. Petals alternating with the 
lobes of the calyx, sometimes very minute or wanting. Sta- 
mens 4 — 5, inserted above the petals. Style 2— 4-cleft. Fruit 
drupaceous, roundish, containing 2 — 4 cartilaginous nuts. 

1. R. alnifolius, L'Herit: unarmed; leaves alternate, oval, acuminate, 
serrulate, pubescent on the veins beneath ; flowers dioecious ; peduncles 
1-flowered, aggregate ; calyx acute ; fruit turbinate. R. franguloides 
Mich. 

Sphagnous swamps. Hudson's Bay to Perm. ; rare. May, June. T?. — Stem 
2 — 4 feet high, branching. Flowers small, greenish, in axillary fascicles. Berries 
black, the size of a small pea. jR. alnifolius of Pursh is described by De Can- 
dolle as a distinct species, under the name of R. Purshianus. 

Alder-leaved Buckthorn. 

2. R. catharbhcus Linn. : branches thorny at the top ; leaves opposite, 
ovate, erosely denticulate ; flowers mostly 4-cleft, polygamo-dioecious ; ber- 
ries 4-seeded, subglobose. 

Highlands of N. Y. Torr. Mass. — A small tree or large shrub, with yellowish- 
green flowers. Fruit black ; cathartic. Introduced ? Common Buckthorn. 

2. CEANOTHUS. Linn.— Ceanothus. 
(An ancient Greek name applied to this genus.) 

Calyx 5-cleft, campanulate, persistent and somewhat ad- 
hering with the fruit. Petals 5, small, saccate and arched, 
with long claws. Stamens exsert. Styles 2 — 3, united to the 
middle. Fruit dry and coriaceous, 3-celled, 3-seeded, 3-parted, 
opening on the inner side. 

1. C. Americanus Linn. : stem shrubby ; branches terete, and somewhat 
pubescent; leaves ovate-oblong, alternate, serrate, 3-nerved, tomentose, 
pubescent beneath ; common peduncles axillary, elongated, almost leafless. 
C. herbaceus Raf. 



ANACARDIACEiE. 71 

Woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. May— July. Yi.—Stem 2—3 feet high. 
Leaves on petioles, sometimes slightly cordate at base. Flowers small, white, in 
an oblong terminal thyrse. Root very large, dark red. The leaves were used 
as a substitute for tea during the American Revolution. A variable plant. C. 
herbaceiLS Raf. is a variety with oval nearly smooth leaves. 

New Jersey Tea. Red Root. 

2. C. ovalis Big. : leaves narrow, oblong, or elliptic-lanceolate, 3-nerved 
from the base, serrulate, nearly smooth ; thyrse umbel-like, the pedicele 
elongated and closely approximate. H. intermedins Hook, not of Pursh. 

Rocky places. Can. Maine, Ver. and Northern N. Y. W. to Mich, and Texas. 
May, June. \ — Stem 2 — 3 feet high. Leaves 1 — 3 inches long. Fruit black. 
Easily distinguished by its narrow leaves and short thyrse from C. Americanus. 

Narrow-leaved Ceanothus. 

Order XXXVI. ANACAEDIACE^E.— Abtacards. 

Flowers usually diclinous. Calyx usually small, persistent, 
5- (sometimes 3 — 7) divided. Petals as many as the segments 
of the calyx, perigynous, imbricate. Stamens as many as the 
petals, and alternate, or twice as many or more ; filaments dis- 
tinct or cohering at the base. Disk fleshy, hypogynous. Ovary 
single (or rarely 5 — 6 ;) stigmas usually 3. Fruit indehiscent, 
usually drupaceous. Seed without albumen. — Trees or shrubs, 
with a resinous, gummy, caustic, or milky juice. Leaves alter- 
nate, simple, ternate or pinnate, not dotted. 

RHUS. Linn. — Sumach. 
(From the Celtic rhudd, red ; in allusion to the color of the fruit.) 
Calyx small, 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5, ovate, spreading. 
Stamens 5, equal, inserted into the disk. Styles 3, short. 
Drupe nearly dry, with one bony seed. 
* Leaves ternate. 

1. R. Toxicodendron Linn. : stem erect, pubescent near the summit ; leaves 
ternate; leafets broad-oval or rhomboid, entire, sinuate or lobed, subpubes- 
cent beneath ; flowers dioecious, in sessile axillary racemes. JR. Toxico- 
dendron, var. qucrcifolium Mich. 

Moist woods. Can. to Car. W. to Rocky Mountains. June. b. — Stem 
2 — 3 feet high. Flowers yellowish-green. Fruit globose, brown, smooth. 

Poison Oak or Try. 

2. R. radicans Linn. : stem climbing; leaves ternate; leafets petiolate, 
ovate, acuminate, smooth, generally entire ; flowers in axillary racemes, 
towards the top of the stem, dioecious; fruit smooth. P. Toxicodendron, 
var. vvZgare Mich. Pursh. P. Toxicodendron var. radicans Torr. 

Woods and hedges. Can. to Car, June. K — Stem climbing. Rowers yel- 
lowish-green. Fnlit subglobOse, brown. DeCandolle thinks R. radtewns distinct 
from R. Toxicodendron, although they an- considered identical by Torrey and 
Gray. Both are very poisonous to persons of peculiar constitutions. — Christy, in 
N. Y. Med. $Phys. Jbur. N. S. i. 21. Climbing Poison CKik, 



72 leguminos^:. 

3. R. aromatica Ait : branches slender, nearly smooth ; leaves ternate ; 
leafets sessile, ovate-rhomboid, deeply toothed, tomentose beneath ; flowers 
in dense axillary racemes or catkins, dioecious ; fruit pilose. — Lobadium 
aromaticiLm Raf. 

Rocky places. Arct. Amer. to Geor. W. to Miss. April, May. Tj. — Stem 
2 — 6 feet high. Flowers yellow. Fruit red, more or less hispid, acid. 

Aromatic Sumach. 
** Leaves pinnate, smooth. 

4. R. glabra Linn. : stem and branches smooth ; leafets in many pairs ; 
sessile, lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, smooth, whitish glaucous be- 
neath ; flowers all perfect, in terminal compound panicles. 

Old fields. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. July. Vi.—Stem 6—12 feet high. 
Flowers greenish-yellow. Fruit crimson, covered with short hairs, acid. 

Smooth Sumach. 

5. R. Copallina Linn. : branches terete, downy ; leafets 4 — 7 pairs, with 
an odd one, oval-lanceolate, or oblong, very entire, shining on the upper 
surface ; pubescent beneath, unequal at base ; petiole winged, appearing as 
if jointed ; flowers in sessile panicles, dioecious. 

Dry fields. Can. to Flor. W. to Ark. July, Aug. — A small shrub, with yel- 
lowisk-green^/Zowers. Fruit red, small, compressed, hairy, acid, and bitter. 

Mountain Sumach. 

6. R. venenata D. C. : branches, leaves, and petioles very smooth ; 
leafets in 3 — 6 pairs, oblong-oval, abruptly acuminate, nearly entire ; peti- 
oles without joints or wings ; flowers in loose slender panicles, dioecious j 
fruit smooth, greenish-white. R. Vernix Linn. 

Margins of swamps. Can. to Geor. W. to Louis. June, July. T?. — Stem 
6 — 12 feet high. Flowers greenish. Fruit about as large as a pea. Poisonous. 
Big. Med. Bot. i. 96. Poison Sumach. Poison Elder. 

*** Leaves pinnate, pubescent. 

7. R. typhina Linn. : branches and petioles very villous ; leafets in many 
pairs, lanceolate-oblong, acuminate, acutely serrate, whitish and more or 
less pubescent beneath ; flowers in oblong dense panicles, dioecious. 

Rocky hills. Can. to Car. June. \i- — Stem 10 — 15 feet high. Flowers 
greenish-yellow- Fruit in clusters, covered with a purple velvety down, acrid. 

Stag-horn Sumach. 

Order XXXVII. LEGUMINOS^E.— Leguminous Plants. 

Calyx of 5 sepals, more or less combined. Petals 5, either 
papilionaceous or regularly spreading. Stamens definite or in- 
definite, distinct or monadelphous, or diadelphous. Ovary sim- 
ple, superior. Fruit a legume. Seeds attached to the upper 
suture, without albumen. — Herbaceous plants, shrubs or trees. 
Leaves alternate, mostly compound, and with 2 stipules at base. 

Suborder I. PAPILIONACE^. 

Petals papilionaceous, imbricated in aestivation, the upper 
exterior. 



leguminos^:. 73 

1. BAPTISIA. Vent— Baptisia. 

(From the Greek 0qutt<o } to dye ; in allusion to the coloring properties of some 
of the species.) 

Calyx half 4 — 5 -cleft, bilabiate. Petals 5, nearly equal. 
Standard with the sides reflexed. Wings oblong. Keel slightly 
incurved. Stamens deciduous. Legume ventricose, pedicelled, 
many-seeded. 

1. B.tinctoria Brown: very smooth, much branched; leaves ternate, 
petioled, upper ones subsessile : leafets cuneate-obovate, rounded and often 
emarginate at the summit ; stipules minute, subulate, deciduous ; racemes 
terminal, few-flowered ; legume on a long stipe. Sophora tinctoria Linn. 
PodoJyria tinctoria Willd. 

Sandy woods. Can. to Flor. June— Aug. %. — Siem2 — 3 feet high, very 
bushy. Flowers yellow. Whole plant turns bluish-black in drying. It is said 
to yield a considerable quantity of inferior indigo. Wild Indigo. 

2. B. australis Brown : smooth ; leaves ternate, on short petioles, the 
upper ones nearly sessile ; leafets oblong- wedgeform, obtuse ; stipules linear- 
lanceolate, longer than the petioles ; racemes elongated, erect ; legumes 
oval-oblong, the stipe about as long as the calyx. B. ccerulea Nutt. So- 
pkora auslralis Linn. 

Banks of streams. Near Canandaigua, N. Y. Easton, Penn. to Geor. W. to 
Miss. July. %. — Stem 2 — 3 feet high. Flowers an inch long, bright indigo 
blue. Blue-jlowered Baptisia. 

3. B. alba Brovm: leaves ternate, petioled, and with the branches 
smooth ; leafets elliptic-oblong, obtuse ; stipules deciduous, subulate, shorter 
than the petioles ; racemes terminal ; ovaries smooth. Sophora alba Walt. 

Sandy fields. On Lake Erie, Goldie. S. to Flor. W. to Miss. — Stem 1 — 2 
feet high, branching towards the top. Flowers white. 

White- flowered Baptisia. 

2. CROTALARIA. Linn.— Rattlebox. 

(From the Greek KporaXov, a rattle ; the seeds becoming loose in the ripe pod.) 

Calyx 5-lobed, subbilabiate ; upper lip 2-, lower one 3-cleft. 
Standard large, cordate. Keel falcate, acuminate. Filaments 
all united, with the sheath often divided above. Legume tur- 
gid, inflated, with ventricosc valves, often many-seeded, pedi- 
celled. 

C. sagiitalis Linn. : hairy, erect, branched ; leaves simple, oblong- 
lanceolate ; stipules lanceolate, acuminate, decurrent ; racemes opposite the 
leaves, about 3-flowercd ; corolla smaller than the calyx. C. parviflora 
Willd. 

Sandy soils. N. Y. to Flor. W. to Ark. July, Aug. (J).— Stem 1 — 10 inches 
high, with spreading branches. Lours hairy on both sides, and varying from 
oblong to linear-lanceolate. Flower's yellow. Legume indued, blackish when 
ripe. I am satisfied that C. parviflora is not specifically distinct. 

Arroic-UavcJ Ratthbor. 

4 



74 XEGUMINOSJE. 

3. GENISTA. Lam.— Green Weed. 
(From the Celtic gen ; signifying a shrub. Hook. Br. Fl.) 

Calyx bilabiate, upper lip bipartite ; lower one 3 -toothed, or 
5-lobed ; 3 lower lobes united almost to the summit. Standard 
oblong-oval. Keel oblong, straight. Stamens monadelphous. 
Legume flat-compressed or rarely somewhat turgid, many- 
seeded, rarely few-seeded. 

G. tinctoria Linn. : stem unarmed, erect ; branches terete, striate ; leaves 
lanceolate, nearly smooth ; flowers in spiked racemes ; legume smooth. 

Hills. Mass. and N. Y. July, fj, — Stem a foot high, with numerous 
branches, shrubby. Leaves rather distant. Flowers on the upper part of the 
branches, nearly sessile, yellow, with a floral leaf at the base- Said to afford a 
fine yellow dye. Introduced from Europe. Dyers Green Weed. 

4. MEDICAGO. Linn.— Medick. 
(From the Greek prjji/o? ; because it was introduced into Greece by the Medes.) 

Calyx subcylindric, 5 -cleft. Keel somewhat remote from the 
standard. Stamens diadelphous. Legume many-seeded, vary- 
ing in form, always falcate or twisted into a spiral. 

1. M. lupulina Linn. : stem procumbent; leafets obovate-cuneate, den- 
ticulate at the apex ; stipules lanceolate, acute, somewhat entire ; flowers 
in capitate spikes ; legume reniform, 1-seeded. 

Fields. Throughout the U. S. June— Aug. (T). — Stem 6—12 inches high. 
Flowers small, yellow, crowded. Legume black when ripe. Introduced from 
Europe. Black Medick or Nonesuch. 

2. M. intertexta Willd. : stem procumbent ; leafets obovate, toothed ; 
stipules ciliate-toothed ; peduncles somewhat 2- flowered ; legume pilose, 
cochleate, membranaceous, obliquely reticulate; spines straight, thick, 
rigid and acute. 

Sandy fields. Conn, and Car. July, Aug. (T). — Flowers yellow. Intro- 
duced from Europe. Hedgehog Medick. 

3. M. sativa Linn. : erect, smooth ; leafets ovate-oblong, toothed above, 
mucronate ; flowers in oblong racemes ; legume spirally twisted. 

Fields. N. S. June, July. %. — Stem 1 — 2 feet high, erect or oblique. 
Flowers purple. Pods twisted. A native of Europe, which has been occasion- 
ally cultivated, and has in some places almost become naturalized. Lucerne. 

5. MELILOTUS. Tourn.— Melilot. 
(From the Latin mel, honey, and lotus, the genus so called.) 

Calyx 5-toothed. Standard free, longer than the wings. 
Keel petals united, free from the stamen-tubes. Legume cori- 
aceous, globose or ovate, longer than the calyx, scarcely dehis- 
cent, 1 or few-seeded. 

1. M. officinalis Willd.: stem erect, branching; leafets Ianceolate-obr 
long, obtuse, remotely serrate ; spikes axillary, paniculate ; legume 2-seeded, 



LEGUMINOS.E. 75 

rugose ; style filiform, as long as the legume ; seeds unequally cordate. 
Trifolium officinale, var. a. Linn. 

Fields. Can. to Geor. Aug. (J). — Stem 2 — 4 feet high. Flowers in long ra- 
cemes, yellow. Plant giving out an odor when dry, similar to the vernal grass. 
Introduced from Europe. Yellow Melitot. 

2. M. leucantha D. C. : stem erect, branched ; leafets ovate-oblong, 
truncate and mucronate at the apex, remotely serrate ; stipules setaceous ; 
teeth of the calyx unequal, as long as the tube ; standard longer than the 
keel and wings ; legume 1 — 2-seeded, ovate, lacunose-rugose, green ; seeds 
exactly ovate. M. vulgaris Willd. Enum. Trifolium officinale, var. b. 
Linn. 

Fields. N. S. July, Aug. ®.—Stem 3—5 feet high. Flowers white. Ba- 
cemes longer and less crowded than in the former. Both species become fragrant 
upon drying. Introduced. White Melilot. Scented Clover 

6. TRIFOLIUM. Town.— Clover Trefoil. 
(From the Latin tres, three ; and folium, a leaf) 

Calyx tubular, persistent, without glands, 5-cleft or 5-toothed. 
Segments subulate. Keel shorter than the wings and standard. 
Stamens diadelphous. Legume small, scarcely dehiscent, often 
ovate, 1 — 2-seeded, as long as the calyx and covered by it, 
rarely oblong, 3 — 4-seeded, and a little exceeding the calyx. 

* Legume l-seeded. Standard of tlie corolla deciduous. Flowers not yellow. 

1. T. arvense Linn. : stem erect, simple or branched, pubescent; leaves 
on short petioles ; leafets obovate-linear or cuneate-oblong, somewhat 
toothed at the apex ; stipules ovate, acuminate ; spikes oblong-cylindric, 
very villous; segments of the calyx pilose, equal, setaceous, longer than the 
corolla. 

Dry pastures. Can. to Flor. May — Sept. 0. — Stem 6 — 12 inches high. 
Flowers minute, white or pink. Seeds ovoid, brown. Introduced from Europe. 

Stone Clover. Hare's-foot Trefoil. 

2. T. pratense Linn. : stem suberect, branched ; leaves on long petioles j 
leafets oval or oblong-ovate, often retuse or emarginate, nearly entire ; stip- 
ules broad-lanceolate, terminating in a subulate point; heads of flowers 
ovate, dense, nearly sessile ; segments of the calyx setaceous, about hah' as 
long as the corolla, the lower one longer than the rest. 

Meadows. Can. to Flor. W. to Oregon. May— Oct. 1\..—S(em \—2 feet 
high. Flowers united into a tube at the base, rose-colored. Seeds yellowish, 
reniform. Introduced from Europe. Red Clover. 

3. T Pcnnsi/lranieum Willd. : stem ascending, much branched, flexu- 
ous; leafets ovate-elliptic, obtuse, very entire; stipules awned ; heads of 
flowers ovate-cylindric, solitary, dense; lower tooth of the calyx shorter 
than the corolla. 

Woods. Mass. and Penn. June — Sept. 1[. — Flowers fine red. Resembles 
T. medium of Linnaus. Introduced ! Buffalo Clover, 



76 LEGUMINOS.E. 

** Legume 1-seeded. Standard of the corolla persistent, scarious. Flowers 

yellow. 

4. T. procumbsns Linn. : stem mostly procumbent ; leaves on short pe- 
tioles ; leafets obovate or obcordate, denticulate, terminal one petioled ; stip- 
ules lance-ovate, ciliate, shorter than the petiole ; heads axillary, ovate ; 
peduncles equal to or longer than the leaves ; segments of the calyx un- 
equal, the 2 upper ones very short ; seeds elliptic. 

Dry fields. Mass. to Virg. May — Aug. (T\ — Stem spreading, 3 — 6 inches 
long. Flowers numerous, and with the seeds yellow. According to De Can- 
dolle T. campestre is a mere var. with erect branching stems. Introduced from 
Europe. Hop Clover. 

5. T. agrarium Linn. : stem ascending, with erect branches ; leaves 
nearly sessile; leafets oblong-ovate, or cuneate-oblong, denticulate, all 
nearly sessile ; stipules leafy, lanceolate, acute, often longer than the pe- 
tiole ; heads on rather long peduncles, oval ; standard obcordate ; segments 
of the calyx smooth, elongated, the upper one smaller. 

Sandy fields. Mass. to Virg. June — Aug. (J). — Stem 6 — 15 inches long. 
Flowers small, pale yellow-brown when old. Introduced from Europe. 

Golden Clover. 
*** Legume 3 — ^-seeded. 

6. T. repens Linn. : stem creeping and somewhat rooting ; leafets obo- 
vate-roundish, somewhat refuse, serrulate ; stipules scariose, narrow-lanceo- 
late, mucronate ; heads axillary, on very long peduncles ; flowers pedicelled, 
and at length refiexed ; segments of the calyx unequal, shorter than the 
corolla ; legume 4-seeded. 

Fields and pastures. Throughout the U. S. May — Oct. %. — Stem 6 — 12 
inches long. Leaves on long slender petioles. Flowers white, becoming pale 
brown. Seeds brown. White Clover. 

7. T. rejlexum Linn. : stem ascending ; leafets ovate or obovate. serru- 
late ; stipules leafy, lanceolate-acuminate; heads globose, axillary; flowers 
on long pedicels, at length refiexed; segments of the calyx hairy, nearly 
equal, very narrow, one-nerved, nearly twice as long as the tube, but shorter 
than the standard ; legume 4-seeded. T. stoloniferurn MvM. 

Fields and woods. N. Y. to Geor. W. to Miss. June, July. (J). — Plant 
smoothish or pubescent. Stem 6 — 18 inches long. Heads of flowers middle- 
sized. Standard broad-ovate, rose-red. Wings and keel white. 

Running Buffalo Clover. 

7. CLITORIA. Linn.— Clitoria. 
(From an anatomical term.) 

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed ; the teeth much shorter than the 
tube. Standard very large, emarginate or bifid. Keel small, 
shorter than the wings, incurved, acute, on very long claws. 
Style dilated at the apex, longitudinally bearded. Legume stipi- 
tate, linear or linear- oblong, twisted. 

1. C. Mariana Linn.: stem chmbing, glabrous; leaves tern ate ; leafets 
ovate-lanceolate ; peduncles solitary, 1 — 3-flowered ; calyx tubular-campan- 
ulate, glabrous, much longer than the lanceolate bracts ; teeth nearly equal ; 
legume 4 — 8-seeded, smooth. 



LEGUMINOS^E. 77 

Sandy soil. N. Y. to Flor. and Ala. July, Aug. %. — Stem 2 or more feet 
long, climbing, sometimes erect. Flowers large, pale blue, usually 1 — 2 on the 
peduncles. Maryland Clitoria. 

2. C. Virginiana Linn. : stem twining, and with the ovate leafets gla- 
brous or subpubescent ; peduncle 1 — 4-flowered; calyx 5-parted, about as 
long as the lanceolate bracts ; legume linear, compressed. Centrosema 
Virginiana Benth. Torr, ($• Gr. 

Dry soils. Penn. to Flor. Aug. %. — Flowers purple or violet, larger than 
that of any of our North American Papilionaceae. De Candolle describes three 
varieties of this species, which differ only in the shape of the leaves. 

Butterfly Weed. 

8. GALACTIA. Browne.— Milk Pea. 
(From the Greek ya\a, milk ; some of the species yielding a milky juice.) 
Calyx bibracteate, 4-cleft ; segments acute, of nearly equal 
length ; the upper one broadest. Standard incumbent, broad. 
Keel petals slightly cohering towards the apex. Legume com- 
pressed, linear, many-seeded. 

1. G. mollis Mich. : stem twining, softly villous ; leaves ternate; leafets 
ovate-oblong, obtuse, pale beneath ; racemes axillary, a little longer than 
the leaves, pedunculate; flowers pedicelled ; calyx acuminate, villous; 
legume compressed, villous. 

Pine barrens. N. J. to Flor. July, Aug. %. — Stem prostrate or climbing. 
Flowers reddish-purple, about half as large as the next. Soft Milk Pea. 

2. G. glabella Mich. : stem prostrate, somewhat twining, smooth ; leaves 
ternate; leafets elliptic-oblong, obtuse, emarginate at each end, shining 
above ; racemes axillary, simple, few-flowered, on peduncles as long as the 
leaves ; calyx smooth ; legume pubescent. 

Sandy soils. N. Y. to Flor. Aug. %.— Root fusiform. Stem 2— 4 feet long, 
spreading on the ground or twining. Flowers reddish-purple and white, large 
and handsome. Smooth Milk Pea. 

9. TEPHROSIA. Pers.— Tephrosia. 

(From the Greek rcppos, ash-colored ; in allusion to the color of the foliage.) 

Calyx without bracts, nearly equal, 5-toothed. Standard of 
the corolla large, roundish, pubescent or sericeous without, re- 
flexed-spreading ; wings adhering to the obtuse keel. Stamens 
monadelphous, or diadelphous. Legume compressed-flat, linear, 
many-seeded. 

T. Virginiana Pers.: villous pubescent; stem erect; leafets 8 — 11 pairs, 
oval or linear-oblong, mueronate, white villous beneath; raceme terminal, 
subsessile ; segments of the calyx very villous, acuminate-cuspidate ; le- 
gume falcate, villous. Gaiega Virginiana Linn. 

Sandy soil. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. June, July. '?|. — Root long and 
tough. Stem about a foot high, usually- several from one root. Flowers in a 
dense terminal raceme, showy, yellow, tinged with purple. Goat's Rue, 



78 LEGUMINOS^E. 



10. AMORPHA. Linn.— False Indigo. 

(From the Greek a, privative, and juop^, shape ; on account of the absence of 
the wings and keel of the corolla.) 

Calyx 5-toothed, obconic-campanulate. Standard of the co- 
rolla ovate, concave ; wings and keel none. Style filiform, 
straight, glabrous. Stamens exserted, monadelphous at base. 
Legume compressed, ovate or lunulate, 1 -celled, 1 — 2-seeded. 

A. fruticosa Linn. : subarborescent, pubescent, or nearly smooth ; leaves 
pinnate, petiolate ; oval or elliptic-oblong ; spikes aggregated ; calyx some- 
what pubescent, 4 teeth obtuse, the other one acuminate; legume few- 
seeded. 

N. J. to Flor. W. to Rocky Mountains. July. — A shrub with spikes of pur- 
ple flowers. Varies with emarginate, mucronate and narrower leaves. 

Shrubby Fake Indigo. 

11. ROBINIA. D. C— Locust. 
(In honor of John and Vespasian Robin, French botanists.) 

Teeth of the calyx 5, lanceolate, two upper ones approximate. 
Corolla papilionaceous. Standard large. Keel obtuse. Sta- 
mens diadelphous, deciduous. Legume compressed, straight, 
subsessile, many-seeded; valves flat, thin. 

R. Pseudacacia Linn. : leaves pinnate ; leafets ovate and oblong-ovate ; 
stipules prickly ; racemes pendulous, and with the legume smooth ; teeth of 
the calyx unarmed. 

Near cultivated grounds, but apparently native. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. 
May. — A large tree, the wood of which is much esteemed in ship-building. 
Leafets 4 — 9 pairs, with an odd one. Flowers white, odorous, in racemes which 
are 3 — 5 inches long. Common Locust Tree.. 

12. ASTRAGALUS. Linn.— Milk Vetch. 
(A name given by the Greeks to a leguminous plant.) 

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla with the keel obtuse. Stamens 
diadelphous. Legume 2-, or half 2-celled ; lower suture in- 
flexed. 

A. Canadensis Linn.: erect, canescent; leafets 10 — 14 pairs with an 
odd one, elliptic-oblong, rather obtuse, smoothish ; stipules broad-lanceolate, 
acuminate ; peduncles about as long as the leaves ; flowers in oblong or 
elongated spikes ; bracts subulate, nearly as long as the calyx ; legume 
ovate-oblong, terete, erect, smooth, 2-celled, many-seeded. A. Carolinianus 
Linn. 

Banks of streams. Can. as farN. as lat. 58°, to Louis, and W. to Oregon. 
June — Aug. %. — Stem 1 — 3 feet high. Leafets usually smooth above, sparsely 
pubescent beneath. Flowers pale yellow, in spikes 1 — 4 inches long. 

Canadian Milk Vetch. 



leguminos^:. 79 

13. PHACA. Linn.— Bastard Vetch. 
(From the Greek faKog, lentils.) 

Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft ; the two upper teeth a little dis- 
tant from each other. Keel obtuse. Legume usually turgid 
or inflated, 1 -celled, the upper suture somewhat tumid. 

P. neglecta Torr. d/« Gr. : nearly smooth ; leafets 6 — 10 pairs, elliptic, 
smooth above, pubescent with appressed hairs beneath ; stipules triangular 
ovate ; peduncles about as long as the leaves ; spikes oblong, many-flow- 
ered ; calyx campanulate ; legume sessile, globose, ovate, pointed. 

Gravelly banks and sandy woods. Western N. Y. to Wisconsin. June, 
July. %. — Stem 1 — 2 feet high, rather slender, sparingly branched. Flowers 
15 — 25 in a spike, white. Resembles Astragalus Canadensis, but has shorter 
and looser spikes, white flowers, and a campanulate calyx. Bastard Vetch. 

14. STYLOSANTHES. Swartz.— Pencil Flower. 

(From the Greek grvXos, a column, and avdos, a, flower ; the flowers appearing 
stipitate.) 

Tube of the calyx very long, slender ; limb 5 -parted, lobes 
unequal. Corolla inserted in the throat of the calyx. Keel 
minute, bifid at the apex. Stamens monad elphous. Style fili- 
form, very long, straight. Stigma capitate, hispid. Legume 
with 1 — 2 joints; joints 1 -seeded; the apex subuncinate, acu- 
minated into the base of the style. 

S. elotior Swartz : stem erect, herbaceous, pubescent on one side ; leaves 
ternate ; leafets lanceolate, smooth, acute ; bracts lanceolate, hispid-ciliate ; 
spikes few-flowered ; legume 2-jointed, the lower joint sterile and stipitate. 
&. hispida Mich. Arachis aprica Walt. 

Sandy woods. N. Y. to Flor. W. to Ala. and Ark. July, Aug. %. — Stem 
a foot high, branched at the top. Flowers yellow, in terminal compact heads. 
Legume 1-seeded, hooked at the summit. Pencil Floi>\r. 

15. iESCHYNOMENE. Linn.— Mschynomcnc. 
(From the Greek aisx vvo l iai ) to be bashful ; in allusion to its sensibility.) 

Calyx 5-cleft, bilabiate ; upper lip 2 -cleft or 2-topthed : lower 
one 3-cleft, or 3-toothed. Corolla papilionaceous. Si aniens 
10, in two equal sets. Legume compressed, transversely jointed, 
erect, exsert; joints 1-seeded. 

M. hispida Willd.: stem herbaceous, erect, and with the petioles and 
peduncles hispid; leaves in many pairs, leafets linear, obtuse; racemes 
simple, 3 — 5-flowered ; legume distinctly stipitate, with 0'— 9 hispid joints. 
Hsdysarum VirHnicum Linn. 

Marshes. lVnn. to Flor. July, Aug. ®.— Stem &—8 feel high. Leafets 
20 — 25 pairs. Flowers yellow and red. Hispid JgxhynoHicm, 



SO LEGUMINOS^E. 

16. DESMODIUM. D. C— Desmodium. 

(From the Greek despos, a chain, and siSos, form ; the articulated pods re- 
sembling a chain.) 

Calyx with two bracts at base, obscurely bilabiate to the mid- 
dle ; upper lip bifid ; lower one 3 -parted. Corolla papiliona- 
ceous. Standard roundish ; keel obtuse, not truncate ; wings 
longer than the keel. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1) ; fila- 
ments subpersistent. Legume with many joints ; joints com- 
pressed, 1 -seeded, membranaceous or coriaceous, scarcely de- 
hiscent. 

1. D. Canadense D. C. : stem erect, hairy, striate; leaves ternate; leafl- 
ets oblong-lanceolate, much longer than the petioles, nearly smooth above ; 
stipules lanceolate ; racemes terminal and in the axils of the uppermost 
leaves ; joints of the legume 3 — 4, ovate-triangular, truncate at both ends, 
hispid. Hedysaruni Canadense Linn. 

Dry woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July. %. — Stem 3 — 6 feet high, 
often branched. Leafets 2 — 3 inches long. Flowers pale violet blue. 

Canadian Desmodium. 

2. D. canescens D. C. : stem erect, branching, striate, hairy and scabrous ; 
leafets ovate, rather acute, scabrous, pubescent on both sides; stipules large, 
obliquely ovate, acuminate ; flowers in a loose terminal panicle ; legume 
with 4 or 5 oblong-triangular reticulated strongly hispid joints. D. Akin- 
ianum Beck Bot. 1st Ed. Hedysarttm viridijiorum Pursh. D. C. H. canes- 
cens Linn. 

Dry woods. Can. to Flor. July, Aug. %.. — Stem 3 — 5 feet higb, more or 
less hairy. Leafets 2 — 4 inches long, hairy on both sides, the shorter hairs un- 
cinate. Flowers violet- purple. Hoary Desmodium. 

3. D. Marylandicum Boott: stem erect, simple, slender, nearly smooth ; 
leafets (small) ovate, very obtuse, often subcordate, thin ; petiole as long 
as the lateral leafets, smooth ; stipules lanceolate-subulate, caducous ; pan- 
icle elongated; legume with 2 — 3 hispid somewhat semiorbicular joints. 
D. obtusum D. C. Hedysarum Marylandicum Linn, and H. obtusum 
Pursh. 

Fields and woods. N. Y. to Flor. and Louis. July, Aug. %. — Stem 2 — 3 
feet high, nearly smooth. Leafets about three-fourths of an inch long. Flowers 
small, violet-purple, in a terminal panicle. Smooth Small-leaved Desmodium. 

4. D. Dillenii Darlingt. : stem erect, branching, pilose ; leafets oblong 
or ovate-oblong, somewhat glaucous and villous beneath; stipules sub- 
ulate ; racemes slender, forming a loose terminal panicle ; legume with 
3 — 4 rhomboid reticulated hispid joints. D. Marylandicum D. C. Hedy- 
sarum Marylandicum Pursh. 

Dry woods. Mass. to Penn. W. to Ken. Aug. %. — Stem 2 — 3 feet high. 
Leafets 1^ — 3 inches long, obtuse, sometimes acute. Flov>ers purple, becoming 
bluish-green. Dillenius's Desmodium. 

5. D. viridijiorum Beck : stem erect; leaves ternate; leafets ovate, ob- 
tuse, scabrous on the upper surface, villous and very soft beneath ; panicle 



LEGUMINOS^E. 81 

terminal, very long, naked ; legume with 3 — 4 roundish triangular very 
hispid joints. Hedysarum viridiflorum Linn. Ell. not of Pursh. 

Woods. N. Y. to Flor. July. %. — Stem 3—4 feet high, very scabrous to- 
wards the summit. Leaves very scabrous on the upper surface, clothed with a 
velvet-like tomentum on the under. Flowers purple within, greenish without. 

Villous-leaved Desmodium. 

6. D. ciliare D. C. : stem erect, rather slender, hairy ; leaves crowded, 
on short hairy petioles ; leafets small, ovate or oval, obtuse, subcoriaceous, 
ciliate ; stipules subulate-linear ; racemes paniculate, terminal ; legume 
with 2 or 3 semiorbicular hispid joints. Hedysarum ciliare Willd. 

Woods. N. Y. to Flor. W. to Texas. July, Aug. %.— Stem about 2 feet 
high. Resembles H. Marylandicum, but differs in having the petioles short and 
hairy. Hairy Small-leaved Desmodium. 

7. D. rigidum D. C. ; stem erect, branching, rough-pubescent ; leafets 
ovate-oblong, rather obtuse, reticulate, ciliate, scabrous above, hairy be- 
neath; stipules ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; racemes paniculate, erect, 
very long; legumes with 2 — 3 semiorbicular or oval hispid joints. Hedy- 
sarum rigidum Ell. 

Dry woods. Mass. and N. Y. to Geor. W. to Ark. Aug. %.—Slem 2—3 
feet high. Leafets 1 — 3 inches long, somewhat coriaceous. Flowers small, pur- 
ple. It sometimes closely resembles D. ciliare. Rigid Desmodium. 

8. D. Icevigatum D. C. : stem simple, erect, smooth, somewhat glaucous ; 
leaves ternate, on long petioles ; leafets ovate, acute ; panicle terminal ; flow- 
ers in pairs, on long pedicels ; bracts ovate, acute, shorter than the flower 
buds; lower segment of the calyx elongated; joints of the legume triangu- 
lar. Hedysarum Icevigatum Nutt. 

Woods. N. Y. and N. J. ; rare. Aug. %. — Stem 2 — 4 feet high. Flowers 
purple. The smoothest of the North American species. Smooth Desmodium. 

9. D. cuspidatum Torr. d> Gr. : stem erect, smooth ; leafets ovate or 
lanceolate-ovate, acuminate, smooth ; stipules lanceolate, acuminate ; pan- 
icle terminal, elongated, rather slender ; bracts ovate, acuminate, striate, 
smooth ; legume with 4 — 6 triangular-oblong reticulated sparingly hispid 
joints. D. bracteosum D. C. Hedysarum cuspidatum Willd. It. brac- 
leosum Mick. 

llocky woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Ark. Aug. %. — Stem 3 — 5 feet high, 
nearly simple. Leafets 2 — 5 inches long. Floxoers in a large open panicle, red- 
dish-purple. Large-bracted Desmodium. 

10. D. paniculatum D. C. : stem erect, smooth ; leaves tomato ; leafets 
oblong-lanceolate, rather obtuse, smoothish ; stipules subulate ; panicle ter- 
minal ; legumes with 3 or 4rhomboidal pubescent joints. Hedysarum pan- 
ictdatum Linn. 

Dry woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. Aug. QL— Stem 2—3 feet high, 
slender, often branching. Leafets 1 — 3 inches long. Flowers small, purple, in a 
paniculate raceme. Paniculate Desmodium. 

11. D. strictum D. C. : stem stiffly erect, simple, subpubeseent ; leaves ter- 
nate; leafets sublinear, smooth, reticulate, glaucous beneath; stipules sub- 
ulate; panicles terminal, pedunculate, few-flowered; legume incurved, 
with sublunatc-triangular hispid joints. lied usa rum hirtum Pursh. 

Fine barrens. N. J. to Flor. W. to Miss. Aug. '11. . — Stem slender very 

4* 



82 LEGUMINOS^E. 

erect. Leafets narrow. Flowers small, purple, in long axillary and terminal 
panicles. " Strict Desmodium. 

12. D. acuminatum D. C. : stem erect, simple, pubescent, leafy at the 
summit; leaves ternate, on very long petioles ; leafets ovate, conspicuously 
acuminate, somewhat hairy, the terminal one broader and orbicular-ovate ; 
panicle terminal, on a very long peduncle ; joints of the legume 2 — 3, semi- 
oval, pubescent. Hedysarum acuminatum Mich. 

Shady woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. %.—Stem about a foot 
high, a little hairy. Leafets 2 — 4 inches long. Peduncle 1 — 2 feet long. Flow- 
ers pale purple. Acuminate-leaved Desmodium. 

13. D. nudiflorum D. C. : stem erect, simple, leafy at the summit ; leaves 
ternate ; leafets broad-ovate, acuminate ; scape paniculate, smooth, radical ; 
legume on a very long stipe, with 3 — 4 obtusely triangular joints. Hedy- 
sarum nudifiorum Linn. 

Woods. Can. to Car. Aug. Q.—Siem 8—10 inches high. Scape l£— 3 
feet long, slender. Flowers purple. Naked-floioered Desmodium. 

14. D. pavxiflorum D. C. : stem decumbent or suberect, low and slender, 
mostly simple, pilose; leaves alternate and distant, lateral, on rather long pe- 
tioles ; leafets obliquely ovate, subacuminate and pubescent cihate ; the ter- 
minal one dilated, rhomboid-ovate ; stipules obsolete ; raceme slender, few- 
flowered, on a terminal peduncle ; legume stipitate, with 2 — 3 semi-oval 
pubescent joints. Hedysarum paucijlarum Null. 

_Woods. Penn. ; rare. Darlington. W. to Ark. Aug. %. — Stem 6 — 9 inches 
high, rather erect or decumbent at base. Leafets 1 — 3 inches long. Flowers in 
a loose slender raceme, small, white or reddish- white. 

Few-flowered Desmodium. 

15. D. rotundifolium D. C. : stem prostrate, hirsute ; leaves ternate ; 
leafets orbicular, hairy ; stipules broad-ovate, acuminate, reflexed ; racemes 
axillary and terminal ; legume with 3 — 5 rhomboid-oval hispid joints. He- 
dysarum rotundifolium Mich. 

Rocky woods. N. Y. to Car. Aug. %. — Stem 2 — 4 feet long, hirsute with 
spreading hairs. Racemes few-flowered, pedunculate. Flowers purple. 

Round-leaved Desmodium. 

16. D. humifusum Beck : stem procumbent, smooth ; leaves ternate ; 
leafets ovate, slightly hairy ; racemes terminal, elongated ; joints of the le- 
gume subrhomboidal. Hedysarum humifusum Muhl. Big. 

Woods. Mass. Penn. to Car. Muhl. Aug. %. — Re?embles tbe last, but is 
smoother, and has the leafets oval or ovate and subacute. Perhaps only a va- 
riety. Procumbent Desmodium. 

17. HEDYSARUM. D. C— Hedysarum. 
(Etymology uncertain.) 

Calyx 5-cleft ; segments linear-subulate, nearly equal. Stand- 
ard large. Keel obliquely truncate ; wings much shorter than 
the keel. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1). Legume with many- 
joints ; joints compressed, roundish, 1 -seeded. 

H. bareale Nutt.: stem subdecumbent ; leaves pinnate; leafets (7 or 8 
pairs) oblong-ovate, partly villous ; stipules sheathing, subulate ; racemes 



LEGUMINOSiE. 83 

on long peduncles ; legume with smooth rugose roundish joints. II. aU 
pinum Mich. 

Mountains. Can. and Penn. N. to Arct. Amer. W. to the Rocky Mountains. 
June, July. %. — Stem 6 — 12 inches high, rather stout. Flowers large, nu- 
merous, purple. Northern Hedysarum. 

18. LESPEDEZA. Mich.— Lespedeza. 

(Dedicated by Michaux to Lespedez, a Spanish governor of Florida.) 

Calyx with 2 bracts at base, 5 -parted ; segments nearly equal. 

Corolla papilionaceous. Keel transversely obtuse. Stamens 

diadelphous (9 and 1). Legume lenticular, compressed-flat, 

not opening, 1 -seeded, unarmed. 

1. L. reticulata Pers. : stem erect, simple, nearly smooth ; leafets oblong- 
linear, obtuse, mucronate, hairy beneath ; fascicles of flowers subsessile, 
numerous ; axillary ones subracemose ; legume ovate, reticulate, acute, 
longer than the calyx. L. sessilijlora, var. Mich. L. angustifolia. Raf. 
L. violacea. Torr. e\- Gr. Hedysarum reticulatum Willd. 

Dry woods. N. J. Penn. W. to 111. Aug. 11-. — Stem 2 feet high, very rarely 
branched. Leafets half an inch to an inch long, 2 lines wide. Flowers in short 
clustered axillary racemes, violet. Reticulated Lespedeza. 

2. L. sessilijlora Nutt. : stem erect, somewhat branched ; leaves on short 
petioles ; leafets oblong-oval, obtuse ; fascicles of flowers subsessile ; axillary 
ones partly racemose ; legume ovate, acute or acuminate, much longer than 
the minute calyx. Hedysarum sessiliflorum Lam. L. violacea Torr. <$• Gr. 

Dry woods. N. Y. to Flor. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept. %.— Stem 2 feet 
high, slender. Leaves hairy beneath. Flowers in subsessile axillary clusters, 
violet. Sessile-flowered Lespedeza. 

3. L. Stuvei Nutt. : stem, simple, erect, softly and sericeously villous ; 
leaves on very short petioles ; leafets elliptic-oval, mucronate ; racemes pe- 
dunculate, scarcely longer than the leaves ; legume pubescent, naked, 
longer than the calyx. 

Sandy fields. N. J. to Louis. W. to Texas. July, Aug. 7J..— Stem 2—3 
feet high, covered with a silky pubescence. Peduncles an inch long. Flowers 
purple, very variable. Stuve's Lespedeza. 

4. L. capitata Mich. : stem erect, simple ; leaves on very short petioles ; 
leafets varying from elliptic to linear, with close-pressed hairs beneath ; spikes 
capitate, on short peduncles; calyx villous, as long as the corolla, with the 
oval legume much longer. L. frutcscens and L. angustifolia Ell. 

Dry woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. Ij.— Stem 2— t feet 
high, straight. Leafets an inch or an inch and a half lung, and 2 — 6 lines wide. 
Floux'rs in oblong or subglobose heads, white or very pale yellow . 

Round-headed Lesped : . 

5. L. poli/stacJria Mich. : stem erect, branched, very villous ; leaves on 
very short petioles ; leafets round-oval, obtuse ; spikes oblong-ovlindrie, the 
peduncles at length much longer than the leaves ; corolla and Legume about 
as long as the calyx. L. hirta Ell. Torr. d> Gr. Hali/sanim hirtum Li'in. 

Dry woods. Can. to Flor. Aug.. Sept. %.. — Stem 2 — 1 feet high Leafets 
about, an inch long. Flowers reddish-while, in dense spikes which are about an 
inch in length. llaini Lesp 



84 leguminos^:. 

6. L. violacea Pers. : diffuse, much branched, somewhat pubescent ; leaves 
on long petioles ; leafets elliptic-obtuse, somewhat hairy ; racemes subum- 
belled, about as long as the leaves ; flowers in pairs, distinctly pedicellate ; 
legume rhomboidal, reticulate and smooth. Hedysarum violaceum Linn. 

Dry woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. July. %.. — Stem long, slender. 
Flowers violet. — Lespedeza divergent of Pursh, is probably only a variety of the 
above, although Mr. Elliott considers it very distinct. " It is," he says, distin- 
guished by much larger leaves on much longer petioles, its stem is much more 
diffusely branched, the peduncles long, with the flowers scattered and distinctly 
racemose." Torrey and Gray include under this species L. divergens Pursh. 
L. frustescens Linn, (not of ELI.) L. sessilifiora Mich., and L. reticulata Pers. 

Violet-flowered Lespedeza. 

7. L. procumbens Mich. : slender, procumbent, with the branches assur- 
gent, everywhere pubescent ; leaves on long petioles ; leafets oval, obtuse, 
mucronate ; racemes short, subumbellate, on long erect axillary peduncles, 
few-flowered; legume orbicular-ovate, pubescent. Hedysarum Lespedeza 
Lam. 

Sandy woods. Mass. to Flor. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept. %.—Stem 2—3 
feet long, densely pubescent. Flowers purple, tinged with violet. 

Procumbent Lespedeza. 

8. L. repens Torr. <$* Gr. : minutely pubescent or nearly smooth, dif- 
fusely procumbent ; leafets oval or obovate-elliptical, the uppermost ones 
emarginate ; petioles mostly very short ; peduncles axillary, elongated, few- 
flowered ; legume nearly orbicular. L. repens Bart. L. prostraia Pursh. 
Hedysarum repens Linn. 

Sandy fields. Can. to Geor. W. to Ken. July, Aug. %. — Stem 2 feet or 
more long, very slender. Flowers violet, smaller than in the last. 

Slender Lespedeza. 

19. VIC1A. Linn Vetch. 

(A name derived from a Celtic term, signifying Vetch.) 

Calyx tubular, 5 -cleft or 5 -toothed ; two upper teeth shorter. 
Corolla papilionaceous. Stamens diadelphous. Style filiform, 
bent at a right angle with the ovary, bearded beneath the stig- 
ma. Legume oblong, many-seeded. 

* Flowers on peduncles. 

1. V. Car oliniana Walt.: smoothish; leafets 8— 10, elliptical-lanceolate, 
subalternate, obtuse, mucronate ; stipules ovate-lanceolate, entire ; pedun- 
cles many-flowered, as long as or longer than the leaves ; flowers distant ; 
teeth of the calyx short ; style villous at the top ; legume lanceolate, smooth, 
obliquely veined. V. parvifiora Mich. 

Borders of woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Ken. May, June. %.—Stem long 
and climbing. Flowers small, white or pale blue. Standard black at the tip. 

Carolina Vetch. 

2. V. Americana Muhl. : leafets 8—12, elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse, smooth, 
mucronate ; stipules semisagittate, deeply toothed ; peduncles 4 — 8-flowered, 
shorter than the leaves. 

Woods. Can. to Penn. W. to the Rocky Mountains. June. %.~Stem 
1—3 feet long, slender, somewhat. 4-angled. Flowers pale purple, three-fourths 
of an inch long. American Vetch. 



LEGUMINOS.E. 85 

3. V. Cracca Linn. : stem branching ; leafets numerous, oblong, alternate 
and opposite, mucronate, pubescent; stipules semisagittate, linear, nearly 
entire ; peduncles many-flowered, as long as or longer than the leaves ; 
racemes crowded, secund ; teeth of the calyx unequal ; upper ones very 
short ; lower ones shorter than the tube ; styles hairy at the top ; legume 
oblong, coriaceous, compressed, smooth. 

Woods and meadows. Can. to Penn. W. to Ken. June, July. %.. — Stem 
2 — 3 feet long, slender. Leafets 10 — 12 pairs, an inch long, 1 — 3 lines wide. 
Flowers 10 — 20 in a raceme, pale purple. Tufted Vetch. 

4. V. tetrasperma Loisel : smooth ; leafets 4 — 6, oblong ; stipules lance- 
olate, semisagittate; peduncles mostly 2-flowered ; legume oblong, smooth, 
mostly 4-seeded. V. pusilla Mwhl. Ervum tetraspermum Linn. 

Fields, &c. Can. to Penn. May, June. (T). — Stem 1 — 2 feet long, very 
slender, 4-angled. Leafets half an inch long, rather obtuse, with a fine point. 
Flowers white or bluish-white, very small, sometimes 3 or 4 together. 

Slender Vetch. 
** Mowers nearly sessile. 

5. V. sativa Linn. : leafets 6 — 12, ovate-oblong or linear-oblong, retuse, 
mucronate, more or less pilose beneath; stipules semisagittate, toothed, with 
a dark spot beneath ; flowers mostly in pairs, subsessile ; calyx cylindric ; 
segments linear-lanceolate, nearly equal ; style bearded at the top ; legume 
compressed. 

Fields. Can. to Car. June. (J). — Stem 1 — 2 feet high, erect or decumbent. 
Flowers half an inch long, pale purple. A very variable species. Introduced 
from Europe. Common Vetch. 

20. ERVUM. Linn.— Tare. 

(From the Celtic erw, a ploughed field, of which it is the pest. Hook. Br. Fl.) 

Calyx 5-cleft ; segments linear, acute, nearly equalling the 
corolla. Stigma glabrous. Legume oblong, 2 — 4-seeded. 

E. hirsutum Linn.: leafets linear or linear-oblong, truncate or retuse, 
mucronate ; stipules semisagittate, narrow ; peduncles 3 — 6-flowered, about 
as long as the leaves; segments of the calyx linear-lanceolate, equal, longer 
than the tube ; legume oblong, compressed, hairy, finely reticulate ; seeds 
globose, variegated. Vicia Mitchclli Raf. 

Fields. N. Y. to Car. May, June. (T).—Stcm 2—3 feet, long, much branched, 
and diffuse. Leafets 8 — 20, about half an inch long and a line or two widc- 
Flowers very small, bluish-white. Introduced I Hairy Tare. 

21. LATHYRUS. Z//>m._Vetchling. 
(From \a9vpos ; a leguminous plant of Theophrastus.) 
Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft ; two upper lobes shorter. Corolla 
papilionaceous. Stamens diadclphous. Style flat, bent at a 
right angle with the ovary, dilated at the summit, villous or pu- 
bescent on the upper side. Legume oblong, many-seeded, 
2-valved, 1-celled. Seeds globose or angled. 

1. L. viaritimus Big.: smooth; stem stout, at length decumbenl ; leafets 
4 — G pairs, oval or slightly obovate; stipules cordate-hastate, nearly as 



86 LEGUMINOS.E. 

large as the leafets ; peduncles 6 — 10-flowered, shorter than the leaves ; 
legume oblong, somewhat falcate. L. pisiformis Hook. Pisum maritimum 
Linn. 

Sandy shores. Labrador to N. Y. W. to Oregon and California. Oneida 
Lake and Long Island, N. Y. June. July. %.— Plant pale green. Stem 1—2 
feet long. Flowers large, purple and blue. Beach Pea. 

2. L. venosus Muhl. : stem square, naked ; leaves pinnate ; leafets 5 — 7 
pairs, ovate-oblong, obtuse, subopposite, mucronate, smooth, veined ; stipules 
small, semisagittate, ovate; peduncles many-flowered, shorter than the 
leaves. 

Low meadows. Can. to Geor. W. to California. July, Aug. %.. — Leafets 
large. Flowers purple. Veiny-leaved Veichling. 

3. L. palustris Linn. : stem smooth, winged, weak ; leafets in 3 pairs, 
oblong, somewhat coriaceous, mucronate; stipules semisagittate, acute; 
peduncles 3 — 5-flowered, a little longer than the leaves ; segments of the 
calyx unequal, sublinear, as long as the tube ; legume compressed. 

Low grounds. Can. to Penn. W. to Oregon. June, July. %. — Stem 2 — 3 
feet long, climbing. Leafets varying in width. Flowers pale purple. 

Marsh Veichling. 

4. L. myrtifolius Muhl. : stem weak, flexuous, square ; leafets 2 — 3 pairs, 
oblong-lanceolate, somewhat obtuse, mucronate, rigid, smooth, veined ; 
stipules semisagittate, lanceolate, acuminate, scabrous on the margin ; pe- 
duncles 3 — 6-flowered, longer than the leaves. 

Salt marshes. N. Y. and Penn. July, Aug. %.. — Resembles the former, 
but usually has a more slender stem, and broader leafets and stipules. Flowers 
smaller, purple, and rose-colored. Myrtle-leaved Veichling. 

5. L. ochroleucus Hook. : plant smooth, pale, and somewhat glaucous ; 
leafets in 3 — 4 pairs, ovate, obtuse, mucronate, reticulate beneath ; stipules 
large, broad-o\ate, acuminate ; peduncles 4 — 10-flowered, shorter than the 
leaves ; legume compressed, smooth. L. glaucifolius Beck Bot. 1st. Ed. 

Banks of streams. Arct. Amer. to N. Y. and N. J. May, June. %. — Stem 
slender, 1 — 2 feet long, often nearly erect. Leafets one and a half to two inches 
long, and an inch wide. Flowers large, pale yellow. When 1 introduced this 
plant as a new species into the former edition of this work, I was not aware 
that it had already been described under another name by Dr. Hooker. 

Cream-colored Veichling. 

22. AMPHICARPJSA. Ell— Hog-Nut. 

(From the Greek ajxcpi, loth, and Kapnos, fruit ; producing fruit both above 
and under ground.) 

Flowers of two kinds ; the one perfect and petaliferous, but 
often sterile ; the other imperfect, but usually fertile. Perfect 
Fl. — Calyx tubular- campanulate, 4-toothed, without bracts at 
the base. Standard incumbent and partly folded round the 
other petals. Style smooth. Stigma small, capitate. Le- 
gume linear-oblong, stipitate, compressed, 3 — 4-seeded. Im- 
perfect Fl. — Corolla none or with the rudiment of a standard. 
Stamens either wanting, or 5 — 10. Legume obovate, 1 — 2- 
seeded, usually maturing below the surface of the ground. 



LEGUMINOS^E. 87 

A. rnonoica Tort, fy Gr. : racemes of the petaliferous flowers nodding ; 
teeth of the calyx short and broad, somewhat triangular ; bracts shorter 
than the pedicels. A. rnonoica and A. sarmentosa Ell. Glycine rnonoica, 
comosa and bracleata Linn. 

Woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Louis. July, Aug. %. — Stem slender, twi- 
ning, 3 — 8 feet long, more or less hairy. Leaves ternate ; leafets rhombic or 
oblong-ovate. Flowers pale purple, in shortly peduncled racemes, some of them 
under ground and imperfect. Common Hog-nut. 

23. APIOS. BoerL— Ground-Nut. 
(From the Greek amos, a. pear ; in allusion to the form of its tuberous roots.) 
Calyx campanulate, obscurely 2 -lipped ; the upper lip of 2 
short rounded teeth. Standard very broad, with a longitudinal 
fold in the centre, reflexed. Keel long, falcate, and with the 
stamens and style at length spirally twisted. Legume some- 
what terete, slightly falcate, many-seeded. 
A. tuberosa Maznch. Glycine Apios Linn. 

Low grounds. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. July, Aug. %. — Root producing 
oval tubers about half an inch in diameter. Stem 4 — 8 feet long, slender, 
climbing. Leafets mostly in fives, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, on short hairy 
petioles. Flowers in short oval racemes, purple and green. 

Ground-nut. Wild Bean. 

24. PHASEOLUS. Linn.— Kidney Bean. 

(From the Latin phaselus, a little boat ; on account of the form of the legume.) 

Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft or 5-toothed ; the two upper teeth 

more or less united. Keel, stamens and style, spirally twisted, 

or rarely incurved. Legume linear or falcate, more or less 

compressed, many-seeded. 

1. P. perennis Walt. : stem twining, pubescent; leafets ovate, acuminate, 
3-nerved ; racemes solitary or somewhat clustered, simple or somewhat 
branched, longer than the leaves; legume pendulous. P. paniculatus 
Mich. Dolichos polystachyos Linn. 

Dry woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. July. 7L-— Stem 4—10 feet long, 
climbing. Leafets 2 — 3 inches long. Flowers purple, in numerous racemes 
which are from 4 — 10 inches long. Wild Kidney Bean. 

2. P. divcrsifoliiis Pers. : stem prostrate ; leafets broad-ovate, angular, 
2 — 3-lobed ; peduncles angled, longer than the leaves ; flowers in heads ; 
bracts ovate ; legume linear, terete, subpendulous, pubescent, — 7-seeded. 
P. trilobus Mich. Strophostylcs angulosa Ell. Glycine angtolosa Muhl. 
in Willd. 

Woods. Can. to Flor. Aug. (fl — Stem prostrate and a little scabrous, 
2 — 6 feet long. Leafets more or less distinctly 3-lobed. Flowers 4 — S. purple, 
on peduncles 4 — 6 inches long. Variotts-h\ivcd Kidney Bean. 

3. P. kelvolus Linn. : stem slender, hairy backwards ; leafets ovate, ob- 
long, usually entire, about the length of the petiole ; stipules lanceolate; 
peduncles slender, 3—0 times as long as the leaves; flowers few. in heads ; 



88 LEGUMINOS^E. 

legume narrow-linear, 7— 10-seeded, slightly pubescent ; seeds pubescent. 
P. vexillaius and P. kelvolus Pursh. Strophostyles helvola and £. peduncu- 
lar is Ell. 

Sandy fields. N. Y. to Flor. W. to Miss. July, Aug. %— Stem 3—4 feet 
long, prostrate or climbing. Leqfets rarely 3-lobed. Flowers purple, 3 — 5 on a 
very long peduncle. Pale-red Kidney Bean. 

25. LUPINUS. Linn.— Lupine. 

(From the Latin lupus, a wolf; because it was supposed to destroy the fertility 
of the soil.) 

Calyx deeply bilabiate ; the upper lip 2-cleft ; the lower 
entire, or 3 -toothed. Standard with the sides reflexed. Wings 
united at the top. Keel acuminate. Anthers 5 roundish and 
5 oblong. Style filiform. Stigma small, capitate, bearded. 
Legume oblong or linear, torulose, coriaceous, many-seeded. 

L. perennis Linn. : perennial, somewhat, hairy ; leaves digitate ; leafets 
7 — 11, obovate-oblong or oblanceolate, rather obtuse, mucronate, smoothish 
above, a little hairy beneath ; flowers scattered in a long loose raceme ; 
bracts shorter than the pedicels ; upper lip of the calyx emarginate, lower 
one nearly entire ; legume linear-oblong, very hairy. 

Sandy woods. Can. to Flor. N. to Arct. Amer. W. to Miss. May, June. 
%. — Stem 12 — 18 inches high, erect or somewhat decumbent. Leafets usually 
8 or 9, digitately arranged. Flowers purplish-blue, large, in a terminal spike or 
raceme which is 6 — 10 inches long. Common Lupine. 

Suborder II. CJESALPINEjE. 

Petals imbricated in aestivation, the uppermost interior. 

26. GLEDITSCHIA. Linn.— Honey Locust. 
(In honor of Gleditsch, a German botanist of the last century.) 

Flowers by abortion imperfect or perfect. Sepals 3-4-5, 
equal. Petals as many as the sepals, arising from the tube of 
the calyx. Stamens as many as the sepals and opposite them, 
or by abortion fewer; style short; stigma pubescent above. 
Legume compressed, 1- or many-seeded. Seeds oval, com- 
pressed. 

G. triacanthos Linn. : branches spiny ; spines thick, simple or triple and 
compound ; leaves equally pinnate ; leafets linear-oblong ; legume com- 
pressed-flat, falcate, many-seeded. G. triacanthos and brachycarpa Pursh. 

Woods. N. Y. to Geor. W. to Miss. July. — A tree sometimes attaining the 
height of 40 or 50 feet, with very long spines. Leafets three-fourths of an inch 
long, nearly smooth. Flowers in axillary racemes, greenish. Legume 10 — 15 
inches long, many-seeded, the intervals between the cells of the seeds filled with 
a saccharine pulp. The tree is sometimes unarmed, when it forms the var. 
inermis of De Candolle. Three-thorned Honey Locust. 



LEGUMINOS.E. 89 



27. GYMNOCLADUS. Lam.— Coffee Tree. 

(From the Greek yvixvog, naked, and kAuJoj, a branch ; in allusion to the naked 
appearance of this tree in winter.) 

Flowers by abortion dioecious. Calyx tubular, 5 -cleft. Pe- 
tals 5, equal, oblong, exserted from the tube. Stamens 10, in- 
cluded. Legume oblong, very large and thick, pulpy inside. 

G. Canadensis Mich. 

Can. N. Y. W. to Ark. May, June. — A middle-sized tree with few branches. 
Leaves very large, (1 — 3 feet long,) bipinnate ; leafets oval, acuminate, slightly- 
pubescent. Flowers white, in racemes. Legume large, dark-brown. Seeds 
half an inch in diameter. Canadian Coffee Tree. 

28. CASSIA. Linn.— Cassia. 
(Said to have been derived from a Hebrew term Latinized by Cassia.) 
Sepals 5, scarcely united at base, somewhat unequal. Pe- 
tals 5, unequal. Stamens 10, free, unequal ; 3 lower ones 
longer ; 4 middle ones short and straight ; 3 upper ones usually 
abortive. Anthers opening at the apex. Legume terete or 
compressed, many-seeded. 

1 . C. Marylandica Linn. : stem erect ; leafets in 6 — 9 pairs, ovate-oblong, 
mucronate, equal ; gland at the base of the petiole ovate ; racemes axillary, 
many-flowered, shorter than the leaves ; legume compressed, linear, hispid, 
at length smooth. 

Banks of streams. N. Eng. and N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. %.. 
— Stem 3 — 4 feet high, smooth or somewhat pubescent. Flowers yellow, large, 
in axillary racemes which appear paniculate at the summit of the stem. Me- 
dicinal ; a tolerable substitute for the senna of the shops. Big. Med. Bot. i. 166. 

Wild Senna. 

2. C. fasciculata Mich. : nearly smooth ; leafets in 8 or 9 pairs, oblong- 
linear, mucronate ; gland near the middle of the petiole sessile ; fascicles 
lateral, many-flowered ; petals and stamens of the same color ; legume 
smooth, curved, ascending. 

Dry fields. N. Y. to Car. June — Aug. (T). — Flowers yellow. A doubtful 
species. Fascicled Cassia. 

3. C. nictitans Linn.: stem erect or decumbent, branched; leafets in 
10 — 20 pairs, oblong-linear, obtuse, mucronate ; gland on the petiole cup- 
shaped, on a slender foot-stalk ; racemes lateral, above the axils of the 
leaves, short, few-flowered ; stamens 5 ; legume pubescent. 

Sandy banks of streams. N. Y. to Flor. June, July. tj\ — Stem a foot high. 
Flowers email, yellow, 2 — 3 in a raceme. The leaves are somewhat irritable, 
like the Mimosa or sensitive plant. WUd Sensitive Plant. 

4. C. Chamcccrista Linn. : erect or decumbent; leafets in 10 — 15 pahs, 
linear-oblong, oblique at base, obtuse, mucronate: gland on the petiole cup- 
shaped; fascicles of flowers above the axils of the leaves ; legume sparingly 
hirsute. 

Sandy places. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. June — .Vug. 1,0. — Stem a foot or 
more high. Flowers yellow, larger than in the preceding ; sometimes the ban 
of all the petals are spotted. Partridge Feu. 



90 DRUPACE.E. 

29. CERCIS. Linn.— Red Bud. 
(From the Greek Kepnis, a weaver's shuttle ; being the form of the legume.) 

Calyx 5-toothed, gibbous at base. Petals 5, with claws, 
subpapilionaceous, all distinct. Wings larger than the stand- 
ard. Stamens 10, free, unequal. Legume oblong, compressed, 
1- celled, many-seeded; upper seminiferous suture margined. 
Seeds obovate. 

C. Canadensis Linn. : leaves roundish-cordate, acuminate, villous in 
the axils of the nerves; legume on short foot-stalks; flowers in small 
fascicles. 

Banks of streams. N. J. to Flor. W. to Miss. April. — A small tree with 
grayish-brown bark. Flowers appearing before the leaves, of a dark rose-color. 
Legume about 3 inches long, acute at each end. Judas Tree. Red Bud. 

Order XXXVIII. DRUPACE^E.— Almonds. 

Calyx 5-toothed, deciduous, the odd lobe superior. Petals 
5. Stamens about 20, arising from the throat of the calyx. 
Ovary superior, solitary ; styles terminal, with a reniform stig- 
ma. Fruit a drupe. Seeds mostly solitary, without albumen. — 
Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple leaves. Stipules simple, 
mostly glandular. Flowers white or pink. 

1. PRUNUS. Linn.— Plum. 
(The Latin name for n plum.) 

Calyx urceolate, hemispherical ; limb 5 -parted, deciduous. 
Petals spreading. Stamens numerous. Drupe ovate or oblong, 
fleshy, very smooth, covered with grayish dust; stone com- 
pressed, acute at both ends, subsulcate at the margin, elsewhere 
smooth. 

1. P. maritima Wang: low ; branches seldom thorny ; leaves oval, ovate 
or obovate, acuminate, sharply serrate ; petioles usually with 2 glands ; 
flowers few, on short pedicels, umbellate ; drupe subglobose. P. acuminata 
Mich. P. littoralis Big. Cerasus pubescens and C. pygmcea D. C. 

Sandy sea-coast. Mass. and N. Y. to Ala. April, May. T7. — Stem 2 — 5 feet 
high. Drupe often as large as the common garden- plum and eatable, but some- 
times smaller and astringent ; the two kinds being sometimes on the same stem. 

Beach Plum. Sand Plum. 

2. P. Americana Marsh : branches somewhat thorny ; leaves ovate- 
oblong, ovate or obovate, acuminate, sharply and often doubly serrate, 
at length smooth ; umbels 2 — 5-flowered ; drupe roundish oval. P. nigra 
Ait. P. mollis Torr. Fl. N. fy M. S. P. hiemalis Mich. Cerasus nigra 
and hyemalis D. C. 

Banks of streams. Arct. Amer. toGeor. Louis, and Texas. April, May. T^.— 



DRUPACEiE. 91 

Stem 8 — 15 feet high, much branched. Leaves rather coarsely serrate. Flov;ers 
white, preceding the leaves. Drupe an inch or a little less in diameter, with a 
yellow pulp, and thick tough skin. Red Plum. Yellow Plum. 

3. P. spinosa Linn. : branches thorny ; peduncles solitary ; calyx cam- 
panulate; lobes obtuse, longer than the tube; leaves obovate-elliptic or 
ovate, pubescent beneath, coarsely and doubly dentate ; drupe globose. 

Hedgerows. Penn. k>. — Introduced. Pursk. Black Thorn or Sloe. 

2. CERASUS. Juss.— Cherry. 

(The name of an Asiatic town, whence the cherry is said to have been de- 
rived.) 

Flowers as in the preceding. Drupe globose or umbilicate 
at base, fleshy, very smooth, destitute of gray powder ; nucleus 
subglobose, smooth. 

* Flowers umbelled : pedicels l-flowei'ed, arising from the buds. 

1. C. pumila Mich.: depressed or prostrate ; leaves obovate-lanceolate, or 
oval, acute or obtuse, serrulate, smooth, glaucous beneath; umbels sessile, 
few-flowered ; drupe ovoid. C. depressa D. C. Prunus pumila Willd. 

Banks of streams. Hudson's Bay to Virg. W. to Miss. May. rj . — Stem 
trailing, the branches 3—20 inches high. Drupe dark-red, eatable. 

Sand Cherry. 

2. C. Pennsylvania D. C. : leaves oval or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 
smooth and shining when old, mostly with 2 glands at the base ; umbels 
subsessile. somewhat corymbose, many-flowered ; drupe ovoid-subglobose. 
C. borealis Mich. Prunus borealis Pursh. P. Pennsylvania and lance- 
olata Willd. 

Woods. Subarct. Amer. to Virg. W. to the Rocky Mountains. April, May. — 
A small tree, with reddish bark. Leaves 2 — 5 inches long. Drupe small, red 
and astringent. ♦ Bird Cherry. 

** Flowers racemose, arising from the branches. 

3. C. Virginiana D. C. : leaves broad-oval or somewhat obovate, ab- 
ruptly acuminate, often subcordate, toothed, smoothish ; petioles with 2 — 1 
glands; racemes short, erect or spreading; drupe subglobose. C. obovata 
Beck Bot. 1st. Ed. Prunus Virginiana Linn. P. obovata Big. P. scro- 
tina Pursh. 

Woods. Hudson's Bay to Flor. April, May. — A small tree or low shrub, 
with gray branches. Fruit a quarter of an inch in diameter, dark-rod when ripe, 
very astringent. Choke Cherry. 

4. C. serotina D. C. : leaves oval-oblong or lance-oblong, acuminate, 
smooth and shining above, bearded along the midrib beneath, finely ser- 
rate ; petiole mostly with 2 or more glands; drupe globose. C. Virginiana 
Mich. Prunus serotina Willd. 

Woods. Can. to Flor. May. June.— A tree 30—00 feel high : blanches 
spreading. Flowers in long racemes, which are at length pendulous. Drupe 
dark purple, about as large as in the preceding, slightly bitter. The wood is 
close-grained, and very valuable for cabinet work. Wild Cherry. 



92 ROSACEA. 



Order XXXIX. ROSACEA.— Roseworts. 

Calyx 4 or 5-lobed, with a disk either lining the tube or sur- 
rounding the orifice. Petals 5, equal, or none. Stamens usu- 
ally indefinite. Ovaries superior, solitary or several, 1 -celled ; 
styles lateral. Fruit 1 -seeded nuts, achenia, or follicles contain- 
ing several seeds ; albumen none. — Herbaceous plants or shrubs, 
with simple or compound leaves. 

1. SPIRAEA. Linn.— Spiraea. 

(Supposed to be from the Greek vneipa, a cord; in allusion to its flexible 

branches.) 

Calyx 5-cleft, persistent. Petals 5. Stamens 20 — 50. Car- 
pels 3 — 8, distinct, rarely united at base, short apiculate, sessile, 
rarely stiped. Seeds 2 — 15. 

* Shrubby. Leaves lobed and toothed. 

1. $. opulifolia Linn. : leaves ovate, often subcordate, 3-lobed, doubly 
toothed and crenate, petioled, smoothish ; corymbs umbel-like, hemispherical, 
peduncled; pedicels filiform; carpels 3—5, at length spreading, much 
longer than the calyx. 

Banks of streams. Can. to Geor. W. to Oregon. May, June. Vi.—Stem 
3 — 6 feet high, much branched. Flowers numerous, white, in corymbs which 
are about two inches in diameter. Calyx and pedicels pubescent. Nine-bark. 

** Shrubby. Leaves entire or toothed. 

2. £'. corymbosa Raf. : leaves oval or ovate, on short petioles, whitish be- 
neath, incisely serrate toward the apex ; corymb terminal, pedunculate, 
compound, fastigiate, somewhat leafy ; carpels 3 — 5, smooth. S. chamcB- 
drifolia Pursh. 

Mountains of Penn. S. to Geor. W. to Ken. May, June. \i.—Stem 18 
inches high, slightly pubescent. Leaves nearly smooth above, pale beneath. 
Flowers pale rose-color, in a compound pedunculate corymb. 

Corymbose Spir&a. 

3. &. salicifolia Linn. : stem and peduncles glabrous ; leaves lanceolate 
or obovate, simply or doubly serrate, smooth ; racemes in dense terminal 
compound panicles ; carpels 5, distinct, not inflated, scarcely twice as long 
as the calyx. S. alba Ehrh. S. hypericifolia Muhl. according to Torr. 
<$- Gr. 

Meadows. Arct. Amer. to Geor. June, July. \i.—Stem 3—5 feet high, the 
branches purple and brittle. Leaves varying in form, usually acute, but some- 
times obtuse. Flowers white or reddish-white. Meadow Sweet. 

4. 5". tomentosa Linn. : stem and peduncles reddish tomentose ; leaves 
ovate-lanceolate, unequally serrate, densely tomentose beneath ; racemes 
terminal, compound, crowded ; carpels 5, woolly. 

In low grounds. Can. to Geor. July, Aug. Yi.—Stem 2—3 feet high, cov- 



rosacea. 93 

ered with a loose wool. Flowers small, pale purple, in a very dense elongated 
conical raceme. Hard-hack. Steeple-bush. 

*** Herbaceous. Leaves pinnate. 

5. S. Aruncus Linn. : leaves twice or thrice pinnate, shining ; leafets 
lanceolate-oblong, acuminate ; the terminal ones ovate-lanceolate, sharply 
and incisely doubly serrate ; flowers very numerous; carpels 3 — 5, smooth. 
S. Aruncus var. Americana Pursh. 

Mountains. N. Y. to Geor. W. to Miss. June. %.—Stem 4—6 feet high. 
Leaves very large. Flowers white, small, in slender terminal spikes. 

Goat's Beard. 

6. S. lobata Jacq.: leaves palmate-pinnate, smooth, lower ones bipin- 
nate ; terminal leafet much larger and 7-lobed ; lateral leafets 3-lobed ; the 
lobes all serrate, mostly incised or toothed ; flowers in a compound cymose 
panicle ; sepals reflexed ; carpels 6 — 8, smooth. 

Moist grounds. Penn. to Car. W. to Mich, and Ken. June, July. %. — 
Stem 5 — 8 feet high, angled. Flowers in an imperfect cyme, deep rose-color, 
large. Lobe-leaved Spircea. 

2. GILLENIA. Maincli— Indian Physic. 
(Etymology uncertain.) 

Calyx tubular-campanulate, contracted at the mouth, 5 -cleft. 
Petals 5, linear-lanceolate, somewhat unequal, coarctate at the 
claws. Stamens 10 — 20, mostly included. Styles filiform. 
Carpels 5, distinct, 2-valved. 

1. G. trifoliata Maznch : leaves ternate; leafets lanceolate or obovate- 
lanceolate, acuminate, serrate ; stipules small, subulate-linear, entire. *S^n- 
rcea trifoliata Linn. 

Shady woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. ; rare. June. %. — Stem 2 — 3 
feet high. Flowers white or pale rose-color, few, in a terminal panicle. Medi- 
cinal; emetic, &c. Big. Med. Bot. iii. 11. 

Indian Physic. Bowman's Root. 

2. G. stipulacea Nutt. : radical leaves pinnatifid ; cauline ternate ; leafets 
incisely serrate ; stipules foliaceous, ovate, incisely toothed and clasping. 
Spircea stipulata Muhl. 

Western part of N. Y. D. Thomas. S. to Car. and Louis. W. to Miss. June. 
1L — Stem 2 — 3 feet high, branching. It resembles the former, but can readily 
be distinguished by its large clasping stipules. It possesses nearly the same 
medicinal properties. Anurican Ipecacuanha. 

3. DRYAS. Linn.— Dryas. 

(Said to be derived from the Greek tyvs, the oak; on account of a distant 
similarity between their leaves.) 

Calyx 8 — 9-parted, naked without ; tube somewhat concave. 
Petals 8 — 9. Stamens numerous. Carpels numerous, orowned 
by a terminal style, at length terminating* in a bearded plumose 
awn. 

D. integri folia Vahl. : leaves oblong-ovate, broader at base, entire or very 
slightly toothed at the base; sepals linear. 1). tcnella Pursh. 



94 ROSACEA. 

White Hills, N. H. N. to Labrador. July. %.— Flower white, on a termi- 
nal peduncle. Scarcely distinct from D. octopetala Linn. 

Entire-leaved Dryas. 

4. GEUM. Linn. — Avens. 

(From the Greek ycva), to yield an agreeable flavor ; the root of one species 
being aromatic.) 

Calyx concave ; limb 5-cleft, with 5 small external bracts 
alternating with the segments. Petals 5. Stamens numerous, 
inserted into the disk that lines the base of the calyx. Carpels 
iii a head, awned by the persistent styles. 

1. G. strictum Ait.: hairy; radical and lower leaves interruptedly pin- 
nate ; upper cauline ones 3 — 5- foliate; the leafets rhombic-ovate, acute, 
sharply toothed and incised ; stipules large, incised ; petals roundish, longer 
than the calyx. C. Canadense Murr. 

Swamps. Can. N. Y. and New Eng. Aug. %-. — Stem 2 — 4 feet high, 
simple. Radical and lower leaves on long petioles, the upper nearly sessile. 
Flowers large, yellow, in a loose dichotomous panicle. Yellow Avens. 

2. G. Virginianum Linn. : pubescent ; radical leaves pseudo-pinnate or 
ternate ; upper simple, lanceolate, incisely serrate ; stipules subovate, entire 
or incised ; petals cuneate-obovate, shorter than the calyx. G, album 
Willd. 

Woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. June, July. 91.— Stem 2—3 feet high, 
smooth, or pubescent. Radical leaves on long petioles. Flowers white or pale 
yellow, on peduncles 1 — 3 inches long terminating the branches, at first some- 
what nodding, at length erect. Virginian Avens. 

3. G. macropMjllum Willd. : hispid ; radical leaves lyrately and inter- 
ruptedly pinnate ; cauline with 2 — 4 minute lateral leafets, the terminal one 
large roundish and 3-parted ; stipules nearly entire ; petals obovate, a little 
longer than the calyx. 

White Mountains. N. H. N. to Arct. Amer. W. to the Pacific. June, 
July. %.. — Stem 1 — 2 feet high, very hispid. Leaves sometimes nearly smooth. 
Flowers yellow, intermediate in size between G. strictum and Virginianum. 

Long-leaved Avens. 

4. G. rivale Linn. : pubescent ; stem simple, 1 — 4 flowered ; radical 
leaves interruptedly pinnate ; cauline ternate or 3-lobed ; petals broad ob- 
cordate-spatulate, emarginate, about as long as the calyx ; carpels in a 
stipedhead, very hairy; upper joint of the style plumose. 

Moist places. Can. to Penn. W. to the Rocky Mountains. May, June. 91.. — 
Stem 18 inches or 2 feet high, nearly simple, somewhat pilose. Radical leaves 
on very long petioles. Flowers large, purple, nodding. Water Avens. 

5. G. trifiorum Pursh. : stem nearly naked, softly pubescent, about 
3-flowered at the summit ; radical leaves interruptedly pinnate, the petioles 
hairy ; leafets cuneiform-oblong, deeply incised and toothed ; bracts longer 
than the segments of the calyx ; styles very long and filiform in fruit, 
plumose. Sieversia trijlora R. Brown. 

On rocks. Watertown, Jefferson county, N. Y. ; very rare. Dr. Crawe. 
White Mountains, N. H. W. to the Rocky Mountains. N. to Labrador. May, 
June. 94-. — Stem 4 — 6 inches, in fruit 12 — 15 inches high, with two opposite 



ROSACEA. 95 

small laciniate leaves near the middle. Radical leaves numerous. Flowers at 
first nodding. Calyx purple. Petals yellowish white. Three-flowered Averts. 

6. G. Peckii : somewhat hairy ; stem paniculately branched above, 
several-flowered, scarcely leafy ; radical leaves lyrate-pinnate ; the terminal 
leafet veiy large, roundish reniform, somewhat truncate at base ; lateral 
ones minute ; petals obovate-roundish, twice as long as the ovate-triangular 
segments of the calyx. Sieversia Peckii R. Broivn. 

White Mountains. N. H. Prof. Peck. July, Aug. %.. — Stem a foot or more 
high, with 3 or 4 small sessile incised leaves. Flowers terminal and solitary at 
the end of each branch or peduncle, yellow, middle-sized. Peek's Averts. 

5. COMAROPSIS. Rich.— Dry Strawberry. 

(From the Greek, Ko^apog, the ancient name of & strawberry, and oxpis, appear- 
ance ; on account of its resemblance to the strawberry.) 

Calyx with the tube turbinate, the limb 5-cleft, not bracted. 
Petals 5, without claws. Stamens numerous. Capsule small, 
with an elongated filiform style at the apex. Achenia 2 — 6, 
dry, not united at base. 

C. fragarioides D. C. : leaves radical, ternate ; leafets broad wedgeform, 
toothed and incised ; scapes 3 — 5-flowered ; petals much larger than the 
segments of the calyx ; carpels hairy. Dalibarda fragarioides Mich. 
Puish. Waldsteinia fragarioides Torr. <$• Gr. 

Shady woods. Can. to Geor. May. %. — Root creeping. Scape 3 — i inches 
high, with a small leafy bract below the middle. Leaves on long petioles. 
Flowers yellow. Dry Strawberry. 

6. RUBUS. Linn. — Raspberry and Blackberry. 
(Said to be from the Latin ruber, red.) 

Calyx concave or flattish at base, naked, 5 -parted. Petals 
5, deciduous. Stamens numerous, inserted into the border of 
the disk. Berry composed of many pulpy carpels aggregated 
on a spongy receptacle, persistent or deciduous. 

§ 1. Berry concave beneath and falling away f ram the dry receptacle ichai 
ripe. (Raspberry.) 

* Leaves simple. 

1. 7?. odoratus Linn. : hispid with glandular hairs ; stem erect, branched ; 
leaves large, 3 — 5-lobed ; the lobes acute or acuminate, unequally serrate ; 
peduncles many-flowered, compound ; sepals long, acuminate, shorter than 
the obovate-roundish petals. 

Rocky places. Can. to Geor. June. T;>. — Stem 3—4 feet high. Flowers 
large, purple. Fruit broad and flat, yellowish or red when ripe, scanty, but 
well-flavored. It is often abortive. Flowering Raspberry. 

2. R. Chamccmorus Linn.: dioecious; stem creeping at base, simple, 1- 
flowcred, somewhat pubescent, unarmed; leaves cordate-reniform, plicate, 
5-lobed, serrate, the lobes rounded; sepals ovate, obtuse, shorter than the 
spreading obovate petals. 



96 ROSACEA. 

Sphagnous swamps. Lubeck, Maine. White Mountains, N. H. Oakes. N. to 
Arct. Amer., from Greenland to Behring's Straits. June, July. %. — Flower 
large, white. Fruit red, well-flavored, composed of few and large carpels. 

Cloud Berry. 

** Leaves compound. 

3. R. trifiorus Richardson : unarmed ; stem suffrutescent at base, as- 
cending ; leaves ternate or pedate-quinate, on slender petioles ; leafets mem- 
branaceous, rhombic-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute at both ends, coarsely- 
serrate or incised, the terminal one petiolate ; peduncle terminal, 1 — 3-fiow- 
ered ; sepals lanceolate, refiexed, shorter than the spatulate-oblong petals. 
R. saxatilis /? Canadensis Mich. R. saxatilis Big. 

Moist woods and hills. Hudson's Bay to Penn. June, fy — Stem a foot or 
more high, and with the branches often rooting at the extremity, minutely pu- 
bescent. Flowers white. Fruit small, reddish-purple, usually sour. 

Dtcarf Raspberry. 

4. R. sirigosus Mich.: stem erect, suffruticose, strongly hispid; leaves 
ternate or quinate ; leafets oblong-ovate, acuminate, incisely serrate, white 
tomentose beneath, the terminal one often subcordate; peduncles 4 — 6- 
flowered ; sepals spreading, nearly as long as the petals. R. Pennsylvani- 
cus Lam. 

Rocky places. Subarct. Amer. to Virg. W. to Oregon. May. \\. — Stem 
reddish- brown, shining. Flowers white. Fruit red, richly flavored. This 
species has probably been confounded with R. Idceus, which is not a native. 

Red Raspberry. 

5. R. occidentalis Linn. : somewhat smooth, armed with strong hooked 
prickles ; leaves ternate, rarely quinate ; leafets ovate, acuminate, coarsely 
or incisely serrate, hoary tomentose beneath ; terminal peduncles several- 
flowered ; petals obovate-wedgeform, shorter than the refiexed sepals. 

Woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Oregon. May — July. \\. — Stem 5 — 8 feet long, 
pparingly branched. Flowers white, 1 — 3 on axillary peduncles, in terminal 
leafy racemes. Fruit roundish, dark purple, almost black, sweet and well-fla- 
vored. Black Raspberry. Thimble Berry. 

% 2. Fruit persistent on the somewhat juicy receptacle. (Blackberry.) 

6. R. villosus Ait. : prickly ; stem angular, and with the branches, pe- 
duncles and lower surface of the leaves tomentose-villous and glandular ; 
leaves ternate and pedate-quinate ; leafets ovate or oblong-ovate, mostly 
acuminate, doubly or unequally serrate, the terminal one petiolate and 
subcordate ; flowers in elongated terminal racemes ; sepals acuminate, 
much shorter than the obovate spreading petals. 

var. frondosus Torr. : much less glandular, smoother ; flowers fewer, 
corymbose, with leafy bracts. R. frondosus Big. 

Fields and woods. Can. and throughout the U. S. May, June. J£. — Stem 
erect, (4 — 8 feet high.) or reclined. Flowers white, numerous. Fruit ovoid- 
oblong, sometimes acute, half an inch to an inch in length, purple or nearly 
black when ripe, sweet and well-flavored. High Blackberry. 

7. R. Canadensis Linn, : stem procumbent or trailing, somewhat prickly ; 
leaves ternate or pedate-quinate, smooth or pubescent ; leafets oval, rhom- 
bic-ovate or lanceolate, sharply and unequally serrate, often incised ; flow- 
ers in racemes or somewhat corymbed, with leafy bracts ; sepals mucronate, 



ROSACEA. 97 

half as long as the petals. R. procumbens MvM. R. irivialis Pursh. not 
of Mich. R.flagellaris Willd. 

Rocky woods. Can. toVirg. May, June. I7. — Stem trailing or procumbent, 
ascending at base. Flowers white, smaller than in the preceding. Fruit round- 
ish or oblong, half an inch to an inch in diameter, black, sweet and juicy. 

Low Blackberry. Dewberry. 

8. R. Mspidus Linn. : stem slender, prostrate, and with the petioles and 
peduncles armed with retrose bristles or weak prickles ; leaves ternate or 
pedate-quinate ; leafets somewhat coriaceous, obovate, coarsely and un- 
equally serrate, entire towards the base, smoothish ; flowers in corymbs or 
racemes, without bracts ; sepals spreading, half the length of the obovate 
or oblong-obovate petals. R. obovalis Mich. R. sempervirens Big. 

Wet woods and swamps. Can. to Car. May, June, I7. — Stem profusely 
trailing, with short erect branches. Flowers white, small. Fruit composed of 
a few large grains, blackish, sour. Trailing Swamp Blackberry. 

9. R. setosus Big. : stem reclining, armed with weak prickles ; branches 
setose at the apex ; leaves ternate or quinate, on long petioles ; leafets obo- 
vate-wedgeform, simply serrate, smooth ; flowers in racemes, with bristly 
pedicels ; petals obovate-wedgeform, longer than the sepals. R. hispidiis 
var. setosus Torr. fy Gr. 

Swamps. Can. and Mass. Big. June. ?<j. — Flowers white. Fruit red, 
small. Bristly Raspberry. 

10. R. trivialis Mich. : sarmentose procumbent, bristly, at length prickly ; 
leaves ternate or pedate-quinate ; leafets ovate-oblong or lanceolate, mostly 
acute, sharply serrate, nearly smooth ; peduncles 1 — 3-fiowered ; petals 
broad-obovate, more than twice as long as the refiexed sepals. R. hispidiis 
Willd. 

Dry woods. Penn. to Flor. W. to Texas. March — May. T^ . — The leaves 
are more coriaceous and often smaller than in any other N. American species, 
the young stems very hispid as well as prickly, the flowers large in proportion, 
on long-hispid or prickly peduncles. Torr. <$- Gr. Stem sometimes with erect 
branches. Fruit large, black. Low Bush Blackberry. 

1 1 . R. cuneifolius Pursh. : low, armed with stout recurved prickles ; 
leaves ternate and pedate-quinate ; leafets wedgeform-obovate, somewhat 
coriaceous, entire at base, subplicate, pubescent-tomentose beneath, ter- 
minal one petiolate ; peduncles few-flowered ; petals obovate, much longer 
than the tomentose oblong mucronate sepals. R. parvijlarus Walt. 

Sandy fields. N. Y. to Flor. May, June. 1? .—Stem 1—3 feet high. Leaves 
rarely quinate. Flowers white. Print ovoid, black, juicy, eatable. 

Sand Blackberry. 

7. DALIBARDA. Ldim.— DaJibarda. 

(In honor oiDalibard, a French botanist of the last century.) 
Calyx with the tube, short, concave : limb 5 — 6-cIeft, naked 
without ; lobes dentate. Petals 5, sessile, deciduous. Sta- 
mens many. Ovaries 5 — 10, with short terminal styles. Ache- 
ma few, dry, adhering to the calyx. 

D. repens Linn. : stem creeping ; leaves simple, cordate, crenate-dentate ; 

5 



98 ROSACEiE. 

stipules laciniate ; peduncles 1-flowered ; sepals not bristly. D. viokeoides 
Mick. Rubus Dalibarda Linn. 

Moist shady places. Can. N. Eng. N. Y. and Penn. June — Aug. 1L. — 
Stem herbaceous, creeping and rooting. Leaves on long petioles, with a deep 
and often closed sinus at the base. Flowers solitary, white, on lonsj nearly 
radical peduncles. Creeping Dalioarda. 

8. FRAGARIA. Tourn.— Strawberry. 
(From the Latin fragrans ; on account of its fragrant fruit.) 

Calyx with the tube concave, 5 -cleft, and with 5 bracts with- 
out, (or 10-cleft.) Petals 5. Stamens many. Carpels naked, 
fixed on a long pulpy deciduous receptacle. Style lateral. 

1. F. Virginiana Linn. : leafets broad-oval, smoothish above, the late- 
ral ones distinctly petioled ; peduncles usually shorter than the leaves ; fruit 
ovoid; achenia imbedded in the receptacle. F. Canadensis Mich. 

Fields and meadows. Throughout the U. S. Can. and Arct. Amer. tolat. 64°. 
May. 11. — Flowers white. F. Canadensis Mich, is the larger form of this spe- 
cies, and appears in some situations to be quite constant. Tbis is the case at 
Little Falls, N. Y. Wild Strawberry. 

2. F. vesca Linn. : lobes of the leaves plicate, thin, pilose beneath ; pe- 
duncles usually longer than the leaves; fruit conical or hemispherical; 
achenia superficial. 

Fields. N. S. Subarct. Amer. and N. W. Coast. April, May. %^-Mare 
stoloniferous than the former, and the carpels not imbedded in the receptacle. 
There are several cultivated varieties. Common Strawberry. 

9. POTENTILLA. Linn.- Cinquefoil. 
(From the Latin potens, powerful ; in allusion to its supposed medicinal virtues.) 

Calyx with the tube concave ; limb 4 — 5-cleft, 4 — 5-bracted 
without (or 8— 10-cleft). Petals 4—5, obtuse or obcordate. 
Stamens many. Carpels many, roundish, rugose, naked, fixed 
to a small dry receptacle. 

* Leaves ternate or quinate-palmate. 

1 . P. Norvegica Linn. : hirsute ; stem erect, dichotomous above ; leaves 
ternate-palmate ; leafets lanceolate or obovate, simply and doubly serrate ; 
stipules lanceolate ; flowers numerous, subcorymbed and axillary ; petals 
obovate, slightly emarginate, shorter than the calyx. P. hirsute Mich. 

Old fields and pastures. Can. to Car. N. to Arct. Amer. June— Au<*, (J).— 
Stem 1—2 feet high, hirsute, at length more or less branched. Lowerleaves'on 
petioles 1—4 inches long. Flowers yellow, in leafy corymbs at the top. and on 
long solitary peduncles below. Norway Cinquefoil. 

2. P. tridentata Ait. : stems ascending, woody and creeping at base ; 
leaves ternate-palmate; leafets obovate-wedgeform, coriaceous. 3-toothed 
at the end, pale pubescent beneath ; stipules lanceolate, acuminate ; co- 
rymb loose, few-flowered ; petals oblong-ovate, longer than the calyx. 

Mountains. Arct. Amer. to Car. June, July. %.—Stem 4—10 inches hi<rh. 
Leafets sometimes 4— 5-toothed. Flowers 6—8 in the summit of each stem, 
white or reddish-white. Three-toothed Cinquefoil. 



ROSACEA. 99 

3. P. Canadensis Linn. : silky- villous ; stem procumbent and ascend- 
ing, somewhat branched ; leaves quinate-palmate ; leafets obovate-wedge- 
form, acutely dentate ; stipules lanceolate, somewhat obtuse ; peduncles 
solitary, elongated ; lobes of the calyx linear-lanceolate, acute, nearly 
equalling the obovate or obcordate petals. P. simplex Mich. P. sarmen- 

tosa mm. 

Fields and woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. April — Aug. %. — Stems at 
first short, but at length 12 — 18 inches long. Leaves white, villous when young. 
Flowers yellow, on slender axillary peduncles. Quite variable. Five-finger. 

4. P. minima Haller : stem ascending, pubescent, mostly 1-flowered ; 
leaves ternate ; leafets obovate, very obtuse, smooth except on the margin 
and veins beneath, incisely serrate towards the apex ; petals obcordate, 
longer than the calyx. 

Near the summit of the White Mountains, N. H. June, July. %. — Root 
fusiform Stems 1 — 3 inches high. Leaves crowded. Flowers small. 

Small Cinque/oil. 

5. P. argentea, Linn. : stem ascending or erect, tomentose ; leaves qui- 
nate-palmate ; leafets obovate-wedgeform, deeply incised, revolute on the 
margin, smooth above, canescent beneath; flowers numerous, corymbed; 
lobes of the calyx lanceolate, shorter than the obovate petals. 

Fields. Can. and throughout the U. S. June — Sept. '2J-. — Stems numerous, 
4 — 10 inches long, somewhat woody at base. Leaves green above. Flowers 
yellow, small, in spreading corymbs. Silvery Cinquefoil. 

** Leaves pinnate. 

6. P. fruticosa Linn. : stem fruticose ; leaves pinnate, hirsute or silky; 
leafets oblong-lanceolate, very entire, approximate ; stipules lanceolate, 
membranaceous, acute ; flowers in corymbs, large ; petals longer than the 
calyx. P. fruticosa and P. fioribunda Pursh. 

Margins of swamps. N. S. N. to Arct. Amer. W. to the Rocky Mountains. 
June — Sept. — A shrub about 2 feet high, much branched and hairy. Leaves 
numerous, on short petioles. Flowers numerous, large, yellow. 

Shrubby Cinquefoil. 

7. P. supina Linn.: stem decumbent, herbaceous, dichotomous; leaves 
pinnate ; leafets obovate or oblong, somewhat glabrous, more or less toothed ; 
peduncles axillary, solitary, 1-flowered ; segments of the calyx triangular- 
lanceolate ; petals as long as the calyx. P. paradoxa Xnlt. in Torr. $ Gr. 

Overflowed banks of streams. Can. and Penn. From the Ohio to Oregon. 
Nutt. June — Aug. (V). — Flowers small, yellow. Perhaps not a native of our 
section. Decumbent Cinque/oil. 

8. P. Anserina Linn.: stem filiform, rooting; leaves interruptedly pin- 
nate; leafets ovate-oblong, incisely and acutely serrate, smooth above, silvery 
canescent beneath; stipules many-cleft; peduncles scape-like, as long as 
the leaves, axillary, solitary; lobes of the calyx lanceolate, entire, half as 
long as the obovate petals. 

Wet meadows. N. S. N. to Arct. Amer. W. to Oregon. June. '1\ . — Stems 
long, reddish, with a tuft, of leaves and one or more pedicels at each joint. 
Leaves sometimes white and silky on both sides. Flowets bright yellow. 

Silver- wee,!.' ]Ydd Tansey. 

9. P. Pennsi/lran/ca Linn.: whole plant white tomentose; stem herba- 
ceous, erect; leaves interruptedly pinnate ; leafets oblong, obtuse, pinnatitid 



100 ROSACEA. 

or pinnateiy incised ; stipules lanceolate, somewhat laciniate ; flowers in 
corymbose panicles; segments of the calyx somewhat acute, as long or a 
little longer than the corolla ; petals obcordate. P. arguta Lehm. not of 
Pursh. 

N. S. ? Can. and throughout British America. W. to the Rocky Mountains. 
June. %. — Stem 1 — 2 feet high. Flowers pale yellow. According to Torrey 
and Gray this species is not found within the limits of the U. S. east of the Mis- 
sissippi. They represent it as being very variable. Northern Cinque/oil. 

10. P. arguta Pursh. : erect, simple, pubescent ; leaves unequally pin- 
nate; leafets roundish, ovate or somewhat rhomboid, incised or doubly ser- 
rate, outer ones larger ; stipules rhomboidal, toothed or entire ; flowers ter- 
minal, in a crowded corymb. P. conjkrtijlora Lehm. Geum agrimonoidcs 
Pursh. Bootia sylvestris Big. 

Banks of streams. Can. to Penn. W. to the Rocky Mountains. June, July. 
%.. — Stem 1 — 3 feet high, erect, nearly simple, branched above and with the 
petioles peduncles and calyx covered with a brownish and glandular pubes- 
cence. Flowers erect, at first in dense corymbs, at length paniculate. Calyx 
with the five alternate segments smaller. Petals ochroleucous or white. 

Close-Jlov)ered Cinque/oil. 

11. P. Comarum D. C: root creeping; stem ascending; leaves pinnate, 
upper ones ternate ; leafets lanceolate, acutely serrate ; petals lanceolate, 
acuminate, much shorter than the calyx. P. palustris Lehm, Comarum 
palustre Linn. Torr. <$* Gr. 

In swamps. N. S. N. to Arct. Amer. June, July. %-. — Stem 18 inches high, 
nearly simple. Leaves petioled, with 5 — 6 leafets. Flowers large, purple, on the 
upper part of the stem. Marsh Cinque/oil. 

10. SIBBALDIA. Linn.— Sibbaldia. 

(In honor of Robert Sibbald ; a vmter upon the natural history of Scotland, 
of the 17th century.) 

Calyx 10-cleft, with the alternate segments narrower. Petals 
5, minute. Stamens and carpels often 5. Styles 5, proceeding 
laterally from the germ. Capsules 5, indehiscent, in the bottom 
of the calyx, 1 -seeded. 

S. procumbens Linn. : leaves ternate ; leafets cuneate, tridentate, smooth 
above, hairy beneath ; flowers corymbed ; petals lanceolate, acute, shorter 
than the calyx. 

High mountains. Can. and Ver. Pursh. Labrador and the summits of the 
Rocky Mountains. July. T7 . — A small procumbent plant, with the habit of Po- 
tenlilla tridentata. Petals yellow, sometimes wanting. Stamens 5 — 7. Pistils 
5 — 10. Procumbent Sibbaldia. 

11. AGRIMONIA. Linn. 

(Corrupted from Argemone, a name given by the Greeks to a plant supposed to 
cure cataract, called apyrj^a.) 

Calyx turbinate, covered with hooked bristles, 5 -cleft, infe- 
rior, with 2 bracteoles at the base. Petals 5. Stamens 12 — 15, 
inserted with the petals upon the calyx. Achenia 1 — 2, in- 
vested by the hardened calyx. 



ROSACEA. 101 

1. A. Eupatoria Linn.: hairy; leaves interruptedly pinnate; leafets ob- 
long-ovate, crenate-dentate, the terminal one petioled; spike virgate, many- 
flowered, terminal, long and slender ; tube of the calyx bell-shaped, with 
spreading bristles near the middle ; petals twice as long as the calyx ; fruit 
distant, turbinate, hispid, smooth at base. 

Woods and hedges. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. July. %. — Stem 2 feet 
high. Flowers yellow, in a long terminal spike or raceme. 

Common Agrimony. 

2. A. parvifiora Ait : hirsute with brownish hairs ; leaves interruptedly 
pinnate ; leafets numerous, linear-lanceolate, incisely serrate; spike virgate ; 
flowers on very short pedicels ; petals scarcely longer than the calyx ; fruit 
roundish, divaricately hispid. A Eupatoria var. parvifiora Hook. 

Woods. N. J. to Geor. W. to Ken. July, Aug. %.—Stem 4—5 feet high. 
Flowers numerous, in virgate racemes. Petals small, pale yellow. 

Small-flowered Agrimony. 

12. ROSA. Linn.— Rose. 
(From the Celtic rhos ; signifying red.) 

Calyx urceolate, fleshy, contracted at the orifice, terminating 
in 5 segments. Petals 5. Stamens many. Carpels many, 
long, hispid, included in and fixed to the fleshy tube of the 
calyx. 

* Styles cohering in a column. 

1. R. seligera Mich. : stem ascending ; branches glabrous ; prickles few, 
falcate ; leaves ternate, ovate-lanceolate, serrate, pubescent beneath ; stip- 
ules narrow, entire ; peduncles and calyx hispid ; flowers corymbose ; lobes 
of the calyx ovate, short, simple ; styles cohering in a tomentose club- 
shaped column, as long as the stamens ; fruit pisiform. R. rubifolia R. 
Brown. 

Shores of the Western lakes. W. to Miss. July. T? . — Flowers very numer- 
ous, changing from white to different shades of red, sometimes in a large co- 
rymb. When cultivated, it may be trained to a great extent. 

Michigan Rose. 

** Styles free. 

2. R. lucida Ehrh. : prickles straight or slightly recurved ; leafets 5 — 0, 
lanceolate-elliptic, coriaceous, sharply serrate, shining above ; stipules di- 
lated, large, smooth, serrulate ; peduncles somewhat hispid ; segments ot 
the calyx entire, appendaged, spreading but not dcflexed ; flowers mostly 
in pairs ; fruit globose-depressed, hispid or smooth- R. parvifiora Ehrh. 
R. Caroliniana Mich. R. nilida and R. parvifiora Reck Bo!. 1st Ed. 

Borders of swamps. Can. to Geor. W. to Ark. June. July. 1;. — Stem 1 — 3 
or 4 feet high. Flowers rather large, pale red. Vitals oheordate or emargi- 
nate. Fruit small, red. mostly smooth when mature. A very variable species. 

Dwarf Wild Rose. 

3. R. Carolina. Linn.: prickles recurved, often wanting; leafets 5— 9 t 
coriaceous, lanceolate or obqVate, serrulate, approximate, glaucous beneath ; 
stipules long, with an involute margin ; (lowers mostly in corymbs, rarely 
solitary ; lobes of the calyx very long, appendaged, spreading ; fruit do- 



102 POMACEJE. 

pressed-globose, mostly somewhat glandular hispid. R. corymbosa Ekrh. 
R. Pennsylvania Mich. 

Swamps. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June, July. T^ . — Stem 3 — 6 feet high. 
Flowers 5 — 7, in terminal corymbs. Petals large, red, obovate, emarginate. 
Petioles tomentose. A very variable species. Numerous specimens found on 
an island near Troy, N. Y., have the stems uniformly and constantly unarmed, 
except near the root, where there are a few slender prickles. Swamp Rose. 

4. R. blanda Ait. : prickles straight, slender, deciduous ; leafets 5 — 7, 
oval or oblong, obtuse, equally serrate, pale and mostly pubescent beneath ; 
stipules dilated ; flowers 1 — 3, on short smooth peduncles ; lobes of the 
calyx shorter than the petals ; fruit globose. R. gemella Willd. 

Dry hills and rocks. Hudson's Bay to Penn. May, June. %. — Stem 1 — 3 
feet high. Flowers rather large, rose-color. Petals obcordate. Distinguished 
from R. cinnamomea, to which it is allied, by its being more slender and nearly 
unarmed, by the absence of stipular prickles, the smaller bracts and shorter 
sepals as compared with the petals. Ton. § Gr. R. striata is said not to be a 
native of the U. S. Early Rose. 

5. R. rubiginosa Linn. : prickles strong, compressed, uncinate, rarely 
straight; leafets 5 — 7, ovate or somewhat rounded, serrate, more or less, 
especially beneath, glandular and ferriginous ; fruit ovoid or obovate and 
with the peduncles hispid. R. suaveolens Pursh. 

Hedges and road sides. Throughout the U. S. June, July. Tj. — Stem tall 
and slender. Flcnvers solitary or two or three together, pale red. Fruit orange 
red. Sweet-brier. 

Order XL. POMACES. — Appleworts. 

Calyx adherent, 5-toothed. Petals 5, unguiculate. Stamens 
numerous. Disk thin, lining the tube of the calyx, bearing the 
petals and stamens on its margin. Ovaries 1 — 5, adhering 
more or less to the sides of the calyx and each other ; styles 
1 — 5 ; stigmas simple. Fruit a pome, 1 — 5-celled, seldom spu- 
riously 10-celled. Seeds 1 — 2 in each carpel ; albumen none. — 
Trees or shrubs, with alternate, simple or compound leaves. 

1. CRAT^GUS. Linn.— Thorn. 

(From the Greek Kparos, strength ; in allusion to the strength or firmness of 
the wood.) 

Calyx with the tube urceolate, and the limb 5 -cleft. Petals 
5, spreading, orbicular. Stamens many. Styles 1 — 5, glabrous. 
Pome fleshy, or baccate, crowned with the teeth of the calyx, 
containing 1 — 5 bony 1 -seeded carpels, the summit contracted 
or closed by the disk. 

* Leaves serrate or subentire, not lobed. 
1. C. Crus-galli Ait. : leaves obovate-wedgeform, subsessile, shining, 
coriaceous, serrate, entire near the base ; corymbs smooth ; segments of the 



POMACE/E. 103 

calyx lanceolate, smooth, subserrate ; styles 1 — 3 ; fruit ovoid-oblong, some- 
times pyriform. C. lucida Wang. Amur. 

Borders of woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. May, June. — A shrub or 
small tree, much branched, and with long sharp spines. Flowers white, in a 
corymb. Style often solitary. Fruit red. There are several varieties of thia 
species. Cockspur Thorn. 

2. C. punctata Jacq. : leaves obovate-cuneate, smooth, somewhat plaited, 
doubly or incisely serrate ; corymbs and calyx villous - pubescent when 
young ; styles 1 — 3 ; fruit dotted, globose. 

Woods and swamps. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. May. — A small tree with 
rugged branches, usually armed with stout sharp thorns, but sometimes nearly 
unarmed. Leaves light-green, mostly hairy. Flowers white, numerous, in com- 
pound corymbs. Fruit large, red or yellow, eatable, but tough. 

Common Thorn. 

3. C. parvifolia Ait. -. leaves obovate-cuneate, nearly sessile, crenate-ser- 
rate, rarely somewhat incised, pubescent ; flowers subsolitary ; segments of 
the calyx foliaceous, incised, as long as the petals, and with the short pedi- 
cels and branchlets villous ; styles 5 ; fruit roundish-pyrifomi. C. tomen- 
tosa Linn. Mespilus laciniata Walt. 

Sandy woods. N. J. to Flor. April, May. f? . — Stem 3 or 4 — 8 feet high, much 
branched, with a few long and sharp thorns. Flowers white, mostly solitary and 
terminal. Fruit a third to half an inch in diameter, pale greenish-yellow, eat- 
able. Small-leaved Thorn. 

** Leaves incised and more or less lobed. 

4. C. tomentosa Linn. : leaves ovate-elliptic or oval, cuneate and nar- 
rowed at base into a short margined petiole, incisely serrate and sublobed 
towards the apex, smooth above, somewhat tomentose beneath when 
young ; peduncles and calyx villous ; segments linear-lanceolate ; styles 
3 — 5 ; fruit obovoid or pyriform. ( Torr. d> Gr.) C. pyrifoUa Ait. C. flava 
Darlingt. 

Borders of woods. Can. to Car. W. to Ken. May, June. T7 . — Stem 12—20 
feet high, branching; the branches armed with long and sharp thorns. Leaves 
usually large. Flowers white, in large leafy corymbs. Fruit large, orange red, 
eatable, but rather insipid. Tomentose Thorn. 

5. C. coccinea Linn. : leaves roundish-ovate, acutely incised or sublobed, 
sharply serrate, thin and at length nearly smooth, on long slender petioles, 
sometimes a little cordate ; corymbs and calyx pubescent or smooth ; styles 
3 — 5 ; fruit globose. C. gland ulosa Willd. 

Borders of woods. Can. to Flor. and Louis. May. h . — Stan 10 — 20 feet 
high, with spreading rugged branches armed with short slightly-curved thorns. 
Leaves usually cut into 3 or 4 acute or acuminate ungulate lobes on each side. 
Flowers white, in corymbs terminating the young branches. Fruit rather large, 
bright red or purple, eatable. Very variable. Scarlet- fruited Thorn. 

6. C. cordata Ail.: leaves deltoid-ovate and subcordate, on long and 
slender petioles, acuminate, incised and serrate, mostly 3-lobed near the 
base; petioles and calyx without glands ; styles 5 ; fruit depressed-globose. 
P. pop 'nli [folia Purs/i. 

Banks of streams. Washington city to Geor. June. 1;. — Slan\5 — 20 feet 
high, branching; the branches dark purple and armed with long and very 
slender thorns. Leaves often deeply and equally 3-lbbed like those ot* the red 
maple. Flowers white, numerous, in corymbs terminating the branches. FVi ! 
small, bright purple. This species is not known to be a native o{ our district, 



104 POMACES. 

but according to Dr. Darlington it was long since introduced into Chester county, 
Penn., from the neighborhood of Washington city, and is there extensively used 
ill hedging. It is known by the name of Washington Thorn. 

7. C. Oxycantha Linn. : leaves obovate-cuneate, 3 — 5-lobed, incised and 
serrate, smoothish, shining ; petioles and calyx destitute of glands ; seg- 
ments of the calyx acute or acuminate ; styles 1—3; fruit ovoid. 

Road sides, &c. N. S. June. T7 .—Stem 4—10 feet high, much branched ; 
the branches armed with sharp and short tapering thorns. Leaves variously 
lobed, paler beneath. Flowers white, in corymbs. Fruit small, purple when 
mature. Introduced from Europe. English Thorn. Hawthorn. 

2. AMELANCHIER. D. C— June Berry. 
(Amelancier is said to be the Savoy name for A. vulgaris.) 

Calyx 5-cleft. Petals ovate-oblong or oblanceolate. Stamens 
many, rather shorter than the calyx. Styles 5, somewhat 
united at base. Pome, when mature, 3 — 5 -celled. 

1. A. Botryapium D. C. : unarmed ; leaves cordate, oval, conspicuously 
acuminate, pubescent when young, smooth when mature ; flowers in loose 
racemes, appearing before the leaves ; petals linear-lanceolate, four times as 
long as the calyx. A. Canadensis var. Botryapium Torr. fy Gr. Aronia 
Botryapium Pers. Pyrus Botryapium Linn. 

Rocky woods. Throughout the U. S. May. — A small tree. Flowers large, 
white. Fruit dark purple. Common June-berry. Shad-bush. 

2. A. ovalis D. C. : leaves roundish-elliptic or oblong-oval, acute or acu- 
minate, serrate, smooth when mature ; flowers in compact racemes ; petals 
obovate, oblong. A. Canadensis var. oblongifolia and rotundifolia Torr. 
# Gr. Aronia ovalis Pers. Pyrus ovalis Linn. 

Near^ swamps. Can. to Car. N. to lat. 62°. May. — A small shrub. Flowers 
in racemes. Fruit small, nearly black, eatable. Supposed by some botanists 
to be a variety of the preceding, but I am still inclined to believe it distinct. 

Medlar Bush. 

3. A. sanguinea D. C. : leaves oval, obtuse at each end, mucronate, with 
very slender serratures, subcordate at base ; racemes few-flowered ; calyx 
smooth ; petals linear, obtuse. Pyrus sanguinea Pursh. Aronia sangui- 
nea Nutt.. 

Can and Mass. W. to Columbia river. Pursh. May. — A small tree with 
blood-red branches. Berries red, eatable. Ptirsh. Torrey & Gray refer this 
plant, with a mark of doubt, to their A. Canadensis ; while Nuttall, Hooker and 
Lindley, consider it distinct. Red June-berry. 

3. PYRUS. Linn.— Pear. Apple. 

(The Latin name for the pear ; said to be derived from the Celtic peren.) 

Calyx with the tube urceolate, and the limb 5-lobed. Petals 

roundish. Styles often 5, rarely 2 — 3. Pome closed, 5 -celled, 

with a cartilaginous putamen ; cells 2 -seeded. Seeds with a 

cartilaginous covering. 



SANGUISORBACE.E. 105 

* Petals spreading, fiat. Styles 5, nearly united at base. Leaves simple, 
without glands. Malus. 

1. P. coronaria Linn. : leaves broad-ovate, rounded at base, serrate, 
somewhat angulate-lobed, smoothish ; corymbs terminal, few-flowered, on 
long peduncles ; fruit depressed, globose. Malus coronaria Mich. 

In woods. N. Y. to Geor. May. — A tree 15 — 20 feet high. Flowers large, 
fragrant, pale rose-color. Fruit an inch and a half in diameter, pale, greenish- 
yellow, firm and hard, very acid. Crab Apple. 

2. P. angustifolia Ait. : leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute at base, slightly 
crenate-dentate or almost entire, smooth, shining above; flowers in co- 
rymbs ; pedicels smooth. Malus angustifolia Mich. 

In woods. Penn. to Geor. and Louis. March — May. — A tree 15 — 20 feet 
high. Leaves and fruit smaller than in the preceding. 

Narrow-leaved Crab Apple. 

** Petals spreading. Styles 2 — 5. Leaves pinnate. Sorbus. 

3. P. Americana D. C. : leaves pinnate ; leafets 13 — 15, oblong-lan- 
ceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, and with the common petiole at length 
smooth ; flowers in large compound cymes ; fruit globose. Sorbtis Ameri- 
cana Pursh. 

var. microcarpa Torr. <$• Gr. : fruit smaller. P. microcarpa D. C. 
Sorbus microcarpa Pursh. 

Moist woods. Subarct. Amer. to Penn. N. W. Coast. Var. microcarpa on 
high mountains, Virg. and N. Car. Torr. § Gr. May. — A large shrub or small 
tree, (sometimes in Vermont 20—30 feet high,) with the younger branches pu- 
bescent. Flowers very numerous, white. Styles 3 — 5. Fruit somewhat acid, 
bright-red when ripe, remaining on the tree during the winter. 

Mountain Ash. 

*** Petals spreading, with claws. Styles 2 — 5. Leaves simple, glandular 
on the midrib above. Pome turbinate or globose. Adenorachis. 

4. P. arbutifolia Linn. : leaves obovate, oblong or lanceolate, acute or 
acuminate, crenate-serrate, smooth above, veiny beneath, with two rows of 
glands on the midrib ; flowers in corymbs ; fruit nearly globose. 

var. 1. erythrocarpa Torr. tf* Gr.: calyx peduncles and lower surface 
of the leaves tomentose, especially when young ; fruit dark-red. P. arbu- 
tifolia D. C. Aronia arbutifolia Nutt. 

var. 2. melanocarpa Torr. <f* Gr. : calyx peduncles and leaves smooth 
or nearly so ; fruit purplish-black. P. melanocarpa Willd. Aronia arbu- 
tifolia Pers. 

Low woods or bogs. Can. to Geor. May, June. — A shrub 2 — 5 feet high. 
branching. Flowers numerous, reddish-white, in eymes or compound corymbs. 
Fruit 2 or 3 lines in diameter, dark-red or nearly black, sweetish and astrin- 
gent. Choke-berry. 

Order XLI. SANGUISORBAOE.E.— Saxguisorbs. 

Calyx 3 — 5-lobed, with a. thickened tube. Petals none. 
Stamens few or definite. Ovary solitary, simple, enclosed in 
the tube of the calyx : stigma simple or compound. Nut 

^ *5 



106 CALYCANTHACEJi. 

solitary. Albumen none. — Herbaceous plants or under-shrubs. 
Leaves alternate, simple, lobed or compound. Flowers some- 
times polygamous or dioecious. 

1. ALCHEMILLA. Linn.— Ladies' Mantle. 

(From the Arabic alkamelych, alchemy ; from its pretended alchemical virtues.; 

Calyx tubular ; tube somewhat contracted at the top ; limb 
8-parted, the alternate lobes smaller. Petals none. Stamens 
1 — 4. Carpels 1 — 2, with a filiform capitate style on the side, 
at length dry and 1-seeded. 

A. alpina Linn. : leaves digitate ; leafets 5 — 7, lanceolate-cuneate, ob- 
tuse, serrate at the apex, white and silky beneath. 

High mountains. IS". H. and Ver. Pursh. June. July. %. — Flowers white, 
in corymbs. Alpine Ladies' Mantle. 

2. SANGUISORBA. Linn.— Great Burnet. 

(From the Latin sanguis, blood, and sorbeo, to take up or absorb ; from the 
supposed vulnerary properties of the plant.) 

Flowers perfect or rarely polygamous. Calyx 4-cleft, with 
2 — 3 scales at base externally. Petals none. Stamens 4, op- 
posite the calyx segments ; filaments often dilated upwards. 
Achenium dry, included in the hardened 4-winged calyx-tube. 

1. *S*. Canadensis Linn. : leaves pinnate ; leafets ovate-oblong subcor- 
date, coarsely serrate : spikes cyhndric, long ; stamens longer than the 
corolla. S. Canadensis a Torr. fy Gr. 

Wet meadows. Can. to Geor. Aug.. Sept. %. — Stem 2 — 4 feet high. 
Flowers white, in crowded spikes, which are from 2—5 inches long, and termi- 
nate the naked branches. White Great Burnet. 

2. S*. media Linn. : leaves pinnate and with the bracts smooth ; leafets 
ovate, subcordate, toothed ; spikes ovate-cylindric ; stamens scarcely longer 
than the corolla. &. Canadensis, (3 Torr. fy Gr. 

Wet meadows, principally on the mountains. Can. to Geor. W. to Oregon 
and N. W. Coast. Aug., Sept. %. — The spikes shorter than in the former, and 
tinged with red. Pursh. Short-spiked Great Burnet. 

Order XLII. CALYCAOTHACEoE.— Calycaxths. 

Sepals and petals confounded, indefinite, imbricated, com- 
bined in a fleshy tube. Stamens indefinite, inserted into a 
fleshy rim at the mouth of the tube. Ovaries several, simple. 
Nuts enclosed in the fleshy tube of the calyx, 1-seeded. Albu- 
men none. — Shrubs with square stems. Leaves opposite, sim- 
ple. Flowers axillary, solitary. 



GNAGRACEjE. 107 



CALCYANTHUS. Linn.— Allspice-Shrub. 

(From the Greek naXv^, a calyx, and apQos, a,Jlower ; the calyx resembling a 
corolla.) 

Lobes of the calyx in many rows, imbricate, lanceolate, col- 
ored, all more or less coriaceous or fleshy. Stamens about 12, 
unequal, deciduous, the outer ones fertile. 

C. Icevigatus Willd. : lobes of the calyx lanceolate ; leaves oblong or 
oval, gradually acuminate, somewhat rugose, smooth and green on both 
sides ; branches straight, erect. C. Jloridus, y Icevigatus. Torr. ty Gr. 
C. ferax Mich. 

Mountains. Penn. ? to Geor. March —June. I7 . — Stem 4 — 6 feet high. 
Leaves opposite, entire. Flowers large, solitary, terminal. Calyx brownish pur- 
ple. Common in gardens. Sweet-scented Shrtth. Carolina Allspice. 

Order XLIII. ONAGRACEJK.— Onagrads. 

Calyx tubular ; the limb usually 4-lobed. Petals usually 4. 
Stamens 4 or 8, inserted into the calyx. Ovary mostly 4-celled ; 
style filiform ; stigma capitate or 4-lobed. Fruit baccate or 
capsular, many-seeded. Seeds without albumen. — Herbaceous 
plants or shrubs. Leaves simple, alternate or opposite. Flowers 
axillary or terminal, of various colors. 

1. EPILOBIUM. Linn.- Willow Herb. 

(From the Greek mi, upon, Xc/?oj, a pod ; the flower being at the apex of a 
long pod.) 

Calyx with a long 4-sided tube ; limb 4-parted, deciduous. 

Petals 4. Stamens 8, the 4 alternate a little shorter. Stigma 

clavate, or with 4 spreading or revolute lobes. Capsule linear, 

obtusely 4-sided, 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded. Seeds 

crowned with a tuft of hairs. 

1. E.spicatum Lam.: stem tall, terete, smooth, branched above; leaves 
scattered, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, sparingly denticulate, veined ; 
flowers large, pedicelled, in a terminal spike; petals clawed. oDOVatej sta- 
mens unequal, declined, (torr. # Gr.) E. angustifoliwm Linn. 

Swamps and moist woods. Can. to Penn. N. to Arot. Amor. W. to Oregon. 
July. 94 .—Stem 3—5 feet high. Flower* purple, in a terminal Leafless spike or 
raceme which is often a foot long. Spiked N Stow efcro. 

2. E.cohratum Muhl.: stem terete, branched, pubescent ; loaves mostly 
opposite, lanceolate, serrulate, petiolate, smooth, with colored veins, upper 
ones alternate; flowers small, axillary, near the extremity of the branches- 
petals 2-clcft at the apex ; capsule pedicellate, slightly pubescent. E 
gonum Pursh. not of Linn. 



108 onagrace^e. 

Wet grounds. Arct. Amer. to Geor. W. to Oregon. July, Aug. %.—Stem 
1—3 feet high, much branched, often purplish. Flowers small, purplish, some- 
times nearly white. Colored Willow Herb. 

3. E. palustre Linn. : stem terete, branched, somewhat hirsute ; leaves 
lanceolate, rather acute, attenuate at base, nearly sessile, sparingly toothed 
or entire, the lower ones opposite ; petals about twice the length of the 
calyx; stigma undivided; capsule pubescent. E. rosmarifolium Pursk. 
E squamatum Nutt. 

Sphagnous swamps. Labrador to Penn. W. to Oregon. Aug., Sept. %.— 
Stem 1 — 2 feet high, slender, at length much branched. Flowers pale purple 
or white. Marsh Willow Herb. 

4. E. tetragonum Linn. : stem 4-sided, nearly smooth ; leaves opposite, 
lanceolate-oblong, denticulate, lower ones slightly petioled; petals emargi- 
nate ; stigma clavate ; capsule pedicellate. 

Low grounds. Can. to Car. July. %. — Stem 2 feet high, branched, smooth. 
Flowers small, pale red, in terminal racemes. Perhaps not a native of the 
Northern States. Square-stalked Willow Herb. 

5. E. molle Terr. : densely and softly pubescent ; stem terete, erect ; 
leaves alternate and opposite, crowded, sessile, lanceolate or oblong-linear, 
remotely denticulate or entire ; petals deeply emarginate, twice as long as 
the calyx ; stigma large and thick ; capsule pedicellate. E. strictum Muhl. 

Sphagnous swamps. N. Y, N. J., and Penn. Aug., Sept. %. — Stem 18 — 20 
inches high, simple or branched above. Flowers axillary in the upper part of 
the stem, pale purple. Soft Willow Herb. 

6. E. alpinum Linn. : stem creeping at the base, usually marked with 
2 pubescent lines ; leaves opposite, ovate or ovate-oblong, slightly petioled ; 
denticulate, smooth ; stigma entire ; capsule mostly pedicellate. 

Mountains. Essex county, N. Y. Torr. "White Mountains, N. H. Big. N. 
to Arct. Amer. July. %.. — Stem G — 10 inches high, slender, simple. Flowers 
small, pale purple. Alpine Willow Herb. 

2. GAURA. Linn.— Gaura. 
(From the Greek yapo;, superb ; on account of its showy spikes of flowers.) 

Calyx tubular, adnate to the ovary at base ; segments 4, re- 
flexed ; tube deciduous. Petals mostly 4-clawed, somewhat 
unequal. Stamens usually 8. Fruit 4-angled, dry and inde- 
hiscent, by abortion mostly 1 -celled, 1 — 4-seeded. Seeds 
naked. 

G. biennis Linn. : stem herbaceous, erect, hairy, mostly purplish ; leaves 
alternate, sessile, lanceolate, toothed ; flowers numerous, sessile, in terminal 
spikes ; fruit roundish, slightly 4-angled, pubescent. 

Banks of streams. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss, July, Aug. ®.—Slem 2 — 5 
feet high. Flowers dark rose-colored, sessile, in terminal spikes. 

Biennial Gaura. 

3. OENOTHERA. Linn.— Evening Primrose. 

(Said to be derived from the Greek oivos, wine, and drjpa, hunting ; but the ap- 
plication is uncertain.) 

Calyx with a long 4-sided or 8-ribbed deciduous tube ; seg- 



ONAGRACE^. 109 

merits 4, reflexed. Petals 4, equal. Stamens 8. Stigma 4- 
lobed or capitate. Capsule 4-valved, many-seeded. Seeds 
naked. 

* Capsule elongated, 4-sided, sessile. 

1. CE. biennis Linn. : stem erect, mostly simple, usually hairy; leaves 
alternate ovate-lanceolate, repandly denticulate, acute, pubescent, lower 
ones on short petioles ; capsule sessile, obtusely 4-angled, somewhat turgid. 
CE. mnricata Murr. (E. parviflora Linn. CE. grandijiora Ait. 

Fields. Subarct. Amer. to Flor. W. to Ark. and Oregon. June, Aug. (I) 
and (§), — Stem 2 — 5 feet high. Flowers yellow, variable in size, in a terminal 
leafy spike 3 — 12 inches long. Petals obcordate. 

Common Evening Primrose. 

2. CE. sinuata Linn. : pubescent or villous ; stem ascending or decum- 
bent ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, nearly entire, sinuate-toothed or pinna- 
tifid ; calyx and ovary villous ; capsule cylindric or somewhat prismatic, 
elongated. CE. minima Pursh. 

Sandy fields. N. J. to Flor. W. to Miss. May, June. %..—Stem 1—6 
inches high, simple or branching from the base. Flowers small, axillary, sessile, 
pale yellow. Petals obcordate. Sinuate-leaved Evening Primrose. 

** Capsule obovate-clavate, angular, mostly pedicellate. 

3. CE. frulicosa Linn. : hairy or nearly smooth ; stem erect, simple or 
branched ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, slightly toothed ; petals 
obcordate; capsules oblong-clavate, 4-winged, longer than the pedicels. 
CE. ambigua Spreng. CE. hybrida Mich. CE. incana Nuit. 

Shady woods. N. Y. to Flor. W. to Ohio. July. %.—Stem 1—3 feet 
high. Leaves sessile or slightly petioled. Flowers large, pale yellow, in a pe- 
duncled corymb. Varies much in the amount of pubescence. Sun Drop. 

4. CE. riparia Nvitt. : slightly pubescent ; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, 
attenuate at base and somewhat petioled, remotely denticulate or entire ; pe- 
tals slightly obcordate ; capsules subsessile, oblong-clavate, sometimes shorter 
than the pedicels, slightly 4-winged, with 4 intermediate ribs. 

Swamps and banks of streams. Quaker Bridge, N. J. to Flor. June. July. 
(g). — Stem 2 — 3 feet high, often vigalely branched. Leaves rather thick, some- 
what pubescent on the midrib and margin. Flowers large, yellow, somewhat 
produced towards the summits of the branches. Swamp Evening Primrose. 

5. CE. linearis Mich. : stem erect or decumbent at base, slender and 
often branched ; leaves narrow-lanceolate or linear, remotely denticulate or 
entire, tapering at base ; capsule clavate, turbinate or obovate, mostly pu- 
bescent or canescent, with the alternate angles slightly winged above. 

Dry sandy grounds. Montauk Point, Long Island, N. Y. (the decumbent 
variety. Torr. § Gr.) to Flor. and Louis. April — July. %. I — Stem 10 inches 
to 2 feet high. Flowers rather large, yellow, somewhat corymbose at the ex- 
tremity of the branches, but not in an elongated spike like those of (K. pitmila. 

Narrow-leaved livening Primrose. 

6. CE. chrysantha Mich. : pubescent; stem ascending; leaves lanceolate, 
rather obtuse, entire or slightly toothed, the radical ones obovate-spatulate ; 
petals broad-obovate, emarginate ; capsule clavate-oblong, pedicelled. the 
alternate angles narrowly winged. 

Rocky grounds. Hudson's Bay to near Niagara Falls. 



110 ONAGRACE^E. 

(Torr. fy Gr.) %, (Pursh.) — Stem about a foot high, slender, smooth and pur- 
plish towards the summit. Flowers small, orange-yellow, in a terminal some- 
what crowded spike. Perhaps not distinct from the next. 

Orange-flowered Evening Primrose. 

7. (E. pumila Linn. : minutely pubescent ; stem ascending ; leaves lan- 
ceolate or oblong-lanceolate, mostly obtuse, attenuate at base, entire, the 
radical ones obovate-spatulate ; petals obcordate; capsule oblong-clavate, 
nearly sessile, 8-angled. CE. pusilla Mich. 

Dry fields. Hudson's Bay to Car. July. (g). {Torr. $ Gr.)—Stem 6—12 
inches high, mostly simple. Flowers small, pale yellow, in a loose elongated 
leafy spike. Low Evening Primrose. 

4. ISNARDIA. Linn.— Isnardia. 
(In honor of Antoine oVIsnard ; a French botanist.) 

Tube of the calyx ovate or subcylindric, short, adhering to 
the ovary ; limb 4 -parted, persistent. Petals 4, often minute 
or wanting. Stamens 4. Style filiform, deciduous. Stigma 
capitate. Capsule short, 4-sided, 4-valved, many-seeded. 

* Petals 4. I.udwigia. 

1. I. alternifolia D. C. : stem erect, branched, nearly smooth ; leaves al- 
ternate, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, somewhat scabrous on the margins 
and under side ; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered ; lobes of the calyx large, 
ovate, acuminate ; capsule obovoid-globose 4-cornered, the angles winged. 
Ludwigia alternifolia Linn. Torr. $• Gr. L. macrocarpa Mich. 

Swamps. Can. to Flor. July. %. — Stem 2 — 3 feet high, often purplish. 
Flowers large, yellow, on short peduncles. Alternate-leaved Isnardia. 

2. /. unifiora. : stem straight, simple ; leaves alternate, lanceolate, acute, 
smooth ; flower terminal ; petals longer than the calyx. Ludwigia uni- 
fiora Raf. 

Swamps. N. J. — This seems to be sufficiently distinct. Dr. Torrey, how- 
ever, suggests that it is a variety of the former. Single-flowered Isnardia. 

3. I. hirtella: hirsute; stem erect, scarcely-angled; leaves alternate, 
ovate-oblong, sessile, upper ones narrower ; peduncles 1-flowered, axillary ; 
capsule villous, globose, 4-angled, the angles slight winged. I. hirsuta 
Pursh. Ludwigia hirtella Raf. 

Ditches and pools. N. J. to Flor. July, Aug. %■■—> Stem 1—2 feet high, 
simple or sparingly branched. Flowers bright yellow, axillary. 

Hairy Isnardia. 

** Petals very minute or none. Isnardia. 

4. I. sphczrocarpa D. C. : stem erect, nearly smooth, much branched ; 
leaves narrow-lanceolate, mostly acute, attenuate at base ; flowers solitary, 
axillary, or clustered towards the summit of the branches ; capsule turbi- 
nate-globose, obscurely 4-sided, canescent. Ludwigia sphcerocarpa Ell. 

In water. Near Peekskill, N. Y. to Flor. July, Aug. %.—Stem about 2 
feet high, reddish. Flowers in somewhat compound leafy spikes. Petals none. 

Round-fruited Isnardia. 

5. I. palustris Linn. : stem prostrate, creeping, glabrous ; leaves opposite, 



HALORAGACE^E. Ill 

ovate-lanceolate, tapering at base, petioled, smooth ; flowers axillary, soli* 
tary, sessile ; capsule subovate, slightly angled. Liidwigia nitida Midi. 
L. palustris Ell. 

Stagnant water. Throughout the U. S. June — Oct. %. — Stem succulent, 
purplish. Flowers very small. Petals none. Water Purslane. 

5. CIRCiEA. Linn. — Enchanter's Nightshade. 

(From the enchantress Circe, either from the prettiness of its flowers, or as 
some say, from its growing in damp, shady places, where plants used for incan- 
tations are found. Hook. Br. Fl.) 

Calyx short ; limb bipartite. Petals 2, obcordate. Stamens 
2, alternating with the petals. Stigma emarginate. Capsule 
obovate, hispid with hooked hairs, 2-celled, 2-valved, 2-seeded. 

1 . C. Lutetiana, var. Canadensis Linn. : stem erect, pubescent ; leaves 
ovate, slightly cordate, acuminate, toothed, opaque, longer than the petiole. 
C. Canadensis MvM. 

Moist woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. 94-. — Stem a foot and 
a half high, smooth, simple. Flowers in a long terminal raceme, reddish-white. 
Fruit reflexed. Common Enchanter's Nightshade. 

2. C. alpina Linn. : stem ascending, nearly smooth ; leaves cordate, 
shining, coarsely toothed, the lower ones about as long as the petiole. 

Moist shady places on mountains. Can. to Car. July. %. — Stem 3 — 8 inches 
high, somewhat diaphanous. Leaves very thin and delicate. Flowers and fruit 
as in the preceding, but smaller. Many botanists consider the two as varieties 
of one species. Alpine Enchanter's Nightshade. 

Order XLIV. HALORAGACE^E.— Hippurids. 

Calyx with a minute limb. Petals 3 or 4, inserted into the 
calyx, or none. Stamens as many as the petals or fewer. 
Ovary adhering to the calyx, 1 or more celled ; style none ; 
stigmas as many as the cells. Fruit dry, indehiscent, mem- 
branous or bony, 1 or more-celled. Seeds solitary, pendulous. 
— Herbaceous plants or under-shrubs, growing in wet places, 
with alternate, opposite or whorled leaves. Flowers sessile, 
occasionally monoecious or dioecious. 

1. PROSERPINACA. Linn.— Mermaid Weed. 
(From the Latin proserpo, to creep ; the stems creeping and rooting at the base.) 
Tube of the calyx adhering to the triquetrous ovary ; limb 3- 
parted. Petals none. Stamens 3. Stigmas 3, sessile upon the 
top of the ovary. Fruit bony, 3-sided, 3-celled. 

1. P. palustris Linn.: upper leaves linear-lanceolate, serrate; lower 
ones often pinnatifid or pectinately-incised : fruit angular, acute. P. pa> 
luslris var. a. Mich. 

Wet places. Can. to Flor. July, Aug. %. — Stem a loot and a half lon£. 



112 HALORAGACE.E. 

the lower part usually submerged. Floivers mostly solitary, sometimes 2 — 4 
together, very small, nearly sessile. Stigmas purplish. 

Common Mermaid Weed. 

2. P. pectinacea Lam. : leaves all pinnatifid-pectinate ; fruit large, an- 
gular, obtuse. P. palustris var. /? Mich. 

Sandy swamps. Mass. to Flor. Aug. %. — Distinguished from the former, 
by having the leaves all finely pectinate and the fruit with rather obtuse in- 
stead of acute angles. Pectinate Mermaid Weed. 

2. MYRIOPHYLLUM. Linn.— Water Milfoil. 

(From the Greek [ivpios, myriad, and fvWov, a leaf: in allusion to the minute 
divisions of the leaf.) 

Flowers monoecious or rarely perfect. Sterile Fl. Calyx 
4-parted. Petals 4, ovate, sometimes inconspicuous or 
wanting. . Stamens 4 — 8. Perfect Fl. Calyx adhering to 
the ovary ; limb 4-lobed. Petals none. Nuts 4, compressed 
or subgiobose, 1 -seeded. 

* Flowers octandrous. 

1. M. spicatum Linn. : leaves verticillate, pinnately divided, segments 
capillary ; floral leaves shorter than the flowers ; lower subserrate and 
mostly very entire ; petals broad-ovate ; carpels smooth and even. 

In water. Can. and N. S. Aug., Sept. %. — Stem slender, varying in 
length with the depth of the water. Leaves in whorls, 3 — 5, pectinate. Flowers 
in a terminal nearly naked spike. Spiked Water Milfoil. 

2. M. verticillaium Linn. : leaves verticillate, pinnately divided into ca- 
pillary or setaceous segments; floral leaves pectinate-pinnatifid, usually 
much longer than the flowers ; petals oblong-obovate ; carpels smooth and 
even. 

In water. Can. to Flor. W. to Texas and Oregon. July — Sept. %.. — Stem 
long and stouter than in the preceding. Flowers in a terminal leafy spike, 
upper ones sometimes perfect. Whorled Water Milfoil. 

** Flowers tetrandrous. 

3. M. heterophyllum Mich. : leaves verticillate, pinnately divided into ca- 
pillary segments ; floral leaves ovate or lanceolate, sharply serrate, crowded ; 
petals oblong ; carpels minutely roughened, slightly 2-ridged on the back. 

In water. Can. to Flor. W. to Texas. July. %. — Stem branching, thick. 
Floivers purple, whorled in the axils of the upper leaves. Stamens 4. (6, Mi- 
chaux.) Various-leaved Water Milfoil. 

4. M. ambiguum Nutt. : submersed leaves cut into capillary segments ; 
the emersed ones pectinate ; floral leaves linear, tapering into a short peti- 
ole, sparingly incised or toothed, sometimes entire ; flowers mostly perfect ; 
petals oblong ; carpels smooth and even. M. capillaceum Torr. Comp. 
M. procumbens Big. 

Ponds and ditches. Mass. to Penn. July, Aug. %.— Stems 2—6 inches 
long and creeping in the mud, or when floating in water, long and slender. 
Leaves variously divided, depending upon the place of growth. Flowers small, 
purplish. Polymorphous Water Milfoil. 



PODOSTEMACE^E. 113 

5. M. teneUum Big. : stem simple, nearly leafless, erect, somewhat root- 
ing at base ; floral leaves minute, entire ; flowers alternate ; petals linear- 
oblong ; carpels smooth and even. 

Borders of ponds. N. Eng. and N. Y. July. %. — Scopes several from the 
same rhizoma, 4 — 12 inches high, with numerous small scales. Flowers minute, 
purplish. Leaflless Water Milfoil. 

3. HIPPURIS. Linn.- Mare's-tail. 

(From the Greek iirnog, a horse, and ovpa, a tail ; from a fancied resemblance 
of the plant.) 

Tube of calyx adnate to the ovary; limb minute, entire. 
Petals none. Stamen 1, inserted into the margin of the calyx. 
Style filiform, received into a groove of the anther. Fruit 1- 
seeded, crowned with the margined limb of the calyx. 

H. vulgaris Linn. : leaves in whorls of 8 — 12, linear, acute, callous at 
the tip. 

Ponds and lakes. Labrador and Subarct. Amer. to Penn. Aug. %.. — Stem 
12 — 18 inches high, simple, erect. Leaves mostly in whorls of 8. Flowers at 
the base of the upper whorls, one to each leaf, sessile, minute. 

Common Mare's-tail. 

4. 1 CALLITRICHE. Linn.— Water Starwort. 

(From the Greek icaWos, beautiful, and 6pi£. hair ; in allusion to its long and 
slender stems.) 

Flowers perfect or imperfect. Bracts 2, opposite, petaloid. 
Calyx (corolla of some) inconspicuous. Petals none. Sterile 
Fl. Stamens 1, (rarely 2,) with the filament filiform and ex- 
serted ; anthers reniform. Fertile Fl. Ovary 4-lobed. Cap- 
sule compressed, 4-celled, indehiscent. 

C. verna Linn. : leaves 3-nerved ; upper ones aggregated, broader ; fruit 
sessile, with 2 bracts at the base, each carpel bluntly keeled on the back. 

var. 1. vulgaris: leaves all elongated and obovate. 

var. 2. intermedia : upper leaves spatul ate -obovate ; lower ones linear. 
C. intermedia Willd. C. heteraphylla Purs/i. 

var, 3. linearis: leaves all linear, or the upper ones linear-elliptc. 
C. autumnalis Mich. 

var. 4. terrestris : stem procumbent, rooting in the mud ; leaves linear or 
elliptic-oblong. C. terrestris Raf. 

Ponds and slow-flowing streams, or in muddy banks. N. S. Some varieties 
throughout the U. S. May — Aug. (I). — Stems slender, varying in length with 
the depth of the water, growing in tufts or patches, flowers very minute, white. 
I readily adopt the views of Darlington anil Torrey in regard to this very 
variable plant. Common Water Starwort. 

Order XLV. PODOSTEMACK.E.— Podostkmaps. 

Flowers usually perfect, naked, bursting through an irregu- 
larly lacerated spathe. Stamens 1, 2, or man)-, often nionadel- 



114 LYTHRACE^E. 

phous. Ovary 2 — 3- celled; styles or stigmas 2 or 3, acute and 

sessile. Fruit capsular, slightly pedicellate. Seeds numerous, 

minute, without albumen. — Herbaceous plants, with alternate 

leaves, which are usually cut into capillary segments. Flowers 

minute. 

PODOSTEMUM. Mich.— Podostemum. 

(From the Greek novg irodos, a foot, and srrjjiov, a stamen ; the stamens being 
supported on a common footstalk.) 

Calyx and corolla none. Stamens 2, affixed to a common 
pedicel. Stigmas 2, sessile, recurved. Capsule 2-celled, 2- 
valved, many-seeded. 

P. ceratophylluwi Mich. : leaves dichotomously many-parted ; peduncles 
solitary, axillary. 

Rocks in streams. N. Y. to Ala. July. Aug. ®. ? — Stem creeping, 1 — 4 
inches long, smooth, branching. Leaves alternate, crowded above. Flowers 
axillary, on short fleshy peduncles. Horn-leaved Podostemum. 

Order XL VI. CERATOPHYLLACE^E.— Hornworts. 

Flowers monoecious. Calyx inferior, many-parted. . Sterile 
Fl. Stamens 12 — 20; filaments wanting; anthers 2-celled. 
Fertile Fl. Ovary 1-celled ; stigma filiform, oblique. Fruit 
a beaked achenium. Seed pendulous, without albumen. — 
Floating herbs, with dichotomous cellular verticillate leaves. 
Flowers small. 

CERATOPHYLLUM. Linn.— Hornwort. 

(From the Greek Kepas, a horn, and fyWov, a leaf; the dichotomous leaves 
resembling horns.) 

Character same as of the order. 

C. echinatum Gray : achenium elliptic, slightly compressed, with 3 short 
spines y sides strongly muricated ; margins slightly winged, not gibbous, 
armed with blunt teeth which finally become weak spines or horns as long 
as the lateral spines. (Torr. fy Gr.) C. demersum (wholly or in part) of 
American botanists. 

Ponds and slow-flowing streams. N. Y. to Virg. June, July. %.. — Stem 
submerged, branching, filiform, jointed. Leaves in numerous whorls of 6—8, 
2 or 3-chotomously divided, the segments capillary. Flowers axillary, solitary, 
sessile, very minute. Rough Hornwort. 

Order XLVII. LYTHRACE^E.— Loosestrifes. 

Sepals combined into a 4 — 7-toothed calyx, the sinuses some- 
times lengthened into other teeth or processes. Petals inserted 
between the teeth of the calyx, sometimes wanting. Stamens 



LYTHRACEyE. 115 

as many, or 2 — 4 times as many as the petals, inserted into the 
tube of the calyx. Ovary superior, 1 — 6-celled; style filiform; 
stigma usually capitate. Capsule membranous, covered by the 
calyx, dehiscent. Seeds numerous, small, without albumen. — 
Herbs, rarely shrubs. Leaves opposite, seldom alternate, en- 
tire. Flowers axillary, or in terminal spikes or racemes. 

1. AMMANNIA. Linn.— Ammannia. 
(In honor of John Ammann, a Russian botanist of the last century.) 

Calyx 4 — 5 -toothed or lobed, the sinuses expanding into 
teeth or horns. Petals 4, or wanting. Stamens as many, and 
sometimes twice as many, as the lobes of the calyx. Style 
mostly short. Stigma capitate. Capsule globose or ovate, 
many-seeded. 

1. A. ramosior Linn.: stem erect, somewhat 4-sided; leaves linear- 
lanceolate, dilated at the base; flowers axillary, sessile; the lower ones 
compactly whorled, the upper solitary ; petals 4, obovate-roundish ; sta- 
mens 4. 

Salt meadows. N. J. to Car. W. to Ark. Aug., Sept. (J).— Stem 4—8 
inches high, sometimes much higher. Flowers purple, minute. There is still 
some uncertainty in regard to this plant. Branched Ammannia. 

2. A. humilis Mich. : stem procumbent at the base, square, somewhat 
branched ; leaves narrow-lanceolate, tapering at base into a short petiole ; 
flowers sessile, solitary, axillary ; petals 4, orbiculate ; stamens 4. A. ra- 
mosior Walt. 

Damp grounds. Mass. N. Y. S. to Geor. Aug. (T).~ Stem 4— 8 inches high, 
much more slender than in the former. Flowers small, blue. 

Dwarf Ammannia. 

2. LYTHRUM. Linn,— Purple Loosestrife. 

(From the Greek Xu0po»>, blood ; in allusion to the color of the flower in some 
species.) 

Calyx cylindric, striate, 8 — 12-toothed. Petals 4 — G, inserted 
into the calyx. Stamens as many or twice as many as the pe- 
tals, sometimes fewer. Style filiform. Stigma capitate. Cap- 
sule oblong, 2-celled, many-seeded. 

* Stamens mostly equal in 'number with the petals. Flowers sol it a ru in 
the axils of the leaves. 

1. L. hy ssopi folia Linn. : loaves alternate or opposite, linear or oblong, 
somewhat obtuse; flowers suhsessile, shorter than the leaves; bracts 
minute or none; petals and stamens 5 — 6. 

Low wet grounds. Mass. Conn. N. Y. July, (\\—Stem 10— IS melius 
high ; the branches square, slightly margined. Leaves pule green, rather acuta 
at the base. Flowers small, pale purple, Hyssop-lea red Furple Loosestrife. 



.116 MELASTOMACE.E. 

2. L. lineare Linn. : leaves linear, opaque, mostly opposite ; the lower 
obtuse ; the upper narrow, acute ; flowers slightly pedicelled ; bracts minute ; 
petals and stamens 6. 

Brackish swamps. N. J. to Flor. and Louis. July — Sept. %. — Stem 3 — 4 
feet high, slender, virgate, branched at the summit, 4-angled. Flowers small, 
nearly white. Narrow-leaved Purple Loosestrife. 

** Stamens twice the number of the petals. Flowers numerous, somewhat 
verticillate in an interrupted virgate spike. 

3. L. Salicaria Linn. : leaves lanceolate, cordate at base ; flowers nearly 
sessile, in a long spike ; petals 6 — 7. L. Salicaria var. pubescens Pursh. 
Beck Bot. \st. Ed. 

Wet meadows. Can. Maine, Mass., and N. Y. July, Aug. %. — Stem 
2 feet high, pubescent or smoothish. Leaves opposite and ternate, sessile ; the 
upper ones very small, appearing like bracts. Flowers large, purple. Intro- 
duced 1 Dr. Torrey remarks that it is apparently native in Orange county, NY. 

Spiked Purple Loosestrife. 

3. DECODON. Chnel.— Swamp Willow-herb. 

(From the Greek cJexas, ten, and oSovg, a tooth ; in allusion to the ten teeth of 
the calyx.) 

Calyx short, broad campanulate, 10-toothed, 5 teeth longer 
and spreading. Stamens 10, 5 very long, the alternate ones 
shorter. Style filiform. Stigma small, undivided. Capsule cov- 
ered with the calyx, 3 — 4-celled. Seeds numerous, wingless. 

D. verticillatum Ell. Li/thrum verticillatum Linn. 

Swamps. Can. and throughout the U. S. Aug. 11- — Stem 2 — 6 feet long, 
sometimes prostrate and rooting at the summit, smooth or pubescent. Leaves 
lanceolate, acute, on short petioles, opposite and alternate, sometimes verticillate. 
Flowers axillary, crowded so as to appear whorled, purplish. 

Swamp Willow Herb. 

4. CUPHEA. Jaca.— Cuphea. 

(From the Greek kvQos, curved ; in reference to the form of the capsule.) 

Calyx tubular, ventricose, 6 — 12-toothed, unequal. Petals 

6— 1, unequal. Stamens 11 — 14, rarely 6 — 1, unequal. St3^1e 

filiform. Stigma simple or subbifid. Capsule membranaceous, 

1 — 2-celled, at length bursting longitudinally. 

C. viscosissima Jacq. : viscid-pubescent ; leaves opposite, petioled, ovate- 
oblong, a little rough ; flowers lateral, solitary, on short peduncles ; calyx 
ventricose, gibbous at the base. 

Gravelly places. N. Y. to Geor. W. to Ark. July, Aug. (£).—Siem 12—13 
inches nigh, erect, branching. Petals unequal, narrowed to a claw at the base, 
purple. Stamens 12. Viscid Cuphea. 

Order XLVIII. MELASTOMACE^E.— Melastomads. 

Calyx divided into 4, 5, or 6 lobes, cohering more or less 
with the angles of the ovary. Petals as many as the segments 



CUCURBITACE^E. 117 

of the calyx, with a twisted aestivation. Stamens as many or 
twice as many as the petals ; anthers long. Ovary 3 — 6-celled ; 
style 1 ; stigma simple. Fruit capsular or baccate. Seeds very 
numerous, without albumen. — Herbs, trees or shrubs, with op- 
posite mostly entire leaves. Flowers terminal, solitary or cy- 
mose. 

RHEXIA. Linn.— Rhexia. 
(A Greek name said to have been originally applied to a different plant.) 

Calyx with the tube ventricose-ovate at base, narrowed at the 
apex ; the limb 4-cleft. Petals 4, obovate. Anthers 8, at- 
tached to the filaments behind, naked at base. Capsule free in 
the calyx, 4-celled. Seeds cochleate. 

1. R. Mariana Linn. : very hairy ; leaves linear-oblong or lanceolate, 
acute at each end, sparingly hispid on both sides, ciliate-serrulate ; calyx 
hispid. 

Wet grounds. N. J. to Flor. and Louis. July, Aug. %. — Stem 1 — 2 feet 
high, slender. Petals obovate, hairy on the outer surface, purple. 

Maryland Rhexia. 

2. R. ciliosa Mich : stem nearly square, smooth; leaves broad-ovate, 
subpetiolate, serrulate, ciliate, 3-nerved, smooth beneath, slightly hispid 
above ; flowers with an involucre ; calyx smooth. R. petiolata Walt. 

Moist pine barrens. Del. to Flor. July. % — Stem 12 — 18 inches high. 
Flowers in a loose diohotomous panicle, large, purple, with an involucre of 
leaves at the base of each. Fringed Rhexia. 

3. R. Virginica Linn. : stem with winged angles, somewhat hairy, 
square; leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate, ciliate, serrate, sprinkled with 
hairs on both sides ; calyx hispid. 

Wet meadows. Mass. and TsT. Y. to Louis, and Ark. July — Sept. %. — 
Stem a foot high, often dichotomously branched above. Leaves 5 — 7-nerved, 
almost naked beneath. Flowers large, purple, hi a dichotomous corymb. 

Deer Grass. 

Okder XLIX. CUCURBITACEyE.— Cucurbits. 

Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Calyx 5-toothed, some- 
times obsolete. Corolla 5-parted, scarcely distinguishable from 
the calyx, with strongly marked reticulated veins. Stamens 5, 
distinct, or cohering in 2 or 3 parcels ; anthers sinuous. Ovary 
adherent, 1 -celled ; style short ; stigma, very thick, velvety or 
fringed. Fruit more or less succulent (a pepo). Seeds flat, 
often arillate, without albumen. — Succulent herbaceous plants, 
climbing by tendrils. Leaves alternate, palmatelv veined. 
Flowers axillary. 



118 CUCURBITACEvE. 

1. SICYOS. Linn. — Single-seeded Cucumber. 
(From the Greek aiicvos, cucumber.) 

Flowers monoecious. Sterile Fl. Calyx 5-toothed ; teeth 
subulate or minute. Petals 5, all cohering in a tube, at length 
separating into three parcels. Fertile Fl. Calyx constricted 
above the ovary, campanulate. Corolla campanulate. Style 
rather slender. Stigmas 3, thick, obtuse, spreading. Fruit 
ovate, spiny or hispid, 1 -seeded. 

S 1 . angulatus Linn. : leaves roundish-cordate, 5-angled, toothed, sca- 
brous; lobes acuminate; tendrils umbellate; sterile flowers corymbose- 
capitate, with the common peduncle long ; fertile ones sessile on a much 
shorter peduncle. 

Banks of streams. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June. ®. — A procumbent 
vine, climbing by 3 — 5-cleft tendrils. Flowers greenish-white, the fertile not hah 
the size of the sterile ones. Fruit small, ovate, prickly. 

Common Single-seeded Cucumber. 

2. ECHINOCYSTIS. Torr. f Gr.— Wild Balsam Apple. 

(From the Greek «%tfo?, prickly, and kvstis a bladder ; in allusion to the ap- 
pearance of the fruit.) 

Flowers monoecious. Calyx flattish ; segments 6, filiform- 
subulate. Corolla 6 -parted, rotate, campanulate. Sterile Fl. 
Calyx slightly contracted above the ovary. Stamens 3, dia- 
delphous, short. Fertile Fl. Abortive filaments 3, very 
small, distinct. Style very short. Stigmas 2, broadly ob- 
cordate. Fruit globose-ovoid, bristly- echinate, 2-celled, 4- 
seeded. 

E. lobata Torr. d> Gr. : Momordica echinata Muhl. Sicyos angiilata 
Mich. 

Banks of streams. Can. N. Y. and Penn. W. to Miss. July, Aug. (£). — 
Stem smooth, 10 — 15 feet long, climbing. Leaves large, nearly smooth, with 5 
deep acuminate sharply denticulate lobes. Flowers white ; the sterile in long 
compound racemes ; the fertile solitary, or 2 or 3 together. Fruit about as large 
as a pigeon's egg, covered with short bristly spines. Wild Balsam Apple. 

3. MELOTHRIA. Linn.— Creeping Cucumber. 
Flowers polygamous or monoecious. Sterile Fl. Calyx 
3 — 5-toothed. Corolla campanulate. Filaments 5, in 3 sets. 
Fertile Fl. Calyx and corolla as in the sterile. Style 1. 
Stigmas 3, fimbriate. Fruit 3-celled, many-seeded. 

M. pendula Linn. : leaves somewhat reniform, lobed and angled, slightly 
hispid ; fruit oval, smooth, pendulous. 

Banks of streams. Penn. to Ala. and Louis. June. (J). — A slender vine 
running over small shrubs and herbs. Stem hairy. Leave* on petioles. Ten- 



PORTULACACEVE. 119 

drils 5 — 6 inches long. Flowers axillary, yellow, the sterile in small racemes, 
the fertile solitary. Small Creeping Cucumber. 

Order L. PASSIFLORACE^E.— Passionworts. 

Sepals 5, combined in a tube of variable length which is 
lined by filamentous processes. Petals 5, arising from the 
throat of the calyx, sometimes wanting. Stamens 5, monadel- 
phous, rarely indefinite. Ovary seated on a long stalk, 1 -celled ; 
styles 3, clavate ; stigma dilated. Fruit with 3 polyspermous 
placentae, sometimes 3-valved. Seeds with a brittle sculptured 
testa ; albumen fleshy. — Herbaceous plants or shrubs, usually 
climbing. Leaves alternate, with leafy stipules. Flowers ax- 
illary or terminal. 

PASSIFLORA. Linn.— Passion Flower. 
(Altered by Linnaeus from flos passionis, or passionflower.) 

Calyx 5 -parted, colored, with the tube very short. Petals 
5, inserted into the calyx, or none. Stamens 5, monadelphous. 
Crown of many filiform rays. Berry often pulpy, rarely sub- 
membranaceous, pedicelled. 

1. P. lulea Linn.: leaves cordate, 3-lobed, obtuse, nearly smooth; peti- 
oles without glands ; peduncles axillary, in pairs ; petals much longer than 
the calyx. 

Banks of streams. Penn. to Flor. W. to Miss. June, July. %.. — Stem climb- 
ing, slender, 3 — 10 feet long. Flowers small, greenish-yellow. Fruit dark pur- 
ple. Yellow Passion Flower. 

2. P. incarnata Linn. : leaves smooth, subcuneate at base, 5-nerved, 
deeply 3-cleft ; lobes ovate-lanceolate, mostly acuminate ; petioles with 2 
glands ; involucre 3-leaved ; leafets lanceolate, glandular-serrate ; ovary 
villous. 

Banks of streams. Del. to Flor. W. to Mies. Sept. %. — Stem long, climb- 
ing. Flowers large, on long pedicels. Petals oval-oblong, white. Crown pur- 
ple. Fruit oval, pale yellow when ripe, eatable. 

Flesh -colored Passion Flouvr. 

Order LI. PORTULACACE.E.— Purslanes. 

Sepals 3, cohering by the base. Petals generally 5. Sta- 
mens inserted irregularly into the calyx or hypogynOus, varia- 
ble in number. Ovary 1 -celled ; style 1 or more : stigmas 
several. Capsule 1-celled. Seeds attached to a central pla- 
centa ; albumen mealy. — Succulent slmibs or herbs. Leaves 
mostly alternate, with stipules. Flowers usually ephemeral. 



120 PORTULACACE^. 

1. PORTULACA. Linn.— Purslane; 

(Origin uncertain.) 

Calyx adnate to the ovary, 2-parted, finally separating at 
base and deciduous. Petals 4 — 6, inserted on the calyx, equal. 
Stamens 8 — 20. Style 3 — 6 -cleft at the apex, or parted. Cap- 
sule subglobose, 4-celled, many-seeded, opening circularly. 

P. oleracea Linn. : leaves cuneiform, obtuse, fleshy, smooth ; axils gen- 
iculate, naked ; flowers sessile. 

Near gardens, &c. N. S. May — Aug. (T). — Stem fleshy, spreading on the 
ground, with the summit a little assurgent. Flowers in clusters, axillary and 
terminal, small, pale yellow. Introduced. According to Mr. Nuttall it is indi- 
genous on the plams of the Missouri. Common Purslane. 

2. TALINUM. Sims.— Talinum. 
(Supposed to be derived from the Greek 0aAAa>, to be green.) 

Calyx of 2 ovate deciduous sepals. Petals 5, distinct, or 
somewhat connected at base. Stamens 10 — 20. Style filiform, 
cleft at the apex. Capsule 1 -celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. 

T. teretifolium Pursh. : leaves terete, subulate, fleshy ; peduncles elon- 
gated, naked ; cyme terminal, somewhat dichotomous and corymbose. 

Rocks. Penn. to N. Car. W. to Ark. and Texas. June — Aug. %. — Root a 
few coarse fibres from a short, thick and fleshy rhizoma. Stems 1 — 4 inches 
long, often branched. Peduncles 3 — 8 inches high. Bracts small, scarious, 
produced at base. Petals bright purple, expanding only for a day. See a de- 
tailed description of this plant in Darlington's Flora Cestrica. 

Cylindrical-leaved Talinum. 

3. CLAYTONIA. Linn.— Spring Beauty. 
(In honor of John Clayton, one of the earlier Virginian botanists.) 

Calyx of 2 ovate or roundish persistent sepals. Petals 5, 
obcordate or obovate, unguiculate. Stamens 5, inserted on the 
claws of the petals. Ovary sessile. Style 3-cleft. Capsule 
1 -celled, 3-valved, 3 — 5-seeded. 

1. C. Virginica Linn. ; leaves mostly 2, linear-lanceolate, elongated and 
attenuated into a petiole below ; raceme simple, loose, at length elongated ; 
pedicels slender, nodding ; petals usually emarginate. 

Wet meadows. Can. to Flor. March — May. %. — Scape 6 — 10 inches long, 
weak, erect or subprocumbent. Flov)ers about 6 — 12, in a loose simple raceme. 
Petals rose-red, with deeper veins, three times as long as the sepals. 

Narrov>leaved Spring Beauty. 

2. C. Caroliniana Mich. : leaves ovate-lanceolate or oval, somewhat 
spatulate, or abruptly decurrent into a petiole ; pedicels slender, nodding •, 
sepals and petals very obtuse. C. Virginica var. latifoUa Torr. F.l. C. 
spathulcefolia Nutt. 

Woods and hilly places. Can. to Car. W. to the Rocky Mountains. April, 



CRASSULACE.E. [21 

^Indkho^te^ P^^t eS high f Cauline haves so ^times oval. Sepals 
tlZ the preceding' 5 ?"* r ° Se - COl ° r ' enUre »*^ emarginate. Smaller 
^ s Broad-Leaved Spring Beauty. 

Order LII. SCLERANTHACE^E.— Knawels. 
Calyx 4 or 5-toothed, with a stiff tube. Stamens 1—10 in- 
serted into the orifice of the tube. Ovary simple, superior, 1- 
seeded ; styles 1 or 2, emarginate at the apex. Fruit a mem- 
branous utricle, enclosed within the hardened calyx. Seed 
pendulous ; albumen mealy.— Small diffusely branched plants. 
Leaves opposite, without stipules. Flowers small. 

SCLERANTHUS. Linn.— Knawel. 
r^Z^^^^^^^^^^ ****** to the indu- 
Calyx 5-cleft, persistent ; tube urceolate. Petals none. Sta- 
mens 10, rarely 5 or 2. Styles 2. Capsule very smooth, with- 
out valves, covered by the indurated tube of the calyx. 

& annum Linn.: stems spreading, slightly pubescent; flowers decan- 
drous ; calyx of the fruit spreading, acute 

Annual Knawel. 

Order LIII. CRASSULACEiE.— House-leeks. 
Sepals 3—20, more or less united at the base. Petals as 
many as the sepals, distinct or cohering. Stamens as many or 
twice as many as the petals. Pistils always equal in number 
to the sepals, distinct or partly united. Carpels follicular, usu- 
ally several-seeded.— Succulent herbs or shrubs, with simple 
leaves and the flowers usually in cymes. 

1. TILLiEA. Linn.— Tilljea. 
(In honor pt Mich. Aug. Tilli ; an Italian botanist, who died in 1710.) 

. Sepals 3—4, united at base. Petals 3—4, oblong, acuminate. 
Stamens 3—4. Carpels 3—4, distinct, opening by the inner 
suture, many-seeded. 

T. simplex Nutt.: stem diffusely branching from the base and rooting* 
the branches ascending; leaves linear-oblong, connate, rather obtuse' 
flowers solitary, nearly sessile ; petals twice as long as the sepal. 

Muddv banks of streams. N. Y. Com* and Penh. " July, A.ug. ffl -Sterna 

v,iutc. C/afpeftS-lO-seeded. Pigmy Weed. 





122 TETRAGONIACEjE. 



2. SEDUM. Linn.— Stonecrop. 

(From the Latin sedo, to sit ; in allusion to the humble growth of these plants 
on their native rocks.) 

Sepals usually 5, more or less united at base, ovate, often 
turgid and leafy. Petals 5, often spreading. Stamens twice 
the number of the petals. Carpels 5, many-seeded, with a 
nectariferous scale at the base of each. 

1. S. ternatum Mich.: stem creeping, a little scabrous; leaves flat; the 
lower ones spatulate-obovate. ternately verticillate ; the upper ones lance- 
oblong, scattered ; cymes mostly 3-spiked ; terminal flowers decandrous, 
the rest octandrous. &. portulacoides Muhl. 

Rocks. Can. to Geor. May. %.. — Stem 4 — 6 inches long. Leaves from 
half an inch to an inch long. Flowers white, sessile. 

Purslane-leaved Stonecrop. 

2. 5*. lelephioides Mich. : stem erect ; leaves ovate or oval, flat, acute at 
each end, somewhat toothed, smooth and fleshy ; corymb fasciculate, 
many-flowered. 

Rocks. N. Y. to Car. July. %. — Stem branching, about a foot high, leafy. 
Flowers in crowded compound corymbs with leafy bracts interspersed, pale 
purple. American Orpine. 

3. S. Telephium Linn. : stem erect ; leaves flat, oblong and oval, atten- 
uate at the base, toothed, smooth ; corymbs leafy ; stamens shorter than the 
corolla. 

Rocks and fields. Catskill Mountains ; Orville, Onondaga county, N. Y. 
Torr. July. %. — Stem 1 — 2 feet high. Leaves broad. Flowers purple. In- 
troduced from Europe. Common Orpine. Live-forever. 

3. PENTHORUM. Linn.— Penthorum. 

(From the Greek -nsvTS^jive, and opos, a border ; in allusion to the five-beaked 
capsule.) 

Sepals 5, united at base. Petals 5, or none. Stamens 10. 
Carpels 5, united at the base into a 5-beaked, 5-celled capsule ; 
cells opening transversely on the inner side of the beaks. Seeds 
numerous, minute. 

P. sedoides Linn. : stem branched, angular above ; leaves alternate, lan- 
ceolate, subsessile, unequally serrate ; flowers in terminal one-sided spikes 
or racemes ; seeds numerous, elliptic. 

Overflowed grounds. Can. to Geor. and Louis. July, Aug. %. — Stem 
12 — 18 inches high. Flowers pale greenish-yellow. 

Sedum-leaved Penthorum. 

Order LIV. TETRAGON! ACE JE.— Aizooks. 

Calyx 3 — 5 -cleft, free or partially adherent to the ovary. 
Corolla none. Stamens definite. Ovary 2 — 9-celled ; styles 
as many as the cells, distinct. Fruit either an indehiscent 



t 
CACTACE.E. 123 

tough-shelled nut, or a capsule splitting all round. Seeds with 
mealy albumen. — Succulent herbs or rarely small shrubs. 
Leaves alternate, without stipules. Flowers small, axillary. 

SESUVIUM. Ld%n.— Sesuvitim. 
(From criKos, a bird's nest ; which the capsule resembles when open.) 

Calyx 5- parted, persistent; lobes colored within. Stamens 
15 — 30, inserted at the top of the short calycine tube. Styles 
3 — 5. Capsule 3- rarely 4 — 5-celled, opening circularly, many- 
seeded. 

£. Portulacastrum Linn. : leaves linear or lanceolate-oblong, flat ; flow- 
ers pedicelled or subsessile. 

Sandy beaches. N. J. to Flor. W. to Ark. June — Sept. %. — Stem succu- 
lent. Leaves opposite, entire. Flowers solitary, axillary, reddish. ' ; Varies 
with flowers upon long pedicels, S. pedunculatum Pers. and with the flowers 
subsessile, S. sessile Pers." D. C. Purslane-leaved Sesuvium. 

Order LV. CACTACE^E.— Indian Figs. 

Sepals numerous, usually indefinite and confounded with the 
numerous petals. Stamens indefinite ; filaments long, filiform. 
Ovary fleshy, 1 -celled ; style filiform ; stigmas numerous. Fruit 
a berry, 1 -celled, many-seeded. Seeds without albumen. — 
Succulent shrubs, very variable in form. Leaves mostly want- 
ing ; when present fleshy, smooth, and entire or spine-like. 
Flowers usually showy, sessile. 

OPUNTIA. Towrn.— Indian Fig. 
(A name given to this plant by Theophrastus.) 
Sepals numerous, leafy, adnate to the ovary ; outer ones flat, 
short ; inner ones petal-like, obovate, rosaceous ; tube above 
the ovary none. Stamens numerous, shorter than the petals. 
Style cylindric, contracted at base. Stigmas many, erect, thick. 
Berry ovoid, umbilicate at the apex, tuberculate, often bearing- 
spines. 

O. vulgaris D. C. : stems erect or procumbent, destitute of proper leaves, 
articulately proliferous ; joints compressed, ovate ; spines setaceous; flow- 
ers sessile on the margin of the joints. CactusOpuntia Linn. 

Dry rooks and sandy soils. N. V. to Flor. W. to Miss. June. .Tidy. %■ — 
J^lourrs large, yellow. Fruit obovate, umbilicate, nearly smooth, eatable. 
Seeds numerous, immersed in the crimson pulp. 

Common Indian Kg or Prickly Pear. 



124 GROSSULARIACEiE. 



Order LYI. GROSSULARIACEJS.— Currantworts. 

Calyx campanulate or tubular, 4 — 5 -parted, sometimes col- 
ored. Petals 4 — 5, minute, inserted into the throat of the 
calyx. Stamens 4 — 5, inserted alternately with the petals, 
very short. Ovary 1 -celled ; style 2 — 4 cleft. Fruit a berry, 
crowned with the withered flower, 1 -celled. Seeds numerous, 
suspended among the pulps by long filiform cords ; albumen 
corneous. — Shrubs, either spiny or unarmed. Leaves alternate, 
lobed. Flowers mostly in racemes. 

RIBES. Linn. — Currant and Gosseberry. 

(An Arabic name, said to have been originally applied to a species of rhubarb, 
Rheum Rubes.) 

Character same as that of the order. 

* Stem unarmed ; flowers in racemes. Ribesia, 

1. R. rubrum Linn. : leaves subcordate, obtusely 3 — 5-lobed, pubescent 
beneath when young, mucronate-serrate ; calyx rotate, the segments round- 
ish ; petals truncate ; fruit smooth, globose. R. albinervium Mich. 

Woods and swamps, (on mountains ?) N. Y. ? Ver. W. to the St. Croix 
river. Can. to the mouth of Mackenzie river. April, May. Yi . — Flowers in 
pendulous racemes, small, greenish-yellow. Berries red. Red Currant. 

2. R. prostratum VHer. : stem reclining or prostrate ; leaves deeply 
cordate, smooth, 5 — 7-lobed; the lobes somewhat ovate, acute, coarsely 
serrate ; calyx rotate, the segments obovate ; petals spatulate, small ; fruit 
glandular-hispid, globose. R. glandvlosum Ait. R. rigens and R. trifldum 
Mich, (according to Torr. ty Gr.) 

Rocky places. Subarct. Amer. to Perm. W. to the Rocky Mountains. May, 
June. \i. — Stems 1 — 3 feet long, procumbent, with erect branches. Racemes 
few-flowered, erect, at length pendulous. Petals purplish. Berries red. rather 
large, not well flavored. The plant has a disagreeable odor. Fetid Currant. 

3. R. fl-oridum VHer. : leaves on long petioles, punctate on both sides, 
sharply 3 — 5-lobed, subcordate ; the lobes acute, doubly serrate ; racemes 
pendulous, pubescent ; bracts linear, longer than the pedicels ; calyx tubu- 
lar-campanulate, the segments oblong-spatulate ; fruit ovoid-globose, smooth. 
R. recur vatum Mich. R. Pennsylvanicum Lam. 

Woods and hedges. Subarct. Amer. to Virg. and Ken. April, May. %.. — 
Stem 3 — 4 feet high. Flowers yellowish-green, rather large. Berries black and 
insipid. Wild Black Currant. 

** Stem usually armed, with subaxillary spines, often prickly. Grossularia. 

4. R. Cynosbati Linn, s stem unarmed or prickly ; subaxillary spines 
1 — 3 ; leaves cordate, roundish, pubescent, with 3 — 5 incisely-toothed lobes ■ 
peduncles long, 2 — 3-flowered; tube of the calyx broad-campanulate, slightly 
contracted at the mouth ; fruit prickJy ; rarely smooth. 



SAXIFRAGACEiE. 125 

Woods and mountains. Hudson's Bay to Penn. W. to Ken. and the Rocky 
Mountains. May, June. %. — Stem 2—3 feet high, branching, the lower part 
often prickly. Flowers in pendulous racemes, greenish- white. Berries brown- 
ish when ripe, usually covered with strong prickles, but sometimes smooth. 

Prickly Gooseberry. 

5. R. hirtellum Mich. : stem prickly or naked ; subaxillary spines mostly 
solitary and very short ; leaves roundish, cordate, 3 — 5-lobed, toothed, pu- 
bescent beneath ; peduncles very short, deflexed, 1 — 2 flowered ; calyx-tube 
campanulate, the segments twice as long as the petals; fruit smooth. 
R. trifiorwn Big. 

Rocky places. Hudson's Bay to Mass. Alleghany Mountains. Pursh. W. 
to Lake Superior. May, June. ri • — Leaves small. Flowers in pendulous ra- 
cemes, greenish- white. Berries bluish-purple. (Torr. <$• Gr.) 

Rough. Gooseberry. 

6. R. rotundifolium Mich. : stem not prickly ; subaxillary spines short, 
mostly solitary ; leaves roundish, 3 — 5-lobed, incisely toothed, nearly 
smooth ; peduncles slender, 1 — 2-flowered, smooth ; calyx cylindrical and 
narrow ; petals broad-spatulate, clawed ; fruit small, smooth. R. trijiorum 
Willd. R. gracile Pursh. not of Mich. 

Mountains, woods. Mass. N. Y. W. to the Rocky Mountains. May, June. 
\l . — Stem 2 — 4 feet high, with recurved branches, sometimes without spines. 
Flowers greenish, with a tinge of purple. Berries about as large as the black 
currant, purple when ripe, finely-flavored. Round-leaved Gooseberry. 

7. R. lacustre Pursh. : stem hispid-prickly ; subaxillary spines weak ; 
leaves cordate, 3 — 5-parted, the lobes deeply incised ; racemes 5 — 9-flow- 
ered, loose ; calyx rotate ; fruit small, hispid. R. ozycanthoides var. lacustre 
Pers. R. ozycanthoides Mich. 

Mountain swamps. N. H. Mass. N. Y. N. to Arct. Amer. W. to Oregon. May, 
June. rj. — Stem 3 — 4 feet high. Flowers small, greenish-yellow, on pubescent 
peduncles. Berries dark purple, unpleasant to the taste. Swamp Gooseberry. 

Order LVII. SAXIFRAGACE^E.— Saxifrages. 

Calyx either superior or inferior, 4 — 5 -cleft. Petals 5, or 
none. Stamens 5 — 10, inserted either into the calyx or be- 
neath the ovary. Disk either hypogynous or perigynous. 
Ovary 1 or 2-celled ; styles none ; stigmas sessile on the tips 
of the lobes of the ovary. Fruit a capsule or berry, with nu- 
merous minute seeds. — Herbaceous plants, with alternate leaves. 
Flower stems simple, often naked. 

1. SAXIFRAGA. Liim.— Saxifrage. 

(From the Latin, saxum, a stone, iwdj'rango, to break ; in allusion to the roots 
penetrating the crevices of rocks ami stones.) 

Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, entire, with short claws. Sta- 
mens 10. Capsule with 2-beaks, 2-celled, many-seeded, open- 
ing between the beaks. 

1. & Virginicnsis Mich.: pubescent; scape mostly naked, corymbose- 



126 SAXIFRAGACE^E. 

paniculate above ; more or less spatulate-obovate, often obtuse, crenate- 
dentate, tapering at the base into a broad petiole; flowers subsessile ; 
petals oval, twice as long as the calyx ; capsule half inferior. & vernalis 
Big. S. nivalis MuhL 

Rocky lulls. Can. to Geor. W. to Oregon. April — June. %.. — Scape 4 — 12 
inches high. Leaves in a radical spreading tuft. Flowers in rather dense ter- 
minal cymose clusters, white, with a tinge of purple. Virginian Saxifrage. 

2. S. Pennsylvanica Linn. : pubescent ; scape naked ; leaves oblan- 
ceolate or oval, attenuate into a long naked petiole, acute, obsoletely den- 
ticulate ; cymes in a large oblong panicle ; flowers pedicellate ; petals lance- 
linear, a little longer than the calyx ; capsule superior. 

Wet grounds. Can. to Virg. W. to Ohio. May, June. 71. — Scape 1 — 2, 
sometimes 3 — 4, feet high. Leaves all radical, 4 — 8 inches long. Flowers small, 
greenish-yellow. Pennsylvanian Saxifrage. 

3. S. Wolleana Torr. <$* Gr. : leaves all radical, membranaceous, ob- 
long, tapering at base into a short winged petiole, sinuate -toothed, ciliate ; 
branches of the panicle loosely flowered, from the axils of leaf-like bracts ; 
sepals nearly distinct, ovate, obtuse, 3-nerved, reflexed, free from the ovary, 
about as long as the oval obtuse petals. 

On a mountain near Bethlehem, Penn. Mr. Wotte. — Root fibrous. Scape 
rather slender, 12 — 18 inches high. Petals small, white, with a yellowish spot 
near the base. Resembles S. Pennsylvanica in habit, but differs in its flowers. 

Woolle's Saxifrage. 

4. S 1 . rivularis Linn. : small ; stem weak, ascending, 3— 5-flowered ; rad- 
ical leaves somewhat reniform, crenately lobed, with the petioles dilated at 
base; cauline ones lanceolate, nearly entire ; petals ovate, scarcely longer 
than the calyx ; capsule thick, exceeding the calyx and crowned by the 
short divergent styles. 

White Mountains, N. H. Odkes. N. to Labrador, W. to the Rocky Mountains. 
(I). — Stem about 2 inches high. Flowers white, bracteate. 

Alpine-brook Saxifrage. 

5. & aizoides Linn. : stems cespitose, leafy ; leaves linear, more or less 
ciliate, slightly mucronate, thick; flowers panicled or sometimes solitary; 
sepals ovate-oblong, nearly as long as the oblong petals ; stigma depressed ; 
capsule thick, as long as the styles. 

Wet rocks. Annsville, Oneida co. N. Y. ; the only locality in the U. S. Torr. 
N. Y. Fl. N. to Labrador, W. to the Rocky Mountains. June. %. — Stems 
numerous. 2 — 4 inches long, spreading. Leaves crowded at the base, scattered 
above. Flowers in a loose panicle, yellow. Yellow Mountain Saxifrage. 

2. CHRYSOSPLENIUM. Linn.— Golden Saxifrage. 

(From the Greek xpwos, gold, and airXriv, spleen ; in allusion to the supposed 
medicinal virtues of the genus.) 

Calyx adhering to the ovary, the limb of 4 — 5 obtuse lobes. 
Petals none. Stamens 8 — 10. Styles 2. Capsule 2-beaked, 
2 — 4-valved, at length 1-celled, many-seeded. 

C. Americanum Schw. : stem decumbent, dichotomously branched ; leaves 
opposite, upper ones often alternate, roundish-ovate, slightly crenate-lobed ; 
flowers dichotomal, distant, sessile. C. oppositifolium Mich, not of Linn. 



SAXIFRAGACEiE. 127 

Springs and brooks. Can. to Car. April, May. 1[. — Plant succulent, creep- 
ing, with small sessile flowers. Calyx usually 4- cleft. Stamens mostly 8. Seeds 
hispid, reddish-brown. Hooker, Darlington, Torrey and Gray, consider our 
plant different from C. opposilifolium of Europe. 

American Golden Saxifrage. 

3. MITELLA. Linn.— Bishop's-Cap. 

(A diminutive of the Latin mitra, a mitre or cap ; in allusion to the form of 
the capsule.) 

Calyx campanulate, 5 -cleft. Petals 5, inserted into the calyx, 

laciniate or toothed. Stamens 10. Styles 2, united. Stigmas 

scarcely distinct. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved; valves equal. 

Seeds numerous. 

1. M. diphylla Linn. : radical leaves cordate-lobed, toothed and ciliate; 
cauline ones 2, opposite, smaller ; flowers in a terminal raceme ; petals 
toothed-pinnatifid ; calyx and capsule at length membranaceous. 

On wet rocks. Can. and N. S. W. to Mich, and Ken. April, May. %.— 
Stem 8 — 10 inches high. Radical leaves on long petioles ; cauline one ssessile. 
Flowers small, white. Two-leaved Bishops-cap. 

2. M. cordifolia Linn. : radical leaves cordate, sub-3-lobed, doubly cre- 
nate ; scape naked or with a single leaf, scaly at base ; petals fimbriate- 
pinnatifid. M. nuda Linn. Torr. fy Gr. M. reniformis Lam. 

Moist rocks. N. S. N. to Arct. Amer. W. to the Rocky Mountains. June. 
— Scape 6 — 8 inches high, sometimes prostrate with creeping suckers. Radical 
leaves on long petioles ; cauline one much smaller and sessile. Flowers few, 
greenish- white, in a terminal spike. Heart-leaved Bishop's-cap. 

4. TIARELLA. Linn.— Mitrewort. 

(A diminutive of the Latin tiara, a head-dress ; in allusion to the form of the 
capsule.) 

Calyx 5-parted, persistent, with the lobes obtuse. Petals 5, 
inserted into the calyx, unguiculate, entire. Stamens 10. 
Styles 2, distinct. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved ; valves unequal. 
Seeds few, near the base of the capsule. 

T. cordifolia Linn.', scape naked; leaves cordate, acutely lobed, un- 
equally dentate with mucronatc teeth ; petals with long claws. 

Shady woods. Can. to Virg. April, May. 1\- — Scape 8 — 10 inches high, 
sending out stolons after flowering. Radical leaves on long petioles. Flowers 
white, hi a simple terminal raceme. Heart-leaved Mitrewort. 

5. HEUCHERA. Linn Heuchera. 

(In honor of John Henry Hatcher, B German botanist. 1 

Calyx campanulate, coherent with the ovary below, 5-cleft. 
Petals 5, small, entire. Stnmens 5, inserted alternately with the 
petals into the throat of the calyx. Styles 2. Capsule with 
2 beaks, 1-celled, many-seeded. 



128 HYDRANGEACE^. 

1. H. Americana Linn. : scabrous-puberulent and somewhat viscid ; scape 
mostly naked; leaves roundish-cordate, with short and rounded dentate- 
mucronate lobes ; flowers in a loose terminal panicle ; petals spatulate, 
about as long as the calyx ; stamens at length much exserted. H. cortusa 
Mich. H. viscida PursA. 

Shady rocks. N. Y. to Geor. W. to Miss. June, July. %.— Scape 2—3 
feet high. Leaves deeply cordate. Flowers small, purplish, in a long simple 
panicle. The root is astringent. American Heuchera. Alum Root. 

2. H. pubescens Pursh. : scape naked, pulverulent-pubescent, nearly 
smooth below ; leaves orbicular-cordate, smoothish, obtusely lobed ; the 
lobes crenulate with short slightly mucronate teeth ; flowers in a somewhat 
thyrsoid panicle ; petals spatulate, longer than the included stamens. 

Mountains and hills. Penn. Md. Virg. Ky. May, June. %. — Scape about 
a foot high, slender. Flowers nearly half an inch in length. Calyx segments 
greenish- white, unequal. Petals violet-purple, veiny. Pubescent Heuchera. 

Order LVIIL— ESCALLONIACE^E.— Escalloniads. 

Calyx 5-toothed. Petals 5, inserted on the tube of the calyx. 
Stamens 5, alternate with the petals. Ovary 2 — 5-celled, with 
a large polyspermous placenta in the axis ; style simple ; stigma 
2 — 5 -lobed. Fruit capsular or baccate, surmounted by the 
persistent style and calyx. Seeds very numerous and minute ; 
albumen oily. — Shrubs, with alternate toothed leaves and con- 
spicuous flowers. 

ITEA. Linn,— Itea. 

(From the Greek irea, a willow ; probably on accomit of the rapidity of its 
growth.) 

Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed; the teeth subulate. Petals 
5, lanceolate-linear, 1 -nerved. Stamens 5, shorter than the pe- 
tals. Style 1 ; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule 2-celled, 2-parted 
from the base to the apex. 

I. Virginica Linn. 

Borders of swamps. N. J. and Penn. to Flor. and Louis. May, June. T? . — 
Stem 4 — 8 feet high. Leaves alternate, oblong or oval, acuminate, serrulate, 
pubescent beneath. Flowers white, in simple terminal racemes. 

Virginian Itea. 

Order LIX. HYDRANGEACE^E.— Htdraxgeads. 

Calyx 4 — 6 -toothed, adhering more or less to the ovary. 
Petals 4 — 6, inserted on the calyx, deciduous. Stamens 8 — 12 
in 2 rows, or many and distinct. Ovary of 2 — 5 carpels, ad- 
hering by their sides ; styles as many as the carpels, distinct, 
with simple reniform stigmas. Fruit a capsule crowned by 



UMBELLIFER^E. 129 

the permanent diverging styles. Seeds minute, usually in- 
definite ; albumen fleshy. — Shrubs, with opposite simple leaves. 
Flowers usually in cymes. 

HYDRANGEA. Linn.— Hydrangea. 

(From the Greek vSo>p water, and ayysiov, a vase ; in allusion to the form of the 
capsule.) 

Marginal flowers usually sterile. Sterile Fl. Calyx mem- 
branaceous, colored, veiny, 4 — 5 -parted. Petals, stamens, and 
pistils rudimentary or none. Fertile Fl. Calyx hemispheric, 
adnate to the ovary, 5-toothed. Petals 5, ovate. Stamens 10. 
Styles 2. Capsule 2-celled, opening by a foramen between the 
styles. Seeds numerous. 

1. H. arborescens Linn. : leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acuminate, obtuse 
or subcordate at base, toothed, smoothish; flowers in fastigiate cymes. 
H. vulgaris Mich. 

Sandy banks. Penn. to Geor. W. to Miss. July. I7 . — Stem 4 — 8 feet high. 
Leaves large, the veins pubescent. Flowers white or yellowish-white, varying 
from all fertile to all sterile and radiate. Tree Hydrangea. 

2. H. radiata Walt. : leaves ovate, mostly cordate, acuminate, serrate, 
white tomentose beneath ; flowers in fastigiate cymes, some of the marginal 
ones radiate and sterile. H. nivea Mich. 

Penn. to Geor. Muhl. Tenn. May, June. T^. — Stem 6 — 8 feet high. Floivers 
large, white, very ornamental. Changes by cultivation. Rayed Hydrangea. 

Order LX. UMBELLIFERJE.— -Umbellifers. 

Calyx entire or 5-toothed. Petals 5, usually inflexed at the 
point. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals. Ovary inferior, 
2-celled ; styles 2, distinct ; stigmas simple. Fruit consisting 
of two carpels, which are attached to a common axis by their 
face (the commissure) from which they separate when ripe ; 
each carpel traversed by several ribs or wings ; in the inter- 
vening spaces {intervals) are often lodged longitudinal channels 
or receptacles (vittcc), containing colored oily matter. Seeds 
usually adhering to the carpel ; albumen copious, horny. — 
Herbaceous plants with hollow stems. Leaves mostly com* 
pound and sheathing at base. Flowers in umbels. 

Suborder I. ORTIIOSPERiNLE. 

Albumen flat or flattish on the face. 

6* 



130 UMBELLIFER.E. 

* Umbels simple or imperfectly compound. 

1. HYDROCOTYLE. Linn. Marsh Pennywort. 

(From the Greek vStap, wafer, and kotvXij, a cup; perhaps in allusion to the 
form of the leaves of some species.) 

Calyx with the tube subcompressed and the margin of the 
limb obsolete. Petals ovate, entire, acute, with apex straight. 
Fruit laterally compressed ; ribs 5, filiform, the middle and 
lateral ones often obsolete. — Involucre few-leaved. Flowers 
white. 

1. H. inter rupta MuM. : stem filiform, creeping, rooting at the joints, 
smooth; leaves peltate, orbicular, doubly crenate, 11-nerved; flowers 5 — 8 
in axillary umbellate heads. H. vulgaris Mich. 

Wet places. Can. to Geor. Pursh. June — Aug. %. — Flowers minute, white, 
on very short pedicels ; peduncles longer than the petioles. 

Interrupted Marsh Pennywort. 

2. H. umbellata Linn. : stem glabrous, rooting at the joints; leaves pel- 
tate, orbicular, doubly crenate, 11 — 12-nerved, emarginate at the base; 
umbels 20 — 30-fiowered ; flowers distinct, pedicellate. 

Boggy places. Mass. to Flor. and Louis. June — Aug. %. — Stem creeping 
or floating. Leaves on long petioles. Flowers minute, in umbels which are 
sometimes proliferous. Many-flowered Marsh Pennywort. 

3. H. Americana Linn. : very smooth and shining ; leaves orbicular, 
reniform, somewhat lobed, doubly crenate, 7 — 9-nerved ; umbels nearly 
sessile, 3 — 5-flowered. 

Moist places. Can. to Geor. June, July. 91 — Stem filiform, branching, 
with long creeping suckers. Flowers greenish-white, in very small axillary 
umbels. American Marsh Pennywort. 

4. H. ranunculoides Linn. : smooth; leaves orbicular-reniform, 5-nerved, 
3 — 5-lobed ; umbels 5 — 10-flowered ; pedicels very short. H. cymbalarifolia 
MuM. 

In water. Penn. to Geor. June, July. 9J.. — Stem creeping or floating. 
Leaves mostly deeply 3-lobed. Flowers white ; peduncles shorter than the pe- 
tioles. Lobed Marsh Pennywort. 

2. CRANTZIA. Nutt.— Crantzia. 
(In honor of Prof. H. J. N. Crantz, an Austrian botanist of the last century.) 

Calyx with the tube subgiobose ; limb nearly wanting. Pe- 
tals roundish, entire, obtuse. Fruit roundish ; commissure ex- 
cavated. Carpels unequal, with 3 marginated dorsal ribs, and 
4 obtuse-angled grooves. — Involucre 5 — 6-leaved. 

C. line at a Nutt. : leaves cuneate-linear, obtuse, shorter than the pedun- 
cles. Hydrocotyle line at a Mich. 

Muddy banks of streams. Mass. to Flor. July. 9L — Stem smooth, creeping 
and rooting. Leaves about 2 at each joint, 1—2 inches long, marked with 
transverse lines. Umbels 8 — 10-flowered, on long peduncles. Flowers pedicel- 
late, white with a tinge of red. • Narrow-leaved Crantzia. 



UMBELLIFER^E. 131 

3. ERIGENIA. NutL— Erigenia. 

(Erom the Greek qpiyeveia, a name of Aurora, the harbinger of day, or of the 
spring ; on account of its being the first conspicuous flowering plant in the U. 
S. Nutt.) 

Calyx with the margin obsolete. Petals 5, obovate, entire, 
equal. Styles persistent, very long, subulate. Fruit oval, 
somewhat laterally compressed. Carpels gibbously convex, 
marked with 3 striae. — General involucre none ; partial one a 
few unequal leafets. 

E. bullosa Nutt. Sison dulbosum Mich. Hydrocotyle composita Pursh. 

Wet grounds. N. Y. and Penn. W. to Miss, and Tenn. March, April. %. 
— Root globose, tuberous. Stem simple, 4 — 5 inches high, 2-leaved. Leaves 
3-parted ; partitions subpinnate ; segments rhomboidal, cleft. Umbels terminal, 
3 — 5 -flowered. Flowers white. Bulbous Erigenia. 

4. SANICULA. Linn.— Sanicle. 

(From the Latin sanio, to heal ; on account of its supposed medicinal virtues.) 
Calyx with the tube echinate, the lobes somewhat leafy and 
persistent. Petals erect, connivent, obovate, deeply emargi- 
nate. Fruit subglobose, solid, not ribbed, armed with hooked 
bristles. — Leafets of the involucre few, often divided. 

1. S. Marylandica Linn.: leaves digitately 5 — 7-parted, the segments 
incisely and mucronately serrate ; sterile flowers numerous, distinctly pedi- 
cellate, and nearly as long as the fertile ones ; styles long and recurved. 

Woods. Throughout the U. S. June — Aug. 1\-. — Stem about 2 feet high, 
branching at the top. Radical leaves on long petioles. Petals white or slightly 
yellowish, obcordate. Long-styled Sanicle. 

2. S. Canadensis Linn. ; leaves digitately 3 — 5-parted, the segments 
incisely and mucronately serrate ; sterile flowers few, slightly pedicellate, 
and much shorter than the fertile ones ; styles shorter than the prickles. 

Woods. Throughout the U. S. June — Aug. %.. — Ur. Torrey, in his Flora 
of New York, has given figures of these two species, by which their difference 
is fully shown. The latter may be distinguished by its less divided leaves, its 
fewer sterile flowers, and especially by ils very short inconspicuous styles. Both 
species are medicinal and poisonous. See Big. Med. Bat. i. 123. 

Canadian Sanicle. 

5. ERYNGIUM. Lhm.—Eryngo. 

(A name given by Dioseorides to this or some allied plant, from its supposed 
virtue in cases of flatulence.) 

Calyx 5-parted ; tube rough with scales. Petals erect, con- 
nivent, oblong-obovate, deeply emarginate. Fruit scaly or tu- 
berculosc. — Flowers in a roundish or oblong head, blue or 
white, braoteate. 

1. E. aquaticum, TJ/in. : leaves linear-lanceolate, nerved, remotely oiliate- 
spmose ; lower suhensi form ; leafets of the involucre 7 — d, mostly entire, 
shorter than the ovate globose pedunculate heads. _/.'. yucca ''-';';. I V 



132 UMBELLIFER^S. 

Wet grounds. N. J. ? to Geor. W. to Texas. Aug. %. — Stem 2—3 (some- 
times 4—6) feet high, smooth, dichotomous above. Leaves variable in breadth. 
Flowers white or pale blue. Medicinal. See EU. Sk. i. 343. 

Button Snake-root. 

2. E. Virginianum Lam. : leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated, slightly 
serrate, tapering at each end ; flowers in large terminal umbels or cymes ; 
leafets of the involucre 7 — 8, longer than the heads, 3-cleft or dentate- 
spiny, whitish beneath. E. aquaticum Mich. 

Marshes. N. J. to Flor. W. to Texas. July, Aug. (§).— Stem 2—5 feet 
high, cymosely branched at the summit, hollow. Heads numerous, nearly an 
inch in diameter, pale blue or nearly white. Virginian Eryngo. 

** Umbels compound or perfect. 
6. CICUTA. Linn.— Cowbane. 

(A Latin name applied to a hollow stem or internodes ; such as occur in this 
genus.) 

Calyx with the margin 5 -toothed. Petals obcordate, reflexed. 
Fruit roundish, didymous, laterally contracted. Carpels with 
5 equal flattish ribs ; the lateral ones margined. — General in- 
volucre none or few-leaved ; partial one many-leaved. 

1. C.maculata Linn.: stem spotted; lower leaves tri-ternate and qui- 
nate ; upper bi-ternate ; segments lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 
mucronate-serrate ; umbels large, axillary and terminal ; partial involucre 
of 5 — 6 setaceous leaves. 

Wet grounds. Can. to Geor. W. to Oregon. July, Aug. %. — Stem 4 — 6 
feet high, terete, smooth. Petals white, obcordate. Poisonous and medicinal. 
Big. Med. Bot. i. 125. Spotted Cowbane. Water Hemlock. 

2. C. bulbifera Linn. : leaves various, ternate and bi-ternate ; leafets 
linear and linear-lanceolate, remotely toothed ; umbels small, axillary and 
terminal ; partial involucre of 3 — 5 subulate leaves ; axils of the leaves 
bulbiferous. 

Swamps. Can. to Penn. ; rare. Aug. %. — Stem 2 — 3 feet high, smooth 
and slender. Umbels small. Flowers white. Bulh-bearing Cowbane. 

7. ZIZIA. Koch.— Meadow Parsnip. 
(In honor of J. B. Zizii, a German botanist.) 

Calyx with the margin obsolete or very short, 5-toothed. 
Petals elliptic, attenuated into a long inflexed point. Fruit 
laterally contracted, subdidymous, roundish or oval. Carpels 
with 5 prominent equal ribs ; the lateral ribs margined. — Gen- 
eral involucre none ; partial one few-leaved. 

1. Z. aurea Koch. : lower leaves bi-ternate, upper bi-ternate or ternate; 
segments oblong-lanceolate, attenuate at base, incisely serrate ; partial in- 
volucre 3-leaved, unilateral. Smymium aureum Linn. 

Rocky hills. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. June, July. %..— Stem about 2 feet 
high, branching at the top. Umbel 10— 15-rayed ; partial ravs short. Flowers 
bright yellow. Fruit blackish. Golden Alexanders. 

2. Z. cordata Koch. ; radical leaves undivided, cordate, crenate, on long 



UMBELLIFER^E. 133 

petioles ; cauline subsessile, ternate ; segments petiolate, ovate or ovate- 
oblong, serrate ; partial involucre 1 — 2-leaved. Smymium cordatum Walt. 
Meadows. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. May, June. %.— Stem 12—18 inches 
high, smooth. Radical leaves sometimes a little lobed. Umbels on long naked 
peduncles. Flowers yellow. Fruit black. Heart-leaved Alexanders. 

3. Z. integerrima D. C. : leaves bi-ternate, somewhat glaucous ; seg- 
ments oblong-ovate, entire ; partial involucre 1-leaved, very short. Smyr- 
nium integerrimurn Linn. 

Rocky woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. May, June. %.. — Stem 1 — 2 feet 
high. Umbel with elongated filiform rays. Flowers yellow. Fruit dark brown. 

Entire-leaved Zizia. 

8. DISCOPLEURA. D. C— Discopleura. 

(From the Greek <5«7*o?, a disk, and ir\svpa, the side ; the two sides of the fruit 
being marked with a kind of disk.) 

Calyx with 5 subulate persistent teeth. Petals ovate, entire. 
Fruit ovate, subdidymous. Carpels with 5 ribs ; 3 dorsal ribs 
filiform, exsert, subacute ; 2 lateral ones with a thick margin. — 
Leaves much divided ; the segments linear. Partial involucre 
a few linear setaceous leafets. 

D. capillacea D. C. : stem erect or procumbent ; umbels 3 — 12-rayed ; 
leafets of the involucre 3 — 5, mostly 3-cleft ; fruit ovate. Ammi majus 
Walt. A. capillaceum Mich. 

Bogs. N. Y. to Geor, July — Sept. 0. — Stem 1 — 2 feet long, geniculate, 
smooth. Leaves many-parted, with the segments filiform and spreading. Flow- 
ers very small, white, on axillary umbels. Few-rayed Discopleura. 

9. CRYPTOT^ENIA. D. C— Hone-wort. 

(From the Greek npv-rrrds, hidden, and raivca, a, fillet ; the narrow vittae being 
concealed in the carpels.) 

Calyx with the margin obsolete. Petals obovate, subentire, 
with a narrow inflexed point. Fruit laterally contracted, linear- 
oblong, crowned with straight styles. Carpels with 5 equal 
filiform obtuse ribs ; the lateral ones nearly margined. — Um- 
bels numerous, arranged somewhat in the form of a panicle. 
General involucre none ; partial one few-leaved. 

C. Canadensis D. C. : leaves ternate, smooth ; leafets rhomboid-ovate or 
lanceolate, acute, inciscly toothed, acutely serrate ; umbels numerous, lower 
ones rising from the axils of the upper leaves ; fruit oblong, beaked with the 
persistent styles. Sison Canadcnsc Linn. CKarophyflum Cunadcnsc JPcrs. 

Rocky Woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. June — Aug. %.. — Stem about '3 
feet high, branched above. Leaves sometimes quinate ; the lower ones on long 
petioles. Flowers white. Canadian Hone-wort. 

10. SIUM. Linn.— Water Parsnip. 
(From the Celtic siw, water ; in allusion to its place of growth. | 

Calyx with the margin 5-toothed, often obsolete. Petals 



134 UMBELLIFER^E. 

obovate, emarginate, with an inflexed point. Styles divergent- 
reflexed, capitulate at the apex. Fruit compressed or con- 
tracted at the side, subdidymous, crowned with the styles. 
Carpels with equal filiform and somewhat obtuse ribs. — Invo- 
lucre many -leaved, rarely wanting, 

1. & latifolium Linn. : root creeping; stem angular and sulcate ; leaves 
pinnate ; leafets ovate-lanceolate, unequal at base, sessile, smooth, equally- 
serrate, sometimes pinnatifid ; umbels terminal, large, many-rayed ; invo- 
lucres many-leaved. 

Swamps. Arct. Amer. to Penn. W. to Oregon. July. %.. — Stem 2—4 feet 
high, branching. Flcnvers white. When growing in water the lower leaves 
are bi- pinnatifid, or have the leafets laciniate. Broad-leaved Water Parsnip. 

2. & lineare Mich. : stem erect, smooth, angular and sulcate ; lower 
leaves pinnate, upper ones ternate ; leafets linear-lanceolate or linear, 
acutely and finely serrate ; umbel terminal, with short rays ; involucre 
many-leaved, linear. S. lenuifolium Muhl. 

Swamps. Can. to Perm. W. to Oregon. July. 71. — Stem 2 — 5 feet high, 
rather rigid. Leafets very long and narrow. Flowers white. 

Narrow-leaved Water Parsnip. 

11. BUPLEURUM. Linn.— Hare's Ear. 

(From the Greek /?»?, an ox, and n\svpov, a rib ; probably in allusion to the 
ribbed leaves of some species.) 

Calyx with the margin obsolete. Petals roundish, entire, in- 
volute. Fruit laterally compressed or subdidymous, crowned 
with the depressed style. Carpels with 5 winged acute fili- 
form or obsolete ribs ; lateral ones marginal. — Leaves mostly 
simple. Involucre various. 

B. rotundifolium Linn. : stem leaves perfoliate, roundish-ovate ; umbel 
5-rayed ; general involucre none ; partial one of 5 mucronate leafets. B. 
perfoliatum Lam. 

Near cultivated grounds. N. Y. Penn. to N. Car. June — Aug. (!)• — Stem 1 — 2 
feet high, branching. Leaves perforated by the stem. Floioers greenish-yellow. 

Common Hare's Ear. Thorough Wax. 

12. jETHUSA. Linn. —Fool's Parsley. 
(From the Greek aiOcj, to burn ; on account of its acrid quality.) 

Calyx with the margin obsolete. Petals obovate, emargi- 
nate, with an inflexed point. Fruit ovate-globose. Carpels 
with 5 elevated, thick and acutely keeled ribs ; the lateral ones 
margined and a little broader, and surrounded by a somewhat 
winged keel. — General involucre none or 1 -leaved ; partial one 
1 — 3 or 5 leaved. 

M. Cynophtm Linn. : leaves bi- and tri-pinnate, dark green ; segments 
ovate-lanceolate; partial involucre of 3 long pendant leaves. 



UMBELLIFER.E. 135 

Near cultivated grounds. Mass. and N. Y. July, Aug. Q).-—Stem about 2 
feet high, branched, hollow, not spotted. Leaves with the ultimate divisions 
linear-lanceolate. Umbels on long peduncles, terminal and opposite the leaves. 
It has a nauseous odor and is said to be poisonous. Common Fool's Parsley. 

13. CONIOSELINUM. D. C— Conioselinum. 
(Name compounded of Conium and Selinum.) 

Calyx with the margin obsolete. Petals obcordate or obo- 
vate, with an innexed point. Fruit convex or compressed on 
the back. Carpels with 5 winged ribs ; the lateral ones twice 
as broad as the others and marginal. — General involucre none, 
or few-leaved ; partial one of 5 — 6 subulate leaves. 

C. Canadense Torr. fy Gr. : fruit oval, nearly twice the length of the 
pedicels; -dorsal ridges narrowly winged. Selinum Canadense Mich. 
Cnidium Canadense Spreng. 

Swamps. Can. N. Y. and Ver. July, Aug. %. — Stem 3 — 5 feet high, 
branching above, striate. Leaves with inflated sheathing petioles, 3-parted ; the 
divisions pinnately compound ; segments pinnatifid, long. Umbels of 10 — 16 
slender rays. Flowers white. Closely resembles C. Fisheri. 

Canadian Conioselinum. 

14. THASPIUM. Nutt.— Thaspium. 
(From the Isle of Thaspia ; a name unfortunately applied.) 
Calyx with the margin 5 -toothed. Petals elliptic, attenuated 
into a long innexed point. Fruit not contracted at the side, 
subelliptic. Carpels convex, with 5 winged ribs ; wings sub- 
equal ; intervals grooved. — General involucre none ; partial 
one about 3 -leaved. 

* Umbels opposite. Flouoers dark purple. 

1 . T. atropurpureum Nutt. : stem smooth, dichotomously branched ; 
radical leaves subcordate, simple, serrate ; cauline ones ternate, serrate; 
leafets ovate-oblong. Cnidium atropurpureum Spre?ig. 

Moist grounds. N. Y. N. J. and Penn. June. %. — Siem about 2 feet high, 
smooth. Flowers dark purple. Fruit small, with membranaceous wings. 

Purple Alexanders. 

** Umbels terminal. Flowers yellow. 

2. T. actai folium Nutt. : stem very tall, smooth and straight ; lower 
leaves tri-ternate ; upper ones bi-tcrnate ; leatets oval, coarsely toothed; 
umbels numerous, terminal, somewhat whorlcd ; partial involucre seta- 
ceous. Ligusticum actccifolium Mich. Torr. if* Gr. 

Banks of streams. Can. to Geor. W. to Ken. July. %. — Stan 3 — 5 feet 
high. Fruit ovate-oblong, with the ribs somewhat winged. Toll Thaspium. 

3. T. barbinode Nutt.: petioles and nodes of the stem pubescent ; lower 
leaves tri-ternate; upper ones bi-ternate ; segments cuneate-ovate. acute, 
unequally and inciscly serrate., entire at the base ; partial involucre 3-leaved, 
setaceous. Ligusticum barbinode Mich. 'Vhapaia trifpliata Spreng. 



136 UMBELLIFER^E. 

Borders of woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Ark. June. %.—Stem about 2 

feet high, somewhat branched, sulcate. Umbels terminal and dichotomal. 

Flowers deep yellow. The oily matter in the vittce of the fruit has a strongly 
camphorated odor. Hairy-jointed Thaspium. 

4. T. aureum Nutt. : lower and middle cauline leaves bi-ternately, and 
the uppermost ternately, divided; segments oblong-lanceolate, mostly 
wedgeform at the base, sharply serrate ; carpels with the winged ribs 
nearly equal. ( Torr.) Smyrnium aureum Big. 

Wet meadows. Mass. N. Y. Penn. Ohio. June. %.,—Stem 1—3 feet high, 
nearly simple. Umbels on long peduncles 10 — 20-rayed, with very short invo- 
lucres. Differs from Zizea aurea in the fruit. Torr. N. Y. Fl. 

Golden Tliaspium. 

15. LIGUSTICUM. Linn.— Lovage. 

(Named from Liguria, where the old Ligusticwm Levislicum abounds. HooJc. 
Br. Fl.) 

Calyx with the margin 5 -toothed or obsolete. Petals obo- 
vate, acute, emarginate, innexed ; claw very short. Fruit 
roundish in the transverse section, or slightly laterally com- 
pressed. Carpels with 5 equal and somewhat winged ribs; 
the lateral ones margined. — Involucre various ; partial one 
many-leaved. 

L. scoticum Linn. : stem erect, smooth and striate ; lower leaves bi-ter- 
nate ; upper ones ternate and nearly sessile ; leafets broadly ovate, coarsely 
serrate ; umbels many-rayed ; flowers equal ; petals inflexed ; involucres 
linear-lanceolate, 5 — 7-leaved. 

Borders of salt marshes. Salem, Mass. N. to Labrador. W. to Oregon. Aug. 
%. — Stem 1 — 2 feet high, flexuous. Flowers white. Identical with the foreign 
plant. Sea Lovage. 

16. ANGELICA. Linn.— Angelica. 
(Named Angelic, from its medicinal and cordial properties.) 

Calyx with the margin obsolete. Petals lanceolate, entire, 
acuminate, with a straight or incurved point. Fruit com- 
pressed on the back, with the central raphe two-winged on 
each side. Carpels with 3 dorsal filiform elevated ribs ; the 
2 lateral ribs dilated into a membranaceous wing. — General in- 
volucre none or few-leaved ; partial one many-leaved. 

1. A. triquinata Mich.: stem terete, pubescent above; leaves on long 
petioles, ternate; partitions quinate ; leafets oblong-ovate, equally serrate, 
smooth ; lower ones 2-lobed at the base ; general involucre none ; partial 
one of 6 — 8 subulate leaves directed to one side. A. hirsuta MM. Ferula 
villosa Walt. Archangelica hirsuta Torr. fy Gr. 

Dry grounds. N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. %.— Stem 2—3 feet high, erect 
and straight, white, villous below the umbel. Umbels mostly 3. Flowers nu- 
merous, white. Triquinate Angelica. 



UMBELLIFER^E. 137 

2. A. atropurpurea Linn. : stem large, smooth, colored ; leaves ternate, 
on large inflated sheathing petioles ; partitions subquinate ; leafets large, 
oblong-ovate, coarsely serrate, sublobed ; the three terminal ones often 
united at base ; general involucre none ; partial one of 8 — 10 subulate 
leaves. A. triquinata Big. Archangelica atropurpurea Torr. <$• Gr. 

Wet meadows. Can. to Penn. June. %. — Stem 3 — 6 feet high, purplish. 
(Dr. Darlington says it is sometimes nearly 3 inches in diameter at base.) Flow- 
ers white. Much larger than the preceding. Root poisonous. 

Dark-purple Angelica. 

3. A. lucida Linn. : stem erect, glabrous ; leaves bi- and tri-pinnate ; 
leafets equal, ovate, cuneate at base, incisely serrate ; general involucre 
about 5-leaved ; partial one subulate. 

Shady woods. Can. to Car. Pursh. June, July. %. — Stem, 1 — 2 feet high. 
Flowers white. Root aromatic. This is perhaps not a native of the U. S. See 
Torr. ty Gr. Shining Angelica. 

17. ARCHEMORA. D. C— Archemora. 

(A fanciful name given by De Candolle in allusion to Archemorus, who is said 
to have died from eating parsley.) 

Calyx with the margin 5-toothed. Petals obcordate, inflexed. 
Fruit dorsally compressed, flat, oval or obovate. Carpels with 
5 subcarinate equidistant filiform ribs ; lateral ribs dilated into 
a membranaceous margin nearly as broad as the seed. — Gen- 
eral involucre none or few-leaved ; partial one many-leaved. 

1. A.rigida D. C: stem erect, rigid, striate; leaves pinnate, smooth; 
leafets 4 — 5 pairs, large, oblong-lanceolate, entire or with several remote 
teeth ; umbels terminal, on long peduncles ; general involucre none ; partial 
one of 6—8 subulate leaves ; fruit much compressed. A. rigida var. a. 
Torr. fy Gr. Skim rigidius Linn. GEnanthe rigida Nutt. 

Swamps. N. Y. to Flor. Sept. %. — Stem 2 — 4 feet high. Leaves with a 
white and sometimes scabrous margin. Flowers white. Rigid Arclwmora. 

2. A. ambigua D. C. : stem erect, slightly angular ; leaves pinnate, 
smooth; leafets narrow-linear or linear-lanceolate, long, mostly entire, 
somewhat glaucous beneath ; umbels terminal, subsolitary ; general invo- 
lucre none ; partial one of 3 — 5 subulate leaves. A. rigida var. /? Torr. $ 
Gr. Skim long i folium Pursh. (Enanthe ambigua Nutt. 

Swamps. N. Y. and N. J. W. to Miss. Aug. %.— Stem 3—5 feet high. 
Flowers white. Both species are supposed to be poisonous. 

Ambiguous Archemora. 

18. PASTINACA. Linn.— Parsnip. 
(From the Latin pastas, food ; in allusion to the use made of the rooO 
Calyx with the margin obsolete or minutely denticulate. 
Petals roundish, entire, involute. Fruit dorsally and flatly 
compressed, surrounded by a dilated margin. Carpels with 
very slender ribs; 3 intermediate ribs equidistant: '2 lateral 
ones continuous. — Involucres none or few-leaved. 



138 UMBELLIFERiE. 

P. sativa Linn. : stem smooth, sulcata; leaves pinnate; Ieafets sessile, 
subpubescent beneath, oblong, incised, terminal one 3-lobed ; umbels large, 
terminal ; fruit oval, much compressed. 

Fields and waste places. N. S. July. (g). — Stem 2 — 4 feet high. Leaves 
somewhat shining. Umbels large, fastigiate. Flowers yellow. Introduced. 

Wild Parsnip. 

19. HERACLEUM. Linn.— Cow Parsnip. 

(Named from Hercules, who is said to have brought this or some allied plant 
into use.) 

Calyx 5-tootlied. Petals obovate, emarginate, with an in- 
flexed point ; outer ones often rayed, bifid. Fruit dorsally and 
flatly compressed, surrounded by a membranaceous margin. 
Carpels with 3 equidistant ribs on the back ; 2 lateral ribs with 
a dilated margin. — General involucre caducous, often few- 
leaved ; partial one many-leaved. 

H. lanatum. Mich. : stem sulcate, pubescent ; Ieafets ternate, petioled, 
tomentose beneath ; Ieafets petioled, round-cordate, lobed ; partial involucre 
5 — 6-leaved; fruit orbicular. 

Meadows. Can. as far N. as lat. 58°. to Penn. W. to Oregon. June. %. — 
Stem 4 — 3 feet high. Petioles very broad and membranous. Flowers white, in 
very large terminal umbels. One of our largest umbelliferous plants. 

American Cow Parsnip. 

20. DAUCUS. Linn.— Carrot. 
(From SavKos } the ancient Greek name for the Carrot.) 
Calyx with the margin 5 -toothed. Petals obovate, emargi- 
nate, with an inflexed point ; outer ones often rayed and deeply 
bifid. Fruit somewhat laterally compressed, ovate or oblong. 
Carpels with 5 primary filiform ribs; 3 intermediate dorsal 
ones ; 2 lateral, flat, placed on the commissure ; 4 secondary 
ones equal, with prominent wings, parted into a simple aculeate 
series. — General involucre with many pinnate or pinnatifid 
leaves ; partial one with many entire or trifid Ieafets. 

D. Carota Linn : stem erect, hispid ; leaves tri-pinnate ; Ieafets pinnatifid ; 
segments linear-lanceolate, acute ; leaves of the involucre pinnatifid, nearly 
as long as the umbel. 

Old fields, road sides, &c. Throughout the U. S. July, Aug. ®.—Sfem 
2 — 3 feet high, branching. Umbel with a solitary colored abortive flower in the 
centre, when in seed concave. Wild Carrot. 

Suborder II. CAMPYLOSPERM^. 

Seed with the margin involute or deeply furrowed on the 
face. 



umbelliferye. 139 



21. CELEROPHYLLUM. Linn.— Wild Chervil. 

(From the Greek x ai P 0> i t0 re Joice, and $v\\ov, a leaf; on account of the 
agreeable smell of the ieaves.) 

Calyx with the margin obsolete. Petals obovate, emarginate, 
inflexed. Fruit not beaked, laterally contracted or compressed. 
Carpels with 5 obtuse equal ribs ; lateral ribs margined. — 
General involucre none or few-leaved ; partial one many-leaved. 

C. procurnbsns Lam : stem decumbent, somewhat hairy ; leaves bi-pin- 
nate ; leafets pinnatifid ; segments lance-oblong, rather obtuse ; umbels 
opposite the leaves, 2 — 3-rayed ; partial involucre of 4 — 5-ovate ciliate 
leaves ; fruit prismatic, smooth, crowned with the persistent styles. Scandix 
procumbens Linn. MyrrMs procumbens and M. bifida Spreng. 

In shady situations. N. J. to S. Car. W. to Ark. April, May. (J). — Stem 
6 — 13 inches long, slender, sometimes nearly erect. Umbels terminal and lateral, 
few-flowered. Flowers small, white. Procumbent Wild Chervil. 

22. OSMORHI^A. Raj.— Osmorhiza. 
(From the Greek oa^r], odor, and piga, a root ; from its sweet or fragrant root.) 
Calyx with the margin obsolete. Petals ovate, scarcely 
emarginate, with a very short inflexed point. Fruit elongated, 
attenuated at base, solid, acute-angled, in the transverse section 
roundish. Carpels with hispid angles and 5 acute ribs ; com- 
missure sulcate. — General involucre 2 — 3 -leaved ; partial one 
often 5 -leaved. 

1. O. longistylis D. C. : styles filiform, nearly as long as the fruit, 
diverging. Uraspermum Clayioni Null. Scandix dulcis Muhl. 

Wet meadows. N. Can. to Virg. W. to Oregon. May, June. %. — Stem 2 — 3 
feet high, purplish, at length nearly smooth, striate. Leaves mostly bi-temate, 
the radical ones on long petioles ; leafets oblong-ovate, incisely serrate, acute. 
Flowers white, twice as large as in the next species. The root has the flavor of 
Aniseed. Long-styled Osmorhiza. Sunt Cicely. 

2. O. brevistylis D. C: styles conical, erect, about, half the length of the 
fruit. Myrrhis Clayioni Mich. Uraspermum himrfum Big. 

Shady rocks. Can. to Car. W. to Oregon. May, June. %—Stem about 
2 feet high, branching, striate, pale-given, at length nearly smooth. Leaves 
bi-temate; leafets incised, often pinnatifid. The root has a sweetish taste, not 
so pleasant as that of the preceding. Short-styled Osmorhiza. 

23. CONIUM. Linn.— Poison Hemlock. 

(Said to be derived from the Greek kwvos, a com 01 top; in allusion to the. 
giddiness produced by its fruit. 

Calyx with the margin obsolete. Petals obcordate, some- 
what emarginate, very short and inflexed. Fruit ovate, late- 
rally compressed. Carpels with 5 prominent equal undulate 



140 ARALIACEiE. 

ribs ; the lateral ribs margined. — Involucres 3 — 5 -leaved ; par- 
tial one dimidiate or unilateral. 

C. maculafaim Linn. : stem erect, branched, smooth and spotted ; leaves 
large, tri-pinnate ; leafets lanceolate, pinnatifid ; ultimate segments acute ; 
general and partial umbels many-rayed ; general involucre of several short 
lanceolate leaves; partial one few-leaved, linear-lanceolate, directed to 
one side. 

Road sides. Can. and the U. S. July. (g). — Stem 2 — 4 feet high. Leaves 
smooth and shining. Flowers white, numerous. Probably introduced. Whole 
plant highly poisonous ; fetid when bruised. Medicinal. Big. Med. Bot. i. 113. 

Poison Hemlock. 

Order LXI. ARALIACE^E.— Ivyworts. 

Calyx superior, entire or toothed. Petals definite, 5 — 10, 
valvate in aestivation, occasionally none. Stamens as many or 
twice as many as the petals. Ovary many-celled. Fruit suc- 
culent or dry, of several-seeded cells. Seeds pendulous ; albu- 
men fleshy. — Trees, shrubs or herbaceous plants, with the 
habit of the Umbelliferse. 

1. ARALIA. Linn. — Aralia. 
(Origin of the name unknown.) 
Calyx with the margin very short, 5-toothed or entire. Pe- 
tals 5, spreading. Stamens 5. Styles 5, spreading. Berry 
5-celled. — Umbels often panicled. 

1. A. nudicaulis Linn. : nearly stemless ; leaf mostly solitary, tri-quinate ; 
leafets sessile, oblong-oval, acute, serrate, smooth ; scape shorter than the 
leaf, 3-cleft at the top ; umbels few, small, on long peduncles, without in- 
volucres. 

Rocky woods. Labrador to Car. W. to the Rocky Mountains. June, July. 
%. — Root thick and creeping, aromatic. Flowers small, 3-umbelled, greenish- 
white. Wild Sarsaparilla. 

2. A. racemosa Linn. : stem herbaceous, branched; petioles 3-parted ; 
divisions ternate and quinate; leafets ovate, often cordate, acuminate, 
sharply serrate, mostly smooth ; umbels numerous, compound, in large 
axillary panicles ; involucre small, few-leaved. 

Woods. Can. to Geor. W. to the Rocky Mountains. June — Aug. T? . — 
Stem 3 — 5 feet high, with spreading branches. Flowers greenish-white, in 
panicles 4 — S inches long. The root is highly aromatic, and is sometimes used 
for medicinal purposes. Spikenard. 

3. A. hispida Mich. : low, suffruticose ; stem and petioles hispid ; leaves 
doubly pinnate ; leafets oblong-ovate, sharply serrate, unarmed ; umbels 
axillary and terminal, on long peduncles. 

Rocky woods. Hudson's Bay to Virg. July. T? . — Stem 1 — 2 feet high, with 
stiff and thick bristles at the base. Flowers greenish- white, in spreading umbels, 

Wild Elder. 



HAMAMELIDACEvE. 141 

4. A. spinosaLinn. : arborescent; stem and petioles prickly ; leaves doubly 
or triply pinnate ; leafets ovate, acuminate, sessile ; umbels numerous, in 
compound panicles ; involucre small, few-leaved. 

Fertile woods. Penn. to Geor. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept. T^. — Stem 8 — 12 
(sometimes 30 or 40)) feet bigh, with the leaves crowded at the summit. Flowers 
white, in very large terminal panicles. A watery infusion of the bark is said to 
be both emetic and cathartic. Ell. Sk. i. 373. Angelica Tree. 

2. PANAX. Linn.— Ginseng. 

(From the Greek irav, all, and axds, a cure ; being considered by the Chinese 
as a remedy for all diseases.) 

Calyx with the margin very short and obsoletely 5-toothed. 
Petals 5. Stamens 5, inserted under the margin of the disk 
and alternating with the sepals. Styles 2 — 3, short. Fruit 
fleshy, compressed, orbiculate or didymous, 2 -celled ; cells 1- 
seeded. — Flowers in simple umbels, polygamous. 

1. P. quinquefolium Linn.: root fusiform, sometimes branched; stem 
angular ; leaves ternate-quinate ; leafets on distinct petioles, oval, acumi- 
nate, serrate ; peduncles shorter than the petioles ; styles and seeds 2. 

Woods. Can. to Geor. June, July. %. — Root 3 — 6 inches long and aro- 
matic. Stem about a foot high, divided at the top. Flowers greenish-yellow, 
8 — 16 in an umbel. The root is highly esteemed by the Chinese for its supposed 
medicinal properties. Common Ginseng. 

2. P. trifolium Linn. : root roundish ; stem simple, smooth ; leaves ter- 
nate ; leafets subsessile, oblong-lanceolate, serrate ; styles often 3 ; berry 
3-seeded. 

Woods. Can. to Geor. May. %. — Stem 4 — 6 inches high. Leaves rarely 
quinate. Flowers white, 20 — 40 in an umbel. Dwarf Ginseng. 

Order LXII. HAMAMELIDACE^E.— Witchhazels. 

Calyx adherent, in 4 or 5 pieces. Petals 4 or 5, or none. 
Stamens 8, 4 alternate with the petals, and 4 sterile placed at 
the base of the petals. Ovary 2-celled ; styles 2. Fruit half 
inferior, capsular, usually opening with two septiferous valves. 
Seeds pendulous ; albumen horny. — Small trees or shrubs, witli 
alternate deciduous leaves. Flowers axillary, often polyga- 
mous. 

HAMAMELIS. IAim.— WitchhaaeL 
(Origin of the name uncertain.) 

Calyx 4-lobed, with 2—3 bracteolea at the base. Petals 4, 
long, ligulate. Sterile stamens scale-like, and opposite the 
petals. Styles 2, short. Capsule coriaceous, 2-celled, 2-valved 
at the top. 



142 CORNACE.E. 

H. Virginica Linn. : leaves ovate, acute, toothed, cordate, with the sinus 
small, scabrous beneath ; flowers in axillary clusters. 

var. parvifolia Nutt. : leaves smaller and more pubescent beneath. 

Woods. Can. to Flor. and Louis. Oct., Nov. Jj. — Stem 6 — 12 feet high- 
Flowers in threes, polygamous, greenish-yellow, appearing in autumn and con- 
tinuing during a great part of the winter ; the fruit is not perfected until about 
September of the following year. Var. parviflora is found on the mountains of 
Pennsylvania. Wilchhazel. 

Order LXIII. CORNACE^F.— Dogwoods. 

Sepals 4, adherent. Petals 4, distinct. Stamens 4, alternate 
with the petals. Ovary 2-celled ; style filiform ; stigma simple. 
Fruit a 2-celled drupe crowned with the remains of the calyx. 
Seed solitary ; albumen fleshy. — Trees or shrubs, with opposite 
rarely alternate leaves. Flowers capitate, umbellate or corym- 
bose. 

CORNUS. Li nn.— Dogwood. 
(From the Latin cornu, a horn ; in allusion to the toughness of the wood.) 
Calyx adherent to the ovary ; the limb minute, 4-toothed. 
Petals 4, oblong, spreading. Stamens 4. Stigma obtuse. 
Drupe with the cells not united. 

* Flowers capitate, surrounded by a petaloid involucre. 

1. C. Canadensis Linn. : herbaceous ; lower leaves opposite, small ; 
upper on short petioles, verticillate, veined ; leaves of the involucre 4, broad- 
ovate, acuminate ; flowers numerous, very small, in a terminal head ; drupe 
globose. 

Damp woods. Arct. Amer. and Labrador to Car. W. to Oregon. May, June. 
%. — Stem 4 — 6 inches high, simple, with one or two pairs of opposite leaves and 
a whorl of about 6 at the summit. Involucre greenish- white, petaloid. much 
longer than the flowers. Drupe red. Dwarf Dogwood. 

2. C.fLorida Linn.: arborescent; leaves ovate, acuminate, whitish be- 
neath; leaves of the involucre 4. large, obcordate, nerved, with a callous 
notch at the apex ; flowers in small terminal heads ; drupe oval. 

Woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. May, June. — A tree 15 — 20 feet high, 
with grayish bark. Flowers greenish-yellow. Involucre about 3 inches in di- 
ameter, white, sometimes tinged with red. Drupe scarlet. Medicinal. Big. 
Med. Bot. ii. 73. Flowering Dogwood. 

** Flowers naked, in cymes. 

f Leaves opposite. 

3. C. circinata UHerit. : branches warty ; leaves on short petioles, 
broad-oval, acuminate, white-downy beneath ; cymes crowded, depressed ; 
drupe globose. C. tomentvlosa Mich. 

Banks of streams. Can. to Virg. W. to Miss. June, July. T?. — Stem 6 — 8 
feet high, with straight slender branches. Leaves broad, waved on the edges. 
Flowers white. Drupe small, light-blue. Oval-leaved Dogwood. 



LORANTHACE^E. 143 

4. C. sericea L'Herit. : branches expanded ; leaves ovate, acuminate, the 
under surface clothed with a silky ferruginous down ; cymes depressed, 
woolly ; drupe globose. C. lanuginosa Mich. C. alba Walt. 

Banks of streams. Can. to Geor. and Louis. May, June. Pj. — Stem 5 — 10 
feet high, with purplish bark. Leaves varying in form and pubescence. Flow- 
ers yellowish-white. Drupe pale-blue. Swamp Dogwood. 

5. C. stolonifera Mich. : stem often reclined and stoloniferous, with red- 
dish-purple branches ; leaves ovate, somewhat acuminate, obtuse at base, 
rough with minute pubescence on both sides, whitish beneath; cymes 
small, flat, rather crowded ; drupe globose. C. alba Wang. C. sangidnea 
Pitrsh. ? not of Linn. 

Banks of streams. Can. from lat. 69° to N. Y. W. to Miss. May, June. T2 . 
■ — Stems sometimes 5 — 10 feet long, erect, or prostrate and rooting. Flowers 
white, in small cymes. Drupe small, white or lead-colored. C. sanguinea 
seems not to be a native of North America. The plant described under that 
name by our botanists, is thought by Torrey and Gray to be this species ; while 
Darlington connects it with C. sericea. C. stricta Lam. {Beck Bot. 1st Ed.), is 
said to be confined to the southern states. Stoloniferous Dogwood. 

6. C. paniculata L'Herit. : branches erect, smooth ; leaves ovate-lanceo- 
late or oval, acuminate, acute at base, rough with a minute pubescence, 
hoary beneath ; cymes loose, usually paniculate, smooth ; drupe small, de- 
pressed-globose. C. racemosa Lam. 

Wet woods. Can. to Penn. W. to Miss. July. T? . — Stem 6 — 8 feet high, 
with a grayish bark. Flowers white, in very numerous panicled or thyrsoid 
cymes. Drupe white or lead-colored. Panicled Dogwood. 

•f-f Leaves alternate. 

7. C. alternifolia Linn. : branches alternate, warty ; leaves alternate, 
broad-oval or ovate, acuminate, smooth above, hoary pubescent beneath ; 
cymes depressed and spreading ; drupe globose. 

Shady woods. Can. to Car. W. to Ken. June. — A small tree 15 — 20 feet 
high, with spreading branches. Leaves on slender petioles. Floxvers yellowish- 
white. Drupe dark-blue. Alternate- leaved Dogwood. 

Order LXIV. LORANTHACEJE.— Loranths. 

Calyx, with 3, 4 or 8 sepals often joined into a tube, usually 
with 2 bracts at base, sometimes none. Petals none. Sta- 
mens as many as the sepals, and opposite to them, when they 
are present. Ovary 1 -celled ; style 1 or none ; stigma simple. 
Fruit succulent. Seed solitary ; albumen fleshy. — Shrubs, al- 
most parasitical. Leaves fleshy, entire, mostly opposite, rarely 
wanting. 

VISCUM. Linn.— Misscltoc. 
(From the Latin vlscits, glue; in allusion lo its glutinous iVuit.) 

Flowers monoecious or dicecious. Snanu: Ft. Sepals 1. 
(rarely 3 — 5,) fleshy, the segments triangular. Fertile Vl. 



144 CAPRIFOLIACE^E. 

Calyx with the margin obsolete ; inner sepals (petals) 4, dis- 
tinct. Stigma obtuse, sessile. Berry pulpy. 

V.fiavescens Pursh.: branches terete, opposite and verticillate ; leaves 
cuneate-obovate, 3-nerved ; spikes axillary, solitary, rather shorter than 
the leaves ; sterile flowers mostly trifid. V. verticillatum Nutt. 

Parasitic on trees. N. J. to Flor. and throughout the valley of the Mississippi. 
May. %. — Stem 9 — 18 inches high, yellowish-green, smooth. Leaves fleshy 
or somewhat coriaceous. Flowers small, yellowish-green, sessile. Berries 
pearly white, resembling white wax. White Misseltoe. 

Order LXV. CAPRIFOLIACE^.— Caprifoils. 

Calyx 4 — 5 -cleft, usually with 2 or more bracts at base. 
Corolla monopetalous or polypetalous, rotate or tubular, regu- 
lar or irregular. Stamens epipetalous, as many as the lobes of 
the corolla and alternate with them. Style 1, or none ; stig- 
mas 3 — 5. Fruit usually a berry or drupe, rarely a capsule. 
Seeds solitary or numerous ; albumen fleshy. — Shrubs or her- 
baceous plants. Leaves opposite, without stipules. Inflores- 
cence various. 

1. SAMBUCUS. Linn.— Elder. 

(From the Greek <ra/x/?5*J7, a musical instrument, in the construction of which 
this wood is said to have been employed.) 

Calyx with the limb small and 5-cleft. Corolla rotate or 
urceolate, 5-lobed ; lobes obtuse. Stamens 5. Style none. 
Stigmas 3, sessile. - Berry roundish, pulpy, 1 -celled, 3 — 5- 
seeded. 

1 . £. Canadensis Linn. : stem suffrutescent ; leaves pinnate ; leafets in 
4 or 5 pairs, oblong-oval, acuminate, smooth and shining ; nerves and peti- 
oles smooth ; stipules wanting ; cyme 5-parted, spreading. 

Wet grounds. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. May, June. rj. — Stem 5 — 10 feet 
high. Leaves sometimes bipinnate. Flowers white. Fruit oval, deep purple 
or nearly black. Common Eider. 

2. S 1 . pubens Mich. : stem frutescent ; leaves pinnate ; leafets in 2 or 3 
pairs, oval-lanceolate, and with the petioles pubescent beneath ; thyrse 
ovoid or pyramidal, loose. S. pvbescens Pers. 

Rocky woods. Can. to Car. W. to Oregon. June, July. \i.—Stem 6 — 8, 
sometimes 15, feet high. Flowers white. Fruit small, red, rarely white. Torr. 

Red-berried Elder. 

2. VIBURNUM. Linn.— Viburnum. 
(Origin of the name uncertain.) 

Calyx with the limb small 5 -toothed and persistent. Co- 
rolla rotate, subcampanulate or tubular, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, 



CAPRIFOLIACE^E. 145 

equal. Stigmas 3, sessile. Berry ovate or globose, 1 -seeded, 
crowned by tlie teeth of the calyx. 

* Leaves serrate or toothed. 

1. V. pruni folium Linn. : branches spreading, smooth ; leaves obovate, 
nearly round and oval, very smooth, acutely serrate ; petioles winged ; 
cymes sessile, lateral ; fruit oblong-ovoid. 

Woods. N. Y. to Geor. W. to Miss. June. li—Stem 8—15 feet high. 
Flowers large, white. Fruit dark-blue. 

Plum-leaved Viburnum. Black Haw. 

2. V. pyrifolium Lam. : leaves ovate-oblong, somewhat acute, subser- 
rate, smooth ; petioles naked ; cymes large, spreading, on angular pedun- 
cles ; fruit ovoid. V. nudum^ar. Torr. fy Gr. 

Swamps. Can. and N. S. May, June. b_. — Stem 5— 10 feet high. Flowers 
white, in large spreading cymes. Fruit red. Pear-leaved Viburnum. 

3. V. Lentago Linn. : smooth ; leaves broad-ovate or oval, acuminate, 
sharply serrate ; petioles with waved margins ; cymes terminal, sessile ; 
fruit oval. 

Rocky banks of streams. Can. to Geor. W. to Mich. May. Tj. — Stem 
15 — 20 feet high. Flowers small, white, in spreading cymes. Fruit bluish- 
black. Sweet Viburnum. 

4. V. nudum Linn. : leaves oval-oblong, slightly acuminate, smooth 
above, veins and margins pubescent beneath, obsoletely crenulate ; petioles 
naked ; cymes peduncled ; fruit ovoid. V. squamatum R. ty S. 

Swamps. Can. to Flor. June. r£. — Stem 8 — 12 feet high. Flowers small, 
crowded, white. Fruit dark-blue, nearly black. Swamp Viburnum. 

5. V. lantanoides Mich.: branches flexuous and often procumbent; 
leaves orbicular-cordate, abruptly acuminate, unequally serrate ; nerves 
and petioles puverulent-tomentose ; cymes closely sessile ; fruit ovoid. V. 
Lantana,xar. grand/Jlorum Ait. 

■ Rocky woods. Can. toVirg. May, June. b_. — Stem 4 — 8 feet high. Flow- 
ers white, in flat, loose cymes, the sterile ones very large. Fruit red, black 
when ripe. Large-flowered Viburnum. 

6. V. dentalum Linn.: nearly smooth ; leaves on long petioles, orbicu- 
lar-ovate, with coarse serratures, plaited ; axils of the veins pubescent be- 
neath ; cymes terminal, pedunculate; fruit nearly globose. V. dentalum, 
var. glabellum Mich. 

Moist woods. Can. to Car. June. T?. — Stem 6 — 8 feet high. Leaves some- 
times roundish-cordate or ovate, and pubescent beneath. Flowers white, in 
large expanding cymes. Fruit dark-blue, small. 

Toothed Viburnum. Arrow-wood. 

7. V. pubescent Pursh.: pubescent; leaves on very short petioles, ovate 
or ovate-oblong, subcordate, acuminate., dentate-serrate, villous beneath; 
cymes pedunculate ; fruit oblong. V. denta/uni,\:\r. se/nitomentosum Mick. 

High grounds. Can. to Car. June. b. — Stem 2—3 feet high, with strag- 
gling Dranches. Leaves smoother when old. ( S/mes smaller than in the prece- 
ding. Fruit small, reddish. Pubescent Viburnum. 

** Leaves lobed or incised. 

8. V. acerifolivm IAnn.: leaves roundish or broad-ovate, suheordate, 
coarsely and acutely serrate, velvety pubescent beneath, 3-lobcd ; lobes 

7 



146 CAPRIFGLIACE.S. 

divergent ; petioles hairy, with two setaceous appendages ; cymes on long 
peduncles ; fruit oval, compressed. 

Rocky woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Oregon. ? May, June. fy. — Stem 4 — 6 
feet high, with slender branches. Flowers white, slightly tinged with red. 
Fruit nearly black. Maple-leaved Arrow-wood,. 

9. V. paucijiorum Pylaie : branches and petioles smoothish ; leaves 
roundish, rarely subcordate, slightly 3-lobed or incised at the summit, 
mostly 5-nerved from the base, unequally serrate, smoothish ; petioles with- 
out stipuliform appendages ; cymes pedunculate. ( Torr. fy Gr.) 

Mountains. N. H. Ver. and N. Y. Newfoundland. June. T^ . — Stem 2—3 
feet high. Leaves smooth or slightly pubescent beneath. Cymes seldom an 
inch in diameter. Fruit red. Still a doubtful species. 

Mountain Bush Cranberry. 

10. V. Ozycoccus Pursh. : leaves 3-lobed, acute at the base, 3-nerved ; 
lobes divaricate, acuminate, remotely and obtusely toothed ; petioles glan- 
dular ; cymes radiate ; flowers of the ray large and abortive. V. Opulus, 
var. Americanum Ait. Torr. ty Gr. V. opuloides Muhl. 

Woods. Arct. Amer. to N. J. May, June. — A small shrub with spreading 
branches. Fruit large, subglobose, red, intensely acid and slightly bitter ; some- 
times used as a substitute for cranberries. Cranberry-like Viburnum. 

11 . V. eclule Pursh. : leaves 3-lobed, rather obtuse at the base, 3-nerved ; 
lobes very short, with acuminate-dentate serratures ; petioles glandular ; 
cymes radiate. V. Opuhis,va.r. Americanum Torr. <f- Gr. 

Banks of rivers. Arct. Amer. to N. Y. July. — A smaller and more upright 
shrub than the preceding ; berries of the same color and size, but when com- 
pletely ripe more agreeable to eat. Pursh. Eatable Viburnum. 

3. TRIOSTEUM. Linn.— Feverwort. 

(From the Greek rpeis, three, and o$tzov, a bone ; in allusion to its three bony 
seeds.) 

Calyx with the tube ovoid and the limb 5 -parted ; lobes lin- 
ear-lanceolate, persistent. Corolla tubular, subequally 5-lobed, 
gibbous at base. Stamens 5, included. Stigma capitate. 
Berry rather dry, crowned by the calyx, with 3 — 5 bony 
nucules. 

1. T. perfoliatum Linn.: stem glandular-hairy; leaves lance-oval or 
spatulate-ovate, acuminate, entire, abruptly narrowed at base, connate, 
velvety pubescent beneath ; flowers 1 — 3 in the axils of the leaves, sessile. 
T. majus Mich. 

Rocky woods. Mass. to Car. W to Miss. June. %. — Stem 2— 4 feet high. 
Flovjers purple. Medicinal. Big. Med. Bot. i. 90. Perfoliate Feverwort. 

2. T. angustifolium Linn. : stem hispid ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, 
acuminate, tapering to the base, pubescent or almost glabrous beneath, hir- 
sute above ; flowers mostly solitary in the axils, sessile or pedunculate. T. 
minus Mich. 

Shady places. Del. to Car. W. to Ark. and Miss. May, June. %. — Smaller 
than the preceding. Flowers yellowish. Narrovj-leaved-Feverwort. 



CAPRIFOLIACE^:. 147 

4. DIERVILLA. Tourn.—Bush. Honeysuckle. 
(In honor of M. Dierville, a French surgeon, who introduced it into Europe.) 

Calyx with the tube oblong, bibracteate at base ; the limb 
5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form, 5-cleft, spreading, much longer 
than the calyx. Stamens 5, somewhat exserted. Stigma cap- 
itate. Capsule oblong, acute, not crowned, 1-celled, many- 
seeded. 

D. Tournefortii Mich. : peduncles axillary and terminal, dichotomous, 
2 — 3-flowered ; leaves opposite, oblong-ovate, on short petioles, serrate, 
acuminate, smooth. D. Canadensis Wllld. D. trifida Mcench. 

Rocky woods. Throughout the U. S. May, June. 1q_. — Stem 2 — 4 feet 
high, branched. Flowers greenish-yellow, nearly an inch long. 

Common Bush Honeysuckle. 

5. LONICERA. D. C— Honeysuckle. 
(In honor of Adam Lonicer, a German botanist of the sixteenth century ) 

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla tubular, campanulate or funnel- 
form, 5-cleft, often irregularly. Stamens 5. Style filiform. 
Stigma capitate. Berry 2 — 3-celled, few-seeded. 

* Flowers capitate-verticillate. Berry solitary, 3-celled, crowned by the 
calyx. Lonicera. 

1. L. Jlava Sims. : smooth and somewhat glaucous ; leaves ovate, obo- 
vate or oval, with a narrow cartilaginous margin ; upper ones connate- 
perfoliate ; spikes verticillate, terminal ; tube not gibbous. Caprifoiiuvi 
JLavum Ell. C. Fraseri Pursh. 

Catskill Mountains, N. Y. S. to Geor. W. to Wisconsin. June, July. 1? • — 
Stem twining, very smooth. Flowers bright yellow, an inch or more in length. 

Yellow Honeysuckle. 

2. Li. hirsula Eat. : leaves broad-ovate and obovate, pubescent and 
ciliate, glaucous beneath; upper ones connate-perfoliate, nearly smooth; 
spikes verticillate, terminal, subcapitate, glandular-pubescent ; tube slightly 
gibbous at base. Capri folium pubescens Goldic. 

Rocky woods. Can. to 'N. Y. W. to Mich. Juno. .Inly, fy.— Stem 15— 30 
feet long, twining. Flowers yellow, pubescent. B< tries orange. 

Hairy Honeysuckle. 

3. L. par ri flora. Lam. : smooth; leaves elliptic or oblong, smooth, very 
glaucous beneath, the upper pair connate-perfoliate, the rest mostly sub- 
connate; flowers in verticillate pedunculate heads; corolla short, gibbous 
at base ; filaments bearded. Capri folium parvijlorum Pursh. 

sum Mich. 

Rocky woods. Subarct. Amcr. to Car, June, July. K — Stem 6 — 10 feet 
long, twining or trailing, branched. Flowers yellow, smaller than in either of 
the preceding, SnutU-fiowered Honeysuckle, 

4. L. grata Ait.: leaves obovate, smooth, glaucous beneath, the tipper 
pairs connate subperfoliate ; flowers verticillate in the axils of the upper 



148 CAPRIFOLIACE^E. 

leaves ; tube of the corolla long and slender, not gibbous. Caprifolium 
gratum PursJi. 

Rocky woods. N. Y. to Car. and Louis. May — Aug. I7. — Stem 10 — 20 
feet long, twining or trailing. Flowers about 6 in eacb whorl, fragrant, red or 
purplish. Berries orange-red. Wild Honeysuckle. 

5. L. sempervirens Ait. : leaves oblong, glaucous beneath, shining above, 
the upper ones connate-perfoliate ; spikes verticillate, somewhat naked, 
terminal ; corolla nearly equal, with the tube ventricose above. Caprifo- 
lium sempervirens Mich, 

Borders of swamps. X. Y. to Flor. May, June. Tj. — Stem 6 — 15 feet long, 
twining. Leaves evergreen. Flowers scarlet and yellowish. Berries scarlet. 

Scarlet Honeysuckle. 

** Pedicels axillary, in pairs. Berries in pairs, distinct or more or less 
connate, ^celled, many-seeded. Xylosteum. 

6. Li. ciliata Muhl. : stem erect : leaves opposite, ovate and subcordate 
ciliate on the margin, younger ones villous beneath ; tube of the corolla 
calcarate at base, ventricose above ; segments short, acute • style exserted 
berries distinct. Xylosteum ciliatum Pursh. 

Hills and rocks. Can. to Penn. W. to the Rocky Mountains. 3Iay, June 
F^. — Stem 3 — 5 feet high, with straggling branches. Corolla pale greenish-yel 
low. long, somewhat funnel-form. Berries ovoid, red. Fly Honeysuckle. 

7. L. ccerulea Linn. : stem erect, leaves oval, entire, pubescent ; pedun- 
cles shorter than the flowers ; bracts longer than the ovaries ; corolla gib- 
bous at base ; berries formed by the union of two ovaries. L. villosa D. C. 
Xvlosteum villosiim Big. X. Solonis Eat. 

Woods and sides of mountains. Labrador and Arct. Amer. to Mass. and N. Y. 
May. h. — Stem 1 — 3 feet high, with the younger branches villous. Flowers 
Velio w. Berries closely united at the summit, deep-blue and glaucous. 

Hairy Fly Honeysuckle. 

8. L. oblongifolia Hook : stem erect ; leaves oblong or oval, nearly smooth 
when old; peduncles filiform, erect, much longer than the flowers; bracts 
minute : corolla gibbous at the base, deeply *2-lipped; berries formed by the 
union of *2 ovaries. Xylosteum oblong i folium Goldie. 

Sphasrnous swamps. Can. and Western N. Y. ; rare. May, June. T^ . — Stem 
3 — ± feet high, much branched. Flowers greenish-yellow, tinged with purple. 
Berries small, slightly separate at the summit, purple. 

Long-stalked Honeysuckle. 

6. SYMPHORICARPUS. Dill— Snowberry. 

(From the Greek av-^fvo), to grow together, and Kacrros, fruit ; the berries form- 
ing clusters.) 

Calyx with the tube globose ; the limb small, 4 — 5-toothed. 
Corolla funnel-form, subequally 4 — 5-lobed. Stamens 5, scarcely 
exserted. Stig-ma subo-lobose. Berry crowned by the calyx, 
4-celled, 4-seeded ; 2 of the cells sometimes abortive. 

1. <S. vulgaris Mich. : racemes axillary, almost sessile, in little glomerate 
heads ; corolla with the lobes smoothish inside ; stamens and bearded 
style included, Symphoria glomerata Pursh. 



RUBIACEjE. 149 

Banks of streams. Yates county, N. Y. Penn. to Car. W. to Miss. July, 
Aug. Pj. — Stem 2 — 3 feet high, with numerous purplish branches. Flowers 
greenish-red. Berries dark red, globose. Indian Currant. 

2. S. racemosus Mich. : spikes terminal, loose, interrupted, often somewhat 
leafy ; flowers on short pedicels ; corolla campanulate, densely bearded in- 
side ; style and stamens included. Symphoria racemosa Pursh. 

Rocky banks of streams. Can. Western N. Y. W. to Oregon and California. 
June, July. T7 . — Stem 2 — 3 feet high. Flowers pale red. Berries globose, large, 
very white and opaque. Common S?wwberry. 

7. LINN^A. Gron.— Linnjea. 
(In honor of the illustrious Swede.) 
Calyx with the tube ovate ; limb 5 -parted ; segments Ian-, 
ceolate-subulate. Corolla turbinate, subcampanulate, 5-lobed. 
Stamens 4, subdidynamous, included. Stigma globose. Berry 
dry, small, ovate-globose, 3 -celled, (one cell only bearing a per- 
fect seed.) 

L. borealis Gron. 

Moist woods. Arct. Amer. to N. J. W. to Oregon. June, July. % . — Ever- 
green, creeping. Leaves opposite, on short petioles, round-ovate, crenate, 
slightly hairy. Peduncles erect, long. Flowers 2, drooping, pedicelled, white or 
pale red. Twin Flower. 

Order LXVL RUBIACEiE.— Madderworts. 

Tube of the calyx mostly adhering to the ovary ; the limb 
usually 4 — 5 -cleft or toothed. Corolla with as many petals as 
there are divisions of the calyx. Stamens as many as the 
petals and alternate with them. Ovary 2 -celled ; style mostly 
single; stigmas 2. Fruit various. Albumen copious, horny 
or fleshy. — Trees, shrubs or herbs. Leaves simple, entire, op- 
posite or in whorls. 

1. HEDYOTIS. Linn.— Hedyotis. 

(From the Greek r)<5«s, sweet, and o$s, wros, an ear ; on account of its supposed 
virtue in curing deafness. Darlington.) 

Calyx with the tube ovate, the limb 4-toothed : teeth erect, 
persistent. Corolla funnel-form, salver-form or rotate. 4-paruul. 
Stamens 4, somewhat exserled. Capsule ovoid or globose, 
2-celled, opening transversely at (he top, many-seeded. 

1. It. cceruka Honk.: stem erect or spreading, dichotomous; radical 
leaves spatuhite-oval ; caulinc oblaiuvolutc | peduncles filiform, elongated, 
1-flowered. Houston ia ctcrulai Linn. 

Moist grounds. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. April— Sept. (X) or (§).— v 
numerous, 3— 6 inches high. Rowers blue, sometimes nearly \\l\iu\ The 
western specimens not unfrequently have the peduncles many-flowered. 

Blue Hedyotis. Common Bluets. Dwarf rink. 

7 



150 RUBIACE^E. 

2. H. ciliolata Torr. : smooth, somewhat branched above ; radical leaves 
oval or oblong-spatulate, tapering into a petiole, the margin ciliate ; cau- 
line oblanceolate ; flowers in corymbose clusters ; peduncles and pedicels 
short. Houstonia ciliolata Torr. Ft. 

Wet banks. Western and Northern N. Y. Can. W. to Miss. May, Aug. 
%-.— -Stems usually numerous, 4 — 6 inches high, at length spreading. Flowers 
numerous, terminal, pale purple. Fringed-leaved Hedyotis. 

3. H. longifolia Hook : smooth ; stem erect ; leaves linear and oblong- 
linear, tapering at base, rough on the margin, but not ciliate ; radical ones 
narrow-oval or oblong, tapering into a petiole ; flowers mostly in threes, 
terminal, nearly sessile. Houstonia longifolia Willd. 

Dry hills and fields. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. June — Aug. %. — Stems 
5 — 8 inches high, slender, branched at the top, 4-sided. Flowers usually hi 
threes, pale purple. Corolla about thrice as long as the lobes of the calyx. 

Long-leaved Hedyotis. 

4. H. glomerata Ell. : stem erect or somewhat diffuse, branching, pubes- 
cent ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, attenuate at base or slightly petioled, nearly 
smooth ; flowers in clusters, sessile, axillary and terminal ; tube of the 
calyx hairy, shorter than the lobes. H. auriculata Walt. Oldenlandia 
glomerata Mich. 

Moist grounds. N. Y. N. J. to Flor. Aug. (£). ?— Whole plant dull green. 
Stem 2 — 1 inches high, first simple, then branching and assurgent. Flowers 
usually clustered, small, white. Cluster-jlowered Hedyotis. 

5. H. purpurea Tair. fy Gr. : stem erect or ascending, 4-sided, pubescent ; 
leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, closely sessile, 3 — 5-nerved, smoothish 
above, lower surface and margins pubescent ; flowers in terminal corymbs ■ 
lobes of the calyx subulate-linear. Houstonia purpurea Linn. 

Woods. Penn. and Virg. W. to Miss, and Tenn. May — July. %. — Stems 
usually several from the same root, about a foot high, branching. Flowers pur- 
ple. Purple Hedyotis. 

2. MITCHELLA. Linn.— Partridge Berry. 
(In honor of Dr. John Mitchell, a botanist of Virginia.) 

Flowers in pairs, with their ovaries united. Calyx 4-toothed. 
Corolla funnel-form ; tube cylindric ; limb 4-parted, spreading, 
villous on the inner side. Stamens 4, adnate to the tube, 
scarcely exserted. Stigma 4-cleft. Berry didymous, 4-seeded. 

M. repens Linn.: stem branched, smooth, creeping; leaves opposite,. pe- 
tioled, roundish-ovate, often slightly cordate, smooth, very entire ; flowers 
terminal, in pairs. 

Woods, among dried leaves. Can. to Flor. W. to Ark. June. July. %. 

A small evergreen, creeping plant. Flowers white, hairy within, fragrant. 
Berries red. Partridge Berry. 

3. CEPHALANTHUS. Linn.— Button Bush. 
(From the Greek KZ(pa\r], a head, and avdog, & flower.) 

Calyx small, angular, inversely pyramidal, 4-cleft. Corolla 
tubular, slender, 4-cleft. Style much exserted. Stigma glo- 



rubiace^e. 151 

bose. Capsule 2-celled, 2-seeded, mostly 2-parted. Recep- 
tacle globose, hairy. — Flowers in a globose bead. 

C. occidentalis Linn. : leaves petiolate, opposite or ternate, ovate or oval, 
acuminate, smoothish ; peduncles long, often ternate at the extremity of the 
branches. 

Borders of ponds and streams. Can. to Fl or. W. to Miss. July, Aug. T^. — 
Stem 4 — 8 feet high, branched. Heads of flowers about an inch in diameter. 
Corolla white, somewhat funnel-form. Button Bush. Pond Dogwood. 

4. DIODIA. lAtm.— Diodia. 

(Said to be derived from the Greek SioSos, a road or way ; in allusion to its 
growing by way-sides. Eat. Man.) 

Calyx with the tube ovate or obovate, often 8-nerved, 2 — 4- 
toothed. Corolla funnel-form, 4-lobed. Stamens 4, exserted 
or included. Style bifid or undivided. Fruit crowned with the 
calyx, 2-celled, bipartite; carpel 1-seeded. 

D. teres Walt. : stem procumbent, diffuse, terete, hairy ; leaves linear- 
lanceolate, nearly smooth, margin and keel serrulate ; stipules with nume- 
rous long bristles ; flowers axillary, solitary, alternate ; corolla bearded 
within ; fruit ovate, pubescent, crowned by the 4-lobed calyx. Spermacoce 
diodina Mich. 

Sandy fields. N. J. to Flor. and Louis. W. to Ark. Aug. (T).—Slem 4—16 
inches high, much branched. Flowers opposite, often clustered, white or pale 
purple. Terete Diodia. 

5. GALIUM. Linn.— Bedstraw. 

(From the Greek ymAu, milk ; one of the species having been formerly used to 
curdle milk.) 

Calyx with the tube ovate-globose or oblong ; limb nearly 
wanting. Corolla 4-parted, rotate, (very rarely 3-parted.) Sta- 
mens short. Styles 2, short. Fruit didymous, roundish, rarely 
oblong. 

* Fruit smooth. Flowers yellow. 

1. G. vcrum Linn. : leaves about 8 in a whorl, narrow-linear, grooved, 
scabrous, with somewhat revolute margins ; flowers in dense panicles. 

Pastures. Mass. June, July. °|-. — Stem erect, 9 — -IS inches high, Blender, 
branched. Flowers yellow. Employed by the Highlanders as a rennet to cur- 
dle milk. Hook. Bi\ FL 

** Fruit smooth. Flowers whUi, 

2. G. trifuhtm Linn. : stem decumbent or ascending, scabrous downward ; 
leaves 4 — 6 in a whorl, linear, obtuse, scabrous on the margin and midrib; 
peduncles smooth, spreading, 1 — 3-ilowered ; corolla 3 — 1-cleft. Q, ( 
Mich. G. obtusum Big. 

Swamps mid wet fields. Aret. ,\incr. to Cur. W. to Oregon. June. Julv. 
%. — Stem 5 inches to 1 or 2 fee t long, much branched. Lewes varying from 



152 RUBIACE^E. 

linear to oblong, elliptic and oblanceolate. Flowers in threes, white, very 
minute. Dr. Hooker thinks the American, distinct from the European, plant. 

Small Bedstraw. 

3. G. tinctorium Linn. : stem diffuse, smoothish ; leaves linear, some- 
what acute ; those of the stem in sixes ; of the branches in fours ; pedun- 
cles terminal, elongated, mostly 3-flowered ; corolla 4-parted. G. trifidwn 
var. tinctoriwm Torr. fy Gr. 

Wet woods. Can. to Car. June — Aug. %. — Stem weak, branching. Leaves 
very narrow. Corolla white, mostly 4-cleft. Used as a red dye. 

Dyers Bedstraw. 

4. G. asprellum Mich. : stem diffuse, very branching, the angles re- 

trosely aculeate ; leaves in sixes, fives and fours, elliptical or lanceolate, the 

midrib and margins aculeate-hispid ; branches 2 — 3-forked ; pedicels filiform, 

divaricate, short. G. micranthum Pursh. 

Moist places. Can. to Virg. June, July. %.—Stem weak, 2 — 4 feet long, 
often supported on other plants by its hooked prickles. Flowers numerous, 
minute, white. Rough Bedstraw. 

*** Fruit hispid. 

5. G. Apocrine Linn. : stem weak, branching, retrosely aculeate ; leaves 

6 — 8 in a whorl, linear-lanceolate, mucronate, with the midrib and margin 

rough with refiexed prickles ; fruit large. 

Moist woods. Can. to Del. W. to Oregon. June. ®. — Stem 3 — 4 feet long. 
Flowers white, numerous, on axillary and terminal peduncles. Perhaps intro- 
duced. Common Cleavers. Goose Grass. 

6. G. trifiorum Mich. : stem procumbent, smoothish, the angles aculeate 
or hispid ; leaves 5 or 6 in a whorl, narrow-elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, 
acuminate, mucronate, slightly hispid or scabrous on the margin and mid- 
rib ; peduncles axillary and terminal, mostly 3-flowered at the extremity. 
G. cuspidatum Muhl. Ell. G. brachiatum Pursh. 

Moist woods. Can. to Louis. W. to Oregon and California. July, Aug. 
%. — Stem 1 — 4 feet long, with short branches. Flowers rather few, greenish- 
white, small. A variable species. Dr. Torrey states that it gives out a vanilla- 
like odor in drying. Sweet-scented Bedstraw. 

7. G, pilosum Ait. : stem ascending, hispid, hairy or nearly smooth; leaves 
4 in a whorl, oval or ovate, mucronate, ciliate and mostly hairy ; peduncles 
elongated, dichotomous, often 3-flowered at the extremity. G. puncticulo- 
sum Mich. G. Bermudianum Pursh. 

Dry woods. N. Y. to Louis. W. to Texas. June, July. %.—Stem 1—2 feet 
high, mostly simple, more or less pubescent. Flowers brownish purple. 

Hairy Bedstraw. 

8. G. cirzcEzans Mich. : stem erect or ascending, nearly smooth or hairy ; 
leaves 4 in a whorl, oval or ovate-oblong, mostly obtuse, 3-nerved, some- 
what pubescent, ciliate on the margin and nerves ; peduncles lateral and 
terminal, divaricate, few-flowered. G. brachiatum Muhl. G. boreale Walt. 

var. 1. lanceolaium Torr. N.Y. Fl. : leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceo- 
late, rather acute. G. lanceolaium Torr. Fl. 

var. 2. montanum Torr. <%> Gr. : dwarf; leaves obovate, nearly smooth. 

Rocky woods and mountains. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. June, July. %.. — 
Stems usually several from one root, 10 — 18 inches high. Flowers purple. 
Fruit clothed with dense white bristles. Wild Liquoi-ice. 



valerianacetE. 153 

9. G. boreale Linn. : stem erect, branched above, smoothish ; leaves in 
fours, linear-acute or linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved, smooth, margin involute 
and scabrous ; flowers in a divaricate terminal panicle. C. septentrionale 
R. <f- 5". 

Dry woods. Arct. Amer. to Penn. W. to Oregon. July, Aug. %. — Stem 
1 — 2 feet high. Flowers white, in a crowded terminal panicle. The whole 
plant is somewhat glaucous. Northern Bedstraw. 

Order LXVII. VALERIANACE^E.— Valerianworts. 

Calyx with a limb of various kinds either membranous or 
resembling pappus. Corolla tubular, regular or irregular, 
sometimes calcarate at the base. Stamens 1 — 5. Ovary in- 
ferior, 1 — 3-celled; style filiform; stigmas 1 — 3. Fruit dry, 
indehiscent, with 1 fertile cell and 2 empty ones. Seed desti- 
tute of albumen. — Herbaceous plants. Leaves opposite, with- 
out stipules. Flowers in cymes or panicles. 

1. FEDIA. Maznclt.— Corn-Salad. 
(Origin of the name uncertain.) 

Calyx with the limb toothed and persistent or obsolete. 
Corolla not spurred ; the limb 5-lobed, regular or slightly ir- 
regular. Stamens 2 or 3. Stigmas entire, 2 or 3-lobed. 
Fruit 3-celled ; 2 cells empty (sometimes confluent into one) 
the other 1-seeded. 

F. Fagopyrum Torr. <$> Gr. : fruit triangular, with an ovate outline, 
nearly smooth when mature, obsoletely 2 — 3-toothed at the apex ; lateral 
angles acute, the anterior somewhat obtuse ; upper leaves mostly entire 
and rather acute. F. radiata Torr. Fl. Valcrianella radiata Beck Bot. 
1st Ed. 

Swampy grounds. Western N. Y. to Mich, and Ken. May. (J\ ? — Stem 
6 — 18 inches high, dichotomous above. Leaves somewhat glaucous ; the lower- 
most spatulate, the uppermost lanceolate-oblong. Flowers white. Corolla and 
fruit larger than in F. radiata. Perhaps introduced. Buckwheat Corn-salad. 

2. VALERIANA. Taunt.— Valerian. 
(From the Latin valeo, tobe powerful ; on account of its medicinal effects.) 

Calyx with the limb involute and at length evolved in a 
deciduous plumous pappus. Corolla with (he tube obconic or 
cylindric, equal or gibbous at base, the limb obtusely 5-cleft. 
Stamens 3. Fruit indehiscent, 1 -colled, 1-seeded. 

V. si/lvatica Richardson: smooth-; stem slightly striate, simple : radical 
leaves ovate or oblong-spatulate, entire or slightly lobed at base, on slender 
petioles; cauline pinnate ; leafets lanceolate OT Ovate-lanceolate, entire or 
obscurely serrate ; tlowers all perfect and similar, in a cyme which is at 

>-* 



154 COMPOSITE. 

first compact, but at length open corymbose ; fruit ovoid, compressed, 
smooth. {Torr. N. Y. Fl.) V. dioica Pursh. V. sylvatica Beck Bot. 
1st Ed. 

Swamps. Fairhaven, Ver. Dr. Robbins. Savannah, Wayne county, N. Y. 
Dr. Sartvjell. Subarct. Amer. and the Rocky Mountains. June, July. 91. — • 
Root consisting of numerous fibres, with the odor of V. officinalis. Stem 2 — 3 
feet high, simple, erect, smooth, (slightly pubescent when young.) Radical 
leaves on long petioles, mostly-simple, but sometimes lobed or auncled at base, 
sometimes a little cordate ; cauline pinnate : leafets 3 — 6 pairs with a larger odd 
one, ovate oval or somewhat rhomboid, all sometimes entire or with a few 
coarse teeth. Flowers numerous, in a pedunculate 2 — 3-forked corymb. Co- 
rolla reddish- white, gibbous at base ; the limb 5-cleft. Stamens much exserted. 
Style very long and filiform. Capsule 2-ribbed. According to Torrey and Gray, 
the Vermont and New York plant is a distinct variety, {idiginosa.) but their de- 
scription does not include all the forms which 1 have observed in the Fairhaven 
specimens. Tall Swamp Valerian. 

Order LXVIIL DIPSACACE^E.— Teazelworts. 

Calyx adhering, membranous, surrounded by a scarious in- 
volucel. Corolla tubular ; limb oblique, 4 — 5-lobed. Stamens 
4 ; anthers distinct. Ovary 1 -celled ; style 1 ; stigma simple. 
Fruit dry, indehiscent, 1 -celled, crowned by the pappus-like 
calyx. Albumen fleshy. — Herbs or under shrubs, with oppo- 
site or whorled leaves. Flowers collected upon a common re- 
ceptacle and surrounded by a many-leaved involucre. 

DIPSACUS. Linn.— Teazel. 

(From the Greek Snrxpaa), to be thirsty ; the upper connate leaves containing 
•water in their hollows.) 

Flowers collected in an ovate or roundish head. Common 
calyx (involucre) foliaceous, many-leaved ; proper superior, of 
one leaf. Corolla tubular, 4-cleft. Stamens 4. Stigma longi- 
tudinal. Fruit crowned with the limb of the calyx. 

D. sylvestris Linn. : leaves opposite, rarely connate ; the many-leaved 
involucre turned upwards ; scales of the receptacle straight. 

Fields and waste places. N. S. July. @. — Stem 3 — 5 feet high, strong, 
angular, prickly. Flowers blue, in dense oval heads, shorter than the scales of 
the receptacle. Introduced. Wild Teazel. 

Order LXIX. COMPOSITE.— Composites. 

Calyx closely adhering to the ovary, and undistinguishable 
from it ; its limb either wanting or membranous, divided into 
bristles, palese, hairs or feathers, called pappus. Corolla mono- 
petalous, either ligulate or tubular ; in the latter case 4 or 5 
toothed. Stamens 5, rarely fewer, the anthers cohering into a 
tube. Ovary 1 -celled ; style simple ; stigmas 3, either distinct 
or united. Fruit an achenium, crowned with the limb of the 



COMPOSITE. 155 

calyx or pappus. Seed destitute of albumen, — Herbs, rarely 
shrubs. Leaves alternate or opposite, without stipules. Flowers 
collected in dense heads upon a common receptacle, surrounded 
by an involucre. 

Suborder I. TUBULIFLOR^. 

Corolla of the perfect flowers tubular, with 5, rarely 4, equal 
teeth. 

I. VERNONiACEiE. Style of the perfect flowers cylindrical; its 
branches long and subulate, occasionally short and blunt, always 
covered over with bristles. 

1. VERNONIA. Schreb.— Iron Weed. 
(In honor of Mr. William Vernon, an English botanist.) 

Heads several or many-flowered ; the flowers all equal. 
Involucre imbricate. Receptacle mostly naked. Corolla regu- 
lar, 5-cleft. Filaments smooth. Achenia with a cartilaginous 
callus at the base. Pappus often double ; the inner row of 
numerous bristles ; the outer one much shorter and often chaffy. 

V. Noveboracensis Willd. : stem erect, smoothish ; leaves on short petioles, 
elliptic-lanceolate, pubescent beneath ; heads numerous, 20— 30-flowered ; 
scales of the involucre ovate, appressed at base, the apex produced into a 
spreading filiform seta : achenia smooth, shorter than the pappus. 

var. prcealla Torr. ty Gr. •• scales of the involucre acute or acuminate, 
unarmed or only a part of them filiform at the top. V. prczalta Willd. 

Wet meadows. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept. %. — Stem stout, 
3 — 6 feet high, striate, often purple, branching at the top. Flowers in a large 
terminal corymb, purple. In some places it is an obnoxious weed. 

Common Iron- weed. 

2. ELEPHANTOPUS. Cass.— Elcphant's-Foot. 

(From the Greek e\c<pas, an elephant, and ttovj, afoot ; in allusion to the form 
and position of the leaves in one species.) 

Heads 3 — 5 -flowered, densely crowded into clusters. Invo- 
lucre compressed, in two rows ; the leafets dry, oblong, the 
inner ones often 3-nerved. Receptacle naked. Corolla pal- 
mate ; segments acuminate, one sinus deeper than the rest 
Achenia somewhat compressed, many-ribbed, oblong, pilose. 
Pappus in one or two rows of several chaffy bristles, dilated at 
the base. 

E. Carrlin'ucius Willd.: stem branched, hairy; leaves scabrous; radical 
ovate, or obovhte-oblonc crenate-serrate, attenuate at the base ; ctuiline ob- 
long, narrow at base) floral ovate-oblong. 



156 COMPOSITE. 

Dry soils. Penn. to Flor. W. to Miss. Sept. %. — Stem 2 feet high, hairy ; 
especially near the base, branching towards the summit. Heads composed of 
four clusters, each 4-flowered, with the involucre 9 — 10-leaved. Corolla purple. 

Carolinian Elephant' 's-foot. 

IT. Eupatoriace^:. Style of the perfect flowers cylindrical ; its 
branches long and clavate, with a papillose surface on the outside 
near the end. 

3. SCLEROLEPIS. Cass,— Sclerolepis. 

(.From the Greek oTcA/jpos, hard, and Aettij, a scale ; in allusion to the scales of 
the pappus.) 

Heads many-flowered. Involucre with the scales in two 
series, linear and equal. Receptacle naked. Corolla tubular, 
smooth, 5 -toothed, the throat scarcely distinct from the tube. 
Style branching, exsert, cylindric-clavate. Achenia 5 -angled. 
Pappus of 5 somewhat corneous short oval and obtuse scales 
in one row. 

& verticillata Cass. D.C. Sparganophorus veHicillatus Mich. 
In shallow w r ater. N. J. to Flor. Aug., Sept. %.. — Stem 1 — 2 feet high, 
simple, a little pubescent at the top. Leaves linear, an inch long, 6 — 8 in a 
whorl. Heads few, terminal, purple. Whorled Sclerolepis. 

4. KUHNIA. Linn.— Kuhnia. 
(In honor of Dr. Adam Kuhn. of Penn.) 

Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre imbricated in 
two or three series. Receptacle naked. Corolla with the limb 
not distinct from the tube. Achenia elongated, sessile or stiped. 
Pappus in a single series, plumose. 

1. K. eupatoriaides Linn.: stem herbaceous; leaves broad-lanceolate, 
serrate ; corymbs paniculate, terminal, few-flowered. 

Shady woods. N. J. and Penn. to Flor. Aug., Sept. %. — Stem 2— 3 feet 
high, slender, somewhat branched. Flowers whitish. Resembles an Eupatorium. 

Hempweed-like Kuhnia. 

2.K.paniculata Cass.: stem herbaceous ; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, 
entire, younger ones with the margin revolute ; panicle corymbose, spread- 
ing, many-flowered. (J9. C.) K. Critonia Willd. K. eupatoriaides var. gra- 
cilis Torr. fy Gr. 

Mountains. Penn. to Ala. Aug., Sept. %. — Stem 2 — 3 feet high, slender, 
often dark purple. Heads in a large panicle, consisting of many corymbose 
clusters. Flowers pale yellow. Panicled Kuhnia. 

5. LIATRIS. Schrcb.—hmtxis. 
(Origin of the name unknown.) 

Heads few, many-flowered. Involucre with few or numerous 
imbricate scales. Receptacle naked. Corolla tubular, 5-lobed ; 
the lobes elongated. Style with the branches much exserted. 



COMPOSITE. 157 

Achenia about 10-ribbed, somewhat cylindric. Pappus of 
numerous plumose or barbulate bristles. 

1. L. spicata Willd.: stem simple, smooth ; leaves linear, entire, smooth, 
ciliate at base, nerved and punctate ; tipper very short, often subulate ; 
heads 9 — 13-flowered, in a dense elongated spike ; scales of the involucre 
oblong, appressed, obtuse. L. macrostachya Mich. Pursh. 

Meadows. Can. to Flor. Aug., Sept. %.—Slem 3—6 feet high. Spike 
terminal, 6 — 18 inches long. Flowers bright purple. 

Long-spiked Liatris. Blue Blazing Star. 

2. L. pilosa Willd. : stem simple, pubescent ; leaves linear, hairy, ciliate ; 
heads 10 — 14-flowered, on long pedicels, forming a loose raceme ; scales of 
the involucre oblong, obtuse, villous. 

Pine barrens. N. J. to Geor. Sept.— Nov. %.. — Stem 2 — 3 feet high, a 
little hairy. Leaves long and linear. Raceme long, leafy. Flowers small, 
bright purple. Hairy Liatris. 

3. L. scariosa Willd. : stem erect, pubescent ; leaves lanceolate, pubes- 
cent, scabrous on the margin ; lower oblong, tapering into a petiole ; heads 
15 — 40-flowered, in a spike or raceme ; scales of the involucre obovate, 
obtuse, scarious on the margin, the lower a little spreading or squarrose. 
L. heterophylla Nutt. 

Sandy woods. Can. to Flor. and Texas. Aug.— Oct. %. — Stem 3 — 5 feet 
high, stout, striate. Lower leaves very long. Flowers numerous, bright purple. 
A very variable species. Ragged-cupped Liatiis. 

4. L. squarrosa Willd. : stem simple, pubescent ; leaves very long, linear, 
nerved, with the margins somewhat scabrous ; heads few, about 20-flow- 
ered, on leafy pedicels, racemose ; upper scales of the involucre lanceolate, 
rigid and spreading ; segments of the flowers linear, villous internally. 

Sandy woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. Sept., Oct. %.—Stem 2—3 feet 
high. Heads generally 4 — 5, bright purple. Rough-headed Liatris. 

5. L. cylindrarea Mich. : stem leafy, slightly hairy ; leaves linear and 
lance-linear, rigid, mostly 1-nerved; heads few, (1 — 7, rarely more,) turbi- 
nate-cylindric, sessile or pedicellate, 1G — 20-flowered ; scales of the invo- 
lucre numerous, with rounded abruptly mucronate tips. (T5wr: N.Y. Fl.) 
L. Jlexuosa Thomas, in Sill. Joum. xxxvii. 328. 

Near Niagara Falls. Thomas. S. to Cur. W. to Miss. Aug. %.— Stem 
6 — 18 inches high, often somewhat flexuous. Leaves (i — 10 inches long. Flow- 
ers bright purple. Cylindrical-luud<d Liatris. 

G. CONOCLINIUM. D. C— Conoclidiu.n. 

(From the Greek kcovo s, a cone, and kXcvi?, a bed ,' in allusion to its conic re- 
ceptacle.) 

Heads many-flowered. Involucre eampanulate ; the scales 
in 2 — 3 series, linear, acute, suboqual. Receptacle naked, 

conic. Achenia angled. Pappus of one series, pilose, rough. 

C. ccckstirmm D. C. : herbaceous; stem terete, pubescent : leaves oppo- 
site, petioled, ovate, truncate at base or subcordate, somewhat acute. ol>- 



158 COMPOSITE. 

tusely dentate, 3-nerved, somewhat scabrous ; flowers in crowded corymbs, 
Ccelestina coerulea Spreng. Eupatorium cceleslinum Linn. 

Woods. Penn. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug.— Oct. %.— Stem 2—3 feet high. 
Leaves on petioles, opposite, sometimes deltoid. Flowers in clone fastigiate co- 
rymbs, fragrant, light-blue. Involucre about 30-leaved, 40. — 60-flowered. 

Blue Conoclidium. 

7. EUPATORIUM. Linn.— Hempweed. 
(Named after Eupator, king of Pontus. ) 

Heads 3- many-flowered. Receptacle flat, naked. Involu- 
cre cylindric or campanulate ; the scales in 1, 2 or many 
series. Corolla tubular, funnel-form, often dilated at base. 
Anthers included. Achenia angled. Pappus in a single series, 
pilose, rough. 

* Heads 5 — ib-Jlowered. Scales of the involucre oblong, imbricate. Leaves 
opposite, closely sessile or connate. 

1. E.sessilifoliumLinn.: stem somewhat terete, smoothish ; leaves lan- 
ceolate or ovate-lanceolate, sessile or somewhat clasping, rounded at base, 
acuminate, serrate, smooth ; corymb compound ; heads 5-flowered ; scales 
of the involucre 10, oblong-linear, obtuse, imbricate. 

Rocky hills. Mass. to Geor. Aug. , Sept. %. — Stem 2 — 4 feet high, much 
branched above. Leaves opposite but not connate, minutely dotted beneath. 
Flowers in a widely spreading terminal corymb, white. 

Sessile-leaved Hempweed. 

2. E. truncahim Muhl. : stem terete, striate, villous-hispid ; leaves lan- 
ceolate, clasping, obtuse at base, acuminate, rugose, dentate-serrate, villous- 
pubescent beneath ; corymb compound, crowded ; heads 5 — 10-fiowered ; 
scales of the involucre 12 — 15, imbricate, linear, obtuse. 

Shady woods. Penn. to Car. July — Sept. %. — Very similar to the pre- 
ceding, but has the stem pubescent, the leaves truncate at base, with the serra- 
tures larger and more obtuse, and the involucre more pubescent. Willd. 

Truncate-leaved Hempweed. 

3. E. perfoliatum Linn. : stem villous-hirsute ; leaves connate-perfoliate, 
lanceolate-oblong, acuminate, crenate-serrate, rugose, tomentose beneath ; 
corymb compound ; heads 8 — 1 0-flowered. E. connaium Mich. 

Swampy grounds. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept. %. — Stem 2 — 4 
feet high, hairy or woolly, branched at the top. Leaves large, sometimes only 
slightly connate. Flowers in large fastigiate corymbs, white. The wliole plant 
is bitter and is used as a tonic. Big. Med. Bot. i. 33. 

Boneset. Thoroughwort. 

4. E. resinosum Torr. ; stem erect, velvety pubescent ; leaves opposite, 
closely sessile or partly clasping at base, linear-lanceolate, elongated, acu- 
minate, serrate, nearly smooth above, velvety canescent beneath ; corymb 
fastigiate, compound ; heads glomerate, 10 — 15-flowered ; scales of the in- 
volucre oval, obtuse, imbricate, white-tomentose and glandular. 

Swamps. N. Y. and N. J. Penn. ? Aug., Sept. ^24-. — Stems growing in 
tufts, 2 — 3 feet high. Leaves membranaceous, viscid with resinous globules. 
Heads rather small, very numerous. Resinous Hempweed. 



COMPOSITE. 159 

** Heads b—10-jlowered. Scales of 'the involucre oblong \ imbricate. Leaves 
mostly verticillate. 

5. E. pur pur eum Linn. : stem simple, hollow, or nearly solid ; leaves 3 — 6 
in a whorl, or rarely opposite, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, more or less 
petioled, acuminate, veiny, rough or smooth above, somewhat pubescent be- 
neath, serrate ; heads in a large corymb, 5 — 9-flowered. E. maculaium 
Linn. E. verticillatum Willd. E. trifoliatum Linn. E. punctatum Willd. 
E. amcenum Pnrsh. 

Low grounds. Can. and throughout the U. S. Aug. — Oct. %. — Stem 3 — 8 
feet high. Leaves 2 — S inches long. Flowers in a large terminal corymb, pur- 
ple. A very variable plant. The stem is sometimes solid and purplish, and the 
leaves three or four in a whorl, (E, verticillatum.) In other specimens the stem 
is solid and marked with purple spots, the leaves broader, more rugose and 
scabrous, (E maculatum.) Purple Hempweed. Joe Pye's Weed. 

*** Heads 8 — 20-Jlowered. Leaves petioled, opposite. 

6. E. aromaticum Linn.: stem terete, pubescent; leaves opposite, pe- 
tioled, ovate, acuminate, 3-nerved, coarsely and unequally serrate, somewhat 
scabrous ; corymb somewhat panicled ; heads about 20-flowered ; scales of 
the involucre 10 — 12, linear-acute, equal. E. melissoides Willd. E. cean- 
othifolium Muhl. 

Low woods. Mass. to Flor. Aug., Sept. %-. — Stem 2 feet high, pubescent. 
Flowers in small corymbs, large, white, and aromatic. Distinguished from the 
next by its pubescent stem, smaller leaves and short petioles. 

Aromatic Hempweed. 

7. E. ageratoides Linn. : stem smooth, branching at the top ; leaves op- 
posite, on long petioles, broad-ovate, acuminate, 3-nerved, unequally and 
coarsely serrate, thin and smoothish ; heads 12 — 20-flowered ; scales of the 
involucre narrow-lanceolate. E. urticeefolium Mich. 

Woods and thickets. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. Aug.— Oct. %.— Stem 2—3 
feet high, somewhat branched. Leaves on petioles 1 — 2 inches long, sometimes 
slightly cordate. Heads in a compound corymb, more numerous than in the pre- 
ceding, mostly 12 — 15-flowered. Flowers pure white, somewhat fragrant. 

Nettle-leaved Hempweed. 

**** Heads b-Jlowered. Leaves alternate or opposite, rarely irkorlcd. 

8. E. hyssopifolium Linn.: stem pubescent; leaves linear-lanceolate, 
3-nerved, pubescent and punctate ; lower opposite and dentate ; upper en- 
tire, and sometimes alternate; heads 5-flowcred ; scales of the involucre 10, 
imbricate, pubescent and glandular on the back. E. I incari folium Wall. 

Sterile soil. Mass. to Flor. Aug., Sept. %. — Stem 1 — 3 feet high. Lanes 
small, punctate. Flowers in a terminal corymb, white. Style exserted. 

Hyssop-lea ved Hempweed, 

9. E. altissimum Linn.: stem pubescent; loaves opposite, subsessile, 
lanceolate, 3-nerved, attenuate at both ends, pubescent ; lower serrate in 
the middle, upper entire; heads in a terminal corymb, 5-flowered ; scales o\ 
the involucre 10, oblong-linear, imbricate, somewhat obtuse, pubescent. 

Sandy woods. Penn. and Virg. W. to Miss. Aug. — Oct. %. — Stan 3 7 
feet high. Flowers in a terminal corymb, white. Tall Hempweed, 

10. E. Icucolepis Torr. tf« Gr. : stem puberulent ; leaves opposite, divari- 
cate, lanceolate or linear, obtuse, closely sessile, serrate, very rough on both 
sides, punctate, strongly 1-ncrved ; corymb tastigiate, Canescenl j soaiet of 



160 COMPOSITE. 

the involucre 8 — 10, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, very pubescent and 
glandular on the back, white and scarious at the summit. E. glaucescens 
leucolepis D. C. E. linearifolium Mich, (in part.) 

Sandy swamps. Long Island, N. Y., to Flor. Aug. — Oct. %.—Stem 2 feet 
high, mostly simple, slender. Leaves 2 inches long and 4 — 5 lines wid£, spread- 
ing and sometimes recurved. Flowers white. Style much exserted.. 

White-scaled Hempweed. 

11. E '. pubescens Muhl. : stem pubescent ; leaves opposite, sessile, ovate, 
acuminate, sparingly pubescent and glandular-punctate on both sides; 
lower doubly serrate, upper slightly serrate ; corymb compound, fastigiate ; 
heads 5-fiowered; scales of the involucre 10, linear-lanceolate, acute. 
E. ouatum Big. 

Sandy woods. Mass., N. J,, and Penn. Aug. — Oct. %. — Stem 2 feet high, 
the lower branches opposite. Leaves thin and slightly scabrous. Flowers white. 

Pubescent Hempweed. 

12. E. album Linn : stem pubescent at the top ; leaves opposite, subses- 
sile, broad-lanceolate, attenuate at base, with a few coarse teeth at the 
apex, somewhat scabrous, punctate beneath ; heads 5-fiowered, in a ter- 
minal corymb ; scales of the involucre 10, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 
almost exceeding the corolla, glandular on the back. E. glandulosum 
Mich. 

Woods. N. Y. to Flor. 'Aug.— Oct. 9L.— Stem erect, about 2 feet high. 
Flowers in a terminal fastigiate corymb, white. Scales white at the tips. 

White-headed Hempweed. 

13. E. xerhencefolium Mich. : stem roughish-pubescent ; leaves opposite, 
(the upper often alternate.) sessile, ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, scab- 
rous, coarsely serrate-toothed; corymb compound, somewhat panicled; 
heads 5 — 6-flowered; scales of the involucre 10, oblong-lanceolate, rather 
acute, hispid-pubescent. E. teucrifolium and lanceolatum Willd. 

Low woods. Mass. to Car. Aug. — Nov. %. — Stem 2 — 3 feet high, erect, 
rather slender. Leaves sometimes almost incised ; the lower broad at base and 
closely sessile. Heads somewhat clustered, corymbose. Flowers white. Scales 
scarious on the margin, white at the tips. Mic'haux : s name for this species has 
the claim of priority, and, as Mr. Elliott remarks, is equally, perhaps more, ap- 
propriate. Vervain-leaved Hempweed. 

14. E '.- rotundifolium Linn.: stem densely pubescent; leaves opposite, 
sessile, roundish-ovate or ovate-cordate, obtuse, toothed, veined, pubescent, 
glandular-punctate beneath; corymb fastigiate; heads 5-fiowered; scales 
of the involucre 10, acuminate. E. Marrubium Walt. 

Sandy fields. Can. to Flor. Aug., Sept. 94-. — Stem 2 feet high, slender, 
roughish-pubescent. Leaves sometimes almost orbicular, sprinkled with resinous 
dots. Flowers in a flat-topped corymb, white. Round-leaved Hempweed. 

8. MIKANIA. Willd.— Climbing Hempweed. 
(In honor of Prof. Mikan, of Prague, a botanist of the last century.) 
Heads mostly 4-flowered. Receptacle naked, narrow. In- 
volucre 4-leaved. Corolla with the tube short, dilated or sub- 
campanulate at the summit, 5 -toothed. Anthers somewhat ex- 
serted. Achenia angled. Pappus in a single series, rough. 



COMPOSITE. 161 

M. scandens Willd. : stem climbing, smooth ; leaves petioled, hastate- 
cordate, acuminate, repand-toothed ; corymbs panicled, clustered. Eupa- 
torium scandens Linn. 

Low grounds. Can. to Flor. July — Sept. %.. — Stem 3 — 6 feet long, branch- 
ing, striate. Leaves with a somewhat triangular outline. Flowers in numerous 
compound cymose panicles, purplish- white. M. pubescens Muhl., Which is prob- 
ably only a variety of this species, is confined to the Southern Slates. 

Common Climbing Hempweed, 

9. NARDOSMIA. D. C— Sweet Colt's-foot. 
(From the Greek vapSos, spikenard, and 00^07, odor.) 

Heads many-flowered, somewhat dioecious. Sterile Fl. 
Flowers of the ray in a single series, pistillate, ligulate ; of the 
disk numerous, perfect but infertile, with the corolla tubular and 
5-toothed. Fertile Fl. Flowers of the ray in several series, 
pistillate, mostly ligulate ; those of the disk few. Involucre in 
a single series. Receptacle flat, naked. Achenia smooth. 

1. N. frigida Hook. : leaves cordate, unequally coarsely and obtusely 
toothed, somewhat lobed, smooth above, white-tomentose beneath; the 
lobes divergent at base. Tussilago frigida Pursh. 

Mountain woods. N. H. Ver. and Mass. Arct. Amer. from lat. 66°. May. 
%. — Scape 5 — 10 inches high. Heads in a fastigiate thyrse ; rays white ; disk 
purple. Northern Sweet CoWs-foot. 

2. N. palmata Hook. : leaves reniform or roundish-cordate, palmately 
5 — 7-lobed, tomentose beneath ; segments coarsely toothed, often incised or 
somewhat lobed. Thissilago palmata Ail. 

Swamps. Ver. to Penn. N. to Labrador. W. to Oregon. April, May. %. — 
Scape 6 — 20 inches high, stout, clothed with numerous sheathing scales. Leaves 
often resembling those of Podophyllum peltatum. Heads in a corymbose, thyrse. 

Palmated Sweet Colt's-foot. 

10. TUSSILAGO. To wrn.— Colt's-foot. 
(From the Latin tussis, a cough; for the cure of which the plant is esteemed.) 
Heads many-flowered, heterogamous. Flowers of the ray in 
several series, pistillate; those of the disk few, staminate, tu- 
bular, 5-toothed. Receptacle naked. Involucre of one series, 
the scales oblong-obtuse. Achenia of the ray obiong-cylindric, 
smooth ; of the disk abortive. Pappus of the ray in many 
series ; of the disk in a single series, capillary. 

T. Far far a Linn. 

Wet places and low meadows. N. S. March, April. % . — Scape 1 — 10 
inches high, clothed with oblong brownish scales. I. cans cordate, angular, 

toothed, smoothish above, the lower surface ami ihe long petiole while-lumen - 
tose. Terminal head about three-fourths of an inch in diameter. Introduced 
and naturalized in several parts of the Northern States. Common Col!\< 



162 COMPOSITE. 

III. Aster.oide.2E. Style of the perfect flowers cylindrical ; its 
branches linear, flattish on the outside, minutely and equally pubescent 
above. 

11. ASTEPv. Linn.— Aster. 
(From the Greek aaTijp, a star ; which the flowers resemble.) 

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers in a single series, ligu- 
late, pistillate ; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Receptacle 
flat, alveolate, or rarely naked. Scales of the involucre in many 
series, more or less imbricated, with the tips sometimes foli- 
aceous. Achenia usually compressed. Pappus simple, of nu- 
merous rough bristles. 

* Scales appressed, nearly destitute of herbaceous tips. Bristles of the 
pappus unequal. Achenia slender, scarcely compressed. Leaves large, 
coarsely serrate, radical ones cordate. Biotia D. C. 

1. A. macrophyllus Linn. : stem more or less hirsute above; leaves rough, 
serrate, acuminate ; lower and radical on long petioles, cordate ; upper on 
winged petioles or sessile, ovate ; heads in large corymbs ; scales of the in- 
volucre oblong-lanceolate, obtuse. Biotia macrophylla D. C. 

Woods. Can. to Geor. Aug., Sept. %. — Stem 2 — 3 feet high. Heads in a 
spreading terminal corymb ; rays white or pale-blue. Large-leaved Aster. 

2. A. corymbosus Ait. : stem smooth, dichotomously corymbose at the 
summit ; leaves ovate, mostly cordate, sharply serrate, acuminate, petiolate ; 
heads loosely corymbose ; scales of the involucre imbricate, obtuse, shorter 
than the disk ; outer ones ovate. Biotia corymbosa D. C. 

Dry woods. Can. to Car. July, Aug. %. — Stem about 2 feet high, some- 
times purple, branched at the summit. Heads middle-sized, few, in a fastigiate 
corymb ; rays white, narrow. Corymbed Aster. 

** Scales of the involucre dilate, squat rose ; outer ones herbaceous. Re- 
ceptacle alveolate. Bristles of the pappus rigid, unequal. Achenia hirsute, 
rarely smooth. Leaves scabrous, mostly entire. Heads large and showy. 
Amelli Nees. 

3. A. bifiorus Mich. : leaves sessile, narrow-lanceolate, serrate, scabrous; 
stem one or few-flowered above ; scales of the involucre imbricate, ap- 
pressed, oblong, acute, scarcely shorter than the disk. A. strictus Pursh, 

High mountains. Penn. Pursh. N. to Hudson's Bay and Labrador. Sept., 
Oct. %. — Stem 4 — 6 inches high, " Heads middle-sized ; rays pale violet ; disk 
brownish-yellow. Few-jlowered Aster. 

4. A. surculosus Mich. : stem simple, low and slender, minutely pubes- 
cent ; lower leaves linear-lanceolate, entire or subserrate, scabrous above ; 
upper linear, clasping ; corymb 3 — 5-flowered, somewhat naked ; involucre 
imbricate, subsquarrose ; scales ciliate, linear-oblong, inner ones obtuse. 

Woods. N. S. ? S. to Car. Sept., Oct. %. — Stems several from the same 
surculose caudex, 6 — 18 inches high, somewhat angle-d. Heads rather large ; 
rays long, linear, violet. Perhaps not a native of the ^Northern States. 

Many-stemmed Aster. 



COMPOSITE. 163 

5. A. spectabilis Ait. : stem scabrous, corymbose at the summit ; leaves 
oblong-lanceolate, very rough ; upper sessile and entire ; lower serrate and 
petioled ; involucre hemispheric ; scales numerous, obtuse, squarrose, glan- 
dular-pubescent. A. grandifiorus Walt. A. elegans Willd. 

Sandy soil. Mass. to Flor. W. to Ken. Aug.— Nov. %. — Stem 2 feet high ; 
branches 2 or 3-flowered, somewhat hairy. Heads 10 — 15 in a corymb, large 
and blue. Showy Aster. 

6. A. gracilis Nutt. : stem slightly pubescent, corymbose at the summit ; 
leaves roughish, obscurely crenulate-serrate ; radical oblong or spatulate, 
or naked petioles ; cauline oblanceolate or narrow oblong, slightly clasping ; 
heads in a spreading corymb ; involucre obconic, as long as the disk ; scales 
whitish and coriaceous, with spreading tips. 

Pine barrens. N. J. W. to Tenn. Sept. %.: — Stems several, often from the 
same surculose caudex, about a foot high, simple or with corymbose flowering 
branches. Heads about 30-flowered ; rays violet. Resembles the preceding. 

Slender Aster. 

7. A. Radula Ait. : stem smoothish, angular, corymbose ; branches few 
and nearly naked ; leaves lanceolate, attenuate at both ends, rugose, very 
rough, coarsely serrate in the middle; scales of the involucre imbricate, ob- 
long, somewhat acute, spreading at the tips. A. nudiflorus Nutt. 

Low grounds. Nova Scotia and Maine to Penn. ; rare. Aug., Sept. %. — 
Stem 1 — 3 feet high, with a few spreading branches at the summit, purplish. 
Leaves numerous, about 3 inches long. Heads few, large, on peduncles 2 or 3 
inches long ,• rays numerous, pale purple ; disk yellow. Rasp-leaved Aster. 

8. A. Nova- Anglian Linn. : stem stout, hairy, coiymbose at the summit ; 
leaves narrow-lanceolate, hairy, clasping, auriculate, crowded on the 
branchlets ; scales of the involucre subulate-linear, viscid, as long as the 
disk. 

Meadows. Can. to Car. Sept.— Nov. %. — Stem 3—6 feet high, almost 
hispid, with spreading branches. Heads large, in a loose terminal panicle : rays 
purple ; disk yellow. A very ornamental species. New England Aster: 

9. A. patens Ait. : stem hairy, paniculate at the summit ; leaves oblong- 
ovate, cordate, clasping, rough, entire ; those of the divaricate slender 
branches very small; scales of the involucre imbricate, linear-lanceolate, 
somewhat rough, spreading. A. amplcxicatdis Mich. 

Moist grounds. Mass. to Flor. W. to Texas. Aug. — Nov. %. — Stem 1—3 
feet high, slender, rough, with spreading branches. Leaves o\ the branches 
small and bract-like. Heads middle-sized, subsolitary on the slender branches ; 
rays purplish-blue. Spreading Aster. 

10. A. phlogifoUus Muhl. : stem very simple, pubescent, paniculate above; 
leaves oblong-lanceolate, entire, narrower below the middle, auriculate and 
clasping at base, tapering to an acute point, pubescent beneath ; scales of 
the involucre loose, imbricate, lanceolate. A. patcns,\\\r. phlogifoUus Nets. 

Moist grounds. N. V. to Car. Aug- -Oct. %. — Stem 1 — 3 feet high. Leaves 
larger than in the preceding, auriculate-cordate and ;i little dilated at base. 
Heads few ; rays purplish, Phlox-leaved Astir. 

*** Scales of the involucre more or less membranaceous on 
Bristles of the pappus soft, capillary, nearly equal. Receptad 
toothed. Achat ia smooth or slight lit pubescent. Gemini Wees, 



164 COMPOSITE. 

f Leaves of different forms. 

11. A. cordifolius Linn.: stem often flexuous, hairy, racemose, panicu- 
late at the summit ; lower leaves petiolate, cordate, acuminate, sharply ser- 
rate, hairy beneath ; upper becoming gradually smaller ; heads in divari- 
cate panicles ; scales of the involucre closely imbricate. A. paniculatus 
Ait. A. heterophyllus Willd. 

Woods. Can. to Geor. Aug. — Oct. %. — Stem 2 — 4 feet high, often hairy 
or roughish above. Leaves varying from broad- to narrow-ovate, the upper 
small. Heads small, crowded on the spreading branches ; rays pale purple or 
whitish ; disk yellowish, changing to purple. Heart-leaved Aster. 

12. A. sagitiifolius Willd. : stem smooth, racemose-compound above ; 
leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, slightly ciliate ; lower cordate-sagit- 
tate, on slender narrowly winged petioles, serrate ; upper linear-lanceolate, 
acuminate at each end, sessile and usually entire ; heads in dense com- 
pound racemes, on short peduncles ; scales of the involucre closely imbri- 
cate, linear-subulate. A. paniculatus Muhl. not of Ait. 

Dry woods. Yates county, N. Y. Dr. Sartwell. S. to Geor. W. to Miss. 
Aug. — Oct. %. — Stem 2 — 4 feet high, with numerous erect and rigid branches 
above. Heads small, in crowded racemes ; rays pale purple ; disk yellow. 

Arrow-leaved Aster. 

13. A. undulatus Linn. : stem grayish -pubescent ; leaves ovate or ovate- 
lanceolate, rough above, somewhat woolly -pubescent beneath, acute, the 
margins undulate or crenate- serrate ; lower cordate and on slightly mar- 
gined and often dilated petioles ; uppermost smaller, cordate, clasping ; scales 
closely imbricate. A. diversifolius Mich. 

Dry woods. Nearly throughout the U. S. Torr. <$• Gr. Sept., Oct. %. — 
Stem 2 — 3 feet high, pyramidally branched at the summit. Heads middle sized, 
the branches and pedicels pubescent ; rays violet-blue ; disk yellow, at length 
purple. Wave-leaved Aster. 

•j-j" Leaves all nearly of a similar form. 

14. A. prenanthoides Muhl. : stem and branches hairy in lines, corym- 
bose-paniculate at the summit ; leaves spatulate-lanceolate or oval-lanceo- 
late, incisely serrate in the middle, acuminate, cordate or auriculate-clasp- 
ing at base, scabrous above, smooth beneath ; scales of the involucre linear, 
squarrose-spreading at the apex. 

Moist woods. Western N. Y. and Penn. W. to Ken. Sept., Oct. %. — Stem 
1 — 4 feet high, sparingly branched. Heads above middle size, rather few, clus- 
tered towards the end of the branches ; rays violet or lilac, sometimes nearly 
wbite. Prenanihes-like Aster. 

15. A. puniceus Linn. : stem hispid, paniculate above ; leaves oblong- 
lanceolate, clasping-auriculate at base, acuminate, coarsely serrate in the 
middle, scabrous above, smoothish beneath ; scales of the involucre loosely 
imbricate, linear-subulate, nearly equal. 

Wet grounds. Can. and N. S. Sept.— Nov. %.—Stem 3—6 feet high, hispid 
with strong prickly hairs, mostly purple. Leaves often rough on both sides and 
sparingly serrate. Heads above the middle size, on nearly naked pedicels ; rays 
violet purple, sometimes pale. Red-stalked Aster. 

16. A. cEstivus Ait.: stem branching from near the base, erect, hispid; 
branches lax, hairy, with a head at the extremity of each ; leaves lanceo- 



COMPOSITE. 165 

late, ciliate, subclasping; radical, appressed-serrate ; cauline entire ; involu- 
cre narrow, obconic ; inner scales subulate. 

Dry woods. N. Y. and Penn. Pursh. July — Sept. %. — Stem 2 feet higlu 
Heads middle-sized ; rays blue. A doubtful species. Summer Aster. 

17. A. Novi-Bclgii Linn. : stem terete, smooth, often somewhat glau- 
cous ; branches rigid, racemose or corymbose ; leaves lanceolate, sub- 
clasping, acute, scabrous on the margin ; lower serrate in the middle ; 
involucre loosely imbricate ; scales linear-lanceolate, acuminate. A. Novi- 
Belgii and jloribundus Willd. 

Moist grounds. N. S. ? S. to Geor. W. to Miss. Aug.— Oct. %.— Stem 1—4 
feet high. Flowers middle-sized ; rays pale purple. Glaucous Aster. 

18. A. simplex Willd. : stem smooth, racemose-decompound ; branches 
subcorymbose at the summit ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, very smooth, 
scabrous on the margin; the lower serrate; involucre loosely imbricate, 
the scales linear-subulate. 

Margins of swamps. Can. and throughout the U. S. Aug. — Oct. %. — Stem 
from 2 — 6 feet high, pubescent in lines. Leaves sessile or a little clasping. 
Heads middle-sized, loosely racemose or a little crowded on the short branch- 
lets ; rays pale purple ; disk yellowish, at length purple-brown. A very varia- 
ble species. Simple Aster. 

19. A. laxus Willd. : stem smooth, racemose-compound or decompound, 
the branches loose and subcorymbose at the top, the branchlets elongated ; 
leaves narrow-lanceolate, acuminate, rough on the margin ; the lower ser- 
rate ; those of the branches linear, obliquely spreading ; scales of the in- 
volucre loose, linear, reflexed at the tips. 

Sandy soils. Mass. and N. Y. Sept., Oct. %.—Stem about 3 — i feet high, 
with numerous rigid branches, purplish. Heads loosely corymbose ; rays very 
numerous, purplish-blue. Loose Aster. 

20. A. praaltus Poir : stem somewhat hairy, racemose-paniculate or co- 
rymbose at the summit ; leaves lanceolate, somewhat clasping, acute, nearly 
entire, rough on the margin, smooth and somewhat shining above ; lower 
narrowed at base ; scales of the involucre loosely imbricate, linear-lanceo- 
late, acute, often with spreading tips. A. salicifoUvs Pursh, ? 

Moist woods. N. H. to Penn. Aug.— Oct. %. — Stem 1—5 or 6 feet hi-rh. 
branched near the summit. Heads large and showy ; rays reddish-blue; disk 
changing to purple. Tell Aster. 

21. A. Tradescanti Linn. : stem smoothish, racemose-compound ; branches 
virgate, the branchlets often unilateral; haves sessile, smooth, with rough 
margins; cauline linear-lanceolate, acuminate, remotely and coarsely ser- 
rate; those of the branches becoming smaller, entire, spreading and mucro- 
nate ; scales of the involucre imbricated in 3 — 1 series, narrow-linear, acute. 

var. fragilis Torr. <$> Gr.i cauline leaves, except the lowermost, mi- 
nutely appresscd, serrulate or entire, usually shorter ; heads more scattered 
on the branchlets. A. fragilis Willd. A. lenuifolius Ell. not oi Linn. 

Fields and dry swamps. Mass. to Ala. and Louis. Aug. — Oct %*• — Stem 
2 — 4 feet high, bushy, with numerous branches, at Length, widely spreading; 
Heads small, numerous, on branchlets disposed in a racemose maimer; rays 
pale purple, almost white; disk becoming purplish. Trddescant's Aster. 

22. A. dumosus Linn. : stem smooth or slightly scabrous, rueemosely 



166 COMPOSITE. 

compound or decompound ; the branches corymbose at their summits ; 
leaves linear, entire, or remotely serrate, rough on the margin, sessile ; 
those of the branches smaller and acute ; scales of the involucre imbricate, 
linear-obtuse. A. sparsiflorus Willd, A. foliolosus Ait. ? 

Moist soils. Ver. to Flor. and Louis. W. to Mich. Aug.— Oct. %.—Stem 
1 — 3 feet high. Leaves decreasing in size to the branchlets. Heads scattered ; 
rays pale purple or nearly white. A very variable species. Bushy Aster. 

23. A. ericoides Linn. : stem smoothish, racemose-compound ; branches 
virgate, branchlets unilateral; lower leaves oblanceolate or oblong-spatu- 
late, tapering into a short margined petiole, often serrate ; upper linear- 
lanceolate and linear-subulate ; scales of the involucre short, imbricate, 
subulate-spreading, the lower cuspidate. A. sparsijlorus Mich. 

Old fields. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug.— Oct. %.— Stem 1—3 feet high, 
often so much branched as to resemble, a small bush. Leaves very numerous, 
and somewhat rigid. Heads arranged unilaterally ; rays white or pale purple ; 
disk at length purplish. Heath-like Aster. 

24. A. miser Linn. : stem mostly pubescent or hairy, racemosely branched 
or compound ; branches erect or spreading ; leaves lanceolate or oblong- 
lanceolate, sessile, acuminate or attenuate at each end, serrate in the middle ; 
radical spatulate-lanceolate or oval ; upper becoming smaller and often 
entire : scales of the involucre linear ; rays short. 

var. 1. miserrimus Torr. fy Gr. : leaves elliptic- or cuneiform-lanceolate, 
more or less rough ; flowering branches short. 

var. 2. glomerulus Torr. fy Gr. : mostly cinerous-pubescent or rough ; 
heads glomerate-spicate at the summit of the stem, or on diverging branches. 
A. diffusus Muhl. 

var. 3. diffusus Torr. <$> Gr. : branches diffuse, mostly elongated, diver- 
gent recurved-spreading or divaricate. A. diffusus, divergens, pendulus 
and parvifiorus Nees. 

var. 4. hirsuticaulis Torr. fy Gr. : leaves narrow-lanceolate elongated, 
more or less hairy ; heads racemose or spicate, on short diverging branchlets. 
A. hirsuticaulis Linn. 

Old fields. Can. and throughout the U. S. Aug. — Nov. %. — A very varia- 
ble species, the exact limits of which are not yet perhaps accurately fixed. I fol- 
low Torrey and Gray, although it will probably be found- that the characters 
which they have given to their several varieties are not in all cases constant. 
The heads are usually numerous, but quite small, with the rays often inconspicu- 
ous white or very pale purple ; disk purplish. Pappus dirty white. It usually 
has the appearance of a stunted plant; varies in height from 8 or 10 inches to 
3 or 4 feet, erect or diffuse, at first nearly simple, but at length much branched. 

Starved Aster. 

25. A. concolor Linn. : stem erect, simple or sparingly branched, virgate ; 
leaves oblong-lanceolate, sessile, entire, minutely silky on both sides ; heads 
in a simple or compound virgate raceme ; scales of the involucre imbricate, 
lanceolate, acute. 

Dry sandy soils. N. Y. to Flor. Aug.— Nov. %.—Stem 2 — 3 feet high, 
sparingly branched. Leaves at length nearly smooth. Heads on short bracteate 
peduncles, middle-sized ; rays bluish- violet. It has somewhat the habit of a 
Liatris, and is one of our most showy species. Racemed Violet Aster. 

26. A. multifloris Ait. : stem grayish-pubescent, diffusely racemose-com- 
pound ; leaves crowded, linear, entire, serrulate-scabrous on the margin, 



COMPOSITE. 167 

somewhat 3-nerved ; those of the branchlets spreading or reflexed ; scales 
of the involucre loosely imbricate, subspatulate, ciliate, with the mucronate 
tips spreading or recurved. A. multiflorus and ciliatus Willd. 

Dry fields. Can. to Geor. W. to the Rocky Mountains. Sept., Oct. % — Stem 
about 2 feet high, much branched, usually covered with a dense Avhite pubes- 
cence. Heads small, in crowded terminal racemes, on horizontal branches; 
rays white or slightly purplish ; disk purplish when old. 

Many -flowered Aster. 

27. A. tenuifolins Linn. : stem smooth, racemose-decompound ; branches 
virgate ; leaves narrow-lanceolate, mostly elongated, attenuate-acuminate, 
rough on the margin ; lower serrate in the middle ; those of the branches 
smaller, entire, spreading ; involucre ovate-hemispheric ; scales imbricate, 
linear-oblong, acute, spreading at the tips. A. pohjpkyllus and bellidi- 
fiorus Willd.. 

Low grounds. Can. to Car. Aug. — Nov. %. — Stem 2 — 5 feet high, mostly 
stout. Leaves variable. Heads middle-sized; rays numerous, pale purple or 
white ; disk sometimes becoming purplish. Slender-leaved Aster. 

28. A. carneus Nees. : smooth or with the branches somewhat pubescent 
in lines ; leaves narrow-lanceolate, mucronate-acuminate, roughish above, 
with serrulate-scabrous margins; lower more or less attenuate at base; 
upper subclasping ; heads racemose ; scales of the obovate involucre closely 
imbricate, unequal, acute. 

Moist soils. Mass. to Louis. W. to Miss. Sept., Oct. %. — Resembles the 
preceding in its foliage, but has the heads usually larger, the rays longer, broader 
and more showy, flesh-colored or nearly white. A variable species. 

Flesh-colored Aster. 

29. A. coccinns Willd.: stem smooth, loosely subcorymbose ; branches 
virgate, dichotomously paniculate ; leaves lanceolate, somewhat clasping ; 
lower remotely serrate ; those of the branchlets oblong, entire ; scales of the 
closely imbricate involucre with a white margin. 

Fields and woods. N. Y. and Penn. Pursh. S. to Flor. Sept.— Nov. %.— 
S(e?n 2 feet high. Heads middle-sized ; rays bluish-purple. The leaves are said 
by Pursh to resemble those of Phlox maculdta. It may belong to the next. 

Neat Aster. 

30. A. Icevis Willd. : smooth and more or less glaucous ; stem loosely 
paniculate or somewhat corymbose at the summit; leaves lanceolate, ovate- 
lanceolate or oblong, coriaceous, very smooth, with rough or sparingly ser- 
rate margins; lower narrowed towards the base or tapering into a mar- 
gined petiole; upper clasping anil usually aurieulate or cordate at base; 
scales of the involucre closely imbricate, rigid, lanceolate or broad-linear, 
with acute or acuminate tips. A. hi r is, leevigattUs and mutabilii P. ('. 
A. ampleicicaulis Willd. A. rubicaulis Lam. (according to Torr. t f« Gr.) 

var. cyaneus Torr. tf<G/\: more glaucous; upper leaves cordate-clasp- 
ing', oblong-lanceolate; scales more numerous. A. cyaneus Hoff. Pursh, 

Woods and banks of streams. Can. to Ceor. Aug. — Oet. 1L — Stem - — 1 
feet high, more or less branched at the summit, ofien dark purple. Heads mid- 
dle-sized ; rays bright violet-blue ; disk yellow. A handsome species, bin very 
variable. It may be recognized by its very smooth stem ami shining leaves. 

Smooth Blue Aster. 

31. .4. versicolor Willd.: stem smooth, paniculate-compound \ branches 
densely corymbose ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, very smooth, of 



168 COMPOSITE. 

the same color on both sides ; lower serrate in the middle ; upper clasping, 
entire ; scales of the involucre imbricate, lanceolate. 

Fields and woods. N. J. to Car. Aug.— Oct. %.— Stem 2 feet high. Heads 
large and very numerous, clustered towards the summits of the branches ; rays 
white, changing to a deep violet ; disk yellow. Pursh. A doubtful species. 

Various-colored Aster. 

32. A. Greenii Torr. fy Gr. : stem very smooth, racemosely branched or 
compound ; leaves nearly all remotely appressed-serrulate, smooth, acute or 
acuminate, rough above ; cauline narrowly lanceolate, elongated, slightly 
clasping (not dilated) at the base, spreading ; heads simply racemose on the 
leafy branches, on short bracteate peduncles ; scales of the campanulate 
involucre linear-lanceolate, acute, rather closely imbricate. 

Fields. Boston, Mass. Dr. Greene. Schenectady, N. Y. Tuckerman. — 
Heads racemose or crowded on the slender branches ; rays rather short, pur- 
plish ; disk turning to reddish-purple. Greene's Aster. 

33. A. elodes Torr. fy Gr. : very smooth ; stem simple or sparingly 
branched, slender ; leaves varying from lanceolate to linear, somewhat co- 
riaceous, narrowed at each end, nearly entire or serrulate, shining ; upper 
somewhat clasping by a narrow base ; scales of the hemispheric involucre 
spatulate-linear, acute, mucronulate, with recurved-spreading herbaceous 
tips. A. paludosus Nutt. 

Swamps in pines. Mass. to Car. Aug. — Oct. %.. — Stem 1 — 2£ feet high, 
flexuous. simple, with a few flowers in a paniculate raceme at the summit, or 
somewhat compoundly branched above with the flowers more numerous. 
Heads large, seldom numerous, solitary on the shortish branchlets ; rays large, 
deep blue or violet ; disk yellow, sometimes turning purplish. {Torr. N. Y. FL) 

Blue Smooth Marsh Aster. 

**** Scales of the regularly imbricate involucre with membranaceous or 
scarious margins, destitute of herbaceous tips. Receptacle alveolate, flat. 
Bristles of the pappus capillary, mostly unequal. Orthomeris Torr. <$* Gr. 

34. A. acuminatus Mich. : stem simple, flexuous, pubescent, or hairy, 
loosely and paniculately corymbose at the summit; peduncles slender, 
naked ; leaves broad cuneiform-lanceolate, membranaceous, conspicuously 
acuminate, unequally serrate above, tapering and entire towards the base, 
smooth above, pubescent beneath ; scales of the involucre loosely imbri- 
cate, linear, acuminate. 

In woods and on mountains. Can. to Virg. Aug. — Oct. %. — Stem 12 — 18 
inches high, stout. Heads usually few, middle-sized; rays white, sometimes 
tinged with purple. Acuminate-leaved Aster. 

35. A. ptarmicoides Torr. fy Gr. : stem simple, rough above ; leaves 
linear-lanceolate, rigid, acute, somewhat shining, very rough on the mar- 
gin; cauline entire ; lower elongated, often slightly and remotely toothed, 
tapering at base or somewhat petioled ; corymb fastigiate ; scales of the 
hemispheric involucre closely imbricate, rather obtuse, shorter than the 
disk. Chrysopsis alba Nutt. Diplopappus albus Hook. Heleastrum album 
D. C. 

Rocky banks. Can. Ver. and N. Y. W. to Fort Mandan. July— Sept. %.— 
Stems 6 — 18 inches high, slender, usually several from one root. Heads rather 
small, in a fastigiate corymb ; rays white. From Dr. Torrey's figure in his 



COMPOSITE. 169 

New York Flora, this plant appears to be a true Aster. It has been referred to 
several different genera. Ptarmicoid Aster. 

***** Scales of the involucre membranaceous or with membranaceous mar- 
gins, destitute of herbaceous tips. Receptacle somewhat alveolate. Bristles 
of the pappus capillary, nearly equal. Leaves thickish or succulent. Ox- 

YTR1POLIUM D. C. 

36. A.fexuosus Nutt. : stem very smooth, flexuous, sparingly branched ; 
branches mostly terminated by large solitary heads ; cauline leaves linear ; 
lower lanceolate-linear, fleshy, acute, tapering to the base ; those of the 
branchlets subulate ; scales of the campanulate involucre lanceolate-acu- 
minate. A. sparsifiorus Pursh. Tripolium flexv.osum D. C. 

Salt marshes. Mass. to Flor. Sept. — Nov. %. — Stem 1 — 2 feet high, 
usually with a few spreading branches at the summit. Heads 1 — 2 on the 
branchlets, large ; rays pale purple ; disk yellow. 

Perennial Salt-marsh Aster. 

37. A. linifolius Linn. : very smooth ; stem erect, racemosely branched 
from the base ; branches erect, spreading ; leaves lanceolate-linear, acumi- 
nate, narrowed at base ; scales of the cylindric involucre linear-subulate ; 
rays scarcely longer than the pappus. A. subulatus Mich. Tripolium 
subulatum D. C. 

Salt marshes. Mass. to Car. Sept. — Nov. (£). — Stem about 2 feet high, 
striate -angular, with numerous spreading branches. Heads very small, in a 
loose terminal panicle ; rays short, pale purple or nearly white. 

Annual Salt-marsh Aster. 

12. GALATELLA. Cass.— Galatella. 
(Origin unknown.) 
Heads radiate; rays in one series, neutral or bearing an 
abortive style ; disk-florets tubular, fertile. Involucre with 
the imbricate scales shorter than the disk ; outer scales often 
3 -nerved. Receptacle alveolate ; the alveolar margins toothed. 
Achenia densely hirsute or silky-villous. Pappus consisting of 
numerous scabrous filiform bristles. 

1. G. lifii folia Nccs. : stem erect, corymbose at the summit ; leaves linear, 
entire, punctate, roughish, 1-nervcd ; branchlets with a single head, and 
having the leaves linear-subulate and becoming smaller ; scales of the in- 
volucre lanceolate, acute, the margins somewhat membranaceous ; rays not 
exceeding the disk. Chri/sopsis Hnifolia Suit. 

Shady woods. lVnn. to Yirg. Sept.. Oct- %.—Stem 12—18 iljches high, 
terete. Heads rather large ; rays few, white or pale purple. Perhaps not dis- 
tinct from the next. Flax-leaved QalateUa. 

2. G. hyssop i folia Nccs.: stem erect, corymbose at the summit; the 
branches spreading; leaves lanceolate-linear, acute, entire, rough, 3-nerved, 
punctate; those of the branchlets linear-subulate; scales of the involucre 
ncutish ; rays elongated. Aster hi/ssopifolius Linn. 

Sandy fields. N. J. to Car. Aug.— Oct. 11-.— Stem 1—2 feet high, smooth. 
Heads in small terminal fastigiate corymbs : rays 5 — 10. white or pale purple. 



8 



Hyssop-hai\d Qaloteua. 



170 COMPOSITES. 

3. G. nemoralis Nees. : stem pubescent, rough, corymbose at the summit ; 
leaves lanceolate-linear, entire, without nerves or punctures, scabrous and 
somewhat revolute on the margin ; scales of the involucre linear, acute, in 
few series, much shorter than the disk ; rays elongated. A. nemor alls Alt. 
A. ledifolius Pursh. 

Sphagnous swamps. Can. Mass. and N. J. Sept., Oct. %. — Stem simple, 
12 — 18 inches high, fragile and thickly set with leaves which are sometimes 
minutely bidentate. Heads large ; rays pale violet. The stem is sometimes 
simple and 1-flowered. (G. nemoralis, . ?no?iocephalus D. C. Aster unifiorus 
Mich.) Wood Galatella. 

13. SERICOCARPUS. Nees.— Sericocarpus. 
(From the Greek ar-piKos, silky, and Hap-tos, fruit ; the achenia being very silky.) 

Heads 12 — 15-flowered; the ray flowers about 5 ; those of 
the disk tubular, fertile. Involucre imbricate, ovate or oblong ; 
the scales in several series, broad at the base, cartilaginous, 
nerveless, the upper part herbaceous and often spreading. Re- 
ceptacle small, alveolate ; the alveoli toothed or lacerate-ciliate. 
Achenia obpyramidal, short, densely strigose-silky. Pappus 
of simple, rigid, rough bristles. 

1. S. solidagineus Nees.: smooth; stem erect, somewhat fiexuous, an- 
gled with elevated lines ; leaves linear-lanceolate or linear, attenuate at the 
base, obtuse, the margin scabrous, obscurely 3-nerved ; corymb fastigiate ; 
scales of the oblong involucre squarrose at the tips ; rays elongated. 
Conyza linifolia Linn. Aster solidaginoides Willd. 

Dry swamps and woods. Can. and N. S. to Louis. ; rare. Aug., Sept. %. — 
Plant yellowish-greem Stem about 2 feet high, often several from the same 
root, slender, nearly simple or with a few short branches near the summit. 
Heads few, somewhat clustered in a fastigiate corymb ; rays 3 — 8, white, longer 
than the disk. Pappus white. Narrow-leaved Sericocarpus. 

2. & conyzoides Nees : stem slightly pubescent, a little angular : leaves 
elliptic, or oval-lanceolate, obscurely 3-nerved, smooth beneath, acute at 
each end, ciliate ; lower serrate towards the apex, narrowed to a petiole at 
base; involucre oblong-turbinate, the scales squarrose at the tips; rays 
short. Conyza asteroides Linn. Aster conyzoides Willd. 

Woods and copses. Mass.lo Flor. July — Sept. 9_L. — Stem 1 — 2 feet high, 
rigid, but rather slender, Heads few, in small clusters. Scales whitish at base, 
green at the tip. Var. plantaginifolius Nees. (Aster conyzoides /3 plantaginifolius 
Nutt.), has the radical leaves spatulate, the heads somewhat pedicelled.and the 
rays about as long as the involucre. Broad-leaved Sericocarpus. 

14. DIPLOPAPPUS. Cass.— Diplopappus. 
(From the Greek 8n:\oos, double, and vamros, pappus.) 

Heads many-flowered ; ray flowers in a single series, pistil- 
late ; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Receptacle flat, some- 
what alveolate. Involucre imbricate. Achenia oblong, com- 



COMPOSITE. 171 

pressed. Pappus double ; inner of long rough capillary bris- 
tles ; outer very short, subulate. 

1. D. linariifolius Hook.: stem erect or somewhat decumbent; leaves 
linear, rigid, spreading or recurved, rough on the margin ; scales of the 
turbinate involucre rigid, 1 -nerved ; the outer short and acute, inner usually 
obtuse. D. linariifolius and rigidus Lind. inD.C. Chrysopsis linariifolia 
Nutt. Aster linariifolius and rigidus Linn. 

Hills and rocky places. Can. to Car. Aug. — Oct. %. — Stems 9 — 18 inches 
high, often several from the same root, or branched from near the base. Leaves 
about an inch long and one or two lines wide. Heads middle-sized, solitary and 
terminal on the branches, forming an umbellate corymb; rays pale violet; disk 
yellow. Narrow-leaved Diplopappus. 

2. D. umbellatus Torr. <$• Gr. : stem striate, fastigiate-corymbose at the 
summit; leaves elongated, lanceolate, attenuate-acuminate, tapering at 
base usually into a short petiole, a little rough on the margin ; scales of the 
short involucre obtusish, rather closely imbricate. D. amygdalinus and 
umbellatus Hook. Diplostepliium umbellatum D. C. Aster amygdalinus 
Mich. A. umbellatus Ait. 

Low grounds. Can. to Car. Aug., Sept. %. — Stem 2 — 5 feet high, branched 
at the summit. Leaves somewhat rough above, smooth beneath. Heads nume- 
rous, in a level-topped corymb ; rays about 12, white or yellowish-white ; disk 
yellowish. Umbelled Diplopappus. 

3. D. cornifolius Darlingl. : stem slender, somewhat pubescent, sparingly 
and dichotomously corymbose-paniculate at the summit ; leaves elliptic, 
acuminate, subcuneate at base, subsessile, entire, ciliate-hirsute on the 
margin, hairy on the veins beneath ; scales of the involucre oblong-lan- 
ceolate, rather obtuse, ciliate. Diplostcphium cornifolium D. C. "■■ Aster 
humilis Pwrsh. A. cornifolius Willd. A. infirmus Mich. 

Woods. Can. to Car. Aug., Sept. %. — Stem 1 — 2 feet high, often flexuous, 
smooth or sparingly pubescent. Heads usually few, on rather rigid peduncles; 
rays white or yellowish ; disk yellowish. Cornus-leaved Diplop:ippus. 

4. D. paludosus Lind. : stem slightly pubescent, somewhat corymbose at 
the summit ; leaves linear, sessile or clasping, somewhat concave, subulate, 
smooth, rough on the margin ; scales of the involucre somewhat squarrose. 
Helcastrum pa.ludosum D. C. Aster palhtdosus Ait. 

Borders of swamps. N. J. to Flor. Nutt. Aug. — Nov. %. — Stem 1 — 2 feet 
high, smooth nearly to the top. Heads 3 — 5, large and beautiful; rays nume- 
rous, bright blue. Torrey and Gray suggest that Aster paludosus of N una 11 is 
a form of their A. el odes ; if so, this is probably noi a northern apeqies. 

Marsh Diplopappus. 
15. ERIGERON. Lwtn.^-Fleabane. 

(From the Greek spc, early, and yspov, an old man ; in allusion to the bald 
heads of the receptacles after the flowers and fruit have fallen. Hook. Br. Ft) 

Heads many-flowered ; the ray flowers numerous, very nar- 
row, usually in more than one series, pistillate; those of the 
disk tubular, perfect. Receptacle naked, flat, punctate or scro- 

bieulate. Involucre imbricate, with numerous linear scales. 
Pappus mostly simple. 



172 COMPOSITE. 

* Rays not exceeding the disk. 

1. E. Canadense Linn. : stem erect, hirsute, profusely and paniculately 
branched ; leaves lance-linear, mostly entire, ciliate, lower sometimes ser- 
rate ; heads small, very numerous ; rays crowded, scarcely longer than the 
cylindric involucre. 

Fields and waste places. Can. to Flor. W. to Oregon and Texas. July — Oct. 
(I). — Stem 6 inches to nearly 6 feet high, depending upon the soil, mostly very 
hairy. Heads loosely racemose on the branches, forming an oblong panicle ; rays 
white, narrow, scarcely longer than the pappus. When small it constitutes 
E. pusillum of Nuttall. Horse-weed. 

** Rays longer than the disk. 

2. E. bellidifolium Muhl. : hairy and canescent ; radical leaves obovate or 
spatulate, slightly serrate or entire ; cauline sessile, scattered, oblong-lan- 
ceolate ; heads few, large, corymbose ; rays very numerous, linear, twice as 
long as the involucre. E. pulchellurn Mich. 

Shady woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June— Aug. %—Stem 12—18 
inches high. Heads large, 2 — 5 ; the lower peduncles elongated, rather slender ; 
rays about 50, bluish-purple, sometimes nearly white. Robert's Plaintain. 

3. E. Phlladelphicum Linn. : stem pubescent, weak, corymbose at the 
summit ; lower leaves cuneate-obovate, sometimes obtusely serrate, or in- 
cisely toothed ; upper clasping, usually entire ; heads few, on elongated 
pedicels ; rays very numerous, capillary, twice as long as the involucre. 
E. purpureum Ait. 

Woods and fields. Hudson's Bay to Flor. W. to Oregon and California. 
Aug., Sept. %. — Stem 1 — 3 feet high, hairy or villous at base. Heads few, 
middle-sized, in a loose corymb ; rays 100 or more, very narrow, pale purple or 
flesh-color. Philadelphia Fleabane. 

4. E. annuum Pers. : sparsely hairy ; stem corymbosely branched above ; 
lower leaves ovate, obtuse, coarsely toothed, tapering into a margined peti- 
ole ; upper cauline lanceolate-acute, serrate in the middle ; uppermost 
usually entire ; rays very narrow, scarcely twice the length of the some- 
what hispid involucre. E. heterophyllum Willd. Stenactis annua and 
strigosa D. C. 

Fields and meadows. Can. to Virg. W. to Ken. June — Aug. (I). 1 — Stem 
stout, 2 — 3 feet high, angular, more or less hirsute. Heads rather small ; rays 
white or tinged with purple, narrow. A popular medicine. 

Annual Fleabane. Daisy. 

5. E. strigosum Muhl. : stem slender, hairy, corymbose-paniculate at the 
summit ; leaves toothed or entire ; lower spatulate-lanceolate, 3-nerved, 
tapering to a long narrow petiole ; upper lanceolate or oblanceolate ; rays 
narrow-linear, about twice as long as the hispid involucre. E. integrifo- 
lium Big. E. ambigibum Nutt. Stenactis ambigua D. C. 

Fields and meadows. Can. to Flor. W. to Oregon. July, Aug. (I) or (§). — 
Stem 1 — 3 feet high, angular. Heads rather small, in terminal corymbs at the 
summit of the branches ; rays usually white, narrow, sublinear, the tube hairy. 

Strigose Fleabane. 

16. BOLTONIA. VHerit— Boltonia. 
(In honor of James Bolton, a British naturalist and artist.) 
Heads many-flowered ; ray flowers in one series, linear, pis- 
tillate; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Receptacle hemi- 



COMPOSITE. 173 

spheric, alveolate. Scales of the involucre as long as the disk, 
in two series, appressed, the margins membranaceous. Ache- 
ilia flat-compressed, smoothish or slightly hispid. Pappus con- 
sisting of many minute setose bristles ; in the disk florets 2 — 4 
of them elongated, subulate and thicker. 

1. B. glastifolia 12 Merit. : leaves lanceolate, somewhat glaucous, the 
lower serrate ; heads on short pedicels ; achenia obovate, broadly winged ; 
awns of the disk pappus many, unequal, two opposite ones thick, elongated 
and somewhat rigid. 

Banks of streams. Can. Perm, to Car. W. to 111. July, Aug. 1L. — Stem 3 — 7 
feet high. Heads in a loose corymb ; rays purplish ; disk yellow. 

Glaucous Boltonia. 

2. B. asteroides VHerit. : leaves linear-lanceolate, entire or obscurely 
serrate ; heads on long pedicels, loosely corymbose ; achenia oval, smooth ; 
pappus very short, similar in the disk and ray, deciduous. Chrysanthemum 
Carolinianum Walt. 

Swamps. Penn. to Flor. ; rare. Aug. 1L — Stem 1 — 2 feet high. Rays 
pale purple. Aster -like Boltonia. 

17. CHRYSOPSIS. Nult.— Chrysopsis. 

(From the Greek xpvaos, gold, and oxpig , appearance ; in allusion to the yel- 
low color of the flowers.) 

Heads many-flowered ; ray flowers in one series, ligulate, 
pistillate ; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Receptacle flat, 
subalveolate. Involucre imbricate; the scales linear, acumi- 
nate. Achenia obovate, compressed. Pappus double ; the 
outer short and chaffy ; the inner elongated, hairy and sca- 
brous. 

1. C. graminifolia Nutt. : silky ; stem leafy towards the summit; leaves 
grass-like, lanceolate or linear, acuminate, erect, acute, entire, nerved ; co- 
rymb compound ; scales of the involucre linear and lanceolate-subulate, 
subpubescent and glandular on the back. Inula graminifo/ia Mich. 

Sandy woods. Del. to Flor. and Louis. Aug. — Oct. '"21. — Stem 1 — -I feet 
high, and with the leaves covered with a silky pubescence. Leave* long, linear 
or lanceolate-linear. Heads numerous, corymhed : rays yellow. Closely allied 
to C. argeniea Ell., but the leaves are conspicuously nerved, the corymbs gettOr 
rally more compact and the heads more numerous. Grass-leaved Chrysopsis. 

2. C. Mariana Nutt. : villous with long and somewhat deciduous hairs ; 
leaves sessile, elliptic-oblong, rather obtuse, remotely denticulate; lower 
spatulate-lanceolate, attenuated to a petiole at base ; corymb mostly sim- 
ple ; scales of the involucre linear, acute, and with the peduncles glandular- 
viscid. Inula. Mariana Linn. 

Sandy woods. N.J. to Car, Aug. — Oct. %. — Stem 1 — S feet high, mostly 
simple, leafy, sparingly clothed with long- hairs, lit, ids rather large, tew. in a 
terminal somewhat umbellate corymb ; rays M — IS, spatulate-hnear. yellow ; 
disk yellow. Maryland Chrysopsis. 

3. C.jalcata Ell. : woolly and villous; leaves sessile, linear, very acute, 



174 COxMPOSIT.E. 

3-nerved, subfalcate and spreading, hairy beneath ; peduncles few, in ax- 
illary corymbs and with the involucre villous. C. Mariana, var. Nutt. 
Inula falcata Pursh. 

Sandy fields. Mass. Conn. N. Y. and N.J. Sept., Oct. %.— Stem 6—12 
inches high, leafy. Heads in a simple or compound corymb, small, bright yel- 
low ; rays about 12, oblong. Falcate Chrvsopsis. 

18. BIGELOWIA. D. C— Bigelowia. 
(In honor of Dr. J. Bigelow, of Boston, author of the Flor. Bosioniensis.) 

Heads 3 — 5-ilowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect. 
Receptacle narrow, pointed by a hyaline or scale-like cusp as 
long as the achenia. Involucre clavate-cylindric, imbricate; 
the scales linear, appressed and somewhat glutinous. Achenia 
somewhat obconic, hairy. Pappus a single series of rough 
capillary bristles. 

B. virgata D. C. : herbaceous, smooth ; stem virgately branched ; 
branches corymbiferous, fastigiate ; leaves narrow-linear, nerveless ; heads 
oblong, 3 — 4-flowered; scales of the involucre glutinous and appressed. 
13. nudata,va.T. virgata Torr. tf~ Gr. Chrysocoma virgata Nutt. 

Swamps. N. J. to Flor. Aug. — Oct. %.. — Stem about 18 inches high and 
branched nearly from the base. Leaves short and narrow, scattered, smooth 
and thickish ; the radical ones broader and longer. Florets bright yellow. Re- 
sembles Solidago tenuifolia Pursh. Virgate Bigelowia. 

19. SOLIDAGO. Linn.— Golden-Rod. 
(From the Latin solidari, to unite ; on account of its reputed healing qualities.) 

Heads usually small, few- or many r flowered ; ray flowers few, 
or sometimes wanting ; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Re- 
ceptacle narrow, naked or alveolate. Involucre oblong; the 
scales imbricate, appressed. Achenia many-ribbed, somewhat 
terete. Pappus in a single series, pilose, scabrous. — Flowers 
yellow (except in S. bicolor.) 

* Scales of the involucre imbricate, free. Rays ligulaie, fewer than the 
disk flowers. Receptacle naked or alveolate, not fimbrillate . Racemes pan- 
iculate or simple, not corymbose. Virgaurea Tourn. 

■f Racemes secund, somewhat recurved. 

1. Leaves 3-nerved. 

1. S. Canadensis Linn. . stem villous; leaves lanceolate-serrate, 3-nerved, 
scabrous above, pubescent beneath ; racemes paniculate, secund, recurved ; 
heads small ; rays short. 

Fields and woods. Can. to Flor. N. to Subarct. Amer. W. to Oregon. Aug., 
Sept. %. — Stem 2 — 5 feet high, very -villous. Leaves large, always scabrous on 
the upper side. Heads very small ; rays 7—8. Of this very variable species, 
<$■. procera Ait. S. scabra Willd., are probably nothing more than varieties. 
£. rejlexa Ait. and 5. lateriflora Linn., are also allied to it ; but according to 



COMPOSITE. 175 

Torrey and Gray, they are only known as cultivated plants and their characters 
are very obscure. Canadian Golden-rod. 

2. £. serotina Ait. : stem very smooth and often glaucous ; leaves lan- 
ceolate, acuminate, acutely serrate, 3-nerved, very smooth except the veins 
beneath, margin and upper surface rough ; racemes paniculate, secund ; 
peduncles slender, pubescent ; rays numerous, short. 

Low grounds. Can. Nearly throughout the U. S. W. to Oregon. Sept., Oct. 
%-. — Stem 4 — S feet high, terete, sometimes purplish. Heads middle-sized ; 
rays 9 — 12. Distinguished from S. Canadensis by its smooth stem, and i'rom 
S. gigantea by its rough leaves. Late-flowering Golden-rod. 

3. (S 1 . arguta Ait : smooth ; stem strict ; radical and lower cauline leaves 
large, elliptic- or lanceolate-oval, obscurely 3-nerved, sharply serrate, acu- 
minate, tapering into winged and somewhat ciliate petioles ; the others 
lanceolate, tapering at each end, sessile, sparingly serrate or entire; racemes 
dense, at length elongated and recurved, forming a corymbose panicle ; 
scales of the involucre oblong, rather obtuse, much appressed. &. ciliaris 
Viilld. S. juncea Ait. 

Woods and fields. N. Y. and Penn. to Car. N. to Subarct. Amer. W. to Miss. 
Aug., Sept. %. — Stem 2 — 4 feet high, terete, sometimes purple. Heads small, 
very numerous, arranged in a long racemose corymbose panicle which is at 
length spreading. According to Torrey and Gray, &. juncea Ait. is a variety 
with narrower leaves. Sharp-toothed Golden-rod. 

4. £. gigantea Ait. : stem erect, smooth ; leaves smooth on both sides, lan- 
ceolate, attenuate at both ends, serrate, scabrous on the margin, 3-nerved ; 
racemes paniculate, secund, spreading ; peduncles hirsute ; rays a little 
longer than the disk. 

Fields and woods. Can. to Ala. W. to Oregon. Aug., Sept. 1\. — Stem 4 — 7 
feet high, purplish, and with the leaves quite smooth. Heads rather large. 

Tall Smooth Golden-rod. 

2. Leaves veined. 

5. (S 1 . linoides Soland : smooth ; stem simple ; leaves lanceolate, finely 
appressed-serrate, with scabrous margins ; radical and lower cauline acute 
or acuminate at both ends, on slender ciliate petioles ; upper oblong, some- 
times entire ; panicle small, turned to one side ; scales of the involucre ob- 
long-linear, obtuse ( Torr cf- Gr.~) 

Sphagnous swamps. Mass. and N. J. Sept., Oct. %. — Stem 12—20 inches 
high, slender. Heads small; rays 1 — 3, short ; the disk flowers I— .">. 

Flax-like Golden-rod. 

6. S. altissima Linn. : stem erect, hispid with rough hair] leaves ovate- 
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, coarsely serrate, very 
scabrous, rugose-veined ; racemes paniculate, spreading or recurved; rays 
7 — io. /S. altissima, aspera, rugosa and villosa Purs.';, (according to 
Torr. 4> Gr.) 

Fields and woods. Can. and throughout the U. S. Aug.. Sept. %. — Stem 
3 — 7 feet high, robust anil hairy, often purplish. Leaves sometimes thin and 
nearly smooth above, softly hairy on the veins beneath, (& wHom .- ■ or i 
luted "and very rugose, {S. rugosa.) Heads rather small. 

Tall Rough < 

7. S 1 . Muhlcnbcrgii Torr. <f« Gr.i stem smooth, angled; leaves 

and thin, very smooth on both side?, sharply serrate ; radical on winged 



176 COMPOSITE. 

petioles ; cauline elliptic-lanceolate, strongly acuminate, tapering at base ; 
uppermost somewhat entire ; racemes pubescent, disposed in an elongated 
open panicle. <S. arguta Muhl. not of Ait. 

Low grounds. Mass. to Perm. Aug., Sept. %. — Stem 2 — 3 feet high, simple 
or virgately branched. Heads rather large, on short racemes, forming a some- 
what slender panicle ; rays 5 — 7, spatulate-oblong, large. 

Muhlenberg's Golden-rod. 

8. S. nemoralis Ait : stem tomentose, simple or branched above ; radical 

leaves somewhat cuneate, crenate-serrate, narrowed at base into a petiole ; 

cauline oblanceolate, nearly entire, roughish-pubescent ; racemes secundj 

paniculate. S. hispida Muhl. 

Sandy fields. Can. and throughout the U, S. Aug. — Oct. %. — Stem 1 — 2 
feet high, often much branched at the summit. Heads middle-sized, in a small 
and somewhat corymbose panicle ; rays spatulate-oblong, rather short. The 
whole plant has a grayish or pulverulent appearance. 

Woolly-stalked Golden-rod. 

9. *S". puberula Nutt. : minutely puberulent ; stem simple ; leaves lanceo- 
late, entire, attenuated at each end ; radical subserrate ; racemes spiked, 
axillary, erect, spreading, forming an elongated panicle ; scales of the in- 
volucre linear, subulate, appressed; rays about 10, elongated. 

Sandy woods. Maine to Geor. %. — Stem 2 — 4 feet high, often purplish. 
Racemes shorter than the lower leaves, collected into a leafy spike : rays bright 
yellow. Resembles the preceding, but differs in its leaves and flowers. 

Puberulent Golden-rod. 

10. S. patula Muhl. : stem erect, striate, smooth ; leaves elliptic, serrate, 
smooth beneath, rough above ; the radical oblong-spatulate ; racemes secund, 
paniculate, spreading ; peduncles pubescent. 

Wet meadows. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept. %.—Stem 2 — 4 feet 
high, somewhat angular, often purple, branched at the top. Leaves large. 
Heads rather large. Panicle sometimes contracted. Rays 6 — 7, oblong. 

Spreading Golden-rod. 

11. S. neglecta Torr. cf« Gr. : stem smooth, striate ; leaves mostly thick- 
ish, smooth ; lower oblong or ovate-lanceolate, sessile, mostly acute at 
each end, finely serrate, upper entire ; racemes short, dense, secund, some- 
what spreading, forming an elongated leafy panicle ; peduncles smoothish. 

Swamps. Mass. N. Y. to Car. W. to Ind. Aug., Sept. %.—Stem 3—6 feet 
high, stout. Heads middle-sized, in racemes which are at length spreading ; 
rays 4—5, rather large. Neglected Golden-rod. 

12. (S 1 . ulmifolia Willd. : stem erect, smooth, striate ; leaves elliptic-lan- 
ceolate, deeply serrate, acuminate, tapering at base, villous beneath ; radi- 
cal obovate ; racemes paniculate, secund ; peduncles villous ; rays short. 

Shady woods. N. S. Aug.— Oct. %.—> Stem 3—4 feet high, often with long 
slender branches at the summit. Heads in racemes which are often slender and 
usually recurved ; rays about 4, small. The name is inappropriate. 

Elm-leaved Golden-rod. 

13. (S. elliptica Ait.: stem erect, glabrous; leaves elliptic, smooth, serrate; 
racemes paniculate, secund ; peduncles and pedicels minutely pubescent ; 
scales of the involucre narrow, acute ; achenia strigose-pubescent. ( Torr. 
* Gr.) 



COMPOSITE. 177 

Shady woods. Can. and N. Y. ? — Stem about 7 feet high. Leaves large. 
Rays middle-sized. An obscure species. Elliptic-leaved Golden-rod. 

14. S. recurvata Willd. : stem erect, pubescent ; leaves lanceolate, acu- 
minate, serrate, nearly glabrous above, scabrous on the margin and nerves 
beneath ; racemes elongated, secund, panicled. 

Shady woods. Penn. and Virg. Sept. — Nov. % — Pursh. Still doubtful 
as a native species. Recurved Golden-rod, 

15. $. sempervirens Linn. : stem erect, smooth ; leaves linear-lanceolate, 
fleshy, smooth, very entire, scabrous on the margin ; the radical oval, ta- 
pering into a long petiole ; racemes paniculate, secund ; peduncles pubes- 
cent. &. Icevigata and viminea Ait. S. limonifolia Torr. Comp. 

Salt marshes. Can. to Car. Sept. — Nov. %.. — Stem 3 — 6 feet high, smooth 
and striate. Petioles 6 — 12 inches long. Heads rather large ; rays 8 — 10, linear- 
oblong, twice as long as the disk. Salt-marsh Golden-rod. 

16. S. odora Ait. : stem erect, pubescent; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, 
smooth, pellucid-punctate, scabrous on the margin; racemes paniculate, 
secund. 

Fertile woods. Can. to Flor. Aug.— Oct. %. — Stem 2 — 3 feet high, with 
lines of pubescence from the base of the leaves. Heads middle-sized, in secund 
racemes, forming a terminal pyramidal panicle ; rays 3 — 4, oblong, large. The 
flowers when dried, form an excellent substitute for tea, and have been ex- 
ported to China. Pursh. The leaves yield by distillation, a fragrant volatile 
oil. Big. Med. Bot. i. 187. Sweet-scented Golden-rod. 

17. S. pilosa Walt.: stem hirsute, strict, very leafy ; leaves oblong-lan- 
ceolate, serrulate, slightly scabrous, often pubescent beneath ; upper ovate- 
lanceolate or oblong, closely sessile, mostly entire ; racemes recurved,secund, 
in a dense pyramidal panicle. S. pyramidata Pursh. 

Damp soils. N. J. to Flor. and Louis. Sept., Oct. %. — Stem 3 — 7 feet high, 
stout. Heads very numerous, about as large as in S. odora ; rays 7 — 10 ; disk 
Jlowers about 5, nearly as long as the rays. Pilose Golden-rod. 

ft Racemes erect, not secund. 

18. &. Ohioensis Riddell : stem very smooth, erect, fastigiate-corymbose 
at the summit ; lower leaves lanceolate-oblong, rather obtuse, scabrous on 
the margin, remotely serrate near the apex, tapering into slender petioles ; 
upper lanceolate, sessile, nearly entire ; heads numerous, on slender pedi- 
cels. (Torr. tf- Gr.) 

Moist meadows. Western N. Y. to Ohio. Sept., Oct. %.— Stem 2—3 feet 
high, terete, simple and virgate. Heads oblong, erect, in a compound raceme ; 
rays 6 — 7, small. OAto Gohlm-nnl. 

19. £. speciosa Null. : stem smooth, simple or virgatelv branched : leaves 
lanceolate, entire, somewhat fleshy, scabrous on the margin ; lower oval 
or ovate, subserrate, petioled ; upper lanceolate, entire ; racemes terminal, 
erect and compound, pubescent ; peduncles mostly shorter than the invo- 
lucre. & sempervirens Mich, not ol' Linn. 

Shady woods. Mass. to Flor. \Y. to Texas. Sept., Oct. %. — Stem often 5 
feet high, smooth and sulcata. Leaves large. Hauls forming numerous termi- 
nal and erect racemes ; rays very broad, deep yellow. 

Handsome Go] 'Jen-rod. 

20. S. bicohr Linn.: stem and leaves hairy; leaves elliptic-lanceolate 



178 COMPOSITE. 

acute, white-pubescent ; lower tapering into a petiole, serrate ; branches 
leafy ; racemes erect ; scales of the involucre obtuse. Aster bicolor Nees. 
Spreng. 

Dry Hills. Can. to Geor. Aug. — Oct. 1L. — Stem 1 — 2 feet high, erect, very 
pubescent. Heads numerous, rather large, in short clusters, forming a long 
dense leafy raceme along the upper part of the stem; rays 7 — 9, nearly white. 

Two-colored Golden-rod. 

21. S. stricta Ait. : stem erect, smooth ; cauline leaves lanceolate, very 
entire, smooth, scabrous on the margin ; radical tapering into winged peti- 
oles, minutely serrate ; racemes paniculate, very erect ; peduncles smooth. 

Sphagnous swamps. Hudson's Bay to Mass. and N. Y. July, Aug. %. — 
Stem. 2—4 feet high, virgate, purplish. Heads forming a dense stiffly erect pan- 
icle which is leafy at base ; rays 5 — 6, rather small. Upright Golden-rod. 

22. iS. virgata Mich. : stem smooth and simple, summit racemose ; leaves 
smooth, lanceolate-oblong, somewhat obtuse, appressed to the stem, diapha- 
nously punctate ; upper smaller and entire ; branches of the panicle elon- 
gate, racemed at the summit ; peduncles erect, smooth, filiform and squar- 
rose. 

Swamps. N. J. to Flor. Sept., Oct. — Stem 2 — 4 feet high, much attenu- 
ted. Leaves gradually diminishing upwards ; lower ones very large, serrulate. 
Heads small. Long-branched Golden-rod. 

23. S. latifolia Linn. : stem angled, mostly fiexuous, smooth ; leaves 
broad-ovate or oval, coarsely dentate-serrate, very acuminate at both ends 
or abruptly attenuate into a short petiole, mostly hairy on the veins be- 
neath ; heads in short axillary racemes or clusters, racemose or paniculate 
at the summit of the stem. S. flexicaidis Ait. S. macraphylla Big. 

Moist woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Ken. Aug.— Oct. %.— Stem 2—3 feet 
high, usually simple. Heads middle-sized, in clusters or racemes ; rays 3 — 4; 
disk flowers 6 — 7. Broad-leaved Golden-rod. 

24. S 1 . cczsia Linn. : stem erect, smooth, glaucous, simple or branched ; 
leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, acuminate, serrate, smooth ; heads in 
short axillary clusters or racemes ; peduncles pubescent; involucres smooth. 
S. flexicaulis Linn. S. axillaris Pursh. S. livida Willd. 

Woods and thickets. Can. to Geor. Aug. — Oct %. — Stem. 2 — 3 feet high, 
slender, usually dark purple and glaucous. Heads middle-sized ; rays 3—4. 
Allied to £. latifolia, but probably distinct. Purple-stalked Golden-rod. 

25. £. rigida Linn. : stem erect, roughly pubescent, paniculate at the 
summit; leaves rigid, scabrous, slightly clasping; lower oval, petioled, 
crenate-dentate ; upper ovate-oblong, sessile, entire : heads very large, in 
compact erect racemes; scales of the involucre obtuse. 

Rocky hills. Conn, and N. Y. to Car. W. to Texas. Aug.— Oct. %.—Stem 
3 — 1 feet high, rigid, very pubescent when young. Heads very large, many- 
flowered, clustered near the summits of the branches ; rays 7 — 10, elongated. 

Rigid- lea ved Go Iden- rod. 

26. S. Virga-Aurea Linn. : stem erect, terete, pubescent and branching 
at the top ; cauline leaves lanceolate, serrate, attenuate at each end ; lower 
ones elliptic, petioled ; racemes erect, simple or compound; scales of the 
involucre linear-acute. 



COMPOSITE. 179 

var. alpina Big. : a few inches in height, with obovate or lanceolate, 
mostly entire, leaves. 

Woods on the sides of the White Mountains, N. H. Big. Summit of Mount 
Marcy, Essex county, N. Y. Torr. N. to Labrador. Aug. — Oct. 71. — Stem 
flexuous, 1 — 3 feet high. Leaves elliptic or lanceolate, often with a long narrow 
base, serrate ; the upper nearly entire. Heads few and large ; rays about 8, 
elongated. Common to Europe, Asia and America. A variable species. 

Common Golden-rod. 

27. S 1 . humilis Pwsh : glabrous ; stem simple, erect ; radical leaves ob- 
Ianceolate or spatulate, obtuse, crenate-serrate at the apex, tapering into a 
petiole ; cauline lanceolate, acute, narrowed at the base ; uppermost linear 
and entire ; raceme simple or compound and paniculate, elongated, strict ; 
scales of the involucre oblong, mostly obtuse. ( Torr. fy Gr.) 

Banks of Onion river, Ver. Robbins. N. to Hudson's Bay. Aug., Sept. %.— 
Stem 6 — 15 inches high, smooth, but more or less glutinous. Heads middle- 
sized, rather crowded ; rays 6 — 8, short. Dwarf Golden-rod. 

28. S. thyrsoides Meyer : stem erect, or somewhat flexuous, simple, smooth 
the summit and peduncles villous-pubescent ; leaves smooth, ovate, irregu- 
larly and sharply serrate, acute or acuminate, narrowed into very long pe- 
tioles ; uppermost oblong-lanceolate, subsessile, often pubescent beneath ; 
heads large, in an oblong simple raceme ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, 
acuminate, membranaceous. ( Torr. <$* Gr.) 

Wooded sides of the White Mountains, N. H. Boott. Killington Peak, Ver. 
Robbins. N.to Labrador. Aug., Sept. %. — Allied to S. Virga-Aurea, but has 
the leaves, except the uppermost, on long petioles, and the heads larger. 

Thyrse-like Golden-rod. 

29. S. squarrosa Muhl. : stem thick, very pubescent above ; leaves 
smooth ; lower very broad, spatulate-oval, serrate, acute, scabrous on the 
margin ; upper sessile, lanceolate-elliptic, entire ; racemes axillary, glome- 
rate ; involucre squarrose, many-flowered. S 1 . macrophylla Pursh. 

Rocky banks. Can. to Penn. Aug., Sept. 1L. — Ste?n2 — 4 feet high, stout, 
simple. Heads in dense axillary clusters, forming a long leafy compound spike ; 
rays 10 — 12, bright yellow, elongated. Well distinguished by its squarrose invo- 
lucre. Squarrose Gulden-rod. 

** Scales of the involucre much oppressed, somewhat glutinous. Ray- 
fi&wers more numerous than those of the disk, very small, yellow. Receptacle 
fimbrillate. Heads in corymbose clusters, mostly fascicled. Leaves linear, 
quite entire, sessile. Eutiiamia Nutt. 

30. S. lanceolala Linn.: stem much branched, fastigiate; loaves lanceo- 
late-linear, very entire, 3 — 5-ncrved, minutely scabrous-pubescent ; heads 
ovoid-cylindric, in dense corymbose clusters, sessile. S. graminifh. 
Eulhaviia gra mini folia Nutt. 

Low grounds. Throughout ih.e I T - S. N. to Subarct Amor. \.ug., Sept 
04.. — stem 2 — 4 feet high. roughish-pubescent, angular-atriate. Heads rather 
large, in clusters at the summit of the corymbose branches: rays 15 — 80, email; 
disk flowers 8—12. Bushy Golden-rod. 

31. & tcnuifolia Pursh. : stem angled, scabrous, with fastigiate brandies; 
leaves very narrow-linear, spreading, 1- or rarely 3-nerved, covered with 
glandular dots, scabrous on the margin) heads obovoid or turbinate, in 



130 COMPOSITE. 

loose corymbose clusters. S. lanceolata t (3. minor Mich. Euthamia tenui- 
folia Nutt. 

Sandy fields. N. Y. and Mass. to Flor. and Louis. Aug. — Oct. %.— Stem 
slender, 12 — 18 inches high. Heads smaller and less crowded than in the pre- 
ceding ; rays about 10 ; disk flowers 5 — 6. Slender-leaved Golden-rod. 

i 20. BACCHARIS. Linn.— Baccharis. 

(From Bacchus, to whom the original plant was dedicated by the Greeks.) 

Heads many-flowered, dioecious ; the flowers all similar and 
tubular. Receptacle naked or somewhat chaffy. Involucre 
somewhat hemispheric or oblong, imbricate, in several series. 
Sterile Fl. Corolla dilated, 5-cleft. Anthers exserted, un- 
awned at base ; style more or less abortive. Pappus in a single 
series, about as long as the involucre. Fertile Fl. Corolla 
filiform and somewhat truncate. Anthers none. Style bifid, 
exserted. Pappus in one or several series, usually much longer 
than the involucre. 

B. halimifolia Linn. : leaves obovate, incisely-toothed above, cuneate at 
base and attenuated into a short petiole ; upper lanceolate and nearly 
entire; heads of the sterile plant subglobose, solitary or aggregated ; of the 
fertile ovoid-oblong, loosely panicled. 

Sandy beaches. N. Y. Conn, and N. J. S. to Flor. Sept., Oct. — A shrub 
6 — 12 feet high, covered with a whitish resinous powder or dust. Heads in the 
sterile plant mostly clustered at the summit of the leafy branches ; in the fer- 
tile, arranged in a large loose terminal panicle. Flowers white. 

Groundsel Tree. 

21. PLUCHEA. Cass.— Marsh Fleabane. 
(Named in honor of Noel Pluche, author of " Spectacle de la Nature," &c.) 

Heads many-flowered ; the outer flowers in many series, pis- 
tillate, truncate or 2 — 3 -toothed ; the central ones perfect or 
sterile, 5 -toothed. Receptacle flat, naked or hirsute-fimbrillate. 
Involucre in many series, imbricate. Anthers bicaudate. Ache- 
nia cylindric, sulcate-angular. Pappus in one series, filiform, 
roughish. 

1. P. camphorata D.C.: minutely viscid-pubescent; leaves ovate or 
ovate-lanceolate, sessile and slightly petioled. sprinkled with resinous dots, 
rep antly- toothed ; corymb fastigiate ; scales of the involucre viscid-pubes- 
cent. ( Torr. #• Gr.) P. camphorata and P. Marylandica D. C. Conyza 
camphorata Big. Erigeron camphor alum Linn. 

Salt marshes. Mass. to Flor. Aug.— Oct. (I)-— Stem 1—2 feet high, branched 
at the summit. Leaves somewhat succulent. Heads in numerous crowded 
corymbs, purple. When bruised this plant gives out a strong spicy, but some- 
what disagreeable odor. Big. Seaside Marsh Fleabane. 

2. P. fetida D. C. ; smoothish or minutely pubescent ; leaves oval-Ian- 



COMPOSITE. 181 

ceolate, acuminate at each end, distinctly petioled, membranaceous, coarsely 
serrate ; corymb fastigiate, somewhat paniculate ; scales of the involucre 
smoothish, dotted with minute glands. Conyza camphwata Pursh. Bac- 
charis foetida Linn. 

Wet banks. Penn. ? to Ala. and Ken. Aug.— Oct. %.— Stem 2—4 feet 
high, grooved or angled. The leaves are much larger, the heads more numerous, 
and the odor is more powerful, than in the preceding. Fetid Marsh Fleabane. 

22. INULA. Linn. — Elecampane. 
(Origin doubtful.) 
Heads many -flowered ; ray flowers in a single series, pistillate, 
sometimes infertile, ligulate, rarely tubular ; those of the disk 
tubular, perfect. Involucre imbricate, in many series. Recep- 
tacle flat or somewhat convex, naked. Anthers with 2 bristles 
at base. Pappus capillary, roughish. 

I. Helenium Linn. : leaves toothed, acute, velvety tomentose beneath ; the 
radical ones ovate, tapering into a petiole j the cauline somewhat clasping ; 
heads few, pedunculate, corymbose. 

Road sides. N. S. July, Aug. %.. — Stem 3 — 4 feet high, branching at the 
top. Leaves very large. Heads large, solitary, on long terminal thick pedun- 
cles, yellow ; rays numerous, linear, 3-toothed. Introduced from Europe. 

Common Elecampane. 

23. ECLIPTA. Linn.— Eclipta. 

(From the Greek rkXeizcx), to be deficient ; in allusion to its wingless achenia, 
by which it is distinguished from Verbesina. Eat. Man.) 

Heads many-flowered ; ray flowers in one series, pistillate, 
ligulate, very narrow and short ; those of the disk tubular and 
perfect. Receptacle flattish, furnished with linear filiform chaff, 
as long as the achenia. Involucre in two series; the scales 
10 — 12, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. Achenia of the ray 
3-sided ; of the disk compressed at the sides, muricate-tuber- 
cular, somewhat hairy at the summit. Pappus none, or of 
1 — 3 minute teeth. 

E. erecta Linn.: stem erect or ascending, appressed-strigose j loaves 
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, slightly senate ; pedicels solitary 
or in pairs, several times as long as the head. E. procumbent Mich. Ver- 
besina alba Linn. 

Damp sandy soil. Md. to Flor. W. to Ken. and Louis. June— Get. CD ■ — 
Stem 1 — 3 feet long, often rooting at base. Heads small. E. brackypoda Mie'i. 
is a variety with the pedicels about as long as the heads. A very widely dif- 
fused species. I pright Eclipta. 



182 COMPOSITE. 

IV. Senecionide^. Style of the perfect flowers cylindrical ; its 
branches linear, fringed at the point, generally truncate, but sometimes 
extended beyond the fringe into a short cone or appendage. 

24 SILPHIUM. Uim.— Siiphium. 

(From Silphi, the name of a medicinal plant of Africa, transferred to this genus 
by Linnseus.) 

Heads many-flowered ; ray flowers numerous, ligulate, pis- 
tillate ; the ligules in one series, elongated, the fruit in several 
series ; those of the disk with a very short tube, hairy above, 
sterile. Receptacle somewhat convex, chaffy. Involucre cam- 
panulate, imbricate ; the scales loose and leafy at the summit. 
Achenia of the ray obcompressed, surrounded with a wing 
which is notched or toothed at the top ; those of the disk abor- 
tive, with an obsolete crown-like pappus. 

1. &. trifoliatum Linn. : stem terete, slightly angled, smooth; leaves 3 — i 
in a whorl, ovate-lanceolate, unequally toothed and serrate, scabrous on 
the upper surface 5 lower petioled, upper nearly sessile and sometimes oppo- 
site ; heads loose, corymbose or paniculate. &. trifoliatum and £. terna- 
turn Pursh. 

Dry woods. Near the Falls of Niagara. Dr. Eddy. Md. to Car. W. to Ohio. 
Aug.— Oct. 11-. — Stem 4 — 6 feet high, slightly angled, purplish. Heads rather 
small, in a loose terminal corymb ; rays 15 — 18, bright yellow, long. 

Three-leaved Sylphium. 

2. S. perfoliatum Linn. : stem square, smooth, the branches sometimes 
terete ; leaves opposite ; lower deltoid-ovate, coarsely serrate, on winged 
petioles ; upper connate-perfoliate, nearly entire ; heads trichotomously 
corymbose, the central one on a long peduncle. S. connatum Mich. 

Banks of streams. Penn. \ to Car. W. to Miss. Aug. %.. — Stem 5 — 6 feet 
high. Leaves very large, the lower somewhat cordate. Heads large ; rays 
15—30, yellow. Perfoliate Siiphium. 

25. POLYMNIA. Linn.— Polymnia. 
(Said to be named after Tio\v}ivia, one of the Muses.) 
Heads many-flowered ; the ray flowers pistillate, ligulate, in 
one series ; those of the disk tubular, sterile. Receptacle flat, 
chaffy. Involucre double ; the outer scales 4 — 5, large and 
leafy ; the inner ones numerous, shorter, surrounding the smooth 
achenia. Pappus none. 

* Rays shorter than the involucre. 
1 . P. Canadensis Linn. : viscid-pubescent ; leaves angulate and hastate- 
lobed, denticulate, acuminate, the lower deeply pinnatifid or lyrate ; scales 
of the involucre ovate, acuminate, ciliate, the outer ones a little larger. 



COMPOSITE. 183 

Shady hills and in ravines. Can. to Car. W. lo Miss. June, July. %. — Stem 
2 — 5 feet high, roughly pubescent and somewhat viscid, branching. Leaves op- 

f>osite or alternate, very thin, mostly 3 — 5-lobed at the apex. Heads small, 
oosely paniculate ; rays white, or very pale yellow, small, obtusely 3-lobed at 
the apex ; disk yellow. Small-flowered Polymnia. 

** Rays longer than the involucre. 

2. P. Uvedalia Linn. : stem sulcate, somewhat pubescent above ; leaves 
sinuate-lobed, broad-ovate or deltoid, roughish ; lower subpalmate, decur- 
rent into a winged petiole ; outer scales of the involucre oblong-ovate, ob- 
tuse, much larger than the inner. 

Dry rich grounds. Western N. Y. and Penn. to Geor. W. to Miss. July, 
Aug. 7J-. — Stem 3 — S feet high, terete. Leaves opposite or alternate, the lower 
very large. Heads few, large, arranged in loose panicles; rays about 10, 3- 
toothed at the apex, bright yellow ; disk dull yellow. 

Large-flowered Polymnia. 

26. PARTHENIUM. Z,«m.— Parthenium. 

(From the Greek napOcvos ; on account of its supposed efficacy in certain 

diseases.) 

Heads many-flowered ; ray flowers 5, pistillate, ligulate, fer- 
tile ; those of the disk tubular, abortive. Receptacle conic or 
cylindric, covered with membranaceous chaff. Involucre hemi- 
spheric, in 2 series ; outer scales ovate, inner nearly orbicular. 
Achenia obcompressed, smooth. Pappus of 2 aristate or 
nearly orbicular scale-like processes. 

P. integrifolium Linn. : stem hirsute-pubescent ; leaves oval, rough, 
unequally crenate-toothed, or sometimes incised ; lower decurvent into a 
petiole, upper sessile or somewhat clasping ; outer scales of the involucre 
somewhat acute. 

Dry soil. Md. to Geor. and Ala. W. to Texas. July— Sept. %—Stcm 
1 — 2 feet high. Heads numerous, corymbed ; rays small, whitish. 

Simple-leaved Parthcniu m . 

27. XANTHITJM. Toum.— Clot-weed. 
(From the Greek £avdos, yellow ; a color said to be produced by this plant.) 

Heads in glomerate spikes, sterile at the summit, pistillate 
below. Sterile Fl. Involucre subglobose, many-flowered, 
with the scales in one series. Receptacle cylindric. chaffy. 
Corolla short, 5-lobed, somewhat hairy. Fertile Fl. Involucre 
with hooked prickles, surmounted by 1 — 2 beaks. Corolla 
filiform. Stamens none. Achenia compressed, one in each 
cell of the involucre. 

1. X. stmmarium Linn. : fruit-bearing involucre oval, somewhat pubes- 
cent; beaks straight; leaves cordate at base, 3— 6-lobed, coarselv toothed. 

Road sides and waste plaoes. Can. lo Flor. \V. to tin- Rooky Mountains. 
Aug., Sept. (£).—Stem 1—3 l'eet high, angular, Bcabrous-pubeacent / 



184 COMPOSITE. 

3 — 6 inches long, and nearly of the same width. Heads in short axillary 
racemose clusters. Var. Canadense Torr. ty Gr. has the stem spotted and the 
fruit-bearing involucre scabrous pubescent. X. strumarium Mich. Introduced ? 

Common Clot-weed. Small Burdock. 

2. X. ecMnatum Murr. : fruit-bearing involucre oval, very densely clothed 
with rigid slender prickles and with the incurved beaks strongly hispid ; 
leaves rough, broad-cordate, irregularly sinuate-toothed, obscurely lobed. 
{Torr. fy. Gr.) X. macrocarpon Beck Bot. 1st. Ed. X. orientale Muhl. 
X. maculalum Raf. 

Near salt water. Mass. and N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug. — Oct. (I). — 
Stem marked with purple spots and stripes, roughly pubescent. Leaves very 
rough. Fruit very large, woolly. Sea Clot-weed. 

3. X. spinosum Linn. : spines 3-parted, slender ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, 
cuneate at base, entire or somewhat 3-lobed, acuminate, minutely-pubescent 
above, the under surface and the veins of the upper canescent. 

Waste grounds. N. Y. to Geor. Sept., Oct. (£).—Stem 2—3 feet high, 
pubescent, branched. Leaves entire or repand-denticulate, at length often 
3-lobed. Heads few, axillary, solitary. A troublesome weed. Introduced from 
Europe. Spiny Clot-weed. 

28. AMBROSIA. Linn.— Rag-weed. 

(Ambrosia was the food of the Gods ; but it is difficult to determine the appli- 
cation to the plants of this genus,) 

Heads monoecious ; the fertile at the base and the sterile at 
the top of the spike. Sterile Fl. Involucre hemispheric or 
turbinate ; scales few. Receptacle naked. Corolla tubular, 
short. Fertile Fl. Involucre 1 -flowered, incurved and often 
armed with several tubercles or horns. Corolla none. Achenia 
ovoid or obovoid. 

* Upper leaves undivided. 

1. A. integrifolia Muhl. : leaves opposite, ovate, sessile, acuminate, ser- 
rate, hispid on both sides, ciliate at base ; racemes terminal and mostly ter- 
nate. A. trifda,\a.r. Torr. fy Gr. 

Near ponds and ditches. Penn. and Virg. (1). Pursh. It is said to have the 
lower leaves sometimes 3-lobed. Probably a variety of the next, as suggested by 
Torrey and Gray. Simple-leaved Rag-weed. 

** Leaves all 3 — 5-lobed. 

2. A. trifida Linn. : hirsute, rough ; leaves 3 — 5-lobed, serrate ; the lobes 
oval-lanceolate, acuminate ; fruit 6-spined below the summit. 

Banks of streams. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. July — Sept. (J)-— Stem 4 — 8 
or 10 feet high, angular, branched above. Leaves very large and rough. Heads 
small ; the sterile ones in long paniculate racemes ; the fertile in small clusters 
at the base of the racemes. Three-lobed Rag weed. 

*** Leaves singly or doubly pinnatifid. 

3. A. aricmisicsfolia Linn.: stem pubescent, often much branched; 
leaves bi-pinnatifid, rough, hoary beneath, the petioles ciliate with long 
hairs ; racemes paniculate, terminal. A. elatior Linn. A. absynthifolia, 
Mich. 



COMPOSITE. 185 

Old fields. Can. to Flor. Aug., Sept. (I). — Stem 1 — 4 feet high, usually 
rough. Heads small ; the sterile ones in long slender paniculate racemes. Fruit 
solitary or in small clusters at the base of the sterile racemes, armed with about 
6 short acute teeth. A troublesome weed. Hog-weed. 

4. A. paniculata Mich. : stem branching, paniculate at the summit, and 
with the petioles villous ; leaves green on both sides, bi-pinnatifid, the seg- 
ments lanceolate ; fruit somewhat clustered, small, obovate, slightly awned. 
Iva monophylla Walt. 

Old fields. Can. to Flor. July— Sept. (T). Pursh.—Stem 2—4 feet high. 
Heads in simple terminal and axillary racemes. Paniculate Rag-weed. 

5. A. heterophylla Muhl. : stem pubescent or villous, paniculate ; cauline 
leaves pinnatifid, subdentate, petiolate ; those of the branches lanceolate, 
sessile ; petioles with long ciliae ; racemes terminal, solitary. A. Peruviana 
Willd. 

Banks of streams. Penn. July — Sept. (J). Muhl. — Fruit with 5 — 6 acute 
teeth below the summit. Perhaps this and the preceding are only varieties of 
A. artimisicefolia. Various-leaved Rag-weed. 

29. IVA. Linn.— Marsh Elder. 
(Origin of the name doubtful.) 

Heads monoecious, not radiate. Fertile flowers 1 — 5, mar- 
ginal, with a small tubular corolla. Sterile flowers numerous, 
with a tubular -campanulate corolla. Scales of the involucre 
3 — 5 in a single series, or 6 — 9 and imbricated. Receptacle 
small, chaffy. Achenia obovoid, somewhat compressed. Pap- 
pus none. 

/. frutescens Linn. : shrubby, smooth ; leaves opposite, oval or oval-lan- 
ceolate, somewhat petioled, deeply-serrate, slightly scabrous ; uppermost 
linear-lanceolate, entire ; heads axillary, depressed-globose, pedicellate ; 
scales of the involucre 5, orbicular. 

Sea coast. Mass. to Flor. Aug., Sept. T^.' — Stem 3 — 8 feet high, much 
branched. Leaves thick and somewhat fleshy. Heads numerous, small, green- 
ish, in axillary leafy racemes, forming a large terminal panicle. 

Marsh Elder. High water Shrub. 

30. HELIOPSIS. Pcrs.— Ox-eye. 

(From the Greek ffKios, the sun, and oipts, appearance; in allusion to the form 
of the heads of flowers.) 

Heads many-flowered ; the ray flowers in one series, ligulate. 
fertile ; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Involucre in 2 — 3 
series ; the outer scales leafy, the rest imbricate. Receptacle 
conic. Achenia angular, partly surrounded by the chaff. 

H. hen's Pcrs.: stem smooth; leaves smoothish, ovate-laneeolate or ob- 
long-ovate, tapering at base into a petiole, serrate, 1> -nerved. Hclian/hus 
her is Linn. 

Banks of streams Throughout the U. S. Aug., Sept. %— Stem 2— 4 feet 



1S6 COMPOSITE. 

high, dichotoraously branched above. Heads middle-sized, on long peduncles, 
solitary, or in a loose fastigiate corymb ; rays 10 — 15, 2— 3-toothed, yellow ; 
disk dark purple, conic. Common Ox-eye. 

31. RUDBECKIA. Linn.— Rudbeckia. 

(In honor of Olaus Rudbeck, Professor of Botany at Upsal, in Sweden, who 
died in 1702.) 

Heads many-flowered; ray-flowers neutral, in a single se- 
ries, ligulate ; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Scales of the 
involucre in two series, leafy, spreading. Receptacle conic or 
elongated ; the chaff acute, concave or boat-form. Achenia 
quadrangular. Pappus none or minute and coroniform. 

1. R. fidgida Ait. : stem hispid, the branches long and virgate ; leaves 
oblong-lanceolate, denticulate, hispid, narrowed and slightly cordate at base, 
acuminate ; scales of the involucre as long as the rays ; chaff lanceolate. 
R. chrysomela Mich. 

Fields and mountain woods. Penn. to Flor. July — Oct. %. — Stem 2 — 3 feet 
high, branched. Heads small, solitary and terminal ; rays orange-yellow, 2-cleft 
at the summit ; disk purple, nearly hemispheric. Small-flowered Rudbeckia. 

2. R. hirta Linn. : very hirsute ; stem virgate, sparingly branched ; lower 
leaves spatulate-oval, 3-nerved, denticulate, petioled; upper ovate-lanceo- 
late, sessile ; scales of the involucre nearly equalling the rays ; chaff of the 
receptacle linear. 

Meadows. Can. and N. Y. to Flor. W. to Texas. July— Sept. %.—Stem 
2 — 3 feet high, scabrous and hairy. Heads middle-sized, solitary, terminal; 
rays 14, bifid, hairy, pale yellow ; disk dark-purple, conic. Hairy Rudbeckia. 

3. R. triloba Linn.: hairy-hispid; stem paniculate; leaves lanceolate, 
acuminate at each end, serrate ; the lower 3-lobed ; scales of the involucre 
linear, shorter than the rays. 

Dry soils. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. July— Sept. %. — Stem 4 — 5 feet high. 
Heads numerous, on the summits of the branches ; rays about 8, yellow ; disk 
dark purple. Three-lobed Rudbeckia. 

4. R. speciosa Wender. : stem hirsute or hispid, with elongated naked 
branches ; leaves roughish-hirsute or pubescent, coarsely toothed or incised ; 
upper lanceolate, sessile ; lower ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acumi- 
nate at both ends, petioled ; scales of the involucre about half as long as 
the rays ; pappus coroniform. ( Torr. fy Gr.) 

Mountains. Penn. to Ohio. Aug. — Oct. %.. — Larger than R. fidgida. 
Radical leaves on long petioles, 5-nerved. Heads large and showy ; rays nume- 
rous, oblong-linear, elongated, bright yellow ; disk conoid-globose, black-purple. 

Showy Rudbeckia. 

5. R. laciniata Linn. : stem tall, smooth, branching ; leaves somewhat 
hairy and scabrous; lower pinnate, the segments 3 — 5-lobed or incised, 
sometimes laciniate ; uppermost lanceolate or ovate, incisely toothed or 
entire ; pappus toothed. R. laevigata and R. digitata Pursh. 

Borders of swamps. Can. to Ala. W. to near the Rocky Mountains. July — 
Sept, — Stem 4 — 6 feet high. Leaves gradually less and less divided from the 
radical to the uppermost ones. Heads rather large, in a loose terminal panicle ; 
rays bright yellow, about twice as long as the involucre, oblanceolate, drooping ; 
disk greenish-yellow, conic. Tall Rudbeckia. Cone Flower. 



COMPOSITE. 187 



32. LEPACHYS. Raff.— Lepachys. 

(From the Greek \sms, a seals, and naxvs, thick; in reference to the chaff of 
the receptacle.) 

Heads many-flowered ; the ray flowers few, in a single series, 
neutral ; those of the disk small, tubular, perfect. Scales of 
the involucre few, linear or subulate, spreading, sometimes with 
an inner series of small obtuse scales. Receptacle elongated, 
spiciform ; chaff truncate or obtuse, thickened and hairy at the 
summit. Achenia of the ray 3 -angled, hairy ; of the disk, 
compressed, smooth or ciliate. 

L. pinnata Torr. fy Gr. : leaves pinnate ; leafets 3 — 7, oblong-lanceo- 
late, acuminate at each end, sparingly serrate, the uppermost undivided ; 
rays much longer than the disk. Rudbeckia pinnata Mich, and R. digitata 
Willd. Obeliscaria pinnata D. C. 

Shores of Lake Erie, N. Y. Dr. Sartwell. Penn. S. to Flor. W. to Miss. July 
— Sept. %.. — Stem 3—4 feet high, rough and pubescent, sulcate. Heads ter- 
minating the branches ; rays shghtly toothed at the apex, bright yellow ; disk 
flowers with short recurved teeth. /. Tall Lepachys. 

33. COREOPSIS. Linn.— Coreopsis. 

(From the Greek kopis, a bug, and oi//<?, resemblance; in allusion to the form 
oi the achenia.) 

Heads many-flowered ; ray flowers about 8, neutral ; those 
of the disk tubular, perfect. Involucre double, each of about 
8 scales ; the outer narrow, leafy, spreading ; the inner broader 
and somewhat membranaceous. Receptacle flat or slightly 
convex, chaffy. Achenia obcompressed, often 2 -toothed or 
2-awned at the summit ; the awns smooth or hispid upwards. 
* Leaves alternate. 

1. C. gladiata Walt.: stem smooth, terete, dichotomous at the summit ; 
leaves alternate, somewhat fleshy, entire or slightly lobed ; lower oblong- 
lanceolate, tapering into a long and somewhat clasping petiole ; scales ot' 
the outer involucre ovate-lanceolate ; achenia obovate-oblong, surrounded 
by a pectinate wing. C. die/tot am a Mich. 

Swamps. N. J. ? N. Car. to Flor. July— Sept. ©.—Stem 2—3 feet high, 
slender. Lower leans large. Hauls on the dichotomous branches; rays 3- 
lobed, yellow ; disk dark purple. Forked C Coreopsis, 

** I^arcs opposite, undivided. 

2. C. rosea Nult.: stem smooth, leafy ; leaves Opposite, narrow-linear, 
entire ; heads few, peduncled ; scales oi' the outer involucre much shorter 
than the inner ; rays unequally 3-toothedj achenia nearly naked. (\.\- 
liopsis rosea Spreng. 

Swamps. N. Y. and Mass. to Ceor. Aug. '1[.—Slrm about a foot high, 
sparingly branched. Heads few ; rays about 8, rose-color ; disk yellowish, 

Rose-colored Coreopsis. 



188 COMPOSITE. 

*** Leaves opposite, divided. 

3. C. trichosperma Mich. : smooth ; stem obtusely 4-angled ; leaves op- 
posite, on short petioles, pinnate ; leafets 5 — 7. linear-lanceolate, serrate or 
incised ; uppermost 3 — 5-cleft. nearly sessile ; scales of the outer involucre 
subspatulate, ciliate-serrate ; achenia cuneiform, with 2-hispid teeth. 

Swamps. N. Y. and Mass. to Car. Aug. — Oct. @. — Stem 2 — 3 feet high, 
much branched. Heads in paniculate corymbs, on long slender peduncles; 
rays about 8, yellow, oblong, obtuse, entire. Tick-seed Sunflower. 

4. C. tripteris Linn. : smooth ; leaves opposite, petiolate ; radical 5-pin- 
nate ; cauline ternate ; leafets lanceolate, acute, entire, scabrous on the 
margins ; achenia obovate, naked at the summit. Chrysostemma tripteris 
Less. D. C. 

Banks of streams. Penn. to Flor. W. to Miss. Aug. — Oct. %. — Stem 4 — 6 
feet high Heads rather small, in a loose terminal corymb, on short peduncles ; 
rays about 8, yellowish. Three-leaved Coreopsis. 

5. C. verticillata Linn. : smooth ; leaves closely sessile, ternate ; leafets 
pinnate or bi-pinnate ; segments narrow-linear, obtuse ; achenia obovate- 
wedgeform. slightly winged, with 2 minute teeth. C. tenuifolia Pursh. 

Wet grounds. Md. to Car. W. to Mich, and Ark. July— Sept. %—Stem 
1 — 3 feet high, slender, somewhat branched. Leaves appearing as if whorled. 
Heads yellow ; rays long and narrow, rarely obtuse and 2 — 3-toothed. 

Whorl-leaved Coreopsis. 

34. ACTINOMERIS. Nutt.— Aetinomeris. 

(From the Greek wctlv, a ray, and pepis, z,part; the flower being imperfectly 
radiate.) 

Heads many-flowered ; ray flowers neutral, few, elongated or 
sometimes wanting ; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Invo- 
lucre of 1 — 3 series ; the scales leafy, acuminate. Receptacle 
convex, chaffy, the chaff embracing the margin of the achenia. 
Achenia compressed, obovate, winged, with 2 smoothish per- 
sistent awns at the summit. 

A. sqnarrosa Nutt. : stem erect, pubescent and winged towards the sum- 
mit ; leaves broad-lanceolate, acute, serrate, scabrous above, pubescent be- 
neath ; lower often opposite, upper alternate ; involucre in 2 series ; the 
outer reflexed, spreading. Coreopsis alternifolia Linn. Verbesina Coreop- 
sis Jrlich. 

Moist grounds. Yates county, X. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept. %. — 
Stan 3 — 6 feet high, slender, smooth below. Heads small, in a terminal leafy 
corymbose panicle ; rays few, oblanceolate, yellow ; disk greenish-yellow. 

Squarrose Aetinomeris. 

35. HELIANTHUS. Linn.— Sunflower. 
(From the Greek »JX1oj, the sun, and avdos, a flower.) 

Heads many-flowered ; ray flowers in one series, ligulate, 
neutral ; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Involucre imbri- 
cate in several series ; the scales usually with foliaceous tips. 
Receptacle flat or convex ; the chaff embracing the compressed 



COMPOSITE. 189 

or somewhat quadrangular achenia. Pappus mostly of 2 un- 
equal chaffy scales or awns, (sometimes additional smaller ones,) 
deciduous. 

* Disk fiowers dark purple. 

1. H. atrorubens Linn. : stem erect, branched above, hispid with long 
scattered hairs ; leaves mostly opposite, oblong-spatulate or ovate, some- 
what serrate, 3-nerved, scabrous ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acu- 
minate, smooth, as long as the disk. 

Gravelly soils. Perm, to Car. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept. %.—Stem 3—4 feet 
high, somewhat branched. Lower leaves very large and often slightly cordate. 
Heads in a loose terminal panicle ; rays about 16, yellow ; disk dark purple. 

Dark-red Sunflower. 

2. H. angustifolius Linn. : stem scabrous or hairy ; leaves narrow-lan- 
ceolate, sessile, entire, 1-nerved, rough above, pale beneath, the margins 
revolute ; lower opposite, upper alternate ; scales of the involucre linear- 
lanceolate, as long as the disk ; chaff 3-toothed. Rudbeckia angustifolia 
Linn. 

Swamps in pine barrens. N. J. to Flor. W. to Texas. Aug. — Oct. %-. — 
Stem 2 — 6 feet high, slender, sparingly branched. Heads small, somewhat co- 
rymbose, on slender peduncles ; rays 12 — 20, yellow ; disk dark purple. 

Narrow-leaved Sunflower. 

** Disk flowers yellow. 

f Leaves opposite, or the upper sometimes alternate. 

3. H. mollis Lam.: stem villous; leaves ovate or lanceolate, acuminate, 
somewhat clasping at base, entire or serrulate, scabrous above, tomentose 
canescent beneath ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, villous -canescent. 
H. canescens Mich. 

Low grounds. Penn. ? and Ohio to Geor. W. to Texas. July — Sept. %. — 
Stem 2—4 feet high, simple or sparingly branched. Heads few, rather large ; 
rays 15 — 25, about an inch long. Woolly Sunfloioer. 

4. H. strumosns Linn. : stem rough above, smooth below ; leaves ovate- 
lanceolate, with a long tapering point, serrate, 3-nerved, rough above, 
whitish and pubescent beneath, abruptly tapering into a short winged pe- 
tiole ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acuminate, equalling the disk. 
H. macrophyllns Willd. 

Dry woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Ark. Aug.. Sept. %.— Stem 2—1 feet 
high, slender, simple or sparingly branched. Hauls few, on roughly pubescent 
peduncles; rays about 10, bright yellow. Sharp-lea vat Sunflower. 

5. H. divaricatus Linn.: stem smooth, simple or dichotomously branched 
above; leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate, rounded at base, tapering to the 
point, serrate, 3-nerved, scabrous above, rough-pubeseent beneath ; scales 
of the involucre lanceolate, acuminate, filiate, spreading. 

Woods. Can. to Flor. Aug. — Oct. %. — Stem 1—5 feet high, sometimes 
purple and glaucous. Heads small, few, in a terminal panicle : rays 8— 12. blight 
yellow; disk yellow. Rough-leaved Sunflower. 

6. H. deca petal us Linn. : stem erect, smooth below, rough above; leaves 
ovate or oblong-ovate, on short winged petioles, acuminate, Coarserj serrate, 
3-nerved, thin and slightly scabrous; scales of the involucre linear-hmceo- 



190 COMPOSITE. 

late, squarrose, hispidly ciiiate. H. frondosus Hook. H. strumosus and 
tenuifolius Ell. 

Rocky woods. Can. to Geor. Aug.— Oct. %.— Stem 3—5 feet high, slender, 
somewhat branching at the summit. Heads in a fastigiate corymb ; rays 8 — 10 ; 
narrow, pale-yellow. Thin-leaved Sunflower. 

7. H. trachelifolius Wittd. : stem rough, branched above ; leaves ovate- 
lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, 3-nerved, very scabrous on both sides, con- 
tracted into a short petiole, the upper alternate; scales of the involucre 
linear-lanceolate, ciiiate, outer ones large and squarrose. 

Woods. Can. to Car. Aug.— Oct. %.—Stem 3—4 feet high. Heads in a 
loose terminal panicle ; rays 10. Wild Sunflower. 

8. H. giganteus Linn. ; stem tall, scabrous ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, 
somewhat serrate, obscurely 3-nerved, very rough, attenuate and ciiiate at 
base, the upper alternate ; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, acu- 
minate, ciiiate. H. altissimus Willd. 

Dry swamps. Can. to Car. Aug., Sept. %. — Stem 5 — 8 feet high, panicu- 
lately branched at the summit, sometimes smoothish below. Heads in a loose 
terminal panicle ; rays 12 — 20, sulphur yellow ; disk greenish yellow. 

Tall Sunflower. 

9. H. microcephalics Torr. fy Gr. : stem smooth, 2 — 3-chotomously 
branched ; leaves mostly opposite, membranaceous, ovate-lanceolate, acu- 
minate, somewhat serrate, petioled, 3-nerved, scabrous above, tomentose- 
pubescent beneath ; scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, ciiiate, the 
outer with squarrose tips. H. divaricatus Mich. 

Woods. Can. Penn. to Geor. W. to Ken. July — Sept. %. — Stems usually 
in tufts, 3 — 6 feet high. Heads small, oblong ; rays 5 — 6, about an inch long. 

Small-headed Sunflower. 

•j-j- Leaves alternate, sometimes opposite below. 

10. H. multiflorus Linn. : stem erect, branching, scabrous ; leaves alter- 
nate, petioled, toothed, 3-nerved, scabrous, serrate ; lower cordate, upper ovate ; 
outer scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, ciiiate, inner lanceolate. 

Mountain woods. Arct. Amer to Can- Penn. to Car. Hook, fy Pursh. July — 
Sept. %-. — Stem and peduncles scabrous. Leaves sometimes opposite. Involucre 
with 40— 50 scales, imbricate, not squarrose. Heads erect : rays numerous, 
oblong. Perhaps not a native. Many-rayed Sunflower. 

11. H. tuberosus Linn. : root creeping, bearing an oblong tubercle; stem 
erect, branching, rough ; leaves alternate, petiolate 3-nerved. scabrous, 
serrate ; lower cordate-ovate, upper ovate-acuminate ; petioles ciiiate at 
base ; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, ciiiate. 

Fields and cultivated grounds. N. S. July— Sept. %.— Stem 4 — 8 feet high. 
Leaves large, cuneate at base; the lower ones opposite, rarely ternate. Heads 
rather large, terminal, on angular pubescent peduncles ; rays numerous, yellow. 
Naturalized in various parts of the U. S. Jerusalem Artichoke. 

36. BIDENS. Linn.— Bur-Marigold. 

(From the Latin bidens, having two teeth ; in allusion to the awns of the 
achenia.) 

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers neutral, often want- 
ing ; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Involucre double, un- 



COMPOSITE. 191 

equal ; the outer series often large and leafy. Receptacle flat- 
tish, chaffy. Achenia obcompressed, not winged, crowned with 
2 — 5 retrorsely pilose rigid awns. 

1. B. cerniui Linn. : smooth; leaves undivided, lanceolate, toothed, the 
upper somewhat connate ; heads discoid or radiate, on slender peduncles, 
usually nodding ; outer involucre longer than the head ; achenia 4-awned, 
retrorsely ciliate on the margin. 

Near ponds and ditches. Can. to Penn. W. to Oregon. . Aug., Sept. (J). — 
Stem 1 — 2 feet high. Heads usually discoid, but sometimes more or less radiate ; 
rays, when present, yellow. This plant is sometimes not more than 6 or 8 inches 
high, with very small erect flowers, when it constitutes the variety minima. 

Swamp Beggar-licks. 

2. H. chrysanthemoides Mich. : stem smooth ; leaves undivided, oblong- 
lanceolate, tapering at each end, connate at base, dentate-serrate ; heads 
radiate, somewhat nodding ; rays elliptic, longer than the involucre ; ache- 
nia with 2 — 4 retrorsely scabrous awns. 

Wet places. Can. and throughout the U. S. Aug., Sept. (T). — Stem 1 — 2 
feet high, erect or declined at base, branching. Heads rather large, solitary at 
the end of the branches, erect or somewhat nodding; rays 8 — 10. bright yellow. 

Large-flowered Bur-marigold. 

3. B. frondosa Linn. : stem smooth or a little hairy ; lower leaves quinate- 
pinnate, upper 3-parted ; the lobes lanceolate, serrate; heads discoid, pedicel- 
late, erect ; outer scales of the involucre much longer than the head, ciliate 
at the base; achenia 2-awned, somewhat ciliate on the margin. 

Woods and fields. Can. and throughout the U. S. July — Sept. (X- — Stem 
2 — 5 feet high, striate, often purple, branched. Heads rather small, on long axil- 
lary branches or peduncles ; rays none ; disk flowers yellowish. 

' Leafy Bur-marigold. 

4. B. connata Muhl. : smooth ; lower leaves often ternate, with the 
lateral lobes decurrent into a petiole and slightly connate ; upper undivided, 
oblong-lanceolate, serrate, attenuate at each end ; heads discoid, on short 
peduncles; scales of the outer involucre longer than the disk ; achenia 2 — 3- 
awncd. B. tripartita Big. 

Wet grounds. Can. to Geor. W. to Mips. July— Sept, (J). — Stem 1 — 3 feet 
high, branched, often purple. Leaves sometimes all undivided. Heads middle- 
sized, rather erect ; rays none ; disk greenish-yellow. Connate Bur-marigold. 

5. B. bipinnata Linn. : smooth; stem erect, 4-angled; leaves petioled, 
bi-pinnate, the segments lanceolate or oblong-ovate : heads on slender pe- 
duncles, with 2—4 small rays; outer scales of the involucre sheading, about 
as long as the disk; achenia linear, 3 — 1-awned. 

Near cultivated grounds. Conn, to Flor. W. to Ark. July — Sept. , P — Stem 
2 — 1 feet high, branched. Heads small, oblong, on long terminal and axillary 
peduncles; rays 3 — .!, small, yellow, olnnate; disk yellow. A troublesome 
weed, probably introduced from the South. Sininisli Needles. 

6. B. Bcc/iii Ton: : stem simple or sparingly branched ; leaves mostly 
submerged, divided into numerous capillary segments ; the emersed ones 
few, lanceolate, coarsely serrate or pinnatifidly laoiniate ; heads solitary, 

erect, radiate, terminal ; rays longer than the involucre ; achenia narrow- 
oblong, 4 — G-awned. 



192 COMPOSITE. 

In water. Can. Ver. Mass. and N. Y. W. to the sources of the Mississippi. 
July, Aug. %. — Stem 2 — 6 feet long, simple, or with very small and slender 
branches arising from the axils of the upper leaves. Lower lehves very multifid, 
capillary, as in Ranunculus aquatilis, but opposite or almost verticillate ; upper 
about an inch and a half long, broad-lanceolate, attenuate at each extremity, 
deeply serrate or incised. Flower solitary, at the extremity of the stem, rather 
large, yellow ; rays much longer than the involucre. Water Marigold. 

37. VERBESINA. Z»ww.~ Verbesina. 

(Said to be altered from Verbena, on account of the resemblance of one of the 
species.) 

Heads many-flowered, mostly radiate. Involucre in two or 
more series ; the scales nearly equal or imbricated. Receptacle 
flat or somewhat convex; the chaff concave and embracing the 
flowers. Achenia flat-compressed, usually winged at the an- 
gles, crowned with 2 rigid awns. 

1. V. Siegesbeckia Mich. : stem smooth, 4-winged ; leaves opposite, decur- 
rent, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at each end, smoothish, coarsely serrate ; 
panicle trichotomous, corymbose at the summit ; scales of the involucre few, 
obtuse. V. occidentalis Walt. Siegesbeckia occidentalis Linn. 

Shady woods. Penn. to Car. W. to Miss. July — Sept. %. — Root creeping. 
Stem erect, 4 — 6 feet high, with 4 leafy wings. Heads in corymbs, yellow ; rays 
1 — 5, lanceolate, 3-toothed. Crown Beard. 

2. V. Virginica Linn. : stem narrowly winged, tomentose-pubescent at 
the summit ; leaves alternate, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, serrate, veined, 
scabrous above, pubescent beneath, acute or acuminate at each end, the 
lower decurrent ; heads in cymose corymbs, crowded. 

Dry woods. Penn. to Flor. W. to Ark. Aug., Sept. %. — Stem 3 — 6 feet 
high. Heads in crowded corymbs ; rays very short, the tube and involucre pu- 
bescent. Virginian Verbesina. 

38. HELENIUM. Linn.— False Sunflower. 
(Named, it is said, after Helen, the wife of Menelaus.) 

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the ray flowers in a single 
series, pistillate, ligulate, or rarely tubular, 3 — 5 -cleft ; those 
of the disk perfect, tubular, very short, 4 — 5 -toothed. Involu- 
cre in 2 series ; the outer scales numerous, leafy, long-linear, 
reflexed or spreading. Receptacle convex, globose or oblong, 
naked. Achenia turbinate-obovate. Pappus chaffy ; chaff 5 — 6- 
awned. 

H. autumnale Linn. : smooth ; stem erect, branched ; leaves lanceolate, 
serrate, acute, decurrent; disk globose; rays 3 — 5-cleft, spreading or 
reflexed. 

Low grounds. Hudson's Bay to Flor. W. to Oregon. Aug. — Oct. %. — 
Stem 2 — 3 feet high, winged by the decurrent leaves. Leaves narrowed at 
base, the upper nearly entire. Heads middle-sized, numerous, in a terminal 
corymb ; rays yellow, cuneate, mostly drooping ; disk greenish-yellow. Whole 
plant intensely bitter. Sneeze-weed. 



COMPOSITE. 193 

39. ANTHEMIS. Um.— Chamomile. 

(From the Greek avdEjjivv, a, flower ; on account of the profusion of its blos- 
soms.) 

Heads many-flowered ; the ray flowers in one series, ligulate, 
pistillate ; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Scales of the in- 
volucre imbricate, in a few series. Receptacle convex, oblong 
or conic, with membraceous chaff among the flowers. Achenia 
terete or obtusely 4-angled, striate or smooth. Pappus none 
or a membranous margin. 

A. arvensis Linn. : diffuse, pubescent ; leaves pinnately parted ; the lobes 
linear-lanceolate, with very acute teeth ; heads solitary at the summits of 
the leafless branches ; receptacle conic ; the chaff lanceolate, acuminate. 

Fields and cultivated grounds. N. Y. to Virg. June — Aug. (J). — Stem 
9 — 15 inches high, branched. Leaves grayish -pubescent. Heads large ; rays 
broad, white, spreading ; disk yellow, convex. Introduced from Europe. A. 
nobilis Linn., the common chamomile, is said by Nuttall to be naturalized near 
Lewistown, Del. Wild or Corn Chamomile. 

40. MARUTA. Cass.— May Weed. 
(Origin not known.) 

Heads many-flowered ; the ray flowers ligulate, neutral ; 
those of the disk perfect. Involucre hemispheric, in a few 
series, shorter than the disk. Receptacle conic or convex, 
chaffy throughout or only at the top. Achenia ribbed, smooth. 
Pappus none. 

M. Cotula D. C. : smoothish ; leaves bi-pinnatifid, the segments subulate- 
linear; receptacle conic, with narrow acuminate chaff at the summit. 
Antltemis Cotula Linn. 

Road sides, &c. Can. and throughout the U. S. June — Oct. (T\ — Stem 
a foot high, erect, branched. Leaves pale green, more or less pilose ; the seg- 
ments very narrow. Heads on elongated slender peduncles ; rays about, 12, 
white ; disk convex, yellow. Whole plant strongly fetid. An exotic, now al- 
most everywhere naturalized. Common May-nred. 

41. PTARMICA. Ton rn.—Sncczcwort. 
(From the Greek nrappos, in allusion to its effect upon the nostrils.) 

Involucre campanulate ; the scales scarious on the margin. 
Receptacle flat or scarcely convex, broad, chaffy. Rays 5 — 20, 
flat, spreading much longer than the involucre. Achenia ob- 
compressed, the outer ones often somewhat winged on the 
margin. 

P. vulgaris D. C: stem erect, branching above; loaves smooth, sessile, 
linear-lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely and equally serrate; chaff of the re- 
ceptacle oblong, pubescent. Achillea Ptarmica Linn. 

Dry swamps. Can. to N. Y. Pursh. Danvers, Mass. Oakcs. Aug., Sent. 



194 COMPOSITE. 

1|_. — Stem 1 — 3 feet high, erect, branched ; heads in a rather large terminal 
corymb ; rays 8 — 12, white, roundish, 3-toothed ; disk white. When dried and 
pulverized the plant has been employed to excite sneezing, whence its common 
name. Introduced from Europe. Common Sneezewort. 

42. ACHILLEA. Linn.—Yanow. 

(So named because its healing virtues were said to have been first discovered 
by Achilles.) 

Heads many-flowered ; the ray flowers 4 — 6 pistillate, ligu- 
late, short, or none ; those of the disk perfect, tubular, 5- 
toothed. Involucre ovate-oblong, the scales imbricate. Re- 
ceptacle small, usually flat, chaffy. Achenia oblong, smooth, 
somewhat compressed, margined. Pappus none. 

A. Millefolium Linn. : stem erect, somewhat hairy, sulcate : leaves bi- 
pinnate, slightly hairy ; the lobes linear, toothed, mucronate. 

Fields and woods. Arct. Amer. to Flor. W. to Oregon and Mexico. June — 
Aug. %.. — Stem 2 — 3 feet high, branched at the top. Leaves 2 — 6 inches long, 
cut into very numerous narrow segments. Heads numerous, in a dense terminal 
fastigiate corymb ; rays about 5, white or rose-colored. It is sometimes em- 
ployed as a tonic and astringent. Introduced and extensively naturalized. 

Common Yarrow or Milfoil. 

43. LEUCANTHEMUM. Tourn.— Ox-eye Daisy. 
(From the Greek \cvkos, white, and avdifiov, a flower.) 

Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers numerous, pistillate, or 
rarely neutral ; those of the disk perfect, with a fleshy somewhat 
two-winged tube. Involucre broad, imbricate ; the scales with 
a somewhat scarious margin. Receptacle naked, flat, or con- 
vex. Achenia of the ray always without pappus ; of the disk 
sometimes with a short pappus. 

L. vulgare Lam. : stem erect, somewhat branched ; lower leaves petiolate, 
obovate, toothed; cauline somewhat clasping, serrate, incisely serrate at 
base ; scales of the involucre with a narrow brownish margin. Chrysantlie- 
mum Leucanthemum Linn. 

Fields and road sides. Can. and throughout the U. S. June— Aug. %.— 
Stem 1 — 2 feet high, erect or subdecumbent at base, smoothish. Leaves often 
pinnatifid-toothed near the base. Heads large, solitary on the branches ; rays 
20 — 30, white ; disk flowers numerous, yellow. Introduced, and everywhere 
naturalized. A very troublesome weed. " Large Ox-eye Daisy. 

44. ARTEMISIA. Linn.— Wormwood. 
(Named from Artem's, the Diana of the Greeks.) 

Heads discoid, few- or many-flowered ; the outer flowers in 
one series, often pistillate, 3-toothed, with a long exsert bifid 
style ; those of the disk 5-toothed, perfect, sterile or staminate 
by abortion of the ovary. Involucre imbricate ; the scales dry 



COMPOSITE. 195 

and scarious on the margin. Receptacle flattish or convex, 
naked or villous. Achenia obovate, with a minute epigynous 
disk. Pappus none. 

* Receptacle naked. 

1. A. vulgaris Linn. : herbaceous, erect ; leaves white-tomentose be- 
neath ; cauline pinnatifid ; segments iaciniate, incised, coarsely serrate and 
entire ; uppermost nearly linear, entire ; heads ovoid, at length erect ; outer 
scales of the involucre white-tomentose. 

Banks of streams. Arct. Amer. Ver. and N. Y. S. to Car. Sept., Oct. %. — 
Stem 2 — 3 feet high, suffruticose, much branched. Leaves variable. Heads few, 
sessile. Introduced ? Mugwort. 

2. A. Canadensis Mich. : smooth or canescent ; lower leaves pinnate, 
petioled ; upper subpinnate, sessile ; segments linear or linear-lanceolate ; 
heads hemispheric, in paniculate racemes ; scales of the involucre roundish 
or ovate, scarious on the margin. 

Sandy shores. Mass. and N. Y. N. to the Arctic Circle. W. to Oregon. July, 
Aug. (J). — Stem mostly erect, but sometimes decumbent at base, 2 — 4 feet high. 
Radical leaves clustered, silky beneath. Heads rather large, very numerous, in 
terminal paniculate racemes. A variable species. Wild Wormwood. 

3. A. cor data Mich. : stem erect, smooth : radical and lower cauline 
leaves sub-bipinnate, upper sub-pinnate ; segments subsetaceous, alternate, 
somewhat divaricate ; racemes elongated, erect, paniculate ; heads sub- 

A. Canadensis Bis:. 



Sandy woods and shores. N. H. to Geor. W. to Miss. Aug. , Sept. (§). — 
Stem 2—6 feet high, rather slender. Leaves slightly pubescent beneath, petioled 
or sessile. Heads erect, very numerous, in racemes which form a dense pyram- 
idal panicle. Nearly allied to the preceding. Tall Wormwood. 

** Receptacle villous. 

4. A. Absinthium Linn.: suffruticose, erect, silky-canescent ; leaves bi- 
pinnatifid ; the segments lanceolate, often incised, obtuse ; heads hemi- 
spheric, in leafy paniculate racemes, nodding. 

Road sides. N. S. Aug. 'i\-. — Stems2 — 4 feet high, several from one root. 
Heads numerous. Flowers yellowish. Introduced and naturalized in a few 
places. Uncommonly bitter, and valuable for its medicinal propertied. 

Common Wormwood, 

45. TANACETUM. Linn.— Tansy. 

(The name altered from Afhanasia ; o, not, -and davarosi death; because its 
flowers do not quickly fade.) 

Heads homogamous or heterogamous, with pistillate flowers 
in a single series in the circumference, often 8 — L-toothed. 

Disk-flowers 4 — 5 -toothed. Receptacle naked, convex. Invo- 
lucre campanulate, imbricate. Achenia sessile, angular, smooth. 
with a large epigynous disk. Pappus none or minute, membra- 
naceous and crown-form, entire or toothed; 

T. vulgarc Linn.: stem herbaceous, erect, smooth ; leaves smoothish. hi- 



196 COMPOSITE. 

pinnate ; rachis and lobes incisely serrate ; heads numerous, corymbose ; 
pappus short, equal, 5-toothed. 

Road sides, near fences, &c. Can. and N. S. July, Oct. %. — Stem 2 — 4 
feet high, ribbed, somewhat branched above. Leaves 2—6 inches long, dotted. 
Heads in dense terminal corymbs, deep yellow. The whole plant is bitter and 
aromatic, and much used as a popular medicine. Introduced and in many 
places completely naturalized. Common Tansy. 

46. GNAPHALIUM. Linn.— Cud Weed. 

(From the Greek yva<pa\ov, soft down or wool, with which the leaves of many 
species are clothed.) 

Heads many-flowered, heterogamous ; flowers all tubular ; 
outer ones in many series, pistillate, very slender ; those of the 
disk perfect. Involucre ovate, with the scales imbricate, ap- 
pressed and somewhat hyaline. Receptacle flat, naked. Ache- 
nia somewhat terete, or more or less obcompressed. Pappus 
in a single series, of filiform roughish bristles. 

* Pistillate flowers in several series. Achenia somewhat terete, 
•f Leaves decurrent. 

1. G. decurrens Ives. : stem erect, simple, viscid-pubescent, branched at 
the summit; leaves linear-lanceolate, partly clasping, very acute, decurrent, 
roughish and green above, white and woolly beneath ; heads nearly sessile, 
in dense roundish clusters at the summits of the branches. 

Fields and hills. Can. N. Y. Mass. and N. J. Aug., Sept. %.— Stem about 
2 feet high. Heads subsessile, in large roundish clusters. Scales of the. invo- 
lucre yellowish-wliite. Decurrent Cud-weed. 

•f-j- Leaves not decurrent. 

2. G. polycephalum Mich. : stem erect, paniculate above, tomentose ; 
leaves linear-lanceolate, tapering at base, acute, smoothish above, white- 
tomentose beneath ; heads obovate, crowded in a corymb at the summits of 
the branches. 

Fields. Can. to Louis. W. to Texas. July— Sept. Q.—Slem 1—2 feet high, 
often much branched at the summit. Heads at length obovate. Scales of the 
involucre yellowish- white. The whole plant has a balsamic odor. 

Fragrant Life-everlasting. 

3. G. uliginosum Linn. : stem herbaceous, diffusely branched, woolly ; 
leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, tomentose on both sides ; heads in dense 
subglobose terminal clusters, leafy at the base. 

Wet grounds. Can. and N. S. N. to Newfoundland. W. to Oregon and Califor- 
nia. July — Sept. (T). — Stem 4 — 6 inches high, very much branched. Heads 
small. Scales of the involucre yellowish-brown, shining. Marsh Cud-weed. 

4. G. purpureum Linn. : stem erect or ascending, woolly ; leaves oblong- 
spatulate, mostly obtuse, mucronate, tomentose beneath; heads sessile, 
clustered, axillary and terminal. G. Americanum Willd. 

Barren soils. N. H. to Louis. W. to Texas. July— Oct. %.— Stem 8—12 
inches high, slender. Heads somewhat spiked at the top of the stem, purplish. 

Purple Cud-weed. 



COMPOSITE. 197 

** Pistillate flowers in one series. Achenia obcompressed, obovoid. 

5. G. supinum Vill. : cespitose ; flowering stems simple, slender, woolly 
above ; leaves linear, woolly ; heads oblong, solitary, terminal, or few and 
spicate-racemose ; scales of the involucre oblong, acuminate, brown ; ache- 
nia puberulent. Omalotheca supina D. C. 

White mountains, N. H. Nutt. N. to Labrador. % — .Stem 2 — 4 inches 
high. Low Alpine Cud-weed. 

47. FILAGO. Tourn.— Cotton Rose. 

(From the Latin^Zwm, a thread ; in allusion to the cobweb-like threads which 
cover the plant.) 

Heads many-flowered^ heterogamous ; the terminal or central 
flowers numerous, pistillate, perfect or infertile, tubular, 4 — 5- 
toothed ; the others filiform, pistillate, scarcely-toothed. Scales 
of the involucre few, the outer ones woolly. Receptacle elon- 
gated, filiform, chaffy. Pappus of the central flowers filiform ; 
of the outer none or dissimilar. 

F. Germanica Linn. : stem dichotomous or proliferously branched at the 
summit ; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, tomentose ; heads few-flowered, in 
subglobose clusters, terminal and dichotomal ; scales of the involucre awned. 
Gnaphalium Germanicum Willd. 

Fields and pastures. N. Y. to Virg. July, Aug. (T). — Stem 4 — 8 inches 
high, more or less branched, woolly-tomentose. Heads small, in roundish capi- 
tate clusters. Scales of the involucre yellowish, very acute. Introduced. ? t 

Herba Impia. 

48. ANTENNARIA. Gcert.— Antennaria. 

(Named in allusion to the bristles of the pappus, which resemble the antenna: 
of some insects.) 

Heads many-flowered, dioecious ; the corolla tubular ; in the 
pistillate flowers filiform, 5 -toothed. Scales of the involucre 
imbricate, colored, scarious. Receptacle convex, alveolate. 
Achenia nearly terete. Pappus in a single series ; in the pis- 
tillate flowers filiform; in the staminate clavate. 

1. A. plant aginca R. Brown: stem simple, with procumbent shoots; 
leaves silky-villous when young, but when old smoothish above and ca- 
nescent beneath ; radical oval, petiolate, 3-nerved ; cauline lineal ; heads in 
a small crowded corymb. GnaphaHum plantagineum Linn. G. dioicum 
var. plantaginifoliwm Mich. 

Woods. Hudson's Bay to Flor. W. to the Rocky mountains. April — June. 
1|_. — stem 3—8 inches high, downy- Radical leaves often large ami broad. 
Heads few, (sometimes a single large one,) oblong, pedicellate, with a white 
involucre. Plantain-lcarnl Cud-weed. 

2. A. margaritacea R.Brovm: stem erect, tomentose'; leaves linear- 
lanceolate, acuminate, 1-herved, green ami lanuginous above, tomentose 
beneath; heads in a terminal corymb. Gnap/ialium margariUtcewm ! 

Woods and fields. Can. to Car. W. to Oregon, Aug., Sept. %.—Stem 



198 - COMPOSITE. 

1 — 2 feet high,, clothed with a thick wool. Heads numerous, rather large, pedi- 
cellate, in a spreading corymb. Involucre pearly white. Flowers yellowish. 

Pearly Everlasting, 

49. ERECHTITES. Raj.— Fire Weed. 

(An ancient name of a species of Senecio, from which this genus was sep- 
arated.) 

Heads many-flowered, heterogamous ; marginal flowers pis- 
tillate, somewhat 3— 5 -toothed ; the central ones perfect, 4 — 5- 
toothed. Involucre cylindric, in one series ; the scales linear, 
acute. Receptacle naked, somewhat papillose. Achenia ob- 
long, striate. Pappus in many series, of very fine somewhat 
roughish hairs. 

E. hieracifolia Raf. : stem striate, simple or paniculate above ; leaves 
oblong-lanceolate, sessile, attenuate at base, coarsely and unequally ser- 
rate; upper auriculate at base and partly clasping; involucre cylindric, 
with linear-subulate bracteoles at the base. Senecio hieracifolius Linn. 

Road sides and burnt grounds. Can. and throughout the U. S. July, Aug. 
(I). — Stem 2 — 5 feet high, stout, succulent, more or less hairy. Heads numerous, 
middle-sized, in a compound terminal panicle ; rays none ; disk flowers numer- 
ous, white or yellowish. Common Fire-weed. 

50. ARNICA. Linn.— Arnica. 
(Said to be a corruption of Ptarmica.) 
Heads many -flowered, radiate ; ray flowers pistillate ; those 
of the disk tubular, perfect. Involucre campanulate ; the scales 
in two series, linear-lanceolate, equal. Receptacle flat, some- 
what hairy. Achenia tapering at each end, somewhat hairy. 
Pappus in one series of rough rigid bristles. 

1. A. nudicaulis Null.: hirsute; leaves sessile; the radical clustered, 
elliptic-ovate, nerved, entire or slightly toothed ; cauline 1 — 2 pairs, lance- 
ovate ; heads terminal, on loosely corymbose peduncles. A. Claytoni Pursh. 
Doronicum nudicaade Mich. 

Meadows. Chester county, Penn. Darlington ; rare. S. to Flor. July, 
Aug. %. — Stem 1 — 2 feet high, with a few peduncle-like branches at the sum- 
mit, somewhat viscid. Heads large ; rays numerous, deep yellow, 2 — 3-toothed 
at the apex ; disk greenish-yellow. Naked-stemmed Arnica. Leopard' s-bane. 

2. A. mollis Hook. : villous-pubescent ; stem leafy, bearing 1 — 5 heads ; 
leaves lanceolate or oblong, smoothish when old, repand-denticulate ; upper 
ones closely sessile ; the lower narrowed at base or tapering into a petiole ; 
scales of the involucre acuminate, hairy. 

Borders of rivulets, in the mountains of Essex county, N. Y. Aug. Torr. 
White Mountains, N. H. %—Root creeping. Stem 12— 20 inches high, simple, 
more or less pubescent. Heads about 3, large ; rays 2 — 3-toothed at the summit, 
pale yellow. Pappus nearly plumose. Pubescent Arnica. 



COMPOSITE. 199 

51. C AC ALIA. Linn. — Indian Plantain. 

(An ancient Greek name, the etymology of which is obscure.) 

Heads many-flowered, the flowers all tubular and perfect. 

Involucre in one series, 5— 30-leaved. Receptacle flat, not 

chaffy. Achenia oblong, smooth, not beaked. Pappus in one 

series of minute capillary bristles. 

1. C. suaveolens Linn. : stem erect, smooth, striate and angled; leaves 
petiolate, hastate-sagittate, serrate, smooth and green on both sides ; heads 
many-flowered; scales of the involucre about 13. Senecio suaveolens Ell. 

Banks of streams. Can. to Geor. W. to Ken. and 111. Sept. %.. — Stem 3 — 1 
feet high, smooth. Radical leaves on long petioles. Heads 25 — 30-flowered, in 
a compound corymb, yellowish-white. Sweet-scented Indian Plantain. 

2. C. atriplicifolia Linn. : stem erect, smooth ; leaves petioled, smooth, 
glaucous beneath ; lower deltoid-cordate, sinuate-angled and toothed ; upper 
rhomboidal, acute, wedgeform at base, coarsely toothed ; involucre oblong, 
5-leaved, 5-flowered. Senecio atriplicifolius Hook. 

Moist grounds. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept. %. — Stem erect, 
3 — 6 feel high. Lower leaves 4 — 6 inches long and nearly as wide, on long pe- 
tioles. Heads numerous, in a terminal corymb, greenish- white. 

Common Indian Plantain. 

3. C. reniformis Muhl. : stem sulcate-angled ; leaves petioled, smooth, 
hairy on the veins beneath ; radical broad-cordate, reniform, repand-toothed ; 
cauline oblong, toothed, wedgeform and very entire at base; corymb fas- 
tigiate ; involucre 5-leaved. 

Low grounds. Penn. to Car. W. to III. Aug., Sept. %-. — Stem 4 — S feet 
high. Radical leaves often 2 feet wide. (Torr. <$• Gr.) Heads 5-flowered, 
white. Kidney-leaved Indian Plantain. 

52. SENECIO. Linn.— Groundsel. 
(From the Latin senex, an old man ; the pappus resembling a white beard.) 

Heads many-flowered, radiate or discoid; rays pistillate. 
Involucre in one series or calyculate, with smaller accessory 
scales at base. Receptacle naked or alveolate. Achenia not 
beaked. Pappus of numerous slender nearly equal bristles. 
* Rays none. 

1. S. vulgaris Linn. : stem erect, often branching; loaves deeply pinna- 
tifid, clasping, toothed; the lower tapering into petioles ; heads in a corymb, 
nodding; rays none ; pappus equalling the corolla. 

Waste places. N. S. May — Oct. ij\ — Stem about a feci high. Heads yel- 
low. Calyculate scales shorter than the involucre. Introduced from Europe. 

Common QroundseL 
** Ilea lis radiate. 

2. S 1 . aureus Linn.: smooth or somewhat lanuginous; radical leaves 

cordate-ovate, obtuse, serrate, on long petioles; eauline pinnatit'ul. toothed, 
sessile, the terminal segments lanceolate ; heads few. in a somewhat la- 
belled corymb. 



200 COMPOSITE. 

Wet shad}' woods. Arct. Amer. to Louis. W. to Oregon. June, July. %.—• 
Stem 1 — 2 feet high, branched above, often woolly. Heads middle sized, nume- 
rous, on long slender peduncles which are thickened near the involucre ; rays 
8 — 12, and with the disk yellow. Golden Groundsel. Squaw-weed. 

3. S. Balsamitee MvM.t stem erect, villous at base; radical leaves ob- 
long-lanceolate, dentate-serrate, on long petioles ; cauline lyrate-pinnatifid, 
sessile, the segments toothed : heads in a compound umbellate corymb. 

Moist grounds. Arct. Amer. to Louis. W. to Oregon. June, July. %. — 
Stem 1 — 2 feet high, densely woolly at the base. Heads rather small, yellow ; 
rays 8 — 12, narrow ; disk flowers about 20. Balsamita-like Groundsel. 

4. & obovatus Muhl. : stem erect, smoothish ; radical leaves varying from 
roundish-obovate to oblong-spatulate, crenate-serrate, petiolate ; cauline 
pinnatifid, toothed, sessile ; heads in a nearly simple somewhat umbelled 
corymb, on long peduncles which are scarcely thickened at the summit. 

Rocky woods. Arct. Amer. to Louis. W. to Oregon. June, July. %.. — Stem 
a foot high, branched at the summit. Heads rather small, yellow ; rays about 
10. Torrey & Gray consider this and the preceding species, as mere varieties 
of S. aureus; to which also they refer S. lanceolatus Oakes and S. gracilis 
Pursh. Obovate-leaved Groundsel. 

5. S. tomentosus Mich.: white -tomentose and woolly; radical leaves 
oval-oblong or oval-lanceolate, serrulate-crenate, toothed at base, on long 
petioles : cauline oblong, somewhat divided ; corymb small, somewhat um- 
belled. S. integrifolius Nutt. Cineraria integrifolia and heterophylla 
Pursh. 

Dry rocks on the Blue Mountains, Penn. Pursh. S. to Flor. 3Iay, June. 
%■. — Stem 1 — 2 feet high. Heads yellow, larger than in S. aureus ; rays 12 — 15, 
elongated. Downy Groundsel. 

6. S. elongatus Pursh. : smooth ; radical leaves spatulate, serrate, atten- 
uated into a petiole ; cauline pinnatifid, toothed, very remote ; heads on 
elongated peduncles, arranged in a somewhat umbelled corymb. 

Rocks on banks of streams near Easton. Penn. July, Aug. 1L. — Resembles 
S. Balsamitee, but is destitute of ray flowers. Pursh. Elongated Groundsel. 

V. Ctnare^. Style in the perfect flowers thickened near the sum- 
mit, and often fringed at the tumor ; its branches distinct or united, 
pubescent externally. 

53. CEXTAUREA. Linn.-Kna.-p Weed. Blue Bottle. 

(From the Centaur Chiron, who is said by this plant to have cured himself of 
a wound received from Hercules.) 

Heads many -flowered ; ray flowers mostly large and sterile, 
funnel-form, sometimes wanting. Scales of the involucre imbri- 
cate, various. Receptacle bristly-paleaceous. Achenia com- 
pressed. Pappus mostly in many series, pilose, sometimes 
wanting. 

1. C. Jacea Linn.: stem erect, branched; leaves linear-lanceolate; 
lower broader and toothed, petioled ; scales of the involucre scarious and 
torn, the outer pinnatifid ; heads radiate ; pappus very short or none. 



COMPOSITE. 201 

Waste places. Penn. Muhl. July, Aug. %. — Heads with numerous purple 
flowers. Involucre pale-brown, shining. Introduced from Europe. 

Brown Knap-weed. 

2. C. nigra Linn. : stem erect, branched ; leaves scabrous ; lower an- 
gular-lyrate, petioled ; upper lanceolate ; scales of the involucre ovate, 
fringed with capillary teeth ; rays none ; pappus very short, tufted. 

Fields. Mass. and Penn. July, Aug. %.. — Stem 2 — 3 feet high. Heads 
terminal, solitary. Flowers purple. Scales of the involucre almost black, the 
teeth brown. Introduced from Europe and becoming in some places a trouble- 
some weed. Black Knap-weed. 

3. C. Cyanus Linn. : cottony-tomentose ; stem erect, branched ; upper 
leaves linear, entire ; lowermost toothed or pinnatifld at base ; scales of the 
involucre serrate ; pappus short. 

Cultivated grounds. N. S. July, Aug. ®. — Stem 2 — 3 feet high. Heads 
in terminal peduncles ; rays few, spreading, bright blue ; disk flowers smaller, 
purple. Introduced from Europe and naturalized in a few places. 

Corn Blue-bottle. 

54. CNICUS. Vaill.— Blessed Thistle. 
(From the Greek Kvigti, to prick or wound.) 

Heads many-flowered ; the rays sterile, slender, nearly equal 
to the disk. Involucre ovoid ; scales coriaceous, produced into 
a long hard pinnated spinose appendage. Receptacle bristly. 
Achenia smooth, striate. Pappus triple ; outer series very short ; 
intermediate of 10 long rigid bristles ; inner of 10 short bristles. 

C. benedictus Linn. D. C. Centaurea benedicia. Linn. Ed. 2. 

Road sides ; rare. N. Y. June. Torr. (T). — Stem 1 — 2 feet high, branching. 
Leaves clasping, somewhat decurrent and pinnatifld, the lobes spinv. Heads 
large. Introduced. Common Blessed Thistle. 

55. ONOPORDON. Linn.— Cotton Thistle. 

(From two Greek words expressive of the effect, ascribed by Pliny, to the ass 
who eats the plant. Hook. Br. Fl.) 

Heads homogamous, many- and equal-flowered. Involucre 
ovate-globose ; scales imbricate, coriaceous, terminating in a 
lanceolate appendage bearing a spine at the summit. Recepta- 
cle honey-combed. Achenia four-cornered, transversely ru- 
gose. Pappus in several series, rough, deciduous. 

O. Acanthiuvi Linn. : leaves ovate-oblong, sinuate and spinous, desur- 
rent, woolly on both sides ; scales of the involucre linear-subulate, the 
outer spreading and woolly at the base. 

Waste grounds. Mass. July. (§). — Stem -1 — 6 feet high, branched and 
winded at the summit; wings very spinous. Heads large, solitary. / 
purple. Introduced from Europe. Cultivated in Scotland as the Scotch 7 histie. 
Hook. Common Cotton T/iistk. 

9* 



202 COMPOSITE. 



56. CIRSIUM. Tourn.— Thistle. 

(From the Greek Ktpaos, a swelled vein ; on account of its being supposed to 
heal that disease.) 

Heads many-flowered; the flowers perfect or dioecious. 
Scales of the involucre more or less spinous at the summit. 
Receptacle bristly. Corolla with the tube short and the border 
5-cleft. Achenia oblong, compressed, smooth, not ribbed. Pap- 
pus of numerous plumose bristles, deciduous. 

* Leaves dccurrent. 

1. C. lanceolalum Scop. : stem branched, hairy; leaves decurrent pinna- 
tifid, hispid above, woolly beneath ; segments divaricate and spinous ; scales 
of the involucre linear-lanceolate, spinous, outer ones spreading. Carduus 
lanceolatus Linn. Cnicus lanceolatus Willd. 

Fields and road sides. N. S. July — Oct. %. — Stem 2 — 4 feet high, winged 
by the decurrent leaves. Heads terminal, ovoid, middle-sized. Flowers purple. 

Common Thistle. 

** Leaves sessile. 

2. C. altissimum, Spreng. : stem tall, branched, pubescent ; leaves ciliate- 
spinous, scabrous above, tomentose beneath ; radical petioled, pinnatifid ; 
cauline sessile, oblong-lanceolate, sinuate-toothed ; scales of the involucre 
ovate-lanceolate, spinous, appressed. Carduus altissimus Linn. Cnicus 
altissimus Willd. 

Old fields. Penn. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept. %.—Stem 3—8 feet 
high, and on the Missouri, according to Mr. Nuttall, V2- — 18 feet. Leaves varia- 
ble. Heads large, terminal. Flowers purple. Tall Thistle. 

3. C. discolor Spreng. : stem hairy, divaricately branched ; leaves lan- 
ceolate, sessile or clasping, more or less deeply pinnatifid, smoothish above, 
tomentose beneath ; segments 2-lobed, ciliate and spinous ; involucre sub- 
globose ; the scales ovate, spinous. Carduus discolor Nutt. Cnicus discolor 
Muhl. 

Old fields. Can. to Car. July — Sept. (2). — Stem 3 — 6 feet high, sparsely 
haiiy. Heads large, terminal. Flowers purple. Two-colored Thistle. 

4. C. a? - vense Scop. : stem paniculate ; the branches somewhat woolly ; 
leaves oblong-lanceolate, sessile, sinuate-pinnatifid, spinous, undulate, 
smoothish ; involucre ovoid ; scales ovate-lanceolate, the outer armed with 
a short spine. Carduus arvensis Smith. Cnicus arvensis Willd. 

Fields and road sides. Can. and N. S. July. %. — Root creeping. Stem 
2 — 3 feet high. Leaves very thorny. Heads numerous, terminal, small. Flowers 
purple, rarely whitish. A very troublesome weed. Introduced from Europe. 

Canada Thistle. Cursed Thistle. 

5. C. muticum Mich. : stem smoothish, sparingly branched ; leaves ses- 
sile, deeply pinnatifid, woolly beneath ; segments lanceolate, acute, spinu- 
lose ; involucre subglobose ; scales viscid, woolly, unarmed, or the outer 
ones with a very short spine. C. Bigelowii D. C. Carduus muticus Nutt. 
C. glutinosus Beck Bob. 1st. Kd. 



COMPOSITE. 203 

Low grounds. Can. to Louis. W. to Texas. Aug., Sept. % or (g). — Stem 
3—5 feet high, striate and angular. Heads middle-sized, terminal. Flowers 
purple. Awnless Thistle. 

6. C. pumilum Spreng. : stem low, hairy, 1— 3-flowered ; leaves lance- 
oblong, pinnatifid, somewhat clasping, green on both sides ; segments irreg- 
ularly lobed, ciliate and spinous ; involucre sub-globose ; scales appressed. 
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, spinous. Carduus pumilus Nutt. 

Dry fields. N. Y. Mass. and Penn. July, Aug. ®.—Stem 1—2 feet high, 
(sometimes much taller,) erect or subdecumbent. Heads very large. Flowers 
pale purple. Pappus more than an inch long. Var. Hystrix of Nuttall, has the 
stem simple, 1-flowered, and the leaves densely margined with spines. It occurs 
on the banks of the Hudson, near the city of New York. Low Thistle. 

7. C. Nuttallii D. C. : stem much branched ; leaves sessile, smooth or 
smoothish on both sides, pinnatifid ; lobes lanceolate, acuminate and with 
the teeth spinous ; involucre ovoid ; scales lanceolate, appressed, with a 
short somewhat reflexed spine at the apex, somewhat pubescent and viscid 
upon the back. Carduus glaber Nutt. Cnicus glaber Ell. 

Low grounds. N. J. Nutt. S. to Geor. %. — Stem 4 — 5 feet high, slenderly 
branched. Heads somewhat paniculate. Flowers pale purple. Allied to 
C. muticum, and perhaps only a variety. NuttalVs Thistle. 

8. C. horridulum Mich. : stem simple or sparingly branched, arachnoid 
when young; leaves lanceolate, partly clasping, pinnatifid, acutely divided, 
very spinous, woolly beneath ; heads with a whorl of spinous bracts at 
base ; involucre subglobose ; scales linear, acute, scarcely spinous. Car- 
duus spinosissimus Walt. Cnicus horridulus Pursh. 

Sandy fields. TM. Y. to Flor. and Louis. July— Sept. %.—Stem 2—3 feet 
high, stout, hollow, lanuginous. Heads large, axillary and terminal, with 20 — 30 
bracts at base, the outer of which have spines somewhat in pairs. Flotvcrs dull 
yellow, rarely pale purple. Yellow Thistle. 

9. C. Virghxianum Mich. : stem slender, mostly simple, arachnoid ; leaves 
sessile, lance-linear, revolute on the margin, distantly and spinosely serrate, 
smooth above, white-tomentose beneath; involucre ovate; scales appressed, 
shortly mucronate, glutinous. Carduus Virginianus Wittd. CntCUsVvrgin- 
ianus Pursh. 

Woods. Penn. ? to Geor. W. to Ken. July— Sept. %.— Stem 2—4 feet high, 
covered with a white down, especially towards the summit. Iliad* small, 
mostly solitary. Flowers purple. Virginian Thistle, 

57. LAPPA. Tourn— Burdock. 

(Said to be derived from the Celtic Hap. a lianJ ; because it lays hold of on BTJ - 
thing near it. Ton:) 

Heads many-flowered; the flowers similar and perfect. 
Corolla. 5-cleft ; tube 10-nerved. Involucre globose; scales 
imbricate, coriaceous, with a long subulate indexed point. Re- 
ceptacle flat, covered with bristly chalV. Achenia oblong, com- 
pressed; smooth, transversely rugose. Pappus of numerous 
short distinct filiform rough bristles, caducous. 



204 COMPOSITE. 

L. major Gcert. : scales of the involucre subulate, smooth or with a cob- 
web-like down ; lower leaves cordate, petiolate ; cauline ovate. Arctium, 
Lappa Linn. 

Waste grounds, road sides, &c. N. S. July— Oct. %.—Stem stout, 3—4 feet 
high. Radical leaves very large, (often 1 — 2 feet long and a foot wide,) wavy on 
the margin. Heads globose, numerous, often clustered. Flowers purple. Invo- 
lucres with hooked scales, by which they are fastened to clothes and the coats 
of animals. Introduced from Europe. Common Burdock. 

Suborder II. LIGULIFLORiE. 

Flowers all ligulate and perfect. 

VI. Cichoracejc. Style cylindrical above; its branches rather long 
and obtuse, equally pubescent. 

58. CICHORIUM. Tourn.— Succory. 
(Said to be derived from the Arabic CMkouryeh.) 

Heads many-flowered. Involucre double ; the outer of about 
5 short scales ; inner long, 8 — 10 -leaved. Receptacle flattish, 
naked or slightly hairy. Achenia somewhat compressed, smooth, 
striate. Pappus of numerous very short and somewhat obtuse 
scales, in one or two series. 

C. Intybus Linn. : lower leaves runcinate, scarious-hispid on the mid- 
rib ; upper lanceolate, nearly entire ; heads axillary, sessile, mostly 2 — 3 
together. 

Old fields and road sides. N. S. July — Sept. — Stem 2 — 3 feet high, with 
numerous rough branches. Heads axillary, mostly in pairs, sessile. Flowers 
bright blue or purplish. The roots are largely used for the purpose of adulterating 
coffee. Introduced from Europe. Succory or Chicory. 

59. KRIGIA. Schreb.— Dwarf Dandelion. 
(In honor of David Kreig, a German botanist.) 

Heads many-flowered, (15 — 30). Involucre in a single 
series, with 8 — 12 scales. Receptacle naked. Achenia turbi- 
nate, somewhat pentagonal, not beaked. Pappus in a double 
series ; the outer of 5 broad, short, chaffy scales ; inner of 5 
long scabrous bristles, alternating with the scales. 

K. Virginica Willd. : somewhat glaucous ; primary leaves roundish, 
entire ; the succeeding ones lyrate, nearly smooth ; heads solitary, on scapes 
which are finally longer than the leaves. Cynthia Virginica Beck Bot. 
1st Ed. Hyoseris Virginica Linn. 

Fields and dry soils. Can. to Flor. W. to Texas. May— Aug. (p.— Scapes 
2 — 10 inches high, often several from one root. Head solitary, terminal, small: 
Flowers deep yellow. This plant continues in flower for some time ; during 
which it varies greatly in the length of the scape. K. dichotoma of Nuttall, al- 
though marked as distinct by De Candolle, can be nothing more than a va- 
riety of this species. Dwarf Dandelion. 



COMPOSITE. 205 



60. CYNTHIA. Don. —Cynthia. 

(Supposed to be named from Mount Cynthus ; which was sacred to Apollo 
and Diana. Darlingt. Fl. Ces.) 

Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre numerous, in 
one or two series. Receptacle naked, dotted. Achenia quad- 
rangular, smoothish, not beaked. Pappus double; the outer 
of numerous very short chaffy scales ; inner hair-like, deciduous. 

1 . C. Virginica Don. : smooth and glaucous ; stem scape-like, often bifid 
or trifid, few-leaved ; radical leaves petioled, lyrate, sinuate-dentate or pin- 
natifid ; cauline lanceolate, clasping, nearly entire, smooth. C. amplexicaule 
Beck Bot. 1st Ed. Krigia amplexicaulis Nutt. 

Wet woods. N. Y. to Geor. W. to Miss. May— July. %.— Stems a foot or 
more high, often 2 or 3 from one root, divided into long slender branches, with a 
clasping leaf at the forks. Heads solitary, at the extremities of the branches, 
large, orange-yellow. Virginian Cynthia. 

2. C. Dandelion Linn.: scapes usually several from the same root; pri- 
mary leaves spatulate-oblong ; the others linear-lanceolate, elongated, 
mostly acute, either entire, repand-denticulate, remotely sinuate-toothed or 
laciniate-subpinnatifid ; the triangular-lanceolate divaricate lobes 2 — 3 on 
each side (Torr. <$• Gr.) C. Dandelion and Boscii D. C. Krigia Dan- 
delion Nutt. Gen. 

Low grounds. Md. to Geor. W. to Texas. March — May. %.. — Roots tube- 
riferous. Scapes or stems 6 — 15 inches high, sometimes decumbent. Flowers 
yellow. Dandelion-like Cynthia. 

61. OPORINIA. Don.— Hawkbit. 

(From the Greek on-wpivo?, autumnal; in allusion to the time of flowering.) 
Heads many-flowered. Involucre obconic, in one series ; 
scales lanceolate, acuminate, with numerous accessory ones at 
the base. Receptacle naked. Achenia oblong, somewhat te- 
rete, attenuated at both ends, transversely rugulose. Pappus 
in one series, persistent, plumose, scarious and dilated at base. 

O. autumnale Don. : scape branched, scaly upwards ; leaves lanceolate, 
toothed or pinnatifid, smoothish; peduncles swollen beneath the somewhat 
downy involucre. Apargia autumnal it Willd. 

Fields and road sides. N. S. July — Sept. %. — Scape spreading, branched 
into a few peduncles which are furnished with reunite scales, Ueads middle- 
sized, bright yellow, resembling the Dandelion, introduced (Vein Europe. 

Autumnal Hawkbit. 

62. LACTUCA. 7W».-rLettuce. 

(From the Latin lac, milk ; the plant giving out a milky juice.) 

Heads few- or many-flowered. Involucre cylindric : scales 
calyculate-imbricate, in 2 — 1 series : the outer short. Recep- 
tacle naked. Achenia flat, obcompressed, wingless, abruptly 



208 COMPOSITE. 

produced into a filiform beak. Pappus of copious soft and 
white capillary bristles. 

L. elongata MuhL : stem erect, smoothish, paniculate at the summit ; 
leaves subciasping, pale beneath ; the lower runcinate-pinnatifid ; upper 
mostly lanceolate and entire, sometimes elongated ; heads in an elongated 
leafless panicle. G. longifolia Mich. 

var. integrifolia Torr. <$• Gr. : leaves nearly all undivided, lanceolate. 
L. integrifolia Big. 

var. sanguined Torr. fy Gr. : leaves nearly all r uncinate ; flowers pur- 
plish or red. L. sanguinea Big. and L. hirsuta Nutt. 

Woods and road sides ; often growing up from ground newly burnt over. 
Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. July — Sept. @. — Stem 2 — 8 feet high ; in var. san- 
guinea smaller. Heads rather smaller than in garden lettuce. Flowers yellow, 
purple, or red. I follow Torrey and Gray in uniting with this species the three 
which have heretofore been described as distinct. Wild Lettuce. Fire-weed. 

63. TARAXACUM. Holler.— Dandelion. 
(From the Greek Tapaaaoj; on account of its medicinal qualities.) 

Heads many-flowered. Involucre double ; the outer scales 
small, spreading or reflexed ; the inner in a single series, erect. 
Receptacle naked. Achenia oblong, striate, muricate on the 
ribs, produced into a long beak. Pappus in many series, white, 
pilose. 

T. Dens-leonis Desf. : smooth ; leaves equally and acutely runcinate, the 
segments toothed ; outer scales of the involucre reflexed ; achenia muricate 
at the apex. Leonlodon Taraxacum Linn. 

Pastures, &c. Throughout Can. and the U. S. April — Nov. %. — Root 
thick. Scapes often several from the root, each with one large terminal head. 
Flowers yellow. In its young state it is used as a potherb. Introduced, but al- 
most everywhere naturalized. Common Dandelion. 

64. SONCHUS. Linn.— Sow Thistle. 
lAn ancient Greek name, the meaning of which is obscure.) 
Heads many-flowered, dilated at base. Involucre imbricate. 
Receptacle naked. Achenia compressed, not winged or beaked, 
longitudinally ribbed, transversely rugose. Pappus of nume- 
rous soft and very white hairs. 

1. S 1 . oleraceus Linn. : smooth or with the branches glandular-pilose ; 
cauline leaves runcinate-pinnatifid or the upper undivided, clasping, slightly 
spinulose-toothed ; the auricles acute ; peduncles somewhat tomentose when 
young. &. ciliatus Lam. 

"Waste grounds. Can. and throughout the U. S. July — Sept. (p. — Stem 
2 — 4 feet high, hollow and succulent. Leaves 2 — 6 inches long, variously di- 
vided. Heads in a somewhat umbelled corymb. Flowers pale yellow. Pappus 
very white and silky. Introduced from Europe. Common Sow-thistle. 

2. S. asper ViU. : smooth or somewhat glandular hairy at the summit ; 
lower leaves spatulate or oval : cauline undivided, undulate or slightly 



COMPOSITE. 207 

uncinate, spinulose-toothed, cordate-clasping; heads umbellate-corymbose. 
S. spimdosus^y a.r. asper Linn. S. spinulosus Big. 

Fields and waste places. Throughout the U. S. Aug., Sept. (J). — Stem 
about 2 feet high, smooth or slightly hairy. Heads small, somewhat umbelled. 
Flowers yellow. Introduced from Europe. Spiny-leaved Sov)-thistle. 

3. & arvensis Linn. : root creeping ; stem erect, smooth ; leaves runci- 
nate-pinnatifid, spinulose-toothed, cordate-clasping; the auricles obtuse; 
panicle umbellate-corymbose ; pedicels and involucres glandular-hispid. 

Near cultivated grounds. Ver. to Penn. Newfoundland Hook. Aug., Sept. 
%-. — Stem 2 — 3 feet high. Heads as large as in the Dandelion. Flowers yellow. 
Introduced from Europe. Large Sow-thistle. 

65. HIERACIUM. Linn.— Hawk Weed. 

(From the Greek itpa%, a hawk ; because birds of prey were supposed to em- 
ploy this plant to strengthen their powers of vision. Hook. Br. Fl.) 

Heads many-flowered. Involucre ovate or cylindric ; scales 
linear-obtuse, imbricate, rarely only in two series. Receptacle 
alveolate or pitted and fimbrillate. Achenia 5 -sided, somewhat 
striate, mostly clavate, not beaked. Pappus in a single series 
of very dense dull-white rigid scabrous hairs. 

* Stem leafy. 

1. H. Canadense Mich. : stem erect, simple or sparingly branched above ; 
leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate, acute, smooth or somewhat pubescent, 
acutely and divaricately toothed ; heads corymbose ; involucre smoothish ; 
outer scales mostly spreading in fruit. H. virgatum, fasciculatum and ma- 
cfcphyllum Pursh. H. Kalmii Spreng. not of Linn, (according to Torr. 

Rocky woods. Can. N. Eng. and N. Y. N. to lat. 66°. W. to Oregon. July, 
Aug. %.. — Stem stout, smooth, pubescent or hairy. Heads axillary and termi- 
nal, on downy or hispid peduncles. Flowers pale-yellow. 

Canadian Hawk-weed. 

2. H. scabrum Mich. : stem erect, stout, hispid below, rough above ; 
leaves obovate or oval, entire or somewhat denticulate, hairy, the low or 
narrowed at the base, the upper closely sessile ; peduncles and involucre 
hispid and downy. H.marianwm Willd. H. Gronovii,(S.Hook. 

Woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. July, Aug. '4;— Stem about 8 feet 
high, often very rough below. Heads numerous, in a fastigiate corymb. Flow- 
ers yellow. Rough Hawk-weed. 

3. H. Gronovii Linn. : stem erect, leafless and paniculate above ; leaves 
entire or denticulate, pale, sparingly villous-hhsute ; the lower oblong obo- 
vate or spatulate ; upper oval or oblong, sessile or clasping ; peduncles and 
involucre glandular-hispid. 

Dry woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Texas. July. Aug. %. — Stem about 3 
feet high, nearly naked. Heads in a Long naked panicle. Flowers yellow. 
Differs from the preceding in its more Blender, nearly naked stem and much 
longer peduncles. Gronovius's Hawk-urcd. 

4. H. paniculatum Willd.: stem erect, Loosely paniculate, smooth above, 



208 COMPOSITES. 

whitish tomentose below ; leaves lanceolate, oblong, few-toothed, sessile, 
membranaceous, smooth ; peduncles slender, divaricate ; bracts setaceous. 

Woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. July— Sept. %.—Stem slender, 1—3 
feet high. Heads small, on long slender peduncles, forming a large panicle. 
Flowers yellow. Panicled Hawk-weed. 

5. H. Scouleri Hook. : clothed with long brownish rigid and spreading 
hairs ; stem paniculate, branched ; leaves broad-lanceolate, somewhat co- 
riaceous, rigid, acute, slightly toothed ; radical attenuated into a short peti- 
ole ; cauline very remote, sessile ; involucre rusty-pubescent, with long 
scattered hairs. 

On the Columbia river ; and also gathered in Penn. by Schweinitz. Hooker. 
Stem a foot high. Heads small. Flowers yellow. Scouler's Hawk-weed. 

** Stem naked or nearly so. 

6. H. venosum Linn. : stem scape-like, naked or with a single leaf, smooth 
and branching above ; leaves obovate-oblong and lanceolate, entire or ob- 
scurely denticulate, hairy on the margin and midrib beneath ; veins pur- 
ple ; involucre mostly smooth. 

Dry and sandy woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Ken. June — Aug. 9J_. — Stem 
1 — 2 feet high, naked or with 1 — 2 leaves, branched at the summit. Radical 
leaves spreading on the ground, colored with dark veins. Heads small, on slen- 
der peduncles, forming a loose panicle. Flowers yellow. This is one of the 
plants in common repute as an antidote or remedy for the poison of the rattle- 
snake ; but we are still in want of proof in regard to its medicinal power. 

Veiny Hawk-weed. 

66. NABALUS. Cass.— Nabalus. 
(Origin unknown.) 

Heads 5 — 30-flowered. Involucre cylindric, of 10 — 14 lin- 
ear scales, calyculate at base. Receptacle naked. Achenia ob- 
long, subcylindraceous, sulcate, smooth, truncate at the ap^. 
Pappus in many series of yellow or brownish rough rigid hairs. 

1. N. Serpentarms Hook. : leaves toothed, rough ; radical palmate ; cau- 
line on long petioles, sinuate-pinnatifid, somewhat 3-lobed, the middle seg- 
ment 3-parted; upper leaves lanceolate; racemes terminal, paniculate, 
short, nodding ; involucre 8-leaved, 12-flowered. N. albus,va.r. Serpentaria 
Torr. fy Gr. Harpalyce Serpentaria Don. Prenanthes Serpentaria Pursh. 

Woods on hill sides. Hudson's Bay to Car. Aug., Sept. 91. — Stem 2 — 5 
feet high, simple or much branched. Heads in loose terminal panicles. Invo- 
lucre purplish. Flowers white or yellowish. A very variable species, which 
may perhaps be more properly united with the next, as has been done by Torrey 
and Gray, and Dr. Darlington. It has gamed some notoriety as a cure for the 
bite of the rattlesnake, but I apprehend that the statements on this point are en- 
titled to very little credence. Rattlesnake Root. Lion's Foot. 

2. N. albus Hook. : smooth and somewhat glaucous ; stem paniculate at 
the summit ; leaves angular-hastate, irregularly toothed, sinuate-incised or 
pinnately 3 — 5-parted; the lower petioled, upper sessile; racemes short, 
paniculate; involucre about 8-leaved, 8— 10-flowered. Harpalyce alba Don. 
Prenanthes alba Linn. 

Woods. Can. to Car. Aug. %.—Stem 3—5 feet high. Heads numerous, 
in a loose panicle which is composed of small terminal clusters. Flowers white. 
Achenia yellow. Pappus deep cinnamon-color. While Lettuce. 



COMPOSITE. 209 

3. N. altissimus Hook. : stem erect, smooth, branched ; leaves all pe- 
tioled, undivided, or the lower 3 — 5-cleft or parted ; the lobes or leaves acu- 
minate, repandly toothed or denticulate ; heads in small axillary or terminal 
clusters ; involucre 5-leaved, 5 — 6-flowered. N. cordatus and N. deltoideus 
D. C. Harpalyce altissima and cordata Don. Prenanthes altissima and 
cor data Pursh. 

Woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Ken. Aug., Sept. %. — Stem 4 or 5 feet high, 
slender. Leaves sometimes cordate, deltoid or triangular-hastate. Heads nod- 
ding, in racemes arranged in a large leafy panicle. Flowers yellowish- white. 
Pappus dirty white. Tall Nabalus. 

4. N. virgatus D. C. : smooth ; stem simple ; leaves narrow-lanceolate ; 
the lower sinuate or dentate, upper entire ; racemes simple, terminal ; 
heads nodding, 8 — 10-fiowered ; involucre smooth, 8-leaved. Harpalyce 
virgata Don. Prenanthes virgata Mich. 

Sandy fields. N. J. to Flor. Aug., Sept. %.— Stem 2—5 feet high. Heads 
in a long terminal virgate raceme. Flowers pale purple. Vir gate Nabalus. 

5. N. Fraseri D. C. : stem erect, slightly pubescent, branched ; leavea 
mostly deltoid, 3 — 7-lobed, contracted into winged or margined petioles; 
upper nearly sessile and undivided ; involucre smoothish, of about 8 scales, 
8 — 12-flowered. N. Fraseri, trilobatus, integrifolius and Serpentarius^.D.C. 
Prenanthes rubicunda Pursh, (according to Torr. <$* Gr.) 

Dry sterile and sandy soils. Can. and N. Y. to Flor. Aug. — Oct. %. — Sfcm 
2 — 4 feet high. Leaves very variable. Involucre often purplish, usually quite 
smooth. Flowers cream-color, sometimes with a tinge of purple. Pappus straw 
color. Very near N. albus, and some of its forms can only be distinguished from 
that species by its light-colored pappus. Fraser's Nabalus. 

6. N. nanus D. C. : smooth ; stem simple ; leaves on slender petioles, 
varying from undivided and angular or toothed to hastately or palmately 
3-lobed or parted ; heads clustered, forming a racemose panicle ; involucre 
10 — 15-flowered ; inner scales about 8 ; the calyculate scales very short, tri- 
angular-ovate. (Torr. <$• Gr.) Harpalyce alba } \a.r. nana Beck Bot. 1st Ed. 
Prenanthes alba,vvn. nana Big. 

White. Mountains. N. H. Big. Summit of Mount Marcy, Essex county. N. Y. 
Torr. Aug. %.. — Stem 5 — 12 inches high, smooth. Heads nodding. Mowers 
whitish. Pappus straw-color. Dwarf Nobalus. 

7. N. Boottii D. C. : stem simple, pubescent at the summit ; leaves pe- 
tioled, smooth ; lower subcordate or hastate-cordate, obtuse: the middle cor- 
date-lanceolate ; upper linear-lanceolate, acuminate and entire; heads in a 
nearly simple raceme; involucre 10 — 18-flowercd ; the inner scales 10 — 15, 
obtuse; the calyculate scales linear, lax, nearly half the length oi' the 
proper involucre. (Torr. cf« Gr.) Prenanthes aZfoz,var. nana Big. {in part) 

White Mountains. N. H. Boott. Summit o( White&ce Mountain, Essex 
county, N. Y. Torr. Aug., Sept. %. — Shm 5 — B inches high. Leaves variable. 
Heads slightly nodding. Flowers whitish, odorotts. Pappus straw -color. Dis- 
tinguished from the preceding by the narrow loose and elongated calyculate 
scales of the involucre. Torr. Boott's Nabalus. 



210 CAMPANULACE.E. 



67. MULGEDIUM. Cass.— Mulgedium. 

(From the Latin mulgeo, to milk ; on account of its yielding a white juice 
when cut.) 

Heads many-flowered. Involucre calyculate-imbricate, the 
outer scales much shorter than the inner. Receptacle naked, 
honey-combed. Achenia smooth, compressed, attenuated into 
a beak at the summit, appearing as if a part of the achenium, 
and expanded into a short thick cup-form disk. Pappus in one 
or a few series of stiff rough white or tawny hairs. 

1. M. macrophyllum D. C: stem stiffly erect, hispid at the summit; 
leaves broad-lyrate, cordate at base, hairy beneath ; terminal lobe large, 
cordate ; petioles winged ; heads in a loose hispid panicle ; involucre 
slightly hispid. Sonchus macrophyUus Willd. Agathyrsus macrophyUus Don.? 

Wet grounds. Penn. to Car. ? Aug., Sept. %.. — Root tuberous. Stem 4 — 7 
feet high. Heads about as large as those of Cichorium Intybus. Flowers blue. 
A doubtful species. Large-leaved Mulgedium. 

2. M. Floridanum D. C. : smooth ; stem erect, purplish or somewhat 
glaucous, paniculate above; cauline leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, petioled; 
the lobes few, sinuate-toothed ; uppermost triangular, acute ; heads in a 
loose erect panicle. Sonchus Floridanus Linn. Agathyrsus Florid-anus 
Don. 

Woods and road sides. N. Y. to Geor. July, Aug. (g). — Stem 3 — 6 feet high, 
often purplish. Heads rather small, in an oblong terminal panicle. Flowers blue, 
Pappus dirty white. Pursh states that this plant is used as a cure for the bite 
of the rattlesnake in the same manner as Nabalus Serpentarius, and is known 
by the name of Gall of the Earth. 

3. M. acuminatum D. C. : stem erect, smooth, simple ; cauline leaves 
ovate, acute, sparingly toothed, attenuated into a winged petiole, slightly 
hairy on the midrib and veins beneath ; radical sometimes slightly runcinate ; 
heads in a thyrse-like panicle ; peduncles somewhat scaly. Sonchus acumi- 
natus Willd. Lactuca villosa Jacq. 

Shady woods. N. Y. to Geor. and Louis. Aug., Sept. (g).— Stem 3— 6 feet 
high, paniculate above. Heads small, not numerous, in a widely spreading ter- 
minal panicle ; the peduncles with a few ovate ciliate scales. Flowers blue. 

Sharp-leaved Mulgedium. 

4. M. leucophaum D. C. : stem very leafy, smoothish, paniculate at the 
summit ; leaves somewhat runcinate-pinnatifid, coarsely toothed, somewhat 
hairy beneath ; heads in a large compound panicle ; peduncles scaly. 
Sonchus leucophceus Willd. Agathyrsus leucophceus Don. 

Waste grounds and road sides. Can. to Car. W. to Oregon. July— Sept. 
(g). — Stem 3 — 10 feet high, (Torr.) smooth, or slightly hairy. Lower leaves very 
large. Heads numerous, small, in an elongated panicle. Flowers bluish-white. 

Tall Mulgedium. 

Order LXX. CAMPANTJLACE^E.— Bellworts. 

Calyx usually 5-lobed, (3 — 8,) persistent. Corolla usually 
5-lobed, (3 — 8,) withering, valvate. Stamens alternate with the 



CAMPANULACEiE. 211 

lobes of the corolla ; anthers distinct. Style covered with col- 
lecting hairs. Capsule 2 — 3, several-celled, opening by apertures 
or valves. Seeds numerous ; embryo in the axis of fleshy albu- 
men. — Herbaceous plants, with a milky juice. Leaves alter- 
nate, without stipules. Flowers usually showy. 

1. CAMPANULA. Linn.— Bell Flower. 
(From the Latin campanula, a little bell ; in reference to the shape of the flower.) 
Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla 5-lobed or 5-cleft, usually campanu- 
late. Stamens 5, free. Filaments broad and membranaceous at 
base. Stigmas 3 or 5, filiform. Capsule 3 — 5-celled, opening 
by 3 — 5 lateral valves. 

1. C. rotundifolia Linn. : radical leaves petioled, reniform-cordate, cre- 
nate or cut ; cauline linear, entire ; segments of the calyx subulate, about 
one-third as long as the campanulate corolla. 

Rocky banks. Arct. Amer. to Penn. W. to the Rocky Mountains. June, 
July. %. — Stems 8 — 12 inches high, erect or assurgent, sometimes branched 
from the base, or several from one root. Radical leaves cordate, (withering early.) 
Flowers few, large, blue, in a loose terminal panicle or raceme. 

Flax Bell-flower. Harebell. 

2. C. Americana Linn. : leaves ovatedanceolate, much acuminate, unci- 
nately-serrate ; lowest often somewhat cordate, contracted into a petiole at 
base ; flowers in a terminal-leafy spike ; segments of the calyx linear- 
acuminate, shorter than the somewhat rotate corolla. C. acuminata Mich. 

Moist shady places. N. Y. to Geor. W. to Mich. July, Aug. %.—S(em 
2 — 3 feet high, simple or slightly branched. Flowers numerous, bine, sessile, 
2 — 3 together in the axils of the leaves. American Bell-flower. 

3. C. aparinoidcs Pursh. : stem slender, much branched, acutely-angled ; 
angles with the margin and nerves of the leaves aculeate backwards ; leaves 
linear-lanceolate, sessile, somewhat crenate-serrate, smooth above ; pedicels 
slender, flexuous ; lobes of the calyx triangular, one-third as long as the 
campanulate corolla. C. erinoid.es Muhl. 

Wet meadows. Can. to Car. W. to Ohio. June, July. (p? — Stem about a 
foot high, weak. Flowers very small, white, nodding. Prickly Bell-flower. 

2. SPECULARIA. D. C— Spccularia. 
(From the ancient name of one of the species. Speculum Veneris.) 

Calyx 5-lobed, by abortion 3 — 4-lobed ; the tube elongated, 
prismatic or obconic. Corolla rotate, 5-lobed, Stamens 5, free. 

Filaments membranaceous, hairy, shorter than the anthers. 
Stigmas 3. Capsule elongated, prismatic, 3-eelled, opening 
laterally by 3 valves near the summit. 

S. perfoliaia D.C. : stem simple, angular ; angles hispid ; leaves roundish- 



212 LOBELIACE^E. 

cordate, crenate-dentate, clasping ; flowers solitary or glomerate in the axils 
of the leaves. Campanula perfoliate Linn. C. amplexicaulis Mick. 

Fields. Can. to Car. W to Miss. May— July. Q.—Stem 9— 18 inches high, 
(sometimes 2 — 3 feet,) mostly simple. Leaves about three-fourths of an inch 
long, and sometimes broader than long, closely embracing the stem, but never 
perfoliate. Flowers small, purple, sessile, 1 — 4 in the axil of each leaf. 

Clasping Bell-jlower. 

Order LXXI. LOBELIACE^E.— Lobeliads. 

Calyx 5-lobed or entire. Corolla irregular, 5-lobed or 5-cleft. 
Stamens 5 ; anthers cohering. Stigma fringed. Fruit capsular, 
1 or more celled, many-seeded, dehiscing at the apex ; embryo 
in the axis of the albumen. — Herbaceous plants or shrubs, often 
with milky juice. Leaves alternate, without stipules. Flowers 
axillary or terminal. 

LOBELIA. Linn. — Lobelia. 
(In honor of. Matthias de Lobel; a Flemish botanist.) 

Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla irregular, cleft on the upper side, 
2 -lipped ; lower lip 3 -cleft. The two lower anthers, rarely all, 
bearded at the summit. Capsule inferior or semisuperior, 2 or 
3-celled, opening at the summit. 

1. L. Dortmanna Linn.: stem erect, simple, nearly naked; radical 
leaves in a cluster, terete, fleshy, 2-celled ; cauline few and minute ; flow- 
ers few, in a terminal raceme, remote, pedicellate, nodding. 

Ponds and swamps. Hudson's Bay to Geor. July — Sept. r 2J.. — Stem scape- 
like, 9 — 18 inches high. Radical leaves growing in a single tuft, consisting of 
two empty united tubes, obtuse, spreading and recurved. Flowers 3—4, very 
remote, pale-blue. Water Gladiole. 

2. L. paludosa Nutt. : stem erect, angular, smooth, nearly simple and 
naked ; leaves smooth, flat, fleshy, remotely crenulate ; radical crowded, 
linear-oblong, obtuse ; cauline remote, erect, linear ; flowers few, in a 
spiked raceme, remote ; corolla six times as long as the lobes of the calyx, 
with the lower lip hairy. 

Sphagnous swamps. Del. to Gecr. %. — Stems or scapes several from the 
same root, 2 feet in length, fistulous, sometimes a little branched. Radical leaves 
in a large cluster, 4 — 12 inches long. Flowers small, pale-blue, subtended by 
minute bracts often nearly 2 inches apart. Resembles the preceding, but prob- 
ably distinct. Marsh Lobelia. 

3. L. Kalmii Linn. : smooth ; stem mostly branched ; leaves remotely 
toothed; radical oblong-spatulate ; cauline linear ; racemes terminal, loose, 
few-flowered, leafy ; pedicels longer than the fruit, with 2 minute bracteoles 
near the flower. 

Wet places. Can. to N. Y. July, Aug. (g). — Stem 8—18 inches high, slen- 
der, erect or assurgent. Flowers blue, on slender pedicels which are from 6 — 12 
lines long. Kalm's Lobelia. 

4. L. Nultallii R. <£♦ & ; stem erect, minutely scabrous, simple or with 



ERICACEAE. 213 

filiform branches ; leaves remotely denticulate ; radical oblong-spatulate ; 
cauline oblong-linear; racemes virgate; pedicels shorter than the flower, 
with minute bracteoles near the base ; capsule obtuse below. L. gracilis 
Nutt. L. Kalmii,\ar. Bart. Ell. 

Sandy swamps and near salt marshes. N. Y. to Car. Aug., Sept." @. — 
Stem. 1 — 2 feet high, filiform, erect or flexuous. Flowers in a slender raceme, 
pale-blue, smaller than in the preceding ; the bracteoles near the base of the 
pedicels and often colored. NutlaWs Lobelia. 

5. L. spicata Lam. : stem erect, simple,pubescent ; leaves pubescent, ob- 
tuse, nearly entire; radical spatulate; cauline oblong; raceme virgate, 
naked ; segments of the calyx subulate, nearly as long as the tube of the 
corolla. L. Claytoniana Mich. I+. pallida Muhl. 

Fields. Can. to Car. N. to Lake Winnipeg. July, Aug. %. — Stem 1—2 
feet high, generally simple. Flowers pale-blue, as large as those of L. Kalmii, 
from 6 — 30 in a spike-like raceme. Spiked Lobelia. 

6. L. puberula Mich. : pubescent ; stem erect, simple ; leaves oblong- 
ovate, obtuse, repand-serrulate ; flowers nearly sessile, in a 1-sided spike ; 
calyx hirsute at base, the lanceolate ciliate segments as long as the tube of 
the corolla. 

Moist low grounds. Penn. to Geor. Sept. °-f_. — Stem 2 feet high. Lower 
leaves obovate ; upper lanceolate. Flowers rather large, in a secund spike or 
raceme, nearly sessde, bright blue. Allied to the next, but smaller in all its 
parts. Pubescent Lobelia. 

7. L. syphilitica Linn. : stem erect, somewhat hairy ; leaves closely ses- 
sile, ovate-lanceolate, unequally serrate, with scattered hairs on the upper 
surface ; raceme leafy, with the flowers on short pedicels ; calyx hispidly- 
ciliate, with the auricles reflexed and 2-cleft. 

Bogs and low wet grounds. Can. to Car. Aug., Sept. 'Zj.. — Stem 2 — 3 feet 
high, simple, hairy on the margin. Floivers on short pedicels, in a long leafy 
raceme, large, blue. This plant was formerly supposed to be medicinal. 

Blue Cardinal Flower. 

8. L. inflata Linn. : stem erect, hairy, branched ; leaves ovate-lanceo- 
late, sessile, crenate-dentate, hairy ; racemes leafy, somewhat paniculate ; 
capsule ovoid, inflated. 

Fields and woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July— Sept. (§). — Stem 12—18 
inches high. Flowers numerous, small, pale-blue, in leafy spikes or racemes. 
Plant acrid and powerfully medicinal. Big. Med. Bot. i. 177. 

Indian Tobacco. 

9. L. cardinalis Linn. : stem erect, simple, pubescent ; leaves oblong- 
lanceolate, acute at each end, unequally dentate-serrate, minutely pubes- 
cent; raceme somewhat secund and leafy below; stamens longer than the 
corolla. 

Low wet grounds. Can. to Car. W. to Ohio. July, Aug. %. — Stem 2 — 3 
feet high. Flowers very large, bright scarlet, in a terminal raceme which is 
from 8 — 10 inches long. One of the most splendid plants in the Northern 
States. Cardinal Flower. 

Order LXXIL— ERICACEAE.— IIeatiiwok is. 

Calyx 4 or 5 -cleft, nearly equal, persistent. Corolla 4 or 5- 
cleft, regular or irregular. Stamens definite, equal in number 



214 ERICACEAE. 

to the segments of the corolla, or twice as many. Ovary many- 
celled ; style 1. Fruit capsular, baccate or drupaceous. Seeds 
indefinite, minute ; embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen. — 
Shrubs or under shrubs. Leaves evergreen, rigid, without 
stipules. 

1. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. Adams.— Bear Grape. 

(From the Greek apxTos, a bear, and srapvXri, a grape.) 

Calyx 5- parted, persistent. Corolla ovate-urceolate ; the ori- 
fice 5 -toothed, re volute. Stamens 10, included. Anthers com- 
pressed, with two pores at the summit, laterally 2-awned, the 
awns reflexed. Berry drupaceous, globose, mostly 5-celled; 
cells 1 -seeded. 

1. A. Uva-tirsi Spreng.: procumbent, smooth; leaves petioled, cuneate- 
obovate, very entire, coriaceous, shining ; flowers in small terminal racemes ; 
fruit smooth. Arbutus Uva-ursi Linn. 

On mountains and in sandy soils. Subarct. Amer. to N. Y. W. to Rocky 
Mountains. April, May. I7. — A trailing evergreen. Stems numerous and 
spreading. Leaves thick and rigid, less than an inch long. Flowers drooping, 
pale-red. Berry small, red. The leaves are astringent and medicinal. See 
Big. Med. Bot. i. 66. Bear Berry. 

2. A. alpina Spreng. : procumbent ; leaves membranaceous, deciduous, 
obovate, acute, serrate, ciliate when young ; bracteoles broad-ovate, ciliate, 
about as long as the pedicels. 

White Mountains, N. H. ; rare. Gray tif Tuckermann. May. ? T^. — Stem 
trailing. Leaves tapering into a short petiole, becoming red in the autumn. 
Flowers white or very pale rose-color. Berry black. Alpine Arbutus. 

2. GAULTHERIA. Linn.— Partridge Berry. 

(In honor of M. Gautier, a French physician of Quebec. The original name 
of Kalm, seems to have been Gautiera.) 

Calyx 5-lobed, bi-bracteate at base. Corolla ovate, the ori- 
fice 5-toothed. Stamens 10, with the filaments hirsute. An- 
thers two-horned at the summit. Capsule 5-celled, invested by 
the calyx which becomes a berry. 

G. procumbens Linn. : stem procumbent, with the branches erect ; 
leaves obovate, wedgeform at the base, ciliate-denticulate ; flowers few, 
subterminal, nodding. 

Dry woods. Can. to Virg. W. to Ohio. May — July. \. — Stem creeping; 
branches ascending, 4 — 6 inches high. Leaves evergreen and shining. Flowers 
axillary, white. Fruit having the appearance of a bright scarlet berry. 

Partridge Berry . Spicy Wintergreen. 

3. OXYDENDRUM. D. C— Sorrel Tree. 

(From the Greek o%vs, an acid, and devSpov, a tree ; on account of the sour taste 
of its leaves.) 

Calyx 5-parted, the lobes acuminate. Corolla ovate, 5- 



ERICACEAE. 215 

toothed. Stamens 10. Filaments hairy. Anthers erect, ob- 
long, not awned. Style pentagonal. Capsule pyramidal, pen- 
tagonal, 5-celled, 5-valved, the valves septiferous in the middle. 

0. arboreum D.C.: smooth; branches terete; leaves petioled, oblong, 
acuminate, serrate ; panicles terminal, many-spiked ; corolla ovate, pubes- 
cent on the outside. Andromeda arborea Linn. 

Mountain valleys. Perm, and Ohio to Flor. June, July. — A beautiful 
tree 40 — 50 feet high. Leaves large, shining above, paler beneath, having an 
acid taste. Flowers white, in large terminal panicles consisting of numerous 
secund racemes or spikes. Sorrel Tree. 

4. ANDROMEDA. Linn.— Andromeda. 

(Thus named in allusion to the fabled exposure of Andromeda ; from the place 
of growth of some species.) 

Calyx 5-parted, the segments acute. Corolla ovate, globose 

or somewhat campanulate, 5-cleft. Stamens 10. Capsule 5- 

celled, 5-valved. 

* Leaves evergreen. 

1. A. hypnoides Linn.: leaves imbricate, subulate, smooth; pedicels ter- 
minal, 1-flowered ; corolla nodding, globose-campanulate, deeply 3-cleft. 
Cassiope hypnoides D. C. 

White Hills, N. H. N. W. Coast. June. rj. — Stem creeping ; flowering 
branches erect. Flowers white, tinged wilh red. It resembles a moss. 

Moss Andromeda. 

2. A. polyfolia Linn. : leaves linear-lanceolate, revolute on the margin, 
whitish-glaucous beneath ; flowers in short terminal racemes. 

Sphagnous swamps. Labrador to Penn. June. fy. — Stem 12 — 18 inches 
high. Leaves 1 — 2 inches long, coriaceous, varying from linear to oblong. 
Flowers white, tinged with red. }Yild Rosemary. 

3. A. calyculata Linn. : leaves elliptic-oblong, rather obtuse, subrevo- 
lute, ferruginous beneath; racemes terminal, leafy ; corolla ovate-oblong, 
with the orifice contracted; calyx bi bracteate. Cassandra calyculata Don. 

Swamps. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. April, May. rj. — Stem 3 — i feet high. 
Leaves coriaceous, covered with white dots above, pale beneath; Flowers 
white, solitary, on short secund pedicels. Box-leaved Andromeda. 

• 

** Lea res deciduous. 

4. A. Mariana Linn.: leaves oval, somewhat acute, entile, smooth 
above, pale and somewhat, pubescent beneath, suhcorineeous : flowering 
branches nearly naked; pedicels fasciculate; calyx leafy; corolla ovoid- 
eylindrie ; filaments hairy. Lcucothoc Mariana I). C. 

Sandy soils. N. Y. to Flor. June, July. h.—Stcm 8— 8 feet high. Leaves 
on short petioles. Flowers white and pate-red, large, arranged in short sessile 
fasciculate racemes. Supposed to be poisonous to lambs. Kill-lamb. 

5. A. raccmosa Mich.: leaves oblong, serrulate, membranaceous, smooth 
above, somewhat pubescent beneath ; racemes terminal, secund, simple or 
branched; corolla oblong-cvlindric, contracted at the mouth; anthers 1- 
awncd at the summit. A. paniculala Walt. Zcnobia raccmosa D. C. 



216 ERICACEAE. 

Swamps and wet woods. Can. to Flor. June. July. T7. — Stem 4 — 6 feet 
high, irregularly branched. Leaves on short petioles. Flowers white, in ra- 
cemes which are 3 or 4 inches long. Racemed Andromeda. 

6. A. ligustrina MM. : pubescent ; leaves obovate-oblong, acuminate, 
minutely serrulate ; flower-bearing branches terminal, paniculate, naked; 
corolla nearly globose, pubescent ; anthers unawned. A.paniculata Punk. 
Vaccinium ligustrinum Linn. Lyonia paniculata Nutt. 

Swamps, &c. Can. to Car. June, July. \i . — Stem 4 — C feet high, mueh 
branched. Flowers in compound nearly naked and erect panicles. Corolla 
small, white, pubescent. Privet Andromeda. 

5. CLETHRA. Linn.— Sweet Pepper Bush. 
Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Corolla 5-parted, almost 5-pe- 
talled; the petals ovate-oblong. Stamens 10. Filaments subu- 
late. Style straight. Capsule 3 -celled, 3 -valued, enclosed by 
the calyx. 

C. ahiifolia Linn. : leaves cuneate-obovate, acute, serrate, smooth, green 
on both sides ; racemes spiked, simple, bracteate, hoary tomentose. 

Swamps. Can. to Geor. W. to Ohio. July, Aug. T?. — Stem 4 — 6 feet 
high. Leaves sometimes slightly pubescent beneath. Flowers white, in long 
terminal racemes or spikes, with downy pedicels. 

Common Sweet Pepper-busk. 

6. MENZIESIA. Smith.— Menziesia. 

(Named in honor of Archibald Menzies, a botanist and physician who accom- 
panied Vancouver in his voyage around the world.) 

Calyx campanulate, 4-cleft or 4-toothed. Corolla tubular or 
globose ; limb very short, 4-toothed, revolute. Stamens 8, in- 
cluded. Filaments subulate, smooth. Stigma obtuse. Cap- 
sule 4-celled, 4-valved. 

M. globularis Salisb. : branches and pedicels somewhat hairy ; leaves 
oval-lanceolate, ciliate, pubescent except on the nerves beneath, with a 
sharp glandular point ; calyx 4-cleft ; corolla globose. M. Smithii Mich. 

Mountains. Penn. to Car. June. Yi- — Stem 4 feet high. Leaves very hairy 
when young. Flowers yellowish-brown. Globose Menziesia. 

7. PHYLLODOCE. Salisb.— American Heath. 

(From the Greek <pv\\op, a leaf, and Jokem, to see ; in allusion to its peltate 
stigma?) 

Calyx 5-parted, the lobes often acuminate. Corolla ovate, 
the orifice contracted, 5-toothed. Stamens 10, included. Fil- 
aments smooth, slender. Anthers awnless. Stigma peltate. 
Capsule 5 -celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. 

P. taxifolia Salisb. : stem branched ; leaves linear, toothed ; peduncles 
terminal, 1-flowered, glandular-ptlose ; lobes of the calyx lanceolate, acu- 



ERICACEAE. 217 

mmate ; anthers smooth, one-third the length of the filaments. Andromeda, 
cozrvlea, Linn. Menziesia ccerulea SwaHz. 

White Mountains, N. H. N. W. Coast and Labrador. July. — An evergreen 
shrub, resembling a heath in its foliage and flowers. Leaves one-third of an inch 
long. Flowers large, purple, on long red peduncles. American Heath. 

8. KALMIA. Linn. — American Laurel. 

(In honor of Peter Kalm, a Swedish botanist, who travelled in this country 
about the middle of the last century.) 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla salver-form; border on the under 
side producing 10 cornute protuberances and as many cavities 
in which the anthers are concealed. Stamens 10. Capsule 
globose, 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. 

1. K. glauca Ait.: branches ancipital; leaves opposite, subsessile, ob- 
long, smooth, glaucous beneath, revolute on the margin ; corymbs terminal, 
bracteate ; peduncles and calyx very smooth. 

var. rosmarinifolia Pursh. : leaves linear, conspicuously revolute, nearly 
green beneath. 

Sphagnous swamps. Arct. Amer. to Penn. W. to Lake Superior. June, 
July. >2 . — Stem 12 — 18 inches high, with opposite lanceolate leaves. Flowers 
pale rose-color, in terminal corymbs or umbels. Var. rosmarinifolia is found in a 
swamp two miles east of Albany, N. Y. Glaucous Kalmia. Swamp Laurel. 

2. K. anguslifolia Linn. : branches terete ; leaves scattered or ternate, 
petiolate, oval-oblong, obtuse, smooth, sometimes slightly ferruginous be- 
neath ; corymbs lateral ; peduncles and calyx glandular-pubescent. 

Sandy woods. Can. to Car. W. to Ohio. June, July. T^. — Stem 12 — 18 
inches high. Leaves on short petioles, somewhat glaucous beneath. Flowers 
small, deep rose-color, in lateral corymbs, forming a kind of whorl around the 
stem. Sheep Laurel. 

3. K. latifoha Linn. : branches terete ; leaves on long petioles, scattered 
and ternate, oval-lanceolate, acute at each end, geeen on both sides; 
corymbs terminal, viscidly pubescent. 

Hills and mountains. Can. to Car. W. to Ohio. June, July. b. — Stem 
4 — 10 feet high, with irregular branches. Leaves 2 — 3 inches long, thick and 
coriaceous. Flowers rose-color, arranged in terminal spreading corymbs. Me- 
dicinal. Big. Med. Bot. i. 133. Mountain Laurel. Calico Bush. 

9. EPIGJEA. Linn,— Ground Laurel. 
(From the Greek i~i, upon, and y>;, the earth ; in allusion to its prostrate habit.) 

Calyx deeply 5-parted, colored, with 3 bracts at the base. 
Corolla salver-form ; the border 5-parted, spreading. Stamens 
10. Capsule subglobose, depressed, 5-celled, surrounded by 
the persistent calyx. 

E. repens Linn.: stem decumbent, creeping; leaves cordate-ovate, pa- 

tioled, very entire ; corolla hairy inside. 

Side hills, roots of trees. &c. Can. to Del. April, b. — A small trailing and 
creeping evergreen. Stem and leaves hirsute with course hairs, ffotutrc white 

10 



218 ERICACEAE. 

tinged with red, very fragrant. It it is said, but perhaps incorrectly, to be inju- 
rious to cattle, when eaten by them. It is sold by the Shakers under the name 
of Gravel Plant. Ground Laurel. Trailing Arbutus. 

10. RHODORA. Linn.— Rhodora. 
(From the Greek poSov, a rose.) 

Calyx 5-toothed, persistent. Corolla adnate to the calyx, 
ringent, the upper lip 2 — 3-parted, the lower one 2-lobed. 
Stamens 10, declined. Filaments unequal. Capsule 5-celled, 
5-valved, opening at the top. 

R. Canadensis Linn. Rhododendron Rhodora Don. Torr. 

Mountain bogs. Can. and N. S. May. rj . — Stem 2 feet high, with smooth 
erect branches. Leaves alternate, oval, very entire, nearly smooth above, 
pubescent and glaucous beneath. Floivers purple, in terminal clusters or umbels, 
appearing before the leaves. Rhodora. False Honeysuckle. 

11. RHODODENDRON. Linn.— Rose-bay^ 

(From the Greek poSov, a rose, and Sa-6pov, a tree ; in allusion to the color of 
the flowers.) 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla somewhat funnel-form, 5-cleft. 
Stamens 5 — 10, decimate. Anthers opening by 2 terminal 
pores. Capsule mostly 5-celled, 5-valved. 
* Stamens 5— -10. 

1. R. Lapponicum Wahl. : procumbent and divaricately branched ; leaves 
elliptic, obtuse, rigid, covered with minute scales on both sides ; flowers few, 
terminal, umbellate ; corolla campanulate. Azalea Lapponica Linn. 

Highest summits of Mounts Marcv and Mclntyre, N. Y. Torr. White Moun- 
tains, N. H. Arct. Amer. and the Rocky Mountains. July. t q . — Stem with 
numerous straggling branches, a few inches high. Leaves 5 — 7 lines long, ever- 
green. Flowers deep purple, in terminal clusters or umbels. 

Low Alpine Rose-boy. 

2. R. maximum Linn. : arborescent ; leaves elliptic-oblong, evergreen, 
acuminate, thick, smooth, paler beneath; corymbs somewhat racemose ; 
segments of the calyx ovate-oblong, obtuse ; corolla campanulate. 

Swamps and bogs. Mass. to Car. June, July. T7 .—Stem 10—15 feet high. 
Leaves large, coriaceous. Flowers rose-color, in a large compact cone-like ra- 
ceme, covered when young with large acuminate ferruginous bracts. Several 
varieties occur in various parts of the U. S. Medicinal. Big. Med. Bot. iii. 101. 

American Rose-bay. 
** Stamens 5. 

3. R. nudifiorum Torr. : oblong, acute, ciliate, pubescent above and on the 
veins and midrib beneath; flowers in rather naked corymbs, slightly viscid ; 
tube of the corolla a little longer than the lobes ; stamens exserted. Azalea 
nudifiora Linn. A periclymenoides Mich. 

Woods. Can. to Geor. April, Mav. li—Stem 2—6 feet high, much 
branched above. Leaves crowded at the ends of the branches. Flowers red- 
dish, in terminal clusters, appearing a little before the leaves. Of this species 
there are a number of varieties. Among others mentioned by Pursh. is one 
winch has from 10—20 stamens. Upright Wild Honeysuckle. Pinxter Blom. 



ERICACEAE. 219 

4. R. viscosum Torr. : branchlets hispid ; leaves oblong-obovate, acute, 
smooth and green on both sides, ciliate on the margin, the midrib bristly ; 
flowers glutinous, hairy, appearing with the leaves ; tube as long again as 
the segments ; stamens scarcely longer than the corolla. Azalea viscosa 
Linn, and A. glauca Pursh. 

Woods. Can. to Geor. June. I7 . — Stem 6 — 8 feet high, much branched. 
Leaves 1 — 2 inches long, sometimes glaucous beneath. Flowers white, in ter- 
minal clusters, sweet scented. Corolla viscid and pubescent. 

White Wild Honeysuckle. 

5. R. calendulaceum Tori'. : branchlets somewhat villous ; leaves oblong, 
pubescent on both sides, at length hirsute ; flowers large, in rather naked 
corymbs, not viscid ; teeth of the calyx oblong ; tube of the corolla hairy, 
shorter than the segments. Azalea calendulacea Mich. A. nudifiora var. 
coccinea Ait. 

Penn. to Car. May. On Clear Creek, Ohio, Dr. J. M. Bigelow. T^ • — ^ tem 
2 — 6 feet high. Flowers yellow or flame-color. One of the handsomest shrubs 
in the U. S. Yelloiv-Jlowered Rose-bay. 

6. R. arborescens Torr. : branchlets smooth ; leaves obovate, somewhat 
obtuse, smooth on both sides, glaucous beneath, ciliate on the margin, midrib 
almost smooth ; flowers in leafy corymbs, not viscid ; tube longer than the 
segments ; calyx leafy, with the segments oblong, acute ; filaments ex- 
serted. Azalea arborescens Pursh. 

Blue Mountains, Penn. May— July. T2. Pursh.— Stem 10—20 feet high. 
Flowers large, reddish ; scales of the flower-buds large, yellowish-brown, sur- 
rounded with a fringed white border. Pursh. Arborescent Azalea. 

7. R. nitidum Torr. : branches somewhat smooth ; leaves oblanceolate, 
submucronate, coriaceous, smooth on both sides, shining above ■ midrib 
bristly beneath, margin revolute-ciliate ; flowers viscid, in leafy corymbs ; 
tube a little longer than the segments ; calyx very short. Azalea nitida 
Pursh. 

Mountain swamps. N. Y. to Virg. June, July. T? . — Leaves dark green and 
shining, smaller than in any other species. Flowers white, with a reddish tinge. 
Pursh. Shining Rhododendron. 

8. R. hispidum Torr. : branches straight, very hispid ; leaves long-lan- 
ceolate, hispid above, smooth beneath, glaucous on both sides, ciliate on 
the margin, the midrib bristly ; flowers very viscid, appearing with the 
leaves ; tube scarcely longer than the segments ; teeth of the calyx oblong, 
rounded ; filaments exserted. Azalea hispida Pursh. 

Margins of lakes, on high mountains. N. Y. and Penn. Pursh. July, Aug. 
T7. — Stem 10 — 15 feet high. Flowers white, with a red bonier. Stamens often 
10. This shrub is said by Pursh to have a bluish appearance, by which it may 
be distinguished from all others at a great distance ; but Dr. Torrey thinks it is 
scarcely distinct from R. viscosu/ii. Hispid Rhododendron, 

12. AZALEA. Lmm.— Azalea. 

(Supposed to be derived from the Greek agaktos, dry. from its habitat) 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short, campanulas, 5-elet't. Sta- 
mens 5, equal, shorter than the corolla ; anthers opening longi- 



220 VACCINIACE.E. 

tudinally. Style straight, included. Capsule 5-celled, 5- 
valved, opening at the top. 

A. procumbent Linn. : stern procumbent, diffusely branched ; leaves op- 
posite, elliptic, smooth, revolute on the margin ; stamens included. Loisi- 
leuria procumbcns R. fy S. D. C. 

White Mountains, N. H. N. to Arct. Amer. July. T7. — Stem 3 — 6 inches 
long, branched, leafy above. Leaves evergreen, thick, obtuse, small. Flowers 
small, reddish-white, in terminal clusters. Trailing Azalea. 

13. LEDUM. Linn.— Labrador Tea. 
(From the Greek XtjSov, a shrub : which this resembles.) 

Calyx minute, 5-toothed. Corolla 5-petalled, spreading. 
Stamens 5 — 10, exserted. Anthers opening by two terminal 
pores. Capsule subovate, 5-celled, 5-valved, opening at the 
base, pedicellate. Seeds numerous, linear, with a membrana- 
ceous wing at each extremity. 

1. L. latifolium Ait. : leaves elliptic-oblong, revolute on the margin, fer- 
ruginous tomentose beneath ; stamens 5, as long as the corolla. L. palus- 
tre var. latifolium Mich. Torr. 

Sphagnous swamps. Arct. Amer. to Penn. June. — An evergreen shrub 
about 2 feet high and with the stem irregularly branched ; the branches woolly. 
Leaves alternate, broad-oblong, obtuse. Flowers in terminal corymbs, white. 

Broad-leaved Labrador Tea. 

2. L. palustre Linn. : leaves linear, revolute on the margin, ferruginous 
tomentose beneath ; stamens 10, longer than the corolla. 

Swamps. Arct. Amer. to Penn. June. — A shrub smaller than the last and 
with narrower leaves. I have found both species in a sphagnous swamp near 
Fairhaven, Vt. They have both been used as substitutes for tea, but the latter 
is said to be preferable for this purpose. Narrow-leaved Labrador Tea. 

14. LEIOPHYLLUM. Pers.— Sleek Leaf. 
(From the Greek \uos, smooth, and cpvWov, a leaf; in allusion to its foliage.) 

Calyx deeply 5-parted, persistent. Corolla 5-petalled. Sta- 
mens 10, longer than the corolla. Anthers lateral, opening on 
the inside longitudinally. Capsule globose, 3-celled, 3-valved, 
opening at the top. Seeds many, ovate. 

L. buxifolium Ell. : stem erect ; leaves oval or obovate, nearly sessile, 
alternate ; capsule smooth. Ledum buxifolium Ait. Ammyrsine buxifolium 
Pursh'. 

Pine barrens, N. J. and high mountains, S. Car. May, June. — A small ever- 
green shrub 6—18 inches high, branching, smooth. Leaves small, entire, smooth, 
coriaceous, with the margin revolute. Flowers numerous, white, in small ter- 
minal corymbs. Sleek Leaf. Sand Myrtle. 

Order LXXIII. VACCHNTACE^E.— Cranberries. 
Calyx entire, or 4 — 6-lobed. Corolla with as many lobes as 
the calyx. Stamens distinct, double the number of the lobes 



vacciniacetE. 221 

of the corolla. Ovary inferior, 4 — 5 -celled ; style and stigma 
simple. Berry crowned with the persistent limb of the calyx, 
succulent, many-seeded. Seeds minute. — Shrubs or small 
trees, with the leaves often evergreen. 

1. VACCINIUM.— Lmw.Whortleberry. 
(Etymology unknown. ) 

Calyx adherent to the ovary, 4 — 5-toothed. Corolla urceo- 
late, cylindric, campanulate or somewhat rotate, 4 — 5-cleft. 
Stamens 8 — 10, inserted on the ovary. Berry globose, 4 — 10- 
celled, many- (or by abortion few-) seeded. 

* Leaves deciduous. 
■j- Corolla campanulate. 

1. V. stamineum Linn. : much branched, the younger branches pubes- 
cent; leaves ovate or oval, acute, very entire, glaucous beneath; pedicels 
solitary, axillary, filiform, nodding ; corolla campanulate, spreading ; an- 
thers exserted, with two awns on the back. V. album Pursh. 

Dry woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. May, June. T^. — Stem 2 — 3 feet 
high, diffusely branched. Floviers white, on the lateral branches of the stem 
which appear like leafy racemes. Berry large, pale green or purplish, scarcely 
eatable. Deerberry. 

2. V. dumosum Curt. : minutely pubescent ; younger branches, leaves 
and racemes sprinkled with resinous dots ; leaves obovate-oblong, mucro- 
nate, entire, green on both sides ; racemes with large foliaceous bracts ; 
pedicels short, axillary, subsolitary; corolla campanulate. V. kirlellum 
Ail. Gaylussacia hirtella Torr. fy Gr. 

Wet sandy soils. N. J. to Flor. June. \i. — Stem 12 — 18 inches high. Flow- 
ers large, white, nodding, in leafy racemes. Berry large, globose, black and 
shining, tasteless. Low Swamp Whortleberry. 

3. V. frondosum Linn. : smooth ; leaves obovate-oblong, obtuse, very 
entire, sprinkled with resinous dots, glaucous beneath ; racemes lateral, 
loose, bracteate ; pedicels filiform, bracteolate in the middle ; corolla glo- 
bose-campanulate. V. glaucum Mich. Gaylussacia frondosa Torr. if- Gr. 

Sandy woods. Can. to Geor. June. \i. — Stem 3 — 5 feet high, with slender 
branches. Racemes lateral, few-flowered. Flowers small, white. Berry large, 
bluish, sweet and well flavored. Whortleberry. Blue-tangle. 

•f-j" Corolla urceolalc, ovoid, oblong or cylindric. 
a. Flowers racemose or fasciculate. 

4. V. resinosvm Ait. : younger branches pubescent ; leaves petiolate, ob- 
long-oval, mostly obtuse, very entire, sprinkled with resinous dots beneath ; 
racemes lateral, secund, bracteate; corolla ovoid-conic, pentagonal, at first 
contracted at the mouth, at length open. Gaylussacia resinOsa Torr. ^ Gr. 

Woods and hills. Can. to Car. W. to Ohio. May, June. Yi.—Stem%—4 
feet high. Flowers reddish-green, in short lateral racemes or fascicles, Berry 
globose, black, slightly acid, but agreeable. Black Whortleberry, 



222 VACCINIACE.E. 

5. V. vaccillans Kalm : branches angular, smooth ; leaves oval, elliptic or 
obovate, serrulate, smooth on both sides, acute or rather obtuse, mucronu- 
late; racemes very short, clustered; corolla campanulate-cylindric. {Torr. 
N. Y. Fl.) 

Woods and thickets. N. Y. Torr. May. T7. — Stem 1 — 2 feet high, much 
branched. Leaves an inch or more long, deciduous. Flowers greenish-white 
tinged with red. on short pedicels. Berry dark-blue, glaucous, very sweet. It 
has probably been confounded with V. Pennsylvanicum. 

Sugar Whortleberry. 

6. V. Pennsylvanicum Lam. : branches angular, (green ;) leaves sessile, 
ovate-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, mucronate, serrulate, smooth and 
shining on both surfaces ; fascicles of flowers subterminal ; corolla ovoid. 
V. virgatum Ait. V. Unellum Pursh. 

Dry hills. N. Y. to Geor. May, June. rj . — Ste?n 12 — 18 inches high, much 
branched. Flowers pale red, 6—8 in a fascicle. Berry large, bluish-black, 
somewhat glaucous, sweet. Low Blue Whortleberry. 

7. V. corymbosum Linn. : flower-bearing branches almost leafless ; leaves 
oblong-oval, rather acute at each end, nearly entire, the young ones pu- 
bescent ; racemes short, sessile, bracteate ; corolla cylindric-ovoid. V. 
amccnum Pursh. V. disomorphum Mich. 

Swamps and wet woods. Can. to Virg. June. T2. — Stem 4 — 8 feet high, 
with a few straggling branches. Flowers purplish-white, in racemes which are 
crowded near the summit of the naked branches. Berry large, purplish-black, 
subacid. High Swamp Whortleberry. 

8. V. Canadense Kalm : flower-bearing branches leafy ; leaves oblong- 
lanceolate, very entire, acute, and with the branches covered with a white 
pubescence ; flowers in crowded racemes ; corolla ovoid-campanulate. ( Torr. 
N.Y. F 1 !.) V. disomorphum Big. not of Mich. 

Swamps. Can. and Western N. Y. May, June. T^. — Stem 1 — 2 feet high, 
with numerous warty branches. Leaves about an inch and a half long. Ra- 
cemes numerous, few-flowered. Corolla reddish-white. Berry bluish-black, 
sweet. Resembles the preceding, for which it has probably been mistaken. 

Black Bilberry. 

9. V. tenellum Ait. : leaves oblong-elliptic, subcuneiform, serrulate, nearly 
smooth ; racemes bracteate, sessile, few-flowered. 

Boston, Mass. Big. IN. J. and Penn. Muhl. April, May.— A low shrub 
growing in patches. Flowers in short crowded clusters, reddish- white. Berry 
large, blue, agreeable. Dwarf Whortleberry. 

10. V. ligustrinum Mich. : branches angular and erect ; leaves subses- 
sile, erect, lanceolate, mucronate, serrulate ; fascicles gemmaceous, sessile ; 
flowers nearly sessile ; corolla oblong-ovoid. 

Dry woods. Penn. and Virg. May, June. — A small shrub with straight 
and slender branches. Flowers purplish-red. Berry black. It is said to vary- 
very much in the shape and size of its leaves. Privet-like Whortleberry. 

b. Mowers solitary and axillary. 

11. V. uliginosum Linn. : procumbent; branches rigid; leaves obovate, 
very obtuse, entire, smooth above, veined and glaucous beneath ; flowers 
subsolitary, octandrous; corolla short, urceolate, A — 5-cleft; anthers awned 
on the back. V. uliginosum var. alpinum Big. 

White Hills, N. H. Essex county, N. Y. N. to Arct. Amer. July. — A pro- 
cumbent shrub with numerous erect branches 6 — 12 inches high. Leaves about 



vacciniacejE. 223 

half an inch long. Flowers single or in pairs, nearly sessile. Berry oblong, 
deep blue, crowned with the style. Alpine Marsh Whortleberry. 

** Leaves evergreen. 

12. V. Vitis Idoea Linn. : stem creeping ; branches erect ; leaves obovate, 
evergreen, dotted beneath, subentire and revolute at the margin ; flowers in 
terminal drooping racemes ; corolla cylindric-campanulate. 

Woods and mountains. Mass. N. to Arct. Amer. May. June. — A low 7 shrub 
with a creeping stem and angular branches. Leaves small, coriaceous. Flowers 
few, in a raceme, pale red. Corolla mostly 4-cleft, with 4 stamens. Berry red, 
acid. Also a native of Europe. Red Whortleberry. Cowberry. 

2. OXYCOCCUS. Pers.— Cranberry. 
(From the Greek o£v;, acid, and kokkos, a berry.) 

Calyx adnate to the ovary, with the limb 4-cleft. Corolla 
4-parted, with the segments somewhat linear and revolute. 
Stamens 8. Filaments connivent. Anthers tubular, 2-parted. 
Berry 4-celled, many-seeded. 

1. O. macrocarpus Pursh : stem creeping, with the branches ascending ; 
leaves oblong, nearly flat, obtuse, glaucous beneath; pedicels elongated, 
1-flowered. Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. 

Sphagnous swamps. Can. to Del. June. Tj, — Stem creeping, and throwing 
up short erect branches. Leaves about half an inch long, obscurely serrulate. 
Flowers white or pale red, on slender axillary pedicels. Berry large, bright scar- 
let, agreeably acid. Common Cranberry. 

2. O. palustris Pers. : stem fiiiform, creeping ; leaves ovate, acute, en- 
tire, with revolute margins; pedicels elongated, terminal, 1-flowered; seg- 
ments of the corolla oval. O. vulgaris Pursh. Vaccinium Oxycoccus Linn. 

Alpine bogs. Can. to N. Y. June. \\.- — A small evergreen creeping plant. 
Leaves 3 — 4 lines long, glaucous beneath. Flowers red. Berry bright purple, 
globose, very acid, smaller than the preceding. Small Cranberry. 

3. PHALEROCARPUS. G. Don.— Snowberry. 
(From the Greek (pa\ripus, white, and icapnos, fruit.) 

Calyx bi-bracteate, adhering to the ovary ; the limb 4-parted, 
thin and membranaceous. Corolla short-campanulate, 4-cleft. 
Stamens 8. Filaments short and dilated. Anthers awnless. 
Berry globose-ovoid, white, crowned with the teeth of the calyx, 
4-celled ; the cells many-seeded. 

P. scrpijlli [folia G. Don : stem filiform, creeping, hispid ; leaves roundish- 
ovate, acute, with slightly revolute margins, smooth above, paler and some- 
what hispid beneath; flowers solitary, axillary, suhsessile. Gaultheria 
serpillifolia Pursh. Vaccinium hispid it hun Linn. CMogenes hisph 
Ton. cf- Gr. 

Alpine swamps. Mass. -Conn, and N. Y. May, June. b. — Stem creeping, 
much branched. Leaves evergreen, small. Flowers solitary, on recurved 
pedicels. Corolla and berry white; the taste of the latter resembling thai o( 
Gaultheria procuinbcns. Creeping Snowberry. 



224 PYROLACE^E. 



Order LXXIY. PYROLACE^E.— Wintergreens. 

Sepals 5, persistent. Corolla regular, deciduous, 4 — 5 -parted. 
Stamens twice as numerous as the divisions of the corolla ; an- 
thers 2-celled, opening by pores. Ovary superior, 4 — 5-celled ; 
style 1 ; stigma indusiate. Fruit capsular, 4 — 5-celled. Seeds 
many, minute, winged. — Herbaceous plants, rarely under shrubs, 
with simple leaves. 

1. PYROLA. Linn. — Wintergreen. 
(A diminutive of the Latin pyrus, a pear ; from the resemblance of its leaves.) 

Calyx minute, 5-cleft or 5-parted. Petals 5. Stamens 10, 
slightly united at base. Anthers opening by 2 pores at base. 
Stigma 5-lobed. Capsule 5-celled. 

* Flowers in racemes. Sutures of the capsules woolly. 
f Stamens ascending. Style declined. Stigma oMnulate. 

1. P. rotundifolia Linn. : leaves roundish, entire or slightly crenulate, 
coriaceous and shining, scarcely as long as the dilated petiole ; scape many- 
flowered, bracteate ; calyx 5-parted, the segments ovate-lanceolate ; stigma 
obtusely 5-toothed. 

var. asarifolia HooJc. : leaves larger, reniform-roundish. P. asarifolia 
Mich. 

Woods. Can. to Car. W. to Mich. July. %.— Leaves all radical, 1^—2 
inches in diameter, on petioles as long or longer. Scape 8 — 12 inches high. 
Flowers nodding, white, fragrant, 8 — 20 in a raceme. The largest of the species. 

Round-leaved Wintergreen. 

2. P. chlorantha Swariz : leaves orbicular, retuse, obsoletely crenulate, 
half as long as the narrow petiole ; scape nearly naked ; raceme few- 
flowered ; segments of the calyx very short, obtuse ; stigma with the disk 
5-lobed. 

Woods. Can. and N. Y. June. 11. — Leaves about an inch long, varying 
from orbicular to broad-obovate. Scape 6 — 8 inches high. Flowers 5 — 8 in a 
raceme, greenish- white, odorous. Greenish-flowered Wintergreen. 

3. P. elliptica Nutt. : leaves elliptic-ovate, membranaceous, serrulate, 
longer than the dilated petiole ; scape naked or with a single subulate bract ; 
calyx 5-cleft, very short, the segments ovate ; stigma clavate, 5-lobed. 

Dry woods. Can. to Virg. July. %. — Leaves all radical, membranaceous, 
finely serrate, with an attenuated base, much longer than the petiole. Scape 
6 — 10 inches high, about 5-ang'led. Flowers 8 — 12 in a raceme, greenish-white, 
fragrant. Distinguished from P. rotundifolia, by its longer, thin and dull leaves, 
and shorter calyx. Thin Leaf. 

4. P. uliginosa Torr. ty Gr. : leaves nearly orbicular, obscurely crenate- 
denticulate, coriaceous, longer than the petiole ; scape bracteate ; raceme 
many-flowered ; calyx one-fourth as long as the petals ; the segments broad- 
ovate, acute ; stigma with 5 small erect teeth. 



PYR0LACEJ3. 225 

Sphagnous swamps. Oneida county, N. Y. June. %. — Leaves \\— 2 inches 
in diameter, abruptly decurrent on the petiole. Scape 6 — 12 inches high, with 
2 — i bracts. Flowers dull purple, 7 — 12 in a raceme. Intermediate between 
P. rotundifolia and P. chlorantha: differing from the former in its smaller, less 
coriaceous and nearly dull leaves, smaller purplish- flowers and much shorter 
calyx; from the latter in its larger leaves, bracteate scape and acuminate calyx- 
segments, as well as in the color of the flowers. {Torrey.) I have met with the 
same plant in the vicinity of Albany, but supposed it to be a variety of P. rotun- 
difolia. It may still prove to be not distinct. Swamp Wintergreen. 

ff Stamens erect. Style straight. Stigma not annulate. 

5. P. minor Linn. : leaves roundish or oval, coriaceous, repandly crenate, 
longer than the somewhat dilated petiole ; raceme spiked ; bracts as long as 
or longer than the pedicels ; lobes of the calyx very short ; style included ; 
stigma 5-lobed. 

Western N. Y. Pursh. Penn. MuM. N. to Arct. Amer. June. %. — Leaves 
on short petioles, mucronate at the apex. Scape angular. Flowers in crowded 
or lax racemes. Corolla globose, white, or very pale rose-color. It is still 
doubtful whether this plant is a native of the northern states. P. minor of 
Pursh and Muhlenberg, may be our P. chlorantha ; from which, however, the 
true Linnsean plant is quite distinct. Small Wintergreen. 

6. P.secunda Linn. : leaves ovate, acute, membranaceous, serrate, longer 
than the narrow petiole ; raceme many-flowered, secund ; segments of the 
calyx rounded ; petals oblong ; style exserted ; stigma depressed, 5-lobed. 

Sandy woods. Can. to Virg. July. %. — Stems decumbent, 2 — 3 inches long. 
Leaves about an inch long. Peduncle scape-like, 3 — 6 inches high. Flowers 
greenish-white, in a one-sided raceme which is 1 — 2 inches long. 

One-sided Wintergreen. 

** Flowers solitary, in corymbs or umbels. Sutures of the capsules not 

woolly. 

7. P. unijlora Linn. : leaves orbicular, serrate; scape 1-flowered ; style 
straight ; stigma 5-rayed. Moneses grandijlora D. C. 

_ Can. N. H. Mass. N. Y. ; rare. July. %. — A small and very delicate spe- 
cies. Flower terminal, large, white, fragrant, nodding. 

One-Jlowered Wintergreen. 

8. P. umbellata Linn. : leaves cuneate-lanceolate, serrate, in fours or 
sixes; peduncle pubescent, corymbed ; bracts linear-subulate; appendages 
of the filaments ciliate ; style immersed in the ovary. Chimaphila umbel- 
lata Nult. 

Woods. Can. to Virg. July. %. — Root woody and creeping. Stem ascend- 
ing, somewhat woody. Leaves evergreen, smooth and coriaceous, lower surface 
somewhat paler. Peduncle solitary, 4 — 6 inches Ion?. Flowers large, greenish- 
white tinged with purple, in a terminal corymb or imperfect umbel, on nodding 
pedicels. It is known by the Indians by the. name of Pipsissaiei or Sipsissawa. 
Medicinal. See Big. Med. Bot. ii. 15. Prince's Pine. 

9. P. maculata Linn. : leaves lanceolate, acuminate, incisely senate, 
discolored, opposite or in threes ; peduncles pubescent, corymbed ; bracts 
linear; appendages of the filaments woolly ; style very short ChimaphiUi 
maculata Pursh. 

Sandy woods. Can. to Car. July. %.. — This species may be distinguished 
by its variegated leaves. Stem 3 — i inches high. Peduncles 1 — 2, puberulent. 
3—5 inches long. Flowers large, reddish- white, nodding, fragrant, 2 or 3 in a 
corymb or umbel. Spotted Wtufergrsmi 

10* 



226 PYROLACE.E. 

2. MONOTROPA. Linn.— Bird's Nest. 

(From the Greek povos, one, and Tperro), to turn ; from its flowers turning 
chiefly to one side.) 

Calyx none. Corolla 4 — 5-petalled, persistent, cucullate at 
base. Stamens 8 — 10. Filaments alternating at the base, with 
short reflexed tooth-like processes. Anthers 1 -celled, at length 
opening flat. Stigma orbicular, umbillicate or depressed. Cap- 
sule 4 — 5-celled. Seeds subulate. 

* Stem many-flowered. Hypopithys Nult. 

1. M. lanuginosa Mich. : stem, bracts, and flowers pubescent; flowers in 
a terminal raceme ; capsule globose. Hypopithys lanuginosa Nutt. 

var. glabriuscula Torr. : stem and scales nearly or quite smooth ; flowers 
somewhat pubescent. M. Hypopithys Mich. Hypopithys Europcea Nutt. 

Roots of trees. Can. to Car. July, Aug. %. — Stems clustered, erect, 4 — 8 
inches high, simple. Leaves merely scales, lanceolate -ovate, crowded near the 
root, scattered above. Flowers in a terminal raceme, which is at first nodding 
but finally erect. Whole plant of a yellowish-brown color (rarely reddish), 
turning black by decay or drying. Pine-sap. False Beachdrops. 

** Stern \-floivered. Monotropa. Nutt. 

2. M.uni flora Linn.: stem smooth, 1-flowered; flower with 10 stamens 
erect or cernuous. M. Morisoniana Mich. 

Shady woods. Can. to Flor. June. %. — Scape 5 — 8 inches high. Flowers 
large, at first nodding but afterwards erect. Whole plant white and smooth, 
becoming purplish- black in drying. Indian Pipe. 

3. PTEROSPORA. Nutt— Tall Bird's Nest. 
(From the Greek Trrepov, a wing, and iiropa, a seed.) 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla monopetalous, ovate ; margin 5- 
toothed, reflexed. Stamens 10, included. Filaments subulate. 
Anthers with 2 bristles on the back near the base, 2 -celled. 
Style short, terete. Stigma obtusely 5-lobed. Capsule de- 
pressed-globose, 5-celled. Seeds numerous, minute, furnished 
with a large terminal reticulated wing. 

P. Andromeda Nutt. 

Clayey and limestone soils. Can. Ver. and N. Y. W. to the Columbia river; 
not common. July. %. — Plant covered with brownish viscid hairs. Stem 
1 — 2 (sometimes more than 3) feet high, straight, simple, grooved, brownish-red 
or purplish, clothed at the base with imbricate lanceolate scales. Flowers very 
numerous, in a long terminal raceme, rose-red and white. Pedicels filiform, 
nodding, longer than the flowers. Tall Bird's Nest. 

Subclass III. COHOLLIFLORALS. 

Petals united into a hypogynous corolla, or not attached to 
the calyx. Stamens inserted into the corolla. 



AQ,UIFOLIACE^. 227 



Order LXXV. EBENACE^E.— Ebenads. 

Flowers usually polygamous. Calyx in 3 — 1 nearly equal 
divisions, persistent. Corolla 3 — 7-divided, deciduous, some- 
what coriaceous. Stamens twice to four times as many as the 
segments of the corolla. Ovary sessile, many-celled ; style di- 
vided, seldom simple ; stigmas bifid or simple. Fruit fleshy, 
few-seeded. Embryo in the axis of cartilaginous albumen. — 
Trees or shrubs, without milky juice. Leaves alternate, mostly 
entire, without stipules. 

DIOSPYROS. Linn.— Persimmon. 

(From the Greek Aig, Stog y Jupiter, and nvpog, grain or fruit ; the application 
obscure.) 

Dioecious. Calyx 4 — 6 -cleft. Corolla urceolate, 4 — 6 -cleft. 
Sterile Fl. Stamens 8 — 16, often producing 2 anthers. Fer- 
tile Fl. Stamens about 8, abortive. Style divided. Stig- 
mas simple, or 2 -cleft. Fruit globose or ovoid, 4 — 8-celled. 

D. Virginiana Linn. : leaves oval or ovate-oblong, acuminate, reticu- 
lately veined, nearly smooth; petioles pubescent; buds smooth. 

Woods. N. Y. to Geor. and throughout the Western States. May. — A small 
tree, seldom more than 30 — 40 feet high. Leaves alternate. Flowers 1 — 3 to- 
gether, axillary, on short peduncles, greenish-yellow. Fruit as large as a com- 
mon plum, reddish-orange, well flavored when fully ripe, but very astringent 
before that time. Common Persimmon. 

Order LXXVI. AQUIFOLIACEA— Hollyworts. 

Sepals 4 — 6, imbricated in aestivation. Corolla 4 — 6-parted, 
the stamens as many as the segments and alternating with them. 
Ovary 2 — 6- or more-celled ; stigma subsessile, lobed. Fruit 
fleshy, with 2 — 6 or more stones or nucules. Seed suspended, 
with large fleshy albumen and small embryo. — Trees or shrubs, 
often with angular branches, and mostly with leathery ever- 
green leaves. Flowers small, by abortion often polygamous. 

1. ILEX. Linn.—. Holly. 

(Etymology uncertain.) 

Flowers mostly perfect. Calyx 4 — 5-toothed, persistent. 
Corolla 4 — 5-parted nearly to the base, rotate. Stamens 4 — 5, 
alternating with the petals. Ovary sessile, 4-celled. Stigmas 
subsessile, 4 — 5, sometimes distinct, sometimes united. Fruit 
with 4 — 5 ribbed or veined nucules. 



228 AQTJIFOLIACE.E. 

1. I. opaca Ait.: leaves ovate, flat, coriaceous, acute, smooth, their mar- 
gins with sharp spines ; flowers scattered at the base of the young branches ; 
teeth of the calyx acute. I. aquifolium Walt. 

Sandy woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Ark. June. — An evergreen tree 10 — 15 
feet high. Leaves tough, smooth and shining, with rigid spines at the edges. 
Flowers growing in bunches around the branches, small, white. It is stated by 
the younger Michaux, that birdlime may be extracted from the bark. The 
wood is fine grained and compact, and is employed by cabinet makers and 
turners. American Holly. 

2. I. ambiguus Torr. : leaves deciduous, ovate, acuminate, obtuse or 
acute at the base, thin, smooth, serrate ; flowers tetrandrous, on short pedi- 
cels, aggregated at the extremity of short lateral branches. Prinos ambi- 
guus Mick, not of Ell. or Nutt. 

On the Catskill Mountains, N.Y., and on the mountains near Bethlehem, Penn. 
Torr. — A shrub about 6 feet high. Leaves about 3 inches long, clustered at the 
ends of the branches. Flowers polygamous, white. Dr. Torrey thinks that if 
this plant is not the P. ambiguus of Michaux, it must be undescribed. He has 
placed it under Ilex on account of its sulcate nucules. N. Y. Fl. 

Ambiguous Ilex. 

2. NEMOPANTHES. Raj.— Mountain Holly. 
(From the Greek vejios , a grove, oip, an eye, and avdos, a, flower. Lind.) 

Flowers by abortion dioecious or polygamous. Calyx small, 
scarcely conspicuous. Petals 3 — 5, distinct, oblong-linear, de- 
ciduous. Stamens 3 — 5, alternating with the petals. Ovary 
in the fertile flowers hemispherical. Style none. Stigmas 3 — 5, 
sessile. Fruit subglobose ; nucules usually 4, smooth, bony. 

JV. Canadensis D. C. N. fascicularis Raf. Ilex Canadensis Mich. 

Swamps in low grounds or on mountains. Can. to Car. May, June. tj. — ■ 
A shrub 3 — 6 feet high. Leaves ovate or oval, entire or slightly denticulate, 
smooth, petioled. Flowers on slender pedicels of about an inch hi length, small, 
green. Fruit about as large as a pea, scarlet. 

Mountain Holly. Black Alder. 

3. PRINOS. Linn.— Winterberry. 

(Said to be derived from the Greek tt^loj, to saw ; in allusion to its serrated 
leaves.) 

Flowers mostly dioecious or polygamous. Calyx minute, 
4 — 6 -toothed. Corolla somewhat rotate, usually 6-parted. 
Stamens mostly 6. Ovary superior, 4 — 6-celled. Fruit with 
4 — 6 smooth bony nucules. 

1. P. verticillatus Linn. : leaves deciduous, oval or obovate, acuminate, 
serrate, pubescent beneath ; sterile flowers axillary, subumbellate ; fertile 
flowers aggregated. P. Gronovii Mich. 

Swamps. Can. to Car. June, July. T?.— Stem 6—8 feet high, much 
branched. Leaves 2—3 inches long. Flowers numerous, small, white, dioecious. 
fruit globose, bright scarlet when ripe. Common Winterberry. 

2. P> lavigatus Pursh: leaves deciduous, lanceolate, with appressed 



OLEACE,E. 229 

serratures, smooth on both sides, shining above ; nerves beneath scarcely 
pubescent ; flowers 6-cleft; fertile ones axillary, subsessile; sterile scattered, 
pedunculate. 

In swamps. N. Y. W. to Miss. July. I7. — Stem 6 — 8 feet high. Leaves 
2| inches long. Fruit large, red. The characters of this species do not seem 
yet to be well ascertained. Smooth Winterberry. 

3. P. glaber Linn. : leaves evergreen, wedgeform, lanceolate, coriaceous, 
smooth and shining, somewhat toothed at the extremity ; pedicels axillary, 
subsolitary, mostly 3-flowered. 

Swamps. N. Y. to Car. July. T^. — Stem 3 — 4 feet high, much branched. 
Leaves crowded, about an inch and a half long. Flowers white. Fruit globose, 
black and shining. Evergreen Winterberry. Inkberry. 

Order LXXVII. OLEACE^E.— Oliveworts. 

Flowers monoclinous, sometimes dioecious. Calyx 4-lobed 
or 4-toothed, persistent. Corolla 4-cleft, sometimes of 4 petals, 
rarely wanting. Stamens 2, alternate with the segments of the 
corolla. Ovary free, 2- celled ; style 1 or none ; stigma entire 
or bifid. Fruit often by abortion 1 -seeded. Seeds with dense 
albumen. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, simple, some- 
times pinnatifid. Flowers in racemes or panicles. 

1. LIGUSTRUM. Linn.— Privet. 

(Said to be derived from the Latin ligo, to bind; in allusion to the use made 
of its branches.) 

Calyx minutely 4-toothed. Corolla funnel-form, the limb 

4-cleft. Stamens 2, included. Style very short. Stigma 2- 

cleft. Berry globose, 2-celled ; cells 2-seeded, or by abortion 

1-seeded. 

L. vulgare Linn. : leaves elliptic-lanceolate, somewhat acute, smooth ; 
panicles crowded. 

Woods. N. Y. to Virg. W. to Miss. May, June. fy.—. Stem 4— 6 feet high, 
with numerous opposite branches. Leaves varying from elliptic to obovate. and 
from acute to obtuse. Flowers white, in terminal thyrsoid panicles. Berry black, 
globose. Common Privet or Prim. 

2. CHIONANTHUS. Linn.— Snowdrop Tree. 

(From the Greek x iwv i snow, and avOos, a. flower ; in allusion to its snow-white 
flowers.) 

Calyx 4-parted. Corolla with the tube very short, the limb 
deeply 4-parted ; the lobes long and linear. Stamens 2. An- 
thers nearly sessile on the tube. Drupe 1-seeded. Nut striate. 

C. Virginica Linn. : panicle terminal ; peduncles 3-ilowcrcd ; leaves 
acute. 

var. 1. montana P-wrsh : leaves oval-lanceolate, coriaceous, smooth.; 
panicles dense; drupe oval. 



230 OLEACE.E. 

var. 2. maritima Pursh : leaves obovate-lanceoiate, membranaceous; pu- 
bescent ; panicles very loose : drupe elliptic. 

Var. 1, on mountains ; var. 2. on the sea coast. Penn. to Car. May, June. — 
A small tree.. 6 — 10 feet high, with opposite branches. Flowers white, in pen- 
dulous panicles. Drupe purple. The corolla is sometimes 5 or 6-cleft. 

Snowdrop Tree. Fringe Tree. 

3. FRAXINUS. Linn,— Ash. 

(Supposed to be derived from the Greek <ppa%is, a hedge ; in allusion to the use 
sometimes made of it.) 

Flowers polygamous or dioecious. Calyx small, 4-cleft or 
none. Corolla none or 4-petalled ; the petals cohering at the 
base in pairs, oblong or linear. Stamens 2. Stigma 2 -cleft. 
Samara 2-celled, compressed, -winged at the apex, by abortion 
1 -seeded. Seeds pendulous, compressed. 

* Flowers 'naked. 

1. F. sambucifolia Lam,: leaves pinnate; leafets in 4 — 5 pairs, sessile, 
ovate-lanceolate, somewhat rounded and unequal at the base, acuminate, 
serrate, smooth above, somewhat villous on the veins beneath ; samara 
elliptic-oblong, obtuse at both ends. 

River banks and swamps. Can. to Virg. W. to Miss. April. — A tree 30 — 40 
feet high; the young branches smooth, sprinkled with black dots; buds blue. 
Leafets rugose and shining above, with a somewhat villous tuft at the base of 
the midrib beneath. Samara broadish. of nearly uniform width. The wood is 
less valuable than that of either of the following species. 

Black Ash. Water Ash. 

** Flowers cahjculate, apetalous. 

2. F. Americana Linn, : leaves pinnate ; leafets in 3 — 4 pairs, on short 
petioles, elliptic-ovate, acuminate, entire or slightly serrate, glaucous be- 
neath ; petioles and branches terete ; samara linear-oblong, obtuse, nar- 
rower at the base. F. acuminata Lam, F. discolor Muhl, 

Woods. Can. to Geor. and Louis. May. — A large tree 50 — 60 feet high ; the 
bark light-gray; the young branches smooth and marked with white dots. 
Leaves at first downy, but finally almost smooth and green above, pubescent and 
glaucous beneath. Flowers mostly triandrous, in loose compound axillaiy pan- 
icles. Petals none. The wood of this tree is highly valuable, being much used, 
on account of its toughness and elasticity, by wheelwrights, coach-makers, &c. 

VI hite Ash. 

3. F. piibcscens Walt. : leaves pinnate ; leafets in 3 — 4 pairs, on short 
petioles, lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, long acuminate, remotely serrate ; 
petioles and young branches tomentose : samara smooth, narrow-lanceo- 
late, obtuse, mucronate. F. tomentosa Mich. 

Moist woods. Can. to Car. April, May. — A tree 30 to 40 feet high, with 
slender branches. Leafets narrower, longer, more acuminate and pubescent than 
in the preceding. This tree is generallysmaller than F. Americana, but its wood 
is used for the same purposes. Red Ash. 

4. F. juglandi folia Lam.: branches smooth ; leaves pinnate; leafets in 
3 — 4 pairs, on short petioles, ovate, opaque, serrate, glaucous beneath : axils of 
the veins pubescent; samara cuneate-lanceolate, obtuse. F.concolor Muhl. 



APOCYNACE^E. 231 

Wet woods. Can. to Car. May.— Said to be a small tree, but there is still 
some doubt in regard to its being a distinct species. Swamp Ash. 

*** Flowers calyculate, A-petalled. Ornus. Pen. 

5. F. Grnu-s Linn. : leaves pinnate ; leafets in 3 — 4 pairs, somewhat 
petioled, lanceolate, attenuate, serrate at the apex, entire at the base, pu- 
bescent on the veins beneath ; samara linear-lanceolate, obtuse, attenuated 
at each end. 

var. latifolia Ait, : leafets ovate-oblong. Ornus Americana Pursk. 

Shady woods. Md. and Virg. ; rare. May. Pursh. — A tree with opposite 
and unequally pinnate leaves. Floviers in crowded panicles resembling those of 
Chionanthus. Fruit small and winged. Flowering Ash. 

Order LXXVIII. APOCYNACEiE.— Dogbanes. 

Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Corolla regular, 5-lobed, twisted 
in aestivation. Stamens 5, with the filaments distinct and the 
anthers 2-celled ; pollen granular. Ovaries 2, distinct or rarely 
united ; styles 2 or 1 ; stigma 1 . Fruit usually a follicle, sin- 
gle or double. Seeds with fleshy albumen. — Trees or shrubs, 
usually milky. Leaves entire, mostly opposite, without stipules. 
Flowers in cymes or panicles. 

APOCYNUM. Linn,— Dog's Bane. 

(From the Greek airo, far from, and kvuv, a dog ; it being supposed to poison 
that animal.) 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla campanulate, 5-cleft ; the base of 
the tube furnished with 5 triangular scales, alternating with the 
lobes. Stamens 5, included. Anthers sagittate, connivent, ad- 
hering to the stigma. Ovaries 2, oblong. Stigma nearly sessile, 
ovoid, obscurely 2-lobed. Follicles slender, elongated, cori- 
aceous. Seeds comose. 

1. A. androsami folium Linn.: leaves ovate, mostly obtuse at base, smooth 
above, slightly pubescent beneath ; cymes lateral and terminal, few-flow- 
ered ; tube of the corolla longer than the calyx. 

Fields, &c. Subarct, Amer. to Car. W. to Miss. June, July. %.— Stem 
2 — 3 feet high, erect, smooth, with numerous spreading branches. Leaves on 
short petioles. Flowers in loose paniculate cymes, pale-rod, with the limb spread- 
ing. Medicinal. Big. Med. Bot. ii. 148. Common Dog's Banc. 

2. A. cannabinum Linn. : leaves on short petioles, lanceolate or lance- 
oblong, acute at each end, smooth above, slightly pubescent, beneath; cymes 
paniculate, many-flowered ; calyx as long as the tube of the corolla ; limb 
erect. 

Fields and woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July. Aug. %.<— Stem 2—4 
feet high, mostly erect, branched. Lotvcr leaves sometimes cordate al base. 
Flowers small, greenish-white, in terminal cymes. It has the loaves narrower 
and the flowers smaller than in the preceding. India* IL^n- 



232 ASCLEPIADACE^E. 

3. A. hypericifolium Ait. : leaves oblong, smooth, on -very short petioles, 
mucronate, obtuse and subcordate at base ; cymes shorter than the leaves ; 
calyx nearly as long as the tube of the corolla. 

Gravelly banks of streams. Can. to Virg. W. to Miss. June, July. %. — 
Stem 2 feet high, erect. Leaves on very short petioles. Flowers greenish-white, 
in terminal and lateral cymes. Plant smaller than the preceding. 

Hypericum-leaved Dog's Bane. 

4. A. pubescens R. Brown : leaves on short petioles, ovate-oblong, mu- 
cronate, hoary-pubescent beneath ; cymes short, pubescent ; corolla longer 
than the calyx. A. cannabinum Mich. 

Fields. Can. to Car. July, Aug. %. — Stem 2 — 3 feet high. Flowers small, 
greenish- white. It is perhaps nothing more than a variety of A. cannabinum. 

Pubescent Dog's Bane. 

Order LXXIX. ASCLEPIADACE^E.— Milkweeds. 

Calyx 5 -divided, persistent. Corolla 5-lobed, regular, decidu- 
ous ; aestivation imbricate, rarely valvate. Stamens 5, inserted 
into the base of the corolla ; filaments usually connate ; anthers 
2-celled or incompletely 4-celled; pollen, when the anther 
bursts, coalescing into masses which are as numerous as the 
cells, or sometimes confluent by pairs, and sticking to the 5 
processes of the stigma. Ovaries 2 ; styles 2, close to each 
other ; stigma 1, common to both styles, 5-cornered. Follicles 
2, 1 of which is sometimes abortive. Seeds numerous, comose, 
with thin albumen. — Shrubs or herbaceous plants, almost al- 
ways milky and often twining. Leaves entire, having cilise be- 
tween their petioles instead of stipules. Flowers somewhat 
umbelled, fascicled or racemose, proceeding from between the 
petioles. 

1. ASCLEPIAS. Linn.— Milkweed. Silkweed. 
(The Greek name of JEsculapius ; to whom this genus is dedicated.) 
Calyx small, 5-parted ; segments lanceolate. Corolla 5-part- 
ed ; the lobes lanceolate, reflexed. Stamineal crown (nectary) 
5-leaved ; leafets opposite the anthers, each mostly producing 
from its base a subulate averted process or little horn. Pollen- 
masses 5 distinct pairs, compressed, affixed by their attenuated 
summits in the cells of the anthers. Stigma depressed. Folli- 
cles ventricose, smooth or muricate. Seeds comose. 

* Nectary or Stamineal crown with horns. 
f Follicles muricate. 
1 . A. Syriaca Linn : stem sub-simple, smoothish ; leaves oblong-lanceo- 



ASCLEPIADACE.E. 233 

late, acute or shortly acuminate, petiolate, tomentose beneath ; umbel sub- 
terminal, many-flowered, somewhat nodding ; leafets of the crown ovate, 
the margin 2-toothed. A. Cornuti Dccaisne. 

Fields and road sides. Can. to Virg. W. to Miss. July, Aug. Q| — Stem 2 — 4 
feet high. Leaves 6—8 inches long. Umbels lateral and terminal, 15 — 20-flow- 
ered. Flowers large, pale purple. Follicles 2 — 5 inches long, covered with soft 
flexible spines. The leaves are said to be used in preparing the indigo dye in 
woollen manufactories. The reasons given for changing the old name of this 
plant do not appear to me to be satisfactory. Common Milkweed. 

ff Follicles smooth, 
a. Leaves opposite. 

2. A. phytolaccoides Pursh : stem erect, simple ; leaves broad-lanceolate, 
acuminate, smooth above, paler and somewhat pubescent beneath ; umbels 
many-flowered, lateral and terminal, solitary, on long peduncles, nodding ; 
leafets of the crown truncate, the inflexed margin 2-toothed at the summit ; 
horn much exserted, subfalcate. A. exaltata and acuminata Muhl. A.nivea 
Hook. 

Wet rocky grounds. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June, July. %.. — Stem 3 — 4 
feet high. Leaves large, and resembling those of Phytolacca decandra. Umbels 
few-flowered, on long peduncles. Flowers large, greenish-purple. A more deli- 
cate species than the preceding. Poke-leaved Milkweed. 

3. A. incarnata Linn. : stem erect, branched above, more or less pubes- 
cent ; leaves lanceolate, subsessile, somewhat tomentose ; umbels numerous, 
erect, mostly in pairs and terminal : leafets of the crown not toothed ; horn 
exserted, subulate. A. pulchra Willd. 

Banks of streams. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. %. — Stem 2 — 4 
feet high, with pubescent lines or hairy tomentose. Umbels numerous, rather 
small. Flowers bright purple. Swamp Silkweed. 

4. A. purpurascens Linn. : stem simple, with two pubescent lines ; leaves 
ovate-elliptic or ovate, mucronate, abruptly attenuated into a short petiole, 
smoothish above, pubescent and paler beneath ; leafets of the crown ob- 
long ; horn falcate, horizontal, acute. A. amoena Mich. 

Woods. Mass. to Virg. Ohio, and Ken. July, Aug. %.—Stem 2 — 3 feet 
high, rather slender. Leaves with the midrib broad and purple. Umbels many- 
flowered, near the summit of the stem. Flowers deep purple. Well defined by 
the peculiar curvature of the horn. Purple Silkweed. 

5. A. obtnisifolia Mich. : stem simple, erect, smooth ; leaves closely sessile, 
somewhat cordate and clasping, oblong, obtuse, undulate on the margin, 
very smooth, glaucous beneath; umbel terminal, long pcduncled, generally 
solitary, many-flowered ; leafets of the crown slightly 2-toothed ; horn ex- 
serted. A. purpurascens Walt. 

Sandy fields. N. Y. to Car. June. %.—Stnn 2—3 feet. high. Vmheh 1—3, 
terminal, on long peduncles. Flowers large, pale purple. Wavy Milkweed. 

6. A. varicgata Linn.: stem simple, with 2 pubescent lines; leaves 
ovate or obovate, attenuated at base into a petiole, smooth, at length some- 
what waved; umbels on short peduncles ; the peduncles and pedicels 
woolly ; leafets of the crown without teeth; horn broad, with a hoiuontal 
point. A. hybrid a Mich. 



234 ASCLEPIADACE.E. 

Woods. N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. %.—Stem 3—4 feet high. Leaves 
slightly acuminate, on pubescent petioles. Umbels 1 — 4, terminal and on the 
upper part of the stem, rather densely flowered. Flowers greenish- white, tinged 
with purple within. Variegated Silkweed. 

7. A. laurifolia Midi. : stem erect, simple, slightly pubescent ; leaves 
ovate-lanceolate, very acute, subcordate or often rounded at base, subsessile, 
somewhat distant, smooth, scabrous-serrate on the margin ; umbels mostly 
terminal ; leafets of the crown acute, with the horns scarcely as long. 
A. acuminata Pursh. A. periploccefolia Nutt. 

Low grounds. N. J. to Car. July, Aug. %.. — Root tuberous. Stem 18 inches 
to 2 feet high. Leaves subsessile or on very short petioles. Umbels 1 — 3, near 
the summit. Flowers yellowish-green and purple. Lauras-leaved Silkweed. 

8. A. quadrifolia Jacq. : stem simple, slender, smooth; leaves lance-ovate, 
acuminate, petiolate, smooth, 4 larger ones in a whorl near the middle of 
the stem; umbels 2, terminal, erect, loose ; pedicels capillary ; leafets of the 
crown 2-toothed ; horn very short. 

Stony woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June. %. — Stem 1 — 2 feet high. 
Leaves thin and membranaceous, the upper and lower ones opposite. Umbels 
mostly 2, sometimes solitary, on long slender peduncles. Flowers small, white 
or pale purple. Four-leaved Silkweed. 

b. Leaves alternate or verlicillate. 

9. A. verticillata Linn. : stem simple, marked with pubescent lines ; 
leaves mostly whorled, narrow-linear, revolute on the margin ; umbels ter- 
minal and axillary ; leafets of the crown short, obtuse, 2-toothed ; horn 
falcate, much exserted. 

Dry hills. Can. to Car. W. to Miss, and Texas. June— Sept. %.—Slem 
1 — 3 feet high, very slender, often a little branched at the summit. Umbels 
numerous, about an inch in diameter, terminal and subterminal. Flowers small, 
greenish- white. Whorled Silkweed. 

10. A tuberosa Linn.: hairy; stem erect, oblique or decumbent, with 
spreading branches ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, linear-lanceolate or linear, 
mostly alternate, subsessile ; umbels numerous, often forming corymbs ; 
horn subulate, rather erect. A. decumbens Willd. 

Sandy fields. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June — Aug. %.—Root large, tube- 
rous. Stem 1 — 3 feet long. Leaves sometimes broad and cordate, at others 
linear and somewhat tapering at base. Flowers large, in numerous erect umbels, 
bright orange. Plant without milky juice. Medicinal. See Big. Med. Bot. ii. 59. 

Butterfly Weed. Pleurisy Root. 

** Nectary or stamineal crown without horns. Acerates. Ell. 

11. At. viridiflora Raf.: stem erect or ascending, hairy; leaves oval, 
ovate and obovate, on short petioles, tomentose-pubescent on both sides, ob- 
tuse ; umbels subglobose, many-flowered, subsessile, nodding ; pedicels to- 
mentose. A. nutans Muhl. A. lanceolata Ives. Acerates viridiflora and 
obovata Ell. 

Sandy fields. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July. %.— Stems 1—2 feet high, 
sometimes clustered. Leaves 2 — 3 inches long, rather thick and coriaceous, 
varying in form. Umbels 2 — 4, subterminal, on short thick hairy peduncles. 
Flowers green. I follow Decaisne,Torrey and Darlington, in uniting A. lanceo- 
luta of Ives with this species. Green-flGwered Silkweed. 



LOGANIACE.E. 235 



2. GONOLOBUS. Mich.— Gonolobus. 

(From the Greek yovia, an angle, and ^ofios, apod ; on account of its angular 
follicles.) 

Calyx 5 -parted, the sepals spreading. Corolla rotate, 5- 
parted. Stamineal crown scutelliform, 5-lobed. Anthers 
opening transversely, terminated by a membrane. Pollen- 
masses 5 pairs, not separating into grains. Stigma flattish- 
depressed. Follicles 2, ventricose, somewhat ribbed. Seeds 
comose. 

1. G.mocrophyllus Mich.: stem hirsute with long hairs; leaves broadly 
ovate-cordate, with the sinus nearly closed, acuminate, finely pubescent, 
at length smoothish above ; segments of the corolla linear or linear-oblong, 
with the margin reflexed ; follicles ribbed and angled. G. obiiquus Brown. 
Cynanchum obliquum Muhl. 

Near Philadelphia. Barton. Chester county, Penn. Darlington. July. %. — 
Stem several feet long, twining. Flowers in loose cymose umbels, purple and 
greenish, fetid. Large-leaved Gonolobus. 

2. G. hirsutus Mich. : stem twining ; younger branches very hairy ; 
leaves cordate-ovate, or ovate-roundish, attenuate or somewhat obtuse, 
hairy on both sides : peduncles shorter than the petiole, few-flowered ; seg- 
ments of the corolla oblong; follicles muricate. Gonolobium kirsuium 
Pursh. 

Hedges near streams. Penn. to Car. Pursh. June, July. %. — Stem trailing 
and climbing, 3 — 4 feet long, pubescent. Leaves slightly auriculate at base. 
Umbels axillary, 3 — 4-flowered. Flowers dark purple. Hairy Gonolobus. 

Order LXXX. LOGANIACEiE.— Loganiads. 

Calyx inferior, 4 — 5-parted. Corolla regular or irregular, 
4 — 5 or 10-cleft. Stamens 5, arising from the corolla. Ovary 
2-celled ; style continuous ; stigma simple. Fruit capsular, 
drupaceous or berried. Seeds usually peltate, sometimes 
winged, with fleshy or cartilaginous albumen. — Shrubs, herba- 
ceous plants or trees. Leaves opposite, entire, usually with 
stipules in the form of interpetiolaiy sheaths. 

SPIGELIA. Lirm.— Worm Grass. 

(In honor of Adam Spigelius, an old botanist of considerable note.) 

Calyx 5-parted, persistent; the segments linear-subulate. 

Corolla funnel-form, 5-cleft. Stamens 5. Anthers linear, 

erect, 2-lobed at base. Capsule ovoid-compressed, didymous, 

2-celled, few-seeded. 

S. Marylandica Linn.: stem simple, square, smooth; leaves opposite, 



236 GENTIANACE^E. 

ovate-lanceolate, sessile, acute or acuminate, the margin and nerves rough, 
hairy ; lobes of the corolla four times as long as the calyx ; anthers exserted. 
Woods. Penn and Md. to Flor. W. to Ark. June. %. — Stem 6 — 18 inches 
high. Flowers sessile, 3 — 8 in a spike or raceme, an inch and a half long, crim- 
son, yellow within. A celebrated vermifuge. Big. Med. Bot. i. 142. 

Pink-root. Perennial Worm Grass. 

Order LXXXI. GENTIANACE^E.— Gentianworts. 

Calyx divided, persistent. Corolla usually regular, with an 
imbricate, twisted, rarely induplicate, gestivation ; its lobes of 
the same number as those of the calyx, generally 4 or 5, (rarely 
6 — 10.) Stamens inserted upon the corolla and equal in num- 
ber to its lobes. Ovary composed of 2 carpels, 1- or partly 
2-celled; style 1, continuous; stigmas 2. Capsule or berry 
many-seeded. Seeds small ; albumen fleshy. — Herbaceous 
plants, rarely shrubs, sometimes twining. Leaves almost al- 
ways opposite and entire. Flowers showy. 

I. Gentiane.e. Corolla imbricate. 
1. GENTIANA. Linn.— Gentian. 

(Named from Gentius, king of Ulyria, who, according to Pliny, brought into 
use the species so much valued in medicine.) 

Calyx 4 — 5-cleft. Corolla tubular-campanulate, funnel-form 
or somewhat salver-form ; the limb 4 — 5-cleft, sometimes with 
intermediate plaits. Stamens 4 — 5, inserted upon the tube of 
the corolla. Styles very short. Stigmas 2. Capsule 1 -celled, 
2-valved. 

* Corolla somewhat tubular ; intermediate lobes or plaits large. 

1. G. AndrewsiiGriseb.: stem ascending ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acumi- 
nate, 3-nerved, rough on the margin ; flowers aggregated, subsessile, brac- 
teate ; lobes of the calyx shorter than the tube ; corolla connivent ; the 
lobes very short, smaller than the somewhat 2-lobed plaits. (D. C.) G. 
Saponavia Fral. not of Linn. 

Woods and meadows. Can. to Car. W. to Mich. Sept., Oct. %. — Stem 
1 — 2 feet high, simple. Flowers large, principally in a dense terminal fascicle or 
head, bright blue. Andrews's Gentian. 

2. G. Saponaria /?. linearis Griseb. : stem ascending ; leaves linear-lan- 
ceolate, obtuse, rough on the margin ; flowers aggregated, somewhat sessile, 
bracteate ; lobes of the corolla ovate, twice or thrice as long as the cleft 
plaits. (D.C.) G.Pneumonanlhe. G. linearis Frosl. and puberula Mich. 

Valleys of the Adirondack Mountains, Essex county, N. Y. Torr. Swamp 
near Portland, Maine. Big. Aug., Sept. 'I]..— Stem about a foot high, slender, 
smooth. Flowers bright blue, 3 — 5 in a terminal fascicle, with one or two in the 
axils of the next pair of leaves below. Soap Gentian. 



GENTIANACE^. 237 

3. G. ochroleuca Fred. : stem ascending ; leaves ovate-lanceolate and 
obovate, rough on the margin ; flowers aggregated, subsessile, bracteate ; 
lobes of the calyx unequal, as long as the tube \ corolla with the lobes 
acute, and the plaits very short and entire. G.Saponaria Walt. G. villosa 
Linn. 

Sandy fields. N. J. to Flor. Aug., Sept. %. — Stem 9 — 15 inches high, sim- 
ple, somewhat angular, the angles a little rough. Flowers yellowish-white, 
tinged with green and purple, in a terminal bracteate fascicle. 

Yellowish Gentian. 

4. G. angustifolia Mich. : stem terete, simple, slender, 1-flowered ; leaves 
linear, obtuse, smooth on the margin ; calyx deeply 5-cleft, with the lobes 
linear ; lobes of the corolla ovate-oblong, obtuse, twice as long as the calyx, 
the plaits many-cleft or lacerate. G. purpurea Walt. 

Sandy fields. N. J. to Car. Aug., Sept. %. — Stem a foot high. Flower 
large, sky-blue, terminal. Narrow-leaved Gentian. 

** Corolla funnel-form, without plaits. 

5. G. quinqueflora Lam. : stem square, branched ; leaves ovate-lanceo- 
late, subclasping, acute, 5-nerved ; flowers somewhat in fives, axillary and 
terminal, pedicellate ; corolla 5-cleft, the lobes triangular and setaceously 
acute. G. amarelloides Mich. G. quinquefolia Linn. 

Woods. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. % ?— Stem 12—18 inches 
high. Flowers small, pale blue, generally 3 — 5 on the summit of the branches. 

Five-flowered Gentian. 

*** Corolla fimbriate on the margin, without plaits. 

6. G. delonsa Fries : stem erect ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear, 
scabrous on the margin, spatulate at the base ; corolla 4 — 5-lobed ; the 
lobes oblong, obtuse, ciliate at base, crenate at the summit. (D. C.) 

Wet limestone rocks, Goat Island, Niagara Falls, N. Y. Torr. N. to Hudson 's 
Bay. W. to the Rocky Mountains. Sept. (T). — Stem 8 — 12 inches high, mostly 
simple. Leaves 1 — 2 inches long. Flowers 1 — 3, on elongated terminal pedun- 
cles, bright, blue ; the tube yellowish and white. Distinguished from the next 
by its narrow leaves and less fringed corolla. Smaller Fringed Gentian. 

7. G. crinita Willd. : stem erect, branched above ; branches elongated, 
1-flowered; leaves lanceolate, rounded or cordate at base; the lower ones 
obovate, obtuse ; corolla 4-cleft ; the lobes cuneate-obovate, fringed at 
the top. 

Pastures and woods. Can. to Car. Sept., Oct. @? — Stem 1 — 2 feet high, 
terete below, square above. Flowers large, bright blue, on peduncles at the 
ends of the branches. Large Fringed Gentian. 

2. HALENIA. JBorkh.— Halenia. 

(Etymology unknown.) 
Calyx 4 — 5-parted. Corolla campamilate, 4 — 5-cleft ; the 
lobes erect, equalling the tube, with a glanduliferous spur at 
the base. Stamens 4 — 5. Stigma! 2-lobed, nearly sessile. 
Capsule 1 -celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. 



238 GENTIANACE-ffi. 

H. deflexa Griseb. : stem erect, leafy ; leaves 3 — 5-nerved ; lower ones 
oblong-spatulate, attenuated into a petiole as long as the lamina ; cauline 
oblong-lanceolate, subsessile, acute ; spurs cylindric, obtuse, deflexed, half as 
long as the corolla. (Z>. C.) Swertia deflexa Smith. S. corniculata Mich. 

Swamps. Can. and N. Y. N. to Hudson's Bay. W. to the Rocky Moun- 
tains. Aug. (2,\ — Stem 18 inches high. 4-angled. Leaves about an inch long, 
Flowers blue, in terminal cymes and subterminal whorls. The plant turns 
nearly black in drying. Deflexed Halenia. Felwort. 

3. SWERTIA. Linn.— Swertia. 

(In honor of Emanuel Sv;eert, gardener to the Emperor Rudolphus II.) 

Calyx 4 — 5-parted. Corolla rotate, 4 — 5-parted ; the seg- 
ments with 2 glanduliferous fimbriate pores at the base of each. 
Stamens 4 — 5. Stigmas reniform, mostly 2-lobed (rarely 2, 
distinct.) Style none. Capsule 1-celled, 2-yalved, many- 
seeded. 

S". pusilla Pursh : stem simple, 1-flowered ; leaves few, small, oblong ; 
corolla twice as long as the calyx ; the segments oblong, acuminate. 

White Hills, N. H. June. Pursh. (Tj ? N. to Labrador. — Stem about an 
inch high. Leaves \ or 2 pairs, small. Flowers large, blue. It is still doubtful 
whether it belongs to this genus. Small Swertia. 

4. FRASERA. Walt.— Frasera. 

(In honor of John Fraser, a collector of North American plants.) 
Calyx 4-parted. Corolla deciduous, rotate, 4-parted, with 1 
or 2 fringed glands on each lobe. Stamens 4. Styles united. 
Stigmas 2. Capsule compressed, 1-celled, 2-valved. Seeds 
few, large, winged. 

F. Caroliniensis Walt. : stem smooth ; leaves opposite and whorled ; 
panicle elongated ; glands oval-orbicular, one on each lobe of the corolla. 
F. Walteri Mich. F. verticillata Muhl. 

Swamps. Near Fairfield, Herkimer county, N. Y. Prof. Hadley. Moscow, 
Livingston county. Dr. Bradley. S. to Car. ; rare. July. (g). — Stem 3 — 6 
feet high, nearly square, branched, furrowed. Leaves smooth, usually whorled, 
sometimes opposite, oblong-lanceolate. Flowers on whorled peduncles, greenish- 
yellow. Peduncles 1-flowered. The root of this plant is esteemed as a bitter 
tonic. See U. S. Dispensatory. American Colwmbo. 

5. SABBATIA. Adans.— Sabbatia. 

(In honor of Liberatus Sdbbati, an Italian botanist.) 

Calyx 5— 12-parted. Corolla rotate, 5— 12-parted. Sta- 
mens 5 — 12. Anthers at length revolute. Stigmas 2, spiral. 
Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved. 

1. S.stellaris Pursh: stem slightly angular, dichotomously branched; 
branches elongated, 1-flowered ; leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate, somewhat 



GENTIANACE^E. 239 

acute ; segments of calyx linear-subulate, half as long as the obovate lobes 
of the corolla. &. gracilis Ell. 

Salt marshes. N. Y. to Car. Aug., Sept. (g). — Stem 12 — 18 inches high, 
often branched from near the root. Leaves somewhat fleshy, obscurely 3-nerved. 
Flowers solitary at the extremity of the branches, forming a small corymb, rose- 
color. Salt-marsh Centaury. 

2. S. angularis Pu/rsh : stem erect, square, somewhat winged ; leaves 
ovate, clasping ; peduncles elongated, corymbed ; segments of the calyx 
lanceolate, much shorter than the obovate-elliptic lobes of the corolla. Chin 
ronia angularis Linn. 

Wet meadows. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug. (g). — Stem 1 — 2 feet high, 
with opposite branches. Leaves about an inch long, obscurely 5-nerved. Flow- 
ers rose-color. American Centaury. 

3. S. gracilis Salisb. : stem teretish ; branches alternate ; leaves linear, the 
lower ovate or lanceolate ; calyx as long as the corolla, the tube very short ; 
lobes of the corolla elliptic-oblong, obtuse. S. campanulata Torr. Chiro- 
nia campanulata Linn. 

Wet grounds. Penn. to Car. July, Aug. (g). — Stem a foot high, with long 
branches. Panicle terminal, the branches spreading and few-flowered. Flow- 
ers purple. Slender Sabbatia. 

4. *S. calycosa Pursh : stem terete, dichotomously branched ; the branches 
1-flowered ; leaves elliptic-oblong, 3-nerved ; segments of the calyx oblong- 
lanceolate, leafy, larger than oblong obtuse lobes of the corolla. Chironia 
calycosa Mich. C. dichotoma Walt. 

Wet meadows. N. Y. to Car. Aug. @.—Ste?n a foot high, slightly angled, 
with few branches. Leaves sessile, oval, thin. Flowers terminal, often solitary, 
rose-color. Dichotomous Sabbatia. 

5. S. chloroides Pursh : stem weak, somewhat angled, with few 1-flow- 
ered branches ; leaves lanceolate, erect; branches few, 1 flowered ; flowers 
7 -12-parted ; segments of the calyx linear, much shorter than the elliptic- 
lanceolate lobes of the corolla. Chironia chloroides Mich. Chlora dodccan- 
dra Linn. 

Salt bogs. N.Y. to Car. Aug. ®.—Stem 1—2 feet high. Leaves closely 
sessile, without nerves, the lower ones ovate-spatulate. Flowers large, bright 
rose-color. This and the preceding are very variable. 

La rge -jlowe red Sahba tia. 

6. & corymbosa Bald. : stem erect, nearly square, with opposite branches ; 
leaves ovate-lanceolate, 3-nervcd, sessile ; flowers corymbed ; segments of 
the calyx linear, much shorter than the obovate oblong lobes of the corolla. 
S. paniculata var. a. Pursh. Chironia lanccolata Wall. 

Swamps. N. J. to Car. Aug., Sept. %. — Stem a foot high, branched near 
the summit. Leaves somewhat clasping. Corymb few-flowered. Corolla 
white, 5— 6-parted. Corymbose Sabbatia. 

6. ERYTHR^A. RicA.— Centaury. 
(From the Greek cpvOpos, red; the prevailing color of the flowers.) 

Calyx tubular, 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form; limb short. 5- 
cleft. Stamens 5. Anthers, after flowering-, spirally twisted. 



240 GENTIANACE^S. 

Style erect. Stigmas 2, roundish. Capsule linear, 1 — 2-celled, 
2-valved. Seeds minute. 

1. E. Centaurium Pers. : stem erect, nearly simple ; leaves ovate-oblong, 
nerved ; flowers subsessile, fasciculate-cymose ; calyx half as long as the 
tube of the corolla. Chironia Centaurium Willd. 

Dry grounds. Near Oswego,, and in Putnam county, N. Y. ; rare. July, 
Aug. Q). — Stem 8 — 12 inches high. Leaves variable ; the lower ones broader 
than the upper. Flowers rose-color, in fasciculate cymes near the top of the 
stem. Common Centaury. * 

2. E. Muhlenbergii Griseb. ; stem simple or branching ; leaves ovate-ob- 
long, somewhat obtuse ; flowers in loose dichotomous cymes, the central ones 
pedicellate ; corolla after flowering twice the length of the calyx ; the lobes 
oblong-lanceolate. (Z>. C.) E. pulchella Darlingt. 

Wet meadows. Flushing, N. Y. Torr. Penn. and Virg. Darlingt. July. 
3). — Stem 2—6 inches high, sharply 4-angled. Flowers smaller than in the pre- 
ceding ; li?nb bright-purple. It is perhaps not distinct from the preceding. 

Muhlenberg's Centaury. 

7. EXACUM. Linn.— Exacum. 

(From the Latin ex, out, and ago, to drive ; it being supposed to have the 
power of expelling poison from the stomach. ) 

Calyx deeply 4-parted. Corolla 4-lobed, with the tube glo- 
bose. Stamens 4. Style 1. Stigma 2-cleft, Capsule bi- 
sulcate, 2-celled, many-seeded. 

E. puUhellum Pursh : lower leaves roundish, the rest subulate ; panicle 

corymbose ; peduncles filiform ; calyx 4-parted, segments subulate. Cicen- 

dria pulchella ? Griseb. in D. C. 

Sea coast, N. J. ; rare. Aug. CD- — Flowers small, rosercolor. 

Pretty Exacum. 

8. CENTAURELLA. Mich.— Centaurella. 
(A diminutive of Centaurea.) 

Calyx 4-parted, appressed. Corolla subcampanulate, 4- 
parted ; segments somewhat erect. Stamens 4. Stigma thick, 
glandulous and partly bifid. Capsule 1 -celled, 2-valved, many- 
seeded, surrounded by the persistent calyx and corolla. 

C. paniculata Mich. : stem somewhat branched, smooth ; peduncles op- 
posite, the lower ones branched; leaves minute, subulate, alternate below, 
nearly opposite above ; flowers in panicles ; corolla as long as the calyx ; 
style very short. C. autumnalis Pursh. Bartonia tenella Muhl. 

Damp grounds. N. Y. to Car. Aug., Sept. (T).—Stem 4 — 8 inches high, 
square, often twisted. Leaves scarcely 2 lines in length. Flowers small, green- 
ish-white, on the ends of the branches. Late-flowered Centaurella. 



BIGNONIACE^E. 241 

II. Menyanthe^. Corolla induplicate. 

9. LIMNANTHEMUM. Gmel.— Limnanthemum. 
(From the Greek Atpaj, inhabiting a lake, and avQejiov, a flower.) 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, 5-parted ; the lobes bearded 
or scaly at base and furnished with glands. Stamens 5. An- 
thers erect. Style short or none. Stigma 2-lobed, persistent. 
Capsule 1 -celled, few-seeded. 

L. lacunosum Griscb. : floating ; leaves reniform-cordate, obscurely cre- 
nate, smoothish above, spongy beneath ; segments of the calyx ovate-ob- 
long, one-third as long as the corolla. (D. C.) Villarsia lacunosa Pursh, 
Menyanthes trachysperma Mich. 

Ponds and lakes. Can. to Car. July, Aug. %. — Stem long, filiform, rooting 
in the mud. Leaves about an inch long, on elongated petioles, somewhat fleshy, 
greenish above and mostly purplish and spongy below. Flowers white, fascicu- 
late, on peduncles produced from the petiole about half an inch below the leaf. 
Abundant in Sand Lake, N. Y. Floating Heart. 

10. MENYANTHES. Linn.— Buckbean. 

(From the Greek i^ivrj, the moon, (a month,) and avdos, a flower ; because the 
plant continues in flower about that time. Eaton.) 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form; limb spreading, 5- 
lobed, equal, hairy within. Stamens 5. Style 1, filiform. 
Stigma 2-lobed, persistent. Capsule 1-celled, with the axis 
of the valves seminiferous. 

M. irifoliata Linn. 

Marshes. Subarct. Amer. to Virg. W. to the Rocky Mountains. May. %. — 
Plant 8 — 12 inches high. Root creeping. Leaves ternate, on long petioles 
which are sheathing at base ; leafets obovate, nearly entire. Peduncles scape- 
like, longer than the leaves. Flowers pale red, in a terminal raceme. 

Buckbean. Marsh Trefoil. 

Order LXXXII. BIGNONIACEiE.— Bignoniads. 

Calyx divided or entire, sometimes spathaceous. Corolla 
usually irregular, 4 — 5-lobed. Stamens 5, unequal, always 1, 
sometimes 3, sterile; when 4 are fertile, they are did} T namous. 
Ovary seated in a disk, 2 -celled, or spuriously 4 -celled. Style 
1 ; stigma of 2 plates. Capsule 2-celled, sometimes spuriously 
4-celled, 2-valved. Seeds transverse, compressed, often winged, 
without albumen. — Trees or shrubs, often twining or climbing. 
Leaves Opposite, rarely alternate, without stipules. Flowers 
somewhat panicled. 

11 



242 PEBALIACE.E. 

1. TECOMA. Juss.— Trumpet Flower. 
(Etymology unknown.) 

Calyx campanulate, 5-tootlied. Corolla -with the tube short ; 
the limb 5-lobed, equal or somewhat 2-lipped. Stamens 4, 
didynamous, with the rudiment of a fifth. Capsule 2-celled, 
2-valved ; dissepiments contrary to the valves. Seeds winged. 

T. radicans Juss. : stem creeping j leaves pinnate ; leafets in 4 — 5 pairs, 
ovate, acuminate, toothed-serrate, pubescent on the nerves beneath; tube 
of the corolla three times as long as the calyx. Bignonia radicans Linn. 

Banks of streams. Perm, to Flor. W. to Miss. July, Aug. I?.— Creeping 
on rocks and trees. Flowers 2 — 3 inches long, scarlet, in a terminal corymb. 

Ash-leaved Trumpet- flower. 

2. CATALPA. Juss.— Catalpa. 
(Said to be a corruption of Catawba, the Indian name of this tree.) 

Calyx 2-parted. Corolla campanulate ; tube ventricose ; 
limb 5-lobed, unequal. Stamens 2 fertile, 2 — 3 sterile. Stigma 
in 2 plates. Capsule pod-form, long, cylindric, 2-valved ; dis- 
sepiments opposite the valves. Seeds membranaceously winged, 
laciniate at the summit. 

C. cor dif alia Ell. : leaves roundish-cordate, acuminate, entire, petiolate; 
flowers panicled. C. syringafolia Sims. Bignonia Catalpa Linn. 

Fields, near houses, &c. N. Y. to Flor. and throughout the Western and 
Southwestern States. July. — A large tree with irregular branches. Leaves 
large, smooth above, somewhat pubescent beneath, on long petioles. Flowers 
large, white, variegated with yellow and purple, in large pyramidal panicles. 
Probably introduced, as it is generally found in the vicinity of habitations, 
Indian encampments, &c. Common Catalpa. Bean Tree. 

Order LXXXIII. PEDALIACE.E.— Pedaliads. 

Calyx divided in 5 nearly equal pieces. Corolla irregular; 
the throat ventricose, the limb somewhat 2-lipped. Stamens 4, 
didynamous, (2 sometimes sterile,) with the rudiment of a fifth. 
Ovary seated in a glandular disk, 1 or 2-celled, sometimes with 
spurious cells ; style 1 ; stigma divided. Fruit drupaceous or 
capsular. Seeds usually few, wingless, without albumen. — 
Herbaceous plants, mostly covered with glandular hairs. 
Leaves opposite or alternate, often angular or lobed, without 
stipules. Flowers usually large, axillary. 

MARTYNIA. Linn.— Marty nia. 
(In honor of John Martyn, Professor of Botany in Cambridge, Eng.) 

Calyx 5-cleft, campanulate, gibbous at base ; the limb un- 



POLEMONIACE^:. Jd4J 

equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, with the rudiment 
of a fifth. Capsule ligneous, corticate, 4-celled, with a long 
hooked beak which at length splits into two horns. 

M. proboscidea Linn. : stem viscid, pubescent, branched, mostly decum- 
bent; leaves alternate, cordate, nearly round, very entire, villous; flowers 
axillary, on long peduncles. M. altemifolia Lam. 

River banks, N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept. ©.—Stem 1—2 feet 
long. Leaves 3 — 5 inches in diameter. Flowers dull yellow, large, spotted. 
Whole plant fetid. The fruit is esteemed as a pickle. Probably introduced into 
the Northern States from the Southwest. Unicorn Plant. 

Order LXXXIV. POLEMONIACE^E.— Phloxworts. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla regular, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, in- 
serted into the tube of the corolla. Ovary superior, 3-celled ; 
style simple; stigma trifid. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, with a 
loculicidal dehiscence; the valves separating from the axis. 
Seeds angular or oval, sometimes mucilaginous and furnished 
with spiral threads ; albumen horny. — Herbaceous plants, with 
opposite or alternate simple or compound leaves. 

1. PHLOX. Linn.— Phlox. 

(From the Greek <j&Xo|, jlame ; a name which is said to have been originally 
applied to a species of Lychnis, and transferred to this genus by Linnaeus.) 

Calyx prismatic, the segments erect. Corolla salver-form ; 
tube long, somewhat curved ; the limb flat, 5-lobed. Stamens 
inserted about the middle of the tube of the corolla, very un- 
equal. Capsule roundish-ovoid, 3-seeded. 

1. P. paniculata Linn. : stem erect, smooth, paniculately branched 
above ; leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; panicle pyramidal, 
co^mbose, many-flowered ; teeth of the calyx setaceous-acuminate ; lobes 
of the corolla obovate. 

Meadows. Penn. to Car. W. to Miss. June, July. "2J.,— Stem 2—3 feet 
high. Leaves opposite, rough on the margin, the upper ones slightly cordate at 
base. Flowers numerous, crowded at the summits of the branches, purple. 

Panic&d Phlox. 

2. P. macvlata Linn. : stem erect, simple, and somewhat scabrous ; 
leaves oblong-lanceolate, smooth, with the margin scabrous; panicle oblong, 
thyrsoid or somewhat pyramidal ; teeth of the calyx lanceolate, acute ; lobes 
of the corolla rounded. P. pyramidalis Smith. P. suaveolens Ait. 

Moist, meadows. N. J. to Car. June. %. — Stem 2 — 3 feet high, mostly simple, 
rougKish pubescent above, sometimes spotted With dark purple. Upper leans 
ovate, and somewhat cordate at base. Flowers in pedunculate axillary corymbs 
at and near the summit of the stem, varying from deep purple to nearly white. 
1 follow De Candolle in uniting the above species, as it is difficult to point out 
the distinctive characters. Spotted Pkhir- 



244 CONVOLVULACE^E. 

3. P. aristata Mich. : stem erect, weak, viscid-pubescent ; leaves linear or 
linear-lanceolate, pubescent ; corymb crowded, few-flowered ; teeth of the 
calyx pubescent, very long, awn-like ; lobes of the corolla obovate, entire. 
P. pilosa Linn. 

Wet woods. N. J. to Car. W. to Miss. June. %.—Stem 12—18 inches 
high, simple. Leaves sometimes nearly linear, with the margins revolute. 
Flowers terminal, loosely corymbose, on villous peduncles, pale purple or white. 

Hairy Phlox. 

4. P. divaricata Linn. : stem decumbent, pubescent ; leaves oval-lan- 
ceolate or lance-ovate, acute, membranaceous, ciliate on the margin ; pan- 
icle loose, corymbose, few-flowered ; teeth of the calyx linear-subulate ; 
lobes of the corolla slightly obcordate. 

Banks of streams. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. May, June. %. — Stems nu- 
merous, prostrate and spreading, with erect branches. Upper leaves almost 
clasping and often alternate. Flowers few, in a loose terminal somewhat tri- 
chotomous panicle, bluish or dark purple. Divaricate Phlox. 

5. P. reptans Mich. : stem erect, with procumbent suckers at base, pu- 
bescent ; radical leaves spatulate-obovate ; cauline oval-lanceolate, sessile ; 
corymb few-flowered, divaricate ; teeth of the calyx subulate, reflexed ; 
lobes of the corolla obovate, entire. P. stolonifera Pursh. 

Rocky places. Penn. to Car. W. to Ken. June. %. — Stem 6 — 8 inches 
high. Leaves more or less pilose and ciliate on the margin. Flowers hi a small 
corymb, blue, with a purple centre. Creeping Phlox. 

6. P. subulata Linn. : stem procumbent, cespitose, much branched, pu- 
bescent; leaves linear-subulate, rigid, ciliate : corymb few-flowered; teeth 
of the calyx short, subulate ; lobes of the corolla wedgeform, emarginate. 
P. setacea Linn. 

Rocky places. N. J. to Car. April, May. %-. — Root creeping. Stems 6 — 12 
inches long, with numerous assurgent branches 2 or 3 inches high. Leaves half 
an inch long, with the rudiments of smaller ones or of branches in the axils. 
Flowers pink or nearly white, with a purple centre. Very abundant near New 
Brunswick, N. J. Mountain Pi?ik. 

2. POLEMONIUM. Linn.— Greek Valerian. 

(From the Greek nolens, war ; which is said by Pliny to have been waged by 
two kings for the honor of its discovery.) 

Calyx campanulate, 5 -cleft. Corolla campanulate-rotate ; 
tube very short, closed by the dilated bases of the filaments. 
Capsule ovoid, obtuse, the cells many-seeded. 

P. reptans Linn. : stem weak, erect or declined ; leaves pinnate ; leafets 
7 — 9, (rarely 11,) ovate-lanceolate, acute; flowers terminal, nodding. 

Moist woods. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. May. %—Stem 12—18 inches 
high, nearly smooth, branching. Leafets mostly opposite, the common petiole 
winged. Flowers blue, in small nodding corymbs at the end of the branches. 

Jacob's Ladder. 

Order LXXXV. CONTOLVULACEJE.— Bindweeds. 

Calyx persistent, in 5 divisions, remarkably imbricated. Co- 
rolla regrdar, deciduous ; the limb 5-lobed, plaited ; the tube 



convolvulacejE. 245 

without scales. Stamens 5, inserted into the base of the corolla. 
Ovary simple, mostly 2 — 4-celled ; styles united or more or less 
distinct; stigmas obtuse or acute. Capsule 1 — 4-celled. Seeds 
with a small quantity of mucilaginous albumen, a curved embryo 
and leafy shrivelled cotyledons. — Herbaceous plants or shrubs, 
usually twining and milky. Leaves alternate, very often cor- 
date, entire or lobed. Flowers large and showy. 

CONVOLVULUS. Linn.— Bindweed. 
(From the Latin convolvo, to entwine.) 

Calyx 5-parted, naked or with 2 bracts at base. Corolla 
funnel-form or campanulate, with 5 plaits. Stamens 5, shorter 
than the limb. Style undivided. Stigma capitate or lobed. 
Capsule 2 — 3-celled, 2 — 3-valved. 

1. C. arvensis Linn.: stem twining, angular; leaves sagittate-hastate, 
with acute lobes; peduncles mostly 1-flowered; bracts minute, remote from 
the flower; sepals roundish-ovate. 

Fields. Maine to Car. ; rare. June, July. %. — Root long, creeping. Stem 
2 — 3 feet long, climbing, somewhat hairy. Leaves small, ovate-oblong, on short 
petioles. Flowers white, an inch long, on axillary peduncles which are longer 
than the leaves. Introduced, and, on account of its deep and spreading roots, 
beconung in many places a troublesome weed. Common or Corn Bindweed. 

2. C. Sepium Linn. : stem twining ; leaves sagittate, very acute, with 
the lobes truncate ; peduncles square, 1-flowered ; bracts large, cordate, 
close to the flower. Calystegia Sepium Broivn. 

Moist grounds. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June, July. %.— Stem 3—12 
feet long, climbing or trailing, nearly smooth. Flowers large, white, on pedun- 
cles which are longer than the leaves. Great Bindweed. 

3. C. panduratus Linn. : stem twining ; leaves cordate or panduriform, 
acuminate, the lobes rounded ; peduncles long, with small bracts at the 
base ; flowers in fascicles ; corolla tubular-campanulate. 

Sandy fields. N. Y. to Flor. W. to Ohio. July. %.— Root very large and 
thick. Stem 4 — 6 feet long, mostly trailing, at length nearly smooth. Flow rs 
mostly 2 — 5 in a fascicle, on peduncles 3 or 4 inches long. Corolla while, the 
tube purple. Medicinal. Man of the Earth. 

4. C. spithamceus Linn. : stem erect or oblique ; leaves oval or oblong, 
subcordate, pubescent, hoary; peduncles 1-flowered, about as long as the 
leaves; bracts close to the flower, much larger than the calyx. C. stans 
Mich. Calystegia tomentosa and spi/hanura Pursk. 

Sandy woods. Can. to Virg. June. 1\. — Stem 8 — IS inches long, sometimes 
nearly procumbent. Leaves varying from acute to obtuse and rounded. Flow rs 
white, on peduncles which are about as long as the leaves. A variable species. 

Upright Bindweed. 

5. C. purpureas Linn : stem twining and climbing : leaves cordate, 
acuminate, undivided, entire ; peduncles 2— 3-flowered ; pedicels thickened, 
nodding; capsule smooth. ]pom<ra purpurea Pursh. Pharbiiis hispida, 
Choisy } in D. C. 



246 CUSCUTACEiE. 

Fields, &c July, Aug. ®. — Stem hairy, climbing to a great height. Leaves 
2 — 6 inches long, on petioles of about the same length. Flowers large, blue, 
purple or nearly white. Introduced. Common Morning Glory. 

6. C. lacunosus Spreng. : stem smooth, twisted ; leaves cordate acumi- 
nate, angled at base ; peduncles short, 1 — 3-flowered ; calyx hairy ; corolla 
tubular, short ; capsule hairy. Ipoviaa lacunosa Linn. 

Penn. Muhl. S. to Flor. Aug., Sept. (J). — Flowers white, with a purple 
rim. Ragged Bindweed. 

7. C. nil Linn. : stem hairy, twining ; leaves cordate, 3-lobed, the inter- 
mediate lobe dilated at the base, the lateral ones shorter, acute ; peduncles 
short, 2— 3-flowered ; segments of the calyx ovate-lanceolate, hairy at the 
base. Ipomcea nil Pursh. Pharbilis nil Choisy in D. C. 

Penn. Muhl. S. to Car. Aug. (J). — Flowers 2 or 3, on peduncles shorter 
than the petioles. Corolla white at base, blue near the border. 

Morning Glory. 

Order LXXXYI. CUSCUTACE.E.— Dodders. 

Calyx 4 — 5-parted, persistent, with an imbricate aestivation. 
Corolla cut round at the base ; the limb 4 — 5 -cleft, with alter- 
nating scales. Stamens as many as the segments of the corolla. 
Ovary 2-celled ; styles 2, or none ; stigmas 2. Fruit capsular 
or baccate, 2-celled ; cells 1 — 2-seeded. Seeds with a fleshy 
albumen and a spiral acotyledonous embryo. — Leafless climb- 
ing colorless parasites, with the flowers in dense clusters. 

CUSCUTA. Linn.— Dodder. 
(Etymology uncertain.) 

Calyx 5- rarely 4-parted. Corolla globose-urceolate, 4 — 5- 
cleft. Stamens 4 — 5. Filaments often with scales at the base. 
Styles 2. Stigmas filiform or capitate. Capsule 2-celled, open- 
ing all round transversely. 

1. C. Epilinum Weill.: heads of about 5 sessile flowers; calyx 5-parted, 
the lobes obtuse ; corolla globose cylindric, about as long as the calyx ; 
styles erect, at length divergent. (D. C.) C. Enropcea. Beck Bob. 1st Ed. 

Parasitic on flax. Schenectady, N. Y. Mass. Dewey. Chester county, Penn. 
Darlingt. July. (I). — Stem filiform, long and climbing, orange-colored, leafless. 
Flowers in small dense heads, pale-yellow or rose-color. Introduced ? Dr. 
Darlington's C. Europcea, which seems to be identical with the New York 
plant, is referred to this species by the author above quoted. Flax Dodder. 

2. C. Gronovii Willd. : stem branched : flowers pedunculate or more 
lax, generally 5-parted; corolla deeply campanulate, open, pellucid-punc- 
tate, longer than the roundish obtuse calyx-segments ; scales convergent, 
fimbriate. C. Americana Linn. 

Low grounds. N. Y. to Ala. W. to Ohio. July— Sept. ®— Stem filiform, 
orange-colored, twining around other plants. Flowers in small cymes or much 
crowded, yellowish- white, marked with little roundish glands. 

Common Dodder. 



BORAGINACE.E. 247 

3. C. umbrosa Beyrich : stem low, branching ; flowers 5-parted, some- 
what pedunculate, at length in spikes ; corolla campanulate, longer than 
the obtuse calyx-segments ; stamens as long as the limb ; scales pinnatifid- 
laciniate, convergent. ( Tor?: N. Y. Fl.) 

Western part of N. Y. Br. Gray — Distinguished from the preceding by the 
more open campanulate corolla, which is destitute of pellucid glands, and the 
form of its lobes as well as those of the calyx. Torr. 

Smooth-flowered Bodder. 

Order LXXXYII. DIAPENSIACE^.— Diapensiads. 

Calyx of 5 imbricate sepals, with 3 bracts at the base. Co- 
rolla somewhat salver-form, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, equal ; fila- 
ments petal oid. Ovary superior, 3 -celled ; style single, con- 
tinuous ; stigma sessile. Capsule membranous or papery. 
Seeds pitted, with a very small embryo in a mass of fleshy 
albumen. — Prostrate under-shrubs, with small densely imbri- 
cate leaves and solitary terminal flowers. 

DIAPENSIA. Linn — Diapensia. 

(Said to be an ancient Greek name for the Sanicle, applied to this plant by 
Linnaeus.) 

Calyx with the sepals unequal, smooth. Corolla 5-lobed. 
Stamens 5. Filaments broad-linear, inserted into the throat of 
the corolla. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. 

1. D. Lapponica Linn.: cespitose; leaves spatulate, smooth; flower 
terminal, solitary, on a short peduncle ; anthers simple. B. obtusifolia 
Pursh. 

Summits of the White Mountains, N. H., and of Mount Marcy and Mount 
Mclntyre, N. Y. N. to Labrador and Arct. Amer. June, July. %. — Stems 
short, forming thick firm tufts, densely covered with small fleshy evergreen 
leaves. Flower white. Lapland Diapensia. 

2. D. barbulata Ell. ; leaves lanceolate-wedgeform, pubescent at base ; 
flower solitary, terminal, sessile ; anthers horizontal, beaked at base. D. 
cuneifulia Pursh. Pyxidanthera barbulata Mich. 

Pine barrens. N.J. to Car. May, June. %.— Plant small, creeping, form- 
ing dense mats: brandies assufgent, 1-flbwered. Upper leaves crowded near 
the base of the flower, which is small and white. Very abundant in New Jersey. 

Baikal Diapensia. 

Order LXXXVIII. BORAGINACEyE.— Bokageworts. 

Calyx persistent, 5-dividcd. Corolla 5-lobed, generally reg- 
ular, and sometimes with a row of scales in the throat. Sta- 
mens 5, inserted in the corolla and alternate with its lobes. 
Ovary 4-partcd ; style simple; stigma simple or bifid. Fruit 
consisting of 4 little nuts or acheriia. Seed without albumen. — 



248 BORAGINACE^E. 

Herbaceous plants or shrubs, with round stems. Leaves alter- 
nate, often rough, without stipules. Flowers usually in one- 
sided spikes or racemes. 

1. LITHOSPERMUM. Z,i?m.- Gromwell. 

(From the Greek \idos, a stone, and o-Trt^a, seed; on account of the stony 
hardness of its seeds or nuts.) 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed; the throat 
naked, rarely with minute scales. Nuts imperforate at base, 
shining, smooth or rugose. 

1. L. arvense Linn. : stem erect, "branched; leaves sessile, linear-lanceo- 
late, rather acute, veinless, rough, hairy ; calyx a little shorter than the 
corolla, at length spreading ; nuts rugose, 

Fields. N. Y. and Mass. to Del. W. to Ohio. May. (T).— Plant hispid- 
pilose. Stem 12 — 18 inches high, more or less branched. Flowers solitary, 
axillary, white. Calyx with the segments thrice as long as the fruit. Intro- 
duced from Europe. Corn Gromwell. 

2. L. officinale Linn. : stem erect, much branched, covered with rigid 
hairs ; leaves broad-lanceolate, acute, nerved, rough above, hairy beneath ; 
tube of the corolla as long as the calyx ; nuts smooth. 

Dry waste places. N. Y. and Mass. to Penn. and Ohio. May. %. — Stem 
12 — 18 inches high, often branched and diffuse. Flowers pale yellow, in leafy 
spike-like racemes. Nuts whitish-brown, highly polished. Introduced from 
Europe. Common Gromwell. 

2. BATSCHIA. Gmel— Puccoon. 
(In honor of John George Batsch, a German botanist of the last century.) 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla salver-form, rather large ; tube 
straight, much longer than the calyx, closed at the base by a 
bearded ring ; orifice naked or partially closed ; the limb nearly 
flat, with 5 rounded lobes. Stamens very short. Nuts smooth 
and shining, not perforate at the base. 

1. B. canescens Mich.: stem erect, simple, villous; leaves oblong-lanceo- 
late, obtuse, slightly mucronate, silky above, subvillous beneath ; tube of 
the corolla as long again as the calyx. Anchusa canescens Muhl. Litho- 
spermum canescens Lehm. 

Hills. Subarct. Amer. to Virg. W. to Miss. June, July. n A.—Stem 8—12 
inches high. Flowers axillary, crowded near the top of the. stem, bright orange. 
Found near Fairfield, N. Y. by Prof. Hadley. Used by the Indians as a red 
dye. Common Puccoon. Alhanet. 

2. B. Gmelini Mich. : plant hirsute ; stem simple ; leaves linear-lanceo- 
late, hairy on both sides, ciliate ; floral ones ovate-lanceolate ; segments of 
the calyx linear, hairy, scarcely as long as the tube of the corolla. B. 
Caroliniensis Gmel. Anchusa hirta Muhl. Lithospermum hirtum Lehm. 

Woods. Penn. to Car. June, July. %. — Stem8 — 12 inches high. Flowers 
in a ter.niual raceme, orange. Gmelin's Puccoon. 



BORAGINACE.E. 249 

3. ONOSMODIUM. Mich— Onosmodium. 

(So named from its resemblance to Onosma, another genus of this order.) 

Calyx deeply 5 -parted ; segments linear. Corolla tubular- 

campanulate ; throat naked ; limb 5-cleft, the lobes acute and 

connivent. Anthers sessile, included. Style much exserted. 

Nuts imperforate, shining, ovoid. 

1. O. hispidum Mich.: stem hispid, branched ; leaves obovate-lanceolate, 
hairy, papillose-punctate ; segments of the corolla subulate. O. Virgini- 
anum D. C. Lithospermum Virginianum Linn. Purshia hispida Lehm. 

Fields, &c. N. Y. to Car. W. to Ohio. Aug. %.— Stem 1—2 feet high. 
Flowers white, in simple leafy secund racemes, which at first are recurved and 
afterwards straight. Hairy Onosmodium. 

2. O. molle Mich. : whole plant white-villous ; leaves oblong-oval, some- 
what 3-nerved ; segments of the corolla semi-oval. O. Carolinianum D. C. 
Lithospermum molle Mithl. Purshia mollis Lehm. 

Sandy grounds, near Albany, N. Y. G. A. Clinton. Penn. to Tenn. July, 
Aug. %. — Differs from the former in its soft white pubescence, and in the 
broader segments of its corolla. Soft Onosmodium. 

4. SYMPHYTUM. Linn.— Comfrey. 

(From the Greek ffu^iiu, to unite; on account of its reputed healing powers.1 

Calyx 5-parted, 5-cleft or 5-toothed. Corolla tubular-cam- 
panulate ; throat closed with 5 connivent subulate scales ; limb 
with 5 broad and short lobes. Nuts ovoid, rugose. 

(S>. officinale Linn. : stem hispid, winged above ; radical leaves on long 
petioles, rough ; cauline ovate-lanceolate, attenuated at base and very de- 
current. 

Springy grounds. N. Y. Mass. and Penn. June. r H. — Stem 1 — 3 feet high, 
branched above. Racemes in pairs, secund, drooping. Corolla large, yellow- 
ish-white, or rarely purplish. Introduced, but apparently native near Fairfield, 
N. Y. Common Comfrey. 

5. ECHIUM. Linn.— Viper's Bugloss. 

(From the Greek e yif, a viper ; on account of the fancied resemblance of the 
seed to the head of that animal.) 

Calyx 5-parted ; the lobes linear-lanceolate, erect. Corolla 
subcampanulate ; tube very short ; throat open ; the limb un- 
equally and obliquely 5-lobed. Stamens unequal. Nuts im- 
perforate at base, tuberculate. 

E. vulgare Linn. : stem simple, hispid with tubercles ; leaves linear-lan- 
ceolate, hispid; radical ones petiolate, spreading, very long; flowers in 
lateral spikes; stamens longer than the corolla. 

Fields and road sides. N. Y. to Virg.j common in New Jersey, .Tunc. July. 
(£). — Stem 2 — 3 feet high, branched above. Flvw&rs large, blue, in lateral 

11* 



250 BORAGINACEiE 

spikes which are at first recurved but gradually become erect. Introduced. 
A very showy plant when in full flower, but in many places becoming trouble- 
some. Viper's Bugloss. Blue Thistle. 

6. LYCOPS1S. Linn.— Bugloss. 

(From the Greek \vkos, a wolf, and oxpis, a face ; from a fancied resemblance 
to the head of that animal.) 

Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form, with a curved tube ; 
the mouth closed with convex connivent scales. Nuts perforate 
at the base. 

L. arvensis Linn. : leaves lanceolate, repand-denticulate, very hispid ; 
lower ones tapering into a petiole ; upper sessile, subclasping ; calyx erect 
while in flower, about as long as the tube of the corolla. Anchusa arvensis 
Lehm. 

Sandy fields. N. Y. and Mass. June, July. (£). — Plant very hispid. Stem 
12 — 18 inches high. Flowers small, bright blue, in one or more leafy racemes. 
Introduced from Europe. Small Bugloss. 

7. MYOSOTIS. Linn.— Scorpion Grass. 

(From the Greek pvs, i>vos, a mouse, and ouj, coros, an ear ; in allusion to the 
shape of the leaves.) 

Calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted. Corolla salver-form; tube short; 
limb flat; orifice closed with short connivent scales. Nuts 
smooth or rugose, with a cavity at the base. 

1. M. coespitosa Schultz : stem terete, erect, branching, appressed pubes- 
cent ; leaves linear-oblong, obtuse ; calyx 5-cleft, appressed-hairy, shorter 
than the pedicels, spreading when in fruit; style very short. (D.C.) 

var. laxa D.C.: smoothish; pedicels longer. M. laxaLekm. M. palus- 
iris Torr. 

Ditches and wet grounds. Can. to Virg. W. to Miss. May — Sept. (g)? — Stem 
12 — 18 inches high, slender, erect or oblique, branching above, smooth or 
sprinkled with a few appressed hairs. Leaves 1 — 3 inches long, the upper sessile, 
the lower often petioled. Flowers very small, bright blue, in racemes which are 
at length elongated. Marsh Scorpion Grass. 

2. M. stricta Link : stem erect, simple or branched, hispid- villous ; leaves 
oblong, obtuse ; racemes leafy at base ; fruit-bearing pedicels erect, shorter 
than the calyx ; calyx 5-parted, closed when in fruit, clothed with divari- 
cate hairs ; tube of the corolla included. (Z?. C.) M. arvensis Reich. M. 
verna Nutt. 

Sandy fields. Can. to Virg. W. to Miss. May, June. (T). — Plant grayish- 
pubescent. Stem 4 — 10 inches high, at length branching. Floioers very small, 
white, in terminal racemes which are elongated when in fruit. 

Field Scorpion Grass. 

8. ECHINOSPERMUM. Lehm.— Stickseed. 

(From the Greek c^ivos, ^hedgehog, and (nreppa, seed; the fruit being covered 
with prickles.) 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla salver-form ; throat closed by short 



BORAGINACE^:. 251 

scales; the limb with obtuse lobes. Nuts fixed to a central 
column, imperforate at base, aculeate on the margin* 

E. Lappula Lehm. : stem branched above ; leaves lanceolate or linear- 
lanceolate, hairy ; corolla longer than the calyx ; border erect, spreading ; 
nuts with two rows of hooked prickles on the margin. Mijosotis Lappula 
Linn. Rochelia Lappula R. <£• S. 

Road sides. Can. to Virg. W. to Oregon. N. to Subarct. Amer. July, Aug. 
(T). — Stem a foot high, branched above. Flowers minute, blue, in leafy racemes. 
Fruit erect. Introduced \ Common Stickseed. 

9. CYNOGLOSSUM. Linn,— Hound's-Tongue. 

(From the Greek kvcjv, a dog, and yXuacra, a tongue ; in allusion to the shape 
of the leaves.) 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short, funnel-form; orifice closed 
with convex connivent scales ; limb with 5 obtuse lobes. Nuts 
depressed, affixed to the styles by their inner margin, echinate. 

1. C. officinale Linn.: silky-pubescent; lower leaves lanceolate, oblong, 
attenuated into a petiole ; upper lanceolate, somewhat cordate or clasping 
at base ; racemes without bracts; lobes of the calyx oblong, obtuse, shorter 
than the corolla. 

Road sides, &c. Can. to Virg. W. to Ohio. June, July. ®.— Plant dull 
green, soft and downy, fetid. Stem 1—2 feet high. Flowers purplish-red, in 
naked secund racemes. Fruit rough. Introduced from Europe. 

Common Hound 's-tongue. 

2. C. Virginicum Linn. : hairy ; lower leaves oval-oblong, petiolate ; 
upper lanceolate-oblong, sessile, clasping and cordate at base ; racemes 
somewhat corymbose, naked; pedicels elongated, recurved-spreading; lobes 
of the calyx acute, villous, about half as long as the tube of the corolla. 
C. amplexicaule Mich. 

Shady woods. Can. to Car. W. to the Rocky Mountains. May, June. 
94-.— Stem 2—3 feet high, very hairy. Radical leaves 6 inches long ; upper ones 
smaller. Flowers blue or nearly white, in a terminal corymbose panicle con- 
sisting of 2 or 3 divisions. Wild Com/re;/. 

3. C. Morisoni D. C. : stem erect, somewhat hairy, divaricately branched ; 
leaves ovate or lanceolate-oblong, acute, attenuate at base, scabrous abo\ e, 
pubescent beneath ; racemes forked, bracteate ; pedicels at length deflexed ; 
fruit covered with hooked bristles. Echinospermum Virginicum Lc/im. 
Myosotis Virginiana Linn. 

Borders of woods, &c. Can. to Car. W. to Ken. July. (§).— Stem 2—3 
feet high. Leaves thin and membranaceous; lower ones petioled. Flowers 
small, pale blue or white, in forked terminal racemes. 

Sinall-jlottrrcd Hound's-tonguc. 

10. MERTENSIA. Roth— Mcrtensia. 
(In honor of F. C. Mertens, a German botanist who wrote upon the Algffi.) 

Calyx short, 5-clel't or 5-parted. Corolla with the tube cy- 
lindric, the limb somewhat campanula^, 5-cloft ; throat naked 



252 HYDROPHYLLACE.E. 

or with 5 plaits. Stamens inserted into the upper part of the 
tube. Nuts somewhat drupaceous, smooth, or reticulate and 
rugose. 

1, M. Virginica D. C. : smooth ; stem erect ; radical leaves obovate- 
oblong. obtuse ; cauline narrower ; calyx three or four times shorter than 
the tube of the corolla. Pulmonaria Virginica Linn. Lithospermum pul- 
chrum Lehm. 

Wet grounds. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. May. %..—Stem 8—12 inches 
high, succulent, mostly simple. Leaves smooth and a little glaucous. Flowers 
large, bright blue, in a loose racemose panicle. The plant turns black by dry- 
ing. Virginian Cowslip. Lungwort. 

2, 31. maritima G. Don : stem procumbent or ascending, branched ; 
leaves ovate, rough with callous dots, fleshy, glaucous ; upper lanceolate ; 
calyx about half as long as the corolla. (D. C.) Pulmonaria, maritima Linn. 
Lit/wspermum maritimum Lehm. 

►Sea shores. N. Eng. Pursh. N. to Subarct. Amer. July. %.. — Stem dif- 
fuse, much branched. Lower leaves on petioles and acute ; upper ones sessile. 
Flowers purplish-blue, in leafy racemes. Seaside Mertensia. 

3, M. denticulata G. Don: stem erect; leaves nerved, somewhat glau- 
coma, margin rough with minute teeth; radical ones ovate, petiolate; cau- 
lhi ti elliptic, 6 essile; segments of the calyx denticulate on the margin, three 
oj four timet,, shorter than the corolla. (Z>. C) Pulmonaria Sibirica Pursh 
Anp. Lithr^permum denticvlatum Lehm. 

Can. N. Y. ? W. to the Columbia river. June. %.. — Stem 6—10 inches 
high- Leaves 3 — 5-nerved. Flowers numerous, purple, in somewhat nodding 
racemes. Denticulate Mertensia. 

Order LXXXIX. HYDROPHYLLACE^E.— Hydrophyls. 

Calyx deeply 5 -cleft, the sinuses often with appendages, per- 
sistent. Corolla regular, shortly 5-cleft, mostly between cam- 
panulate and rotate. Stamens 5, inserted into the corolla. 
Ovary simple, 1 — 2-celled ; styles 2, united into 1 ; stigma 
bifid. Fruit a capsule. Seeds few, reticulated, with abundant 
cartilaginous albumen. — Herbaceous plants, often hispid, with 
alternate lobed or pinnatifid leaves. Flowers in cymose clus- 
ters, or in one-sided racemes. 

1. HYDROPHYLLUM. Linn. Water Leaf. 
(From the Greek Mwp, water, and <pv\\ov, a leaf.) 

Calyx 5 -parted, the lobes subulate and the sinuses mostly 
naked. Corolla campanulate, 5-cleft, with 5 longitudinal mar- 
gined grooves on the inside alternating with the lobes. Sta- 
mens exserted. Filaments bearded in the middle. Stigma 



HYDROPHYLLACE.E. 253 

bifid. Capsule globose, 2-valved, 1 -seeded, 3 other seeds 
mostly abortive. 

* Sinuses of the calyx naked. 

1. H. Virginicum Linn. : stem nearly smooth ; leaves pinnatifid and 
pinnate; the lobes oval-lanceolate, with deep serratures; clusters of flowers 
crowded ; peduncles longer than the petioles ; segments of the calyx lance- 
linear, hispid-ciliate. 

Moist woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June, July. %.—Stem 12 — 18 
inches high, often branched from the base. Leaves pinnately cut into 5 — 7 seg- 
ments, on long petioles. Flowers blue and white, in compact peduncled lateral 
and axillary clusters. Virginian Waterleaf. 

2. H. Canadense Linn. : somewhat hairy ; leaves angularly sub- 5-lobed, 
mostly cordate at base, coarsely toothed ; flowers in crowded fascicles ; pe- 
duncles shorter than the petioles; segments of the calyx narrow-linear, 
slightly hairy. 

Shady woods. Can. to Car. W. to Ohio. June. %. — Stem 12 — 18 inches 
high. Leaves large and broad, somewhat palmate, about 5 — 7-lobed ; lobes 
broad, cut and toothed. Flowers blue and white, in crowded clusters. 

Canadian Waterleaf. 

3. H. macrophyllum Nutt. : leaves oblong, pinnately divided at base, 
with the segments towards the apex pinnatifid or subpinnate, hairy on 
both sides ; the lobes ovate, with coarse ovate mucronulate teeth ; pedun- 
cles very long and with the calyx hairy ; segments of the calyx ovate at 
base, long- acuminate. (Z>. C.) Phacelia bipinnatifida Frank not of 
Mich. 

Alleghany Mountains, Penn. ? Short. Ohio. Gray. — Leaves a foot or more 
in length. Corolla white, scarcely longer than the calyx. Large Waterleaf. 

** Simises of the calyx appendicular. 

4. H. appendiculatum Mich. : stem hairy ; leaves hairy above, pubescent 
beneath ; lower pinnately divided ; upper palmately 5-lobed; sinuses of the 
calyx with minute oval appendages. Ncmophila paniculata Sprcng. 

Moist woods. Can. to Virg. W. to Miss. May. (§)? — Stem about a foot 
high, branching at the summit. Leaves on long petioles, the lobes toothed. 
Flowers blue, on short peduncles, in somewhat paniculate racemes. 

Hairy Waterhuf. 

2. PHACELIA. Juss.— Phacelia. 

(From the Greek (paxt'Xos, a bundle ; in allusion to its fascicled spike.) 

Calyx 5-parted, the sinuses naked. Corolla tubular-campan- 
ulate, caducous, 5-cleft or half 5-cleft, with 10 plaits or scales 
on the inside. Stamens often exserted. Style biiid. Capsule 
ovoid, 2-valved. Seeds 4, oblong. 

P. bipinnatifida Mich.: stem somewhat erect, hairy; leaves pinnately 
divided, on long petioles; lateral segments v 2 — 1, ovate, acute, ineiselv- 
lobed; terminal one 3 — 5-clcft; racemes elongated, mostly bifid ; lobes of 
the calyx linear-acuminate, halt" as long as the corolla. 



254 SOLANACE^. 

Wet woods. Perm, to Car. W. to Miss. May, June. % 1—Stem a foot 
high. Leaves 3 — 4 inches long, thin and smoothish. Flowers blue, in terminal 
racemes. Jagged Phacelia. 

3. COSMANTHUS. Nolle.— Cosmanthus. 

(Etymology uncertain.) 
Calyx 5-parted ; the sinuses naked. Corolla broadly cam- 
panulate, caducous, 5 - cleft ; tube without scales. Filaments 
slender, about as long as the corolla. Style bifid. Capsule 
2-valved, septiferous in the middle. Seeds 4 — 10, ovoid- 
angular. 

* Lobes of the corolla naked. 

1. C. parvifiorus D.C. : stem diffuse, pubescent ; leaves subsessile, pinna- 
tifid or trifid, hairy on both sides, the uppermost sometimes undivided ; lobes 
of the lower ones ovate or oblong, entire ; racemes solitary. Phacelia par- 
vijlora Pursh. Polenionium dubium Willd. 

Low grounds. Penn. Ohio, and Virg. May. (T\ — Stem 6 — 8 inches high. 
Floicers small, pale-blue; lobes of the corolla rounded, entire, somewhat hairy 
on the outside. Stamens hairy at the base. Small-flowered Cosmanthus. 

** Lobes of the corolla fimbriate. 

2. C. fimbriata Nolte: whole plant hairy ; stem ascending ; lower leaves 
petiolate, pinnately divided, the segments few and entire ; upper sessile, pec- 
tinate-pinnatifid ; the lobes oblong and entire ; racemes terminal, elongated, 
few-flowered ; lobes of the calyx linear-lanceolate, half as long as the 
corolla. (£>. C.) Phacelia fimbriata Mich. 

Low grounds. Penn. to Geor. W. to Miss. May, June. (T). — Stem 8 — 12 
inches high, ascending, slender, branched. Radical leaves with the lobes very- 
obtuse. Flowers pale-blue, in a simple terminal raceme, at first revolute, after- 
wards erect. Fimbriate Cosmanthus. 

Order XC. SOLANACE^E.— Nightshades. 

Calyx 5- seldom 4-parted, persistent. Corolla with the limb 
5- seldom 4-cleft, mostly regular, deciduous. Stamens inserted 
upon the corolla, as many as the segments of the limb. Ovary 
2-celled ; style continuous ; stigma simple. Fruit a capsule or 
berry. Seeds numerous, with the embryo straight or curved, 
in fleshy albumen. — Herbaceous plants or shrubs, with alternate 
undivided or lobed leaves. Inflorescence various. 

* Fruit a berry. 

1. SOLANUM. Linn.— Nightshade. 

(Etymology uncertain.) 

Calyx 5 — 10-parted. Corolla rotate or subcampanulate ; 

limb plaited, 5 — 10- cleft. Stamens 5. Filaments very short; 



SOLANACE^E. 255 

Anthers erect, large, connivent, opening at the top by two pores. 
Berry 2— 6-celled. Seeds numerous. 

1. S. Dulcamara Linn. : stem shrubby, flexuous, climbing, without 
thorns, smooth or pubescent ; leaves ovate-cordate, smooth ; upper ones 
hastate ; flowers in lateral clusters. 

Low grounds. N. S. July, Aug. T?- — Stem 6—8 feet long, somewhat pu- 
bescent. Flowers purple, with 2 green tubercles at the base of each segment. 
Berry bright red, oval. Introduced from Europe. 

Woody Night-shade. Bitter-sweet. 

2. S. nigrum Linn.: stem herbaceous, without thorns, angular, rough 
on the angles ; leaves ovate, obtusely toothed and waved ; flowers subum- 
belled. &. nigrum var. Virginianum Linn. 

Old fields. Can. to Car. July, Aug. (£)• — Stem 1 — 2 feet high, much 
branched, angular or slightly winged. Flowers nodding, white, 3 — 6 in an um- 
bel. Berr y spherical, black, 2-celled. Introduced from Europe. 

Common Night-shade. 

3. S. Carolinense Linn. : herbaceous, prickly ; leaves ovate-oblong, 
acute, sinuate-angular, often subhastate, stellate-pubescent ; raceme simple, 
loose. 

Road sides, &c. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. June, July. %■. — Stem erect, 
branched, a foot high, armed with short prickles. Leaves aculeate on the mid- 
rib and larger nerves on both sides. Flowers white, in lateral racemes. Berry 
globose, orange-yellow. Horse Nettle. 

2. PHYSALIS. Linn.— Ground Cherry. 

(From the Greek <pvaa, a bladder or bag ; in allusion to the inflated calyx.) 

Calyx 5 -cleft, persistent, finally becoming ventricose. Corolla 

campanulate-rotate ; limb plaited, somewhat 5-lobed; tube very 

short. Stamens 5, connivent. Anthers opening longitudinally. 

Berry 2-celled. Seeds numerous. 

1. P. viscosa Linn.: herbaceous, pubescent and more or less viscid; 
stem dichotomously branched, with the branches at length spreading; 
leaves solitary or in pairs, varying from roundish-ovate to lanceolate-ovate, 
subcordate at base, mostly acute, more or less repand-toothed ; flowers 
solitary, axillary, pendulous. P. obscura Mich, and P. Pcnnsylvanica 
Linn. 

Road sides, fields, &c. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. 'Z|-.— Stem 
low, spreading divaricately. Leaves varying in form, on petioles, 1 — 2 inches 
long. Flowers on short pedicels, greenish-yellow with brownish spots at base. 
Berry globose, viscid, yellowish, enclosed by the inflated calyx. 

Clammy Ground Cherry. 

2. P. lanceolala Mich. : stem herbaceous, dichotomously branched, 
densely pubescent ; leaves mostly in pairs, ovate-lanceolate, entire, acumi- 
nate, narrowed at the base into a petiole; flower solitary, nodding; calyx 
villous. 

Penn. Muhl. $ JJarlingt. ; rare. S to Car. July. %.— Stem I— 2 feet high, 
angular. Leaves often very unequal at base. Flowers usually in the upper au'-, 
pale greenish-yellow, with fuscous spots at base. 

SpKir-lcaVid Ground Clwrri/. 



256 SOLANACE^E. 

3. NICANDRA. Adans— Nigandra. 

(In honor of Nicander, an ancient Greek physician.) 

Calyx 5 -parted, 5 -angled, the angles compressed, segments 
sagittate. Corolla campanulate, dry; the limb plaited and 
nearly entire. Stamens incurved. Berry 3 — 5-celled, covered 
by the calyx. 

N. physaloides Gceri. : stem herbaceous ; leaves sinuate-angled, glabrous ; 
flowers solitary, axillary, on short peduncles ; calyx closed, with the angles 
very acute. Atropa physaloides Linn. 

Cultivated grounds, road sides, &c. N. Y. to Geor. July, Aug. (T). — Stem 
2 — 3 feet high, much branched. Leaves 2 — 4 inches long, alternate. Floivers 
solitary, axillary, on short peduncles, pale-blue. Introduced. Originally from 
Peru, where it is said to be much used as a narcotic. Nicandra. 

** Fruit a capsule. 

4. NICOTIANA. Linn.— Tobacco. 

(After John Nicot, who introduced tobacco into Europe.) 

Calyx tubular-campanulate, 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form; 
the limb 5-lobed and plaited. Stamens 5, equal. Stigma capi- 
tate. Capsule 2-celled, 2 — 4-valved, many-seeded. Seeds 
minute. 

N. rustica Linn. : plant viscid-pubescent ; stem terete ; leaves petioled, 
ovate, very entire ; tube of the corolla cylindrical, longer than the calyx, 
the lobes rounded. 

Western part of New York. Nutt. Long Island. Torr. Q.—Stem 12—18 
inches high. Flowers greenish-yellow, in a terminal panicle or raceme. Ac- 
cording to Mr. Nuttall it has been introduced by the Indians. It contains the 
same poisonous principle as the common tobacco. Wild Tobacco. 

5. DATURA. Linn.— Thorn Apple. 

(Supposed to be derived from Tatorah, the Arabic name of the plant.) 
Calyx tubular and usually 5-angled, separating from the per- 
sistent base. Corolla funnel-form, the tube long, the limb 5- 
angled and plaited. Stamens 5. Stigma biiamellate. Cap- 
sule usually prickly ormuricate, 2-celled, 4-valved; cells 2 — 3- 
parted, many-seeded. 

D. Stramonium Linn. : stem dichotomously branched ; leaves ovate, 
smooth, angularly-toothed, somewhat cordate ; capsule spiny, erect. 

var. Tatula Torr. : stem and flowers purple. D. Tatula Linn. 

Waste grounds, &c. Throughout the U. S. July— Sept. Q).—Stem 2—6 
feet high, yellowish-green or purple. Flowers solitary, large, white or bluish- 
purple, on peduncles. Very fetid. Medicinal and poisonous. Big. Med. BoU 
i. 16. Jamestown Weed. Thorn-apple. 



OROBANCHACE^E. 257 



6. HYOSCYAMUS. Linn.— Henbane. 

(From the Greek is, vo$, a hog, and Kva^og, a bean ; because hogs are said to 
eat without injury the fruit, which bears some resemblance to a bean.) 

Calyx tubular, 5 -cleft. Corolla funnel-form, irregular, lobes 
obtuse. Stamens 5, declined. Stigma capitate. Capsule 
ovoid, opening with a lid. 

H. niger Linn. : stem erect, very leafy ; leaves sinuate and angularly 
toothed, clasping; flowers sessile, arranged in terminal recurved leafy 
spikes ; corolla reticulate. 

Waste places. N. Y. and Penn. June. (J) or (§). — Plant covered with 
unctuous fetid hairs. Stem 12 — 18 inches high, much branched. Leaves ob- 
long, acute. Flowers large, dull yellow, with purple veins. A powerful narcotic. 
Introduced from Europe. Common Henbane. 

Order XCI. OROBANCHACE^E.— Broomrapes. 

Calyx divided, persistent. Corolla irregular, persistent, with 
an imbricate aestivation. Stamens 4, didynamous. Ovary 
superior, 1 -celled, seated in a fleshy disk, with 2 or more pari- 
etal placentae ; style 1 ; stigma 2-lobed. Fruit a capsule, en- 
closed within the withered corolla. Seeds numerous, very mi- 
nute. — Herbaceous leafless parasites. Stem covered with brown 
or colorless scales. 

1. OROBANCHE. Linn.— Broom Rape. 

(From the Greek opoffos, a pea-like plant, and ayx £tv > to strangle; from its sup- 
posed injurious effect.) 

Flowers perfect. Calyx 2 — 5-cleft, segments often unequal. 
Corolla tubular, the limb somewhat ringent ; upper lip entire 
or 2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous. Stig- 
ma mostly 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid, 2-valved, many-seeded. 

1. O. Americana Linn.: stem clothed with ovate-lanceolate imbricate 
scales ; spike terminal, smooth ; corolla slightly curved ; stamens exserted. 

Shady woods. Can. to Geor. June. %. — Plant 6 — 8 inches high, mostly 
growing in clusters. Flowers sessile, with lanceolate bracts at the base, dirty 
white or pale brown. Squaw-root. 

2. O. unijlora Linn. : stem very short, often branched at base, clothed 
with oblong scales ; flowers solitary, on scape-like pubescent peduncles ; 
calyx equally 5-cleft ; lohes of the corolla oblong-oval, with a pubescent 
colored margin ; stamens included, smooth. 

Woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. May, June. %..— Plant 1— (< inches 
high, brownish-yellow. Peduncles '2 — 5 inches long, mostly 2 <>r :> on each 
short stem. Flowers incurved, pale purple. Gnc-Jloutrcd Broom-rape. 



258 scrophulariacetE. 

2. EPIPHAGUS. Nutt.— Beech. Drops. 
(From the Greek em, upon, and <j>riyos or <payos, a beech tree.) 

Flowers polygamous ; the upper complete but sterile ; the 
lower imperfect, fertile. Sterile Fl. Calyx 5 -toothed. Co- 
rolla tubular, compressed, curved ; upper lip emarginate ; the 
lower 3-toothed. Stamens as long as the corolla. Style ex- 
serted. Ovary abortive. Fertile Fl. Calyx 5-toothed. Co- 
rolla small, rarely expanding, 4-toothed, deciduous. Stamens 
4, 3 usually sterile. Style short. Capsule roundish- ovoid, 
gibbous, opening on the upper side. 

E. Americanus Nutt. Orobanche Virginiana Linn. 

Shady beech woods. Can. to Car. Aug., Sept. %. — Plant 6 — 12 inches 
high, yellowish-brown, smooth. Stem angular, branching i'rom near the base ; 
the branches with small lance-ovate scales below. Flowers alternate, distant, 
nearly sessile, small ; fertile ones deciduous ; sterile larger, white striped with 
purple. Parasitic. Reputed to be medicinal. Beech-drops. Cancer-root. 

3. OBOLARIA. Linn.— Obblaria. 

(From the Greek o0o\ns, a small Athenian coin, which the leaves are said to 
resemble.) 

Calyx 2-parted, in the form of bracts. Corolla campanulate, 
4-cleft ; the lobes entire, sometimes crenulate. Stamens 4, 
subdidynamous, proceeding from the clefts of the corolla. 
Stigma emarginate. Capsule ovoid, 1 -celled, 2-valved, many- 
seeded. 

O. Virginica Linn. 

Woods. Perm, and Ohio to Ala. April, May. % ? — Stem 4—6 inches high, 
cespitose, nearly simple, smooth. Leaves opposite, rather fleshy, cuneate-obo- 
vate, sessile, glaucous. Flowers in pairs or threes towards the top of the stem, 
white or pale red. Pennywort. 

Order XCII. SCROPHULARIACE^E.— Figworts. 

Calyx of 4 or 5 more or less united sepals, persistent. 
Corolla with the limb 2-lipped or more or less irregular, with 
an imbricated aestivation. Stamens didynamous, rarely equal ; 
the uppermost or fifth stamen altogether deficient, or sterile, or 
very rarely fertile, and shorter than the rest; sometimes the 
two lower ones are sterile or deficient. Ovary 2-celled ; style 
mostly simple. Fruit capsular, 2-valved. Seeds numerous. — ■ 
Herbs or sometimes shrubs, usually with opposite or whorled, 
but occasionally alternate leaves. 



scrophulariacete. 259 

Suborder I. ANTIRRHINIDEJE. 

Inflorescence entirely centripetal or compound. ^Estivation 
of the corolla bilabiately imbricated, the two upper segments 
being external. 

I. Verbace.^. 

1. VERBASCUM. Linn. Mullein. 

(Name altered from Barbascum ; the leaves being covered with a hatha or heard.) 
Calyx deeply 5-cleft or 5-parted. Corolla rotate, 5-lobed, 
the lobes nearly equal. Stamens 5, all perfect, declined, often 
hairy ; the anterior longer. Style compressed-dilated at the 
apex. Capsule globose, ovoid or oblong, dehiscent. 

1. V. Thapsus Linn. : densely woolly ; stem simple; leaves ovate-ob- 
long, decurrent ; flowers in a long dense terminal spike ; stamens unequal, 
two smooth. 

Road sides, &c. Throughout the U. S. June. (g). — Stem 3 — 6 feet high, 
angular, winged. Leaves 6 — 12 inches long. Flowers yellow, in a long dense 
cylindric spike. Introduced from Europe. Common Mullein. 

2. V. Blatlaria Linn. : stem nearly smooth, angled ; leaves oblong, 
clasping, crenate-serrate ; the radical ones petioled, sinuate-pinnatifid ; 
flowers pedicellate, in an elongated raceme. 

Road sides, &c. N. Y. to Car. June, July. (§). — Stem 2 feet high, angular. 
Leaves acute, serrate or toothed. Flowers yellow or white, with a purplish 
tinge. Considered by some as a variety of the preceding. Introduced from 
Europe. Moth Mullein. 

3. V. Lyclmitis Linn.: stem angular; leaves oblong, wedgeform, nearly 
smooth above, white and woolly beneath ; flowers numerous, in a pyramidal 
panicle ; filaments white-woolly. 

Old fields. Near Oneida Lake, N.Y. Torr. Penn. Pursh. July, Aug. 
(§). — Stem 2 — 5 feet high. Flowers rather small, cream-colored. Introduced 
from Europe . Wh He Mullein. 

II. Antirrhine^:. 

2. LINARIA. Touni.— Toad Flax. 

(From the Latin linum, flax ; on account of the resemblance of the leaves in 
many species.) 

Calyx deeply 5-parted. Corolla personate ; tube with a spur 
at base ; upper lip 2-cleft, erect; throat closed by the prominent 
palate. Stamens 4, didynamous. Capsule ovoid or globose, 
2-celled, usually opening at the summit by several valves. 
Seeds ovoid. 

1. L. Elatine Mill.: stem procumbent, hairy; leaves broad-hastate, 



260 SCROPHULARIACE--E. 

acute ; the lowest ovate, slightly toothed and opposite ; peduncles solitary, 
axillary, very long. Antirrhinum Elatine Linn. 

Sandy fields. N. Y. to Virg. July. (I). — Stem 1 — 2 feet long, with spread- 
ing branches. Floicers small, yellowish, the upper lip purple. Introduced ? 

Sharp-pointed Toadflax. 

2. L. vulgaris, Mill. : stem erect, mostly simple ; leaves linear-lanceolate, 
scattered, crowded ; flowers imbricated in a terminal spiked raceme \ calyx 
smooth, shorter than the spur. Antirrhinum Linaria Linn. 

Road sides. Can. to Virg. June — Oct. %. — Stem 1 — 2 feet high, somewhat 
glaucous, sometimes a little branched. Flowers large, yellow, in a dense ter- 
minal bracteate raceme, rarely with 3 or 5 spurs. A very troublesome weed. 
Introduced from Europe. Common Toadflax. Snapdragon. 

3. L. Canadensis Spreng. : stem erect or assurgent, mostly simple ; leaves 
scattered, erect, linear, obtuse ; flowers racemose ; sterile branches procum- 
bent. Antirrhinum Canadense Linn. 

Low grounds. Can. to Car. May — Aug. (Tl — Stem about a foot high, 
slender, often throwing out suckers at base. Flowers very small, blue, in a 
naked terminal raceme. Canadian Toadflax. 

III. Chelone^:. 

3. SCROPHULARIA. Linn.— Figwort. 
(So named from its being supposed to cure the scrophula.) 

Calyx deeply 5-cleft or 5-parted. Corolla subglobose ; limb 
contracted, with 2 short lips ; upper lip 2-lobed, frequently with 
a scale or abortive stamen within ; lower lip 3-lobed. Capsule 
2-celled, 2-valved ; valves opening at the apex. 

S. Marylandica Linn. : stem angled, smoothish ; leaves ovate or ovate- 
lanceolate, acute, coarsely serrate, mostly rounded or cordate at base ; pe- 
tioles ciliate; panicle thyrse-like, the branches composed of loosely flowered 
clusters. S. nodosa Benth. in D. C. S. nodosa var. Americana Mich. S. 
lanceolata Pursh. 

Woods. Can. to Car. W. to California. June— Aug. %.— Stem 3—5 feet 
high, 4 angled, branched above, slightly pubescent. Leaves opposite, slightly 
pubescent beneath. Flowers purple-brown tinged with green, in a large termi- 
nal oblong panicle. Capsule globular. Very closely allied to, if not identical 
with, S. nodosa of Europe. Figwort. 

4. COLLIXSIA. Nutt ,— Collinsia. 
(In honor of the late Zaccheus Collins, of Philadelphia.) 

Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla bilabiate, the orifice closed ; upper 
lip bifid, lower trifid ; intermediate segment carinately saccate 
and closed over the declinate style and stamens. Capsule glo- 
bose, partly 1 -celled and imperfectly 4-valved. Seeds 2 — 3, 
umbilicate. 

C. rem a Nutt. : assurgent. nearly smooth ; leaves remotely and some- 
what obtusely serrate ; radical ones oblong or cordate and petiolate ; cau- 
line ovate-oblong, sessile or clasping ; uppermost ternate 



SCROPHULARIACE^E. 261 

Banks of streams. Western N. Y. W. to Miss. July. (J). — Stem a foot 
high. Peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, opposite or verticillate. Corolla parti- 
colored, yellowish-while and blue. Early Collinsia. 

5. CHELONE. Linn.— Shell Flower. 

(From the Greek x £ ^ wvr i) a tortoise ; the flower resembling the head of that 
animal.) 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla ventricose-tubular ; upper lip broad, 
concave, emarginate or shortly bifid ; lower one spreading, 3- 
cleft. Stamens 4, didynamous, with a fifth shorter sterile fila- 
ment. Anthers woolly. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved. Seeds 
membranaceously margined. 

C. glabra Linn. : smooth ; leaves opposite, lanceolate or oblong-lanceo- 
late, acuminate, serrate ; flowers in dense spikes. 

Wet grounds. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug. — Oct. %. — Stem 2 feet 
high, simple. Leaves thick and somewhat coriaceous. Flowers large, white or 
reddish, in compact terminal or subaxillary spikes. Snake-head. 

6. PENTSTEMON. Linn.— Pentstemon. 

(From the Greek -mure, five, and or^coi/, a stamen ; in allusion to the fifth large 
abortive stamen.) 

Calyx deeply 5-parted or 5-sepalled. Corolla bilabiate, ven- 
tricose. The fifth sterile filament longer than the rest and 
bearded on the upper side. Anthers smooth. Capsule ovoid, 
2-celled, 2-valved. Seeds numerous, angular. 

1. P. pubescens Linn. : stem pubescent; leaves lanceolate-oblong, serru- 
late, sessile, clasping; sterile filament bearded from the top to below the 
middle. 

Hill sides. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. June. %-.— Stem 12—15 inches 
high, simple or branching. Leaves smoothish. Flowers pale purple, in terminal 
panicles. Pubescent Pentstemon. 

2. P. lavigatus Ait. : smooth ; leaves ovate-oblong, clasping at base, 
slightly toothed, the lower entire; sterile filament bearded near the top. 
Chelone Pentstemon Walt. P. pubescens Denth. in D. C. 

Low grounds. Penn. to Flor. June. %. — Stem 1 — 2 feet hijjh. Flowers 
in terminal panicles. Smooth Pentstemon. 

IV. Gratiole^:. 

7. MIMULUS. Linn.— Monkey Flower. 

(From the Greek /njuw, a monkey ; in allusion to its grinning-flowers.) 

Calyx tubular, 5-angled, 5-toothed. Corolla ringent : upper 

lip 2-lobed, erect or reflexed at the sides ; lower lip 3-lobed, 

spreading. Stamens 4. Stigma thick, 2 -cleft, Capsule 2- 

celled, manv-seeded. Seeds minute. 



262 SCROPHULARIACE^E. 

1. M. ringens Linn. : erect, smooth ; leaves sessile, lanceolate, acumi- 
nate, serrate ; peduncles axillary, opposite, longer than the flowers ; teeth 
of the calyx oblong, acuminate. 

Wet grounds. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug. %. — Stem 2 feet high, an- 
gular, somewhat branched. Leaves a little clasping. Flowers large, pale purple. 

C&mmon Monkey -flower. 

2. M. alatus Linn. : erect, smooth ; stem winged ; leaves petioled, ovate, 
acuminate, toothed-serrate ; peduncles axillary, opposite, shorter than the 
flowers ; teeth of the calyx round, mucronate. 

Wet meadows. N. Y. to Car. Aug. %. — Stem 2 feet high, with winged 
angles, somewhat branched. Leaves tapering at base into a short petiole. 
Flowers pale blue. Abundant in the western part of New York. 

Stem-winged Monkey-flower. 

8. HERPESTIS. Gczrt.— Herpestis. 
(From the Greek IpjrjjcTijs, a creeper.) 

Calyx 5-parted, unequal. Corolla bilabiate; upper lip emar- 
ginate or 2-lobed ; lower one 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, 
ascending. Capsule bisuleate, 2-celled, 2-valved. Seeds nu- 
merous, small. 

1. H. Monnieria Hiimb.: creeping, smooth; leaves cuneate-obovate, 
entire or obscurely crenate near the summit ; pedicels with two bracteoles 
near the end ; lower segment of the calyx ovate. H. cuneifolia Pursh. 
Manniera cuneifolia Mich. 

Inundated hanks. Penn. to Car. Pursh. From Car. to Buenos Ayres and 
Chili. D. C. Aug. %. — Stem prostrate, creeping. Leaves opposite, thick, 
somewhat clasping, variable in size and form. Flowers very small, pale purple, 
solitary, axillary, on peduncles about as long as the leaves. 

Wedge-leaved Herpestis. 

2. H. amplexicaulis Pursh : stem villous ; leaves clasping, ovate, obtuse, 
entire, nerved, smooth or sparingly pubescent beneath ; pedicels solitary, 
shorter than the calyx. Monniera amplexicaulis Mich. 

In ponds and ditches, N. J. to Louis. J). C. Car. and Geor. Pursh. June — 
Aug. %.— Leaves 6 — 9 lines long. Flowers blue, larger than in the preceding. 

Clasping-leaved Herpestis. 

9. GRATIOLA. Linn.— Hedge Hyssop. 

(From the Latin gratia, grace or favor ; in allusion to its supposed medicinal 
virtues.) 

Calyx 5-parted, often with 2 bracts at the base. Corolla 
tubular, subbilabiate ; upper lip entire or shortly bifid ; lower 
one 3-lobed, the palate not prominent. Stamens 4, 2 sterile. 
Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule ovate, 2-celled, 2-valved, the valves 
at length 2 -cleft. (4-valved. D.C.) 

1. G. aurea Muhl.: smooth; stem assurgent; leaves linear-oblong, sub- 
clasping, obscurely-toothed ; segments of the calyx linear-lanceolate, equal ; 
sterile filaments minute. G. officinalis Mich. G. Caroliniensis Pers. 

Sandy swamps. Mass to Flor. July, Aug. %. — Root creeping. Stem assur- 



scrophulariace^e. 263 

gent, 4 — 8 inches high, 4-angled, branching. Leaves nerved and marked with 
pellucid dots. Flowers bright yellow, on axillary peduncles. 

Golden Hedge Hyssop. 

2. G. Virginica Linn. : stem assurgent, terete, pubescent above ; leaves 
smooth, lanceolate, sparingly dentate-serrate, attenuate and connate at the 
base ; segments of the calyx linear-lanceolate, equal ; sterile filaments nearly 
wanting. 

Inundated meadows. Can. to Louis. W. to Oregon. July, Aug. %. — Stem 
6 inches high, branched at base. Peduncles shorter or longer than the leaves; 
upper ones opposite. Flowers yellowish-white. A variable species. 

Common Hedge Hyssop. 

3. G. megalocarpa Ell. : leaves lanceolate, serrate, pubescent ; peduncles 
opposite, longer than the leaves ; segments of the calyx linear, as long as 
the globose capsule. G. acuminata Pursh. (excl. syn.) 

Ditches and pools. Penn. to Flor. July, Aug. %. — Flowers pale-yellow, 
large. Capsule larger than hi any other species. 

Large-fruited Hedge Hyssop. 

10. LINDERNIA. Linn.— Lindernia. 
(In honor of F. B. Von Lindern, a German botanist.) 

Calyx 5-parted, naked at base. Corolla tubular, ringent; 
upper lip short, reflexed, emarginate ; lower one trifid, unequal. 
Stamens 4, 2 longer forked and sterile. Stigma emarginate. 
Capsule ovoid-oblong, 2-celled, 2-valved; dissepiment parallel 
with the valves. 

1. L. dilatata Muhl. : leaves ovate or oblong, dilated at the base, clasping, 
remotely toothed ; peduncles longer than the leaves. L. Pyxidaria Pursh. 
Gratiola anagalloidca Mich. 

Inundated banks. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. (T). — Stem 6 
inches high, erect or assurgent, 4-sided, smooth, often much branched. Leaves 
6 — 7 lines long. Flowers pale-purple, on alternate and opposite peduncles. 

Lo7ig-stalked Lindernia. 

2. L. attenuata Muhl. : leaves lanceolate and obovate, serrate-toothed, 
narrowed at the base; peduncles shorter than the leaves, erect. L. Pyx- 
idaria var. major Pursh. 

Inundated banks. Can. to Car. July — Sept. (T). — Stem erect or assurgent, 
branched, stouter than in the preceding. Peduncles mostly shorter than the 
leaves. Short-stalked Lindernia. 

3. L. monticola Nutt.: stem slender, dichotomous; radical leaves spatu- 
latc ; cauline ones linear, small and remote; peduncles very long, at length 
deflected. 

White hills, N.H.? June. %.— Stem erect, 4—6 inches high. Radical 
leaves obscurely toothed, punctate ; cauline ones very few. Ftourrs pale-blue. 

Mountain Lindernia. 

11. HEMIANTHUS. Nutt.— Hemianthus. 

(From the Greek >')/<(, (for jhiiffUf,) half, and avdos, a Jlowcr ,• on account o( the 
form of the flower.) 

Calyx tubular, cleft on the under side; border -1 -toothed. 

Corolla with the upper lip obsolete; the lower o-parted ; inter- 



264 SCROPHULARIACE^E. 

mediate segment ligulate and truncate, much longer, closely in- 
curved. Stamens 2. Filaments bifid, lateral fork antheriferous. 
Style bifid. Capsule 1 -celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. 
H. micranthemoides Nult. Herpestis micrantha Pursh, (excl. syn.) 
Inundated banks. Penn. to Virg. Aug., Sept. ®. — Stem creeping, dichoto- 
mous. Leaves opposite, crowded, sessile, obscurely 3-nerved. Flowers white, 
minute, solitary, axillary. Hemianthus. 

Suborder II.— HHINANTHIDEJE. 

Inflorescence entirely centripetal or compound. ^Estivation 
irregularly imbricated, one of the lateral segments being gen- 
erally external, while the two upper are always internal. 

I. Sibthorpej:. 

12. LIMOSELLA. Linn— Mudwort. 

(From the Latin limus, mud ; in allusion to its place of growth.) 
Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla shortly campanulate, 5-cleft, equal. 
Stamens 4, approximating by pairs. Capsule 2-valved, sub- 
bilocular, many- seeded. 

L. subulata Ives: leaves linear, very narrow, scarcely dilated at the apex ; 
scape 1 -flowered, as long as the leaves. L. tenuifolia Nutt. 

Muddy shores. N Y. and Penn. Aug. %.— Plant rooting and creeping in 
the mud. Leaves about an inch long. Flowers bluish-white, minute, on pedun- 
cles a little longer than the leaves. Common Mudwort. 

II. Veronice^. 

13. VERONICA. Linn.— -Speedwell. 

(Name of doubtful origin.) 
Calyx 4- rarely 5-parted. Corolla rotate, unequally 4-lobed; 
the lower segment narrower. Stamens 2, inserted into the 
tube, exserted. Capsule 2-celled, mostly emarginate or obtuse. 
Seeds few. 

* Spikes or racemes terminal. 

1. V. serpyllifolia Linn. : stem ascending ; leaves broadly ovate or ellip- 
tic, slightly crenate, smoothish; raceme elongated, many-flowered; cap- 
sule inversely reniform, as long as the style. 

Meadows, &c. Throughout the U. S. May— Aug. %.—Stem procumbent, 
3 — 8 inches long, sometimes creeping. Flowers small, pale blue, in a long spike 
or raceme. Introduced from Europe. Thyme-leaved Speedwell. 

** Spikes or racemes axillary. 

2. V. scutellata Linn. : stem slender, nearly erect ; leaves linear or lance- 
linear, sessile, somewhat toothed ; racemes lateral, alternate ; pedicels 
divaricate in fruit. 



SCROPHULARIACE.E. 265 

Moist places. N. Y. and Perm. W. to Miss. May. %. — Stem erect, weak, 
6 — 12 inches long. Flowers flesh- colored, in simple rarely compound racemes. 

Skullcap Speedwell. 

3. V. Anagallis Linn. : stem erect; leaves lanceolate, clasping, serrate; 
racemes opposite. 

Ditches and moist places. Can. to Car. June — Aug. %. — Stem 1 — 2 feet 
high, succulent. Leaves varying in width. Flowers numerous, blue or purplish, 
in long racemes. Pedicels shorter than in the preceding, but never reflexed. 

Water Speedwell. 

4. V. Americana Schioein. : smooth ; stem decumbent at base, erect 
above ; leaves mostly petioled, ovate or oblong, acute or slightly obtuse, 
serrate, somewhat cordate at base ; capsule roundish, turgid, emarginate, 
(D.C.) V. Beccabunga var. Americana Torr. 

Wet grounds. Can. to Car. W. to Oregon. July. %. — Intermediate between 
V. Anagallis and V. Beccabunga, but probably distinct. It has the habit of the 
former, but the leaves are mostly petioled, shorter and broader. The capsule 
and seeds are similar to those of the latter. Intermediate Speedwell. 

5. V. Beccabunga Linn. : stem procumbent at the base and rooting ; 
leaves elliptic, obtuse, somewhat serrate, smooth ; racemes opposite. 

Ditches, &c. N. S. June. %. — Whole plant smooth and shining. Racemes 
many-flowered, longer than the leaves. Flowers bright blue. Brooklime. 

6. V. officinalis Linn. : stem procumbent, downy ; leaves broad-ovate 
and obovate, serrate, roughly-pubescent ; racemes spiked ; capsule obovate, 
deeply notched. 

Pastures and dry woods. Can. to Car. May — July. %. — Stem 6 — 12 inches 
long, rooting below. Flowers pale blue, in erect pedunculate spikes. 

Common Speedwell. 

*~s ** Flowers axillary, solitary. 

7. V. agrestis Linn. : stem procumbent, hairy ; leaves all petiolate, cor- 
date-ovate, incisely-serrate, as long as the peduncles ; capsule of 2 rounded 
keeled lobes. 

Sandy fields. Can. to Car. May. 0. — Stem 3 — 4 inches long, hairy. 
Peduncles rather longer than the leaves and recurved when in fruit. Flowers 
small, pale blue or whitish. Introduced from Europe. 

Procumbent Speedwell. 

8. V. pcregrina Linn. : stem erect ; leaves oblong, rather obtuse, dentate- 
serrate; flowers solitary, sessile. V. Caroliniana Walt. V. Marilandica 
Linn. 

Clay grounds. A ret. Amer. to Car. W. to Miss. May — July. (T\ — Whole 
plant smooth. Stem simple, or branched only at base. Flowers very small, 
white or pale blue, nearly or quite sessile. Neck-toeed, 

9. V. arvensis Linn. : stem ascending ; leaves cordate-ovate, serrate ; 
the lower ones petiolate ; the upper or bracts sessile, lanceolate, alternate, 
nearly entire ; flowers subsessile. 

Fields, &c. N. Y. to Car. April, July. (0. — Stem somewhat branched ;it 
base. Flowers nearly sessile, very small, pale blue. Capstda compressed and 
ciliate. Introduced from Europe. Small Speedwell. 

10. V. hctlcrifolia Linn.: stem procumbent ; leaves all petiolate, cordate, 
5 — 7-lobed ; segments of the calyx cordate, ciliate, acute ; capsule o( two 
turgid lobes. 

12 



266 scrophulariace^:. 

Shady rocks. N. Y. and Perm. March, April. (J). — Stem slender, 4 — 10 
inches long, somewhat pubescent. Peduncles longer than the leaves. Corolla 
shorter than the calyx. Ivy-leaved Speedwell. 

14. LEPTANDRA. Nutt.— Leptandra. 

(From the Greek Xeth-oj, slender, and avrjp, avSoos, a man ; in allusion to the 
stamens.) 

Calyx 5-parted ; segments acuminate. Corolla tubular-cam- 
panulate ; border 4-lobed, a little ringent, the lower segment 
narrower. Stamens 2, and with the pistil at length much ex- 
serted. Capsule ovoid, acuminate, 2 -celled, many-seeded, open- 
ing at the summit. 

L. Virginica Nutt. : stem erect ; leaves whorled in fours or fives, lanceo- 
late, serrate, petiolate ; spikes aggregated. Veranica Virginica Linn, 
Pcederota Virginica Terr. ^ 

Woods. Can. to Car. W. to'Miss. July, Aug. %. — Stem 2 — 4 feet high, 
angular, smooth, simple. Leaves slightly pubescent beneath. Flowers white, 
in long dense terminal spikes. The root is cathartic and diaphoretic. 

Culver's Physic. 

III. BlJCHJN'ERE^. 

15. BUCHNERA. Lbin. —Bxxchnem. 
(In honor of John Gottfried Buchner, a German botanist.) 

Calyx tubular, shortly 5-toothed. Corolla somewhat salver- 
form ; tube slender ; limb almost equally 5-lobed ; the lobes 
oblong or obovate. Stamens 4, didynamous. Capsule straight, 
2 -celled, opening elastically. 

B. Americana Linn. : hairy-hispid ; stem simple ; leaves lanceolate, ses- 
sile, somewhat toothed, scabrous and hairy ; spike long, with the flowers 
at length remote. 

Sandy places. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. July. %■—> Stem 12—18 inches 
high. Leaves 3-nerved, opposite, sessile. Flowers blue. The plant blackens by 
drying. Blue Hearts. 

IV. Gerard ie^. 

16. GERARDIA. Linn.— Gerariia. 

(In honor of John Gerard, an old English botanist.) 

Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed or 5- cleft. Corolla tubular- 
funnel-form or somewhat campanulate ; the border unequally 
5-lobed, the lobes broad and entire. Stamens 4, didynamous, 
included. Capsule obtuse or shortly acuminate ; the valves cori- 
aceous, usually entire. Seeds numerous. 



SCROPHULARIACE^E. 267 

* Flowers purple. 

1. G. purpurea Linn.: stem angular, much branched; leaves linear, 
long, very rough ; flowers nearly sessile ; teeth of the calyx lanceolate- 
subulate. 

Swamps and low grounds. Can. to Car. Aug. — Oct. (T). — Stem 1 — 2 feet 
high, much branched above, rough on the angles. Flowers large, axillary, 
purple, pubescent. Rough-leaved Gerardia. 

2. G. tenuifolia Valil : stem much branched, smooth ; leaves linear, 
acute at each end, smoothish ; peduncles axillary, opposite, longer than the 
flowers; teeth of the calyx short, acute. G. erecta Walt. 

Fields and woods. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. July — Sept. Q.—Stem 
6 — 12 inches high, 4-angled, much branched. Flowers small, purple. Differs 
from the preceding in its more slender growth, its smoother leaves, larger flow- 
ers and longer peduncles. Slender Gerardia. 

3. G. maritima Raf. : stem angular ; leaves linear, fleshy, short, rather 
obtuse ; peduncles much shorter than the flowers ; calyx truncate, the teeth 
short and somewhat obtuse ; corolla smooth. G. purpurea var. crassifolia 
Pursh. 

Salt marshes. Mass. N. Y. and N. J. July— Sept. (J). — Stem 6—12 inches 
high. Flowers middle-sized, purple, axillary and terminal. Easily distin- 
guished by its obtuse leaves and by its short calyx-teeth. 

Salt-marsh Gerardia. 

4. G. auriculata Mich. : stem subsimple, roughly hirsute ; leaves ovate- 
lanceolate, auriculate at base, sessile, very entire ; flowers sessile. Oto- 
phylla Michauxii D. C. 

Low grounds. West Chester and Nazareth, Penn. Darlington. S. to Car. 
W. to 111. — Stem 12 — 15 inches high. Flowers sessile, often opposite, purple, 
rarely white, hairy-pubescent. Auriculate Gerardia. 

** Flowers yellow. Dasystoma. — Raf. 

5. G.flava Linn. : pubescent; stem mostly simple; leaves lanceolate or 
oblong-lanceolate ; the upper ones entire or sinuate-toothed, nearly sessile ; 
the lower incised or somewhat pinnatifid, on longer petioles ; flowers ax- 
illary, opposite, nearly sessile. 

Rocky woods. N. Y. to Flor. W. to Miss. Aug.. Sept. Ok.— -Stem 2—3 
feet high. Flowers large, yellow. Pubescent False Foxglove. 

6. G. glauca Eddy : stem paniculately branched, smooth, glaucous ; 
leaves ovate-lanceolate, petiolate, smooth, the lower ones pinnatifid ; llowora 
on pedicels, axillary ; calyx smooth, the segments lance-linear. G. qucr- 
cifolia Pursh. 

Woods. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept. %,— Stem 3—5 feet high. 
Flowers large, yellow. Glaucous False Foxglove. 

7. G. Pedicularia Linn. : stem much branched, pubescent ; haves ob- 
long, smoothish, pinnatifid ; segments uncinate, serrate ; flowers axillary, 
on pedicels; segments of the calyx leafy, notched ami toothed. 

Woods. Can. to Car. July, Aug. ?1 .— Sfo /// 2 -8 feet high, much branched. 

Floiocrs smaller than in the preceding, yellow, villous, very caducous. 

Bushu Gerardia. 



268 SCROPHULARIACE^E. 

V. Euphrasies. 

17. SCHWALBEA. Linn.— Schwalbea. 

(In honor of Christian Schwalbe; a German botanist.) 

Calyx declined, very oblique, tubular, 10 — 12-ribbed, 5- 
toothed ; the upper tooth much smaller ; the 2 lower connate. 
Corolla bilabiate ; upper lip oblong, obtuse, entire ; the lower 
short, erect, with 3 very short obtuse lobes. Stamens didyna- 
mous. Capsule ovoid-roundish, 2-celled, 2-valved. Seeds 
numerous, winged. 

&. Americana Linn. 

Pine barrens. N. Y. to Flor. and Louis. July, Aug. %. — Stems several 
from the same root, 12 — 18 inches high, and with the rest of the plant some- 
what viscid-pubescent. Leaves alternate, sometimes nearly opposite, lanceolate 
or ovate-lanceolate, obscurely 3-nerved. Flowers in a terminal raceme, large, 
dark purple ; upper lip villous. Found in the sandy plains near Albany, N. Y. 

American Schwalbea. 

18. RHINANTHUS. Linn— Yellow Rattle. 

(From the Greek piv, a nose, and avdog, & flower ; its ringent corolla resembling 
the snout of an animal.) 

Calyx inflated, 4-toothed. Corolla ringent ; upper lip ovate, 
obtuse, compressed laterally ; lower one of 3 nearly equal lobes. 
Stamens inserted into the throat of the corolla. Capsule orbic- 
ular, compressed, 2-celled. Seeds numerous, margined. 

R. minor Ehrh : smooth or a little pubescent ; leaves varying from ob- 
long to lanceolate, serrate ; calyx smooth ; upper lip of the corolla broad- 
ovate. R. Crista-galli Linn. 

Meadows. Arct. Amer. Can. N. Y. and Mass. W. to Oregon. June, July. 
(X)- — Stem 1 — 2 feet high, branching, sometimes not more than a few inches 
high and simple. Leaves opposite, veiny, varying in width. Flowers axillary, 
but somewhat spiked, yellow. When the fruit is ripe, the seeds rattle in the 
husky capsule, whence its English name. Common Yellow Rattle. 

19. PEDICULARIS. Linn.— Lousewort. 

(From the Latin pediculus, a louse ; supposed to be because it produces the 
lousy disease in sheep that feed upon it.) 

Calyx ventricose, unequally 5-toothed or 2-lipped ; upper lip 
2-toothed or entire ; lower 3-toothed or sometimes obliquely 
truncate. Corolla ringent ; upper lip compressed, galeate and 
often rostrate, emarginate ; lower 3-lobed, the middle lobe 
smaller. Capsule ovate or lanceolate, compressed, more or less 
falcate or oblique, 2-celled, 2-valved, opening at the top. 

1. P. lanceolata Mich. : stem erect, somewhat branched, smoothish ; leaves 
subopposite, lanceolate, crenately incised, with the segments toothed-serrate, 



scrophulariacejE. 269 

rough on the margin ; calyx bifid, with the segments roundish-ovate, leafy 
and dentate ; helmet of the corolla truncate at the apex. P. pallida Pursk. 
Low grounds. Can. to Virg. W. to Miss. Sept. 01. — Stem 1—2 feet high. 
Flowers large, straw-yellow. Capsule short and broad-ovate. 

Tall Lousewort. 

2. P. Canadensis Linn. : stem simple, oblique, pubescent ; leaves pinna- 
tifid, the segments notched and toothed ; spike leafy at the base, hairy ; 
calyx obliquely truncate ; helmet of the corolla with two setaceous teeth. 
P. gladiata Mich. 

Meadows. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. May — July. %.— Stems 8 — 12 inches 
high, often several from one root. Flowers yellow and purple, in a short ter- 
minal spike. Common Lousewort. 

20. EUPHRASIA. Linn.— Eye-bright. 

(From Euphrosyne, expressive of joy and pleasure, in allusion to its properties. 
Hook. Brit. Fl.) • 

Calyx tubular, 4-cleft, rarely with a fifth tooth. Corolla bi- 
labiate ; upper lip bifid ; lower one of 3 obtuse or emarginate 
lobes. Anthers with their lobes mucronate at base. Capsule 
ovate-oblong, 2 -celled. Seeds striate. 

E. officinalis Linn. : leaves ovate, deeply toothed, furrowed ; flowers ax- 
illary towards the summit ; calyx 4-toothed, hairy ; lobes of the lower lip 
of the corolla emarginate. 

Pastures. Arct. Amer. Richardson. N. Eng. Muhl. July — Sept. (J). — Stem 
varying from one inch with often only a single flower, to 6 and 8 inches and 
branched. Flowers axillary, but crowded at the extremities of the branches, 
white or reddish, streaked with purple. Hook. Common Eye-bright. 

21. CAST1LLEJA. Mutis.— Painted Cup. 
(Named by Mutis after his friend Castillejo.) 
Calyx tubular, ventricose, spathe-like, 2 — 4-cleft. Corolla 
2 -lipped ; upper lip long and narrow ; the lower w T ith 3 very 
short teeth. Stamens 4. Capsule ovoid-compressed, septifer- 
ous in the middle. Seeds numerous, with a loose reticulated 
testa. 

1. C. coccinea Spreng.: pubescent; radical leaves rosulatc ; cauline lan- 
ceolate, pinnatifidly incised ; floral trifid or incised, colored at the summit; 
lobes of the calyx truncate, retuse or entire, nearly as long as the corolla. 
Euchroma coccinea Null. Barhia cocci nca Linn. 

Wet grounds. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. April, May. %.— Stem 8—15 
inches high, simple, reddish or purple, pubescent. Floral /cures scarlet towards 
the summit. Flowers in a crowded spike, greenish-yellow. The variety nolens 
of Pursh, having the floral leaves yellow, and the whole plant of :i pale yellow- 
ish-green, has heen found by Dr. Darlington ;ii Downington, IVnn. 

' Scarlet Painted Cup. 

2. C. seplenlrionalis hind.: smooth or hispid-hairy; leaves lanceolate, the 

upper or all incised; floral oblong or obovate, colored, incised ; lobes of the 



270 LABIATE. 

calyx bifid ; the teeth ovate-oblong, acute, about as long as the corolla. 
Bartsia pallida Pursli not of Linn. 

White Mountains, N. H. N. to Subarct. Amer. Aug. %. — Stem about 12 
inches high. Floral leaves purple. Flowers yellow, pubescent, in a terminal 
spike. I follow Bentham in referring the New Hampshire plant to this species, 
although the description given by Lindley does not entirely warrant such a 
union. Yellow Painted Cup. 

22. MELAMPYRUM. Linn.— -Cow Wheat. 

(From the Greek ^e\ag , black, and irvpos, wheat ; the seeds resemble grains of 
wheat, and are said, when mixed with flour, to make black bread. Hook. Br. FL) 

Calyx tubular, 4-cleft or 4-toothed. Corolla ringent or per- 
sonate ; upper lip compressed, with the margins folded back ; 
the lower lip a little longer, bi- convex, shortly 3-lobed. Sta- 
mens 4. Capsule compressed, ovate, oblique or falcate, 2-celled. 
Seeds usually 2 in each cell. 

M. Americanwn Mich. : lower leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate ; 
floral ones lanceolate, toothed at the base ; flowers axillary, distinct. M. 
lineare Lam. and M. latifolium MM. 

Woods. Can. to Car. June, July. (I). — Stem 8 — 12 inches high, branched 
at the upper part. Flowers yellow. It varies considerably in the form of the 
leaves. American Cow-wheat. 

Order XCIII. LABIATE.— Labiates. 

Calyx tubular, persistent, 2 -lipped or regularly 5- or 10- 
toothed. Corolla bilabiate ; the upper undivided or bifid, over- 
lapping the lower, which is larger and 3-lobed. Stamens 4, 
didynamous, the 2 upper sometimes wanting. Ovary deeply 
4-lobed ; style 1, proceeding from the base of the lobes ; stigma 
bifid. Fruit 1 — 4 small nuts or achenia enclosed within the 
persistent calyx. Seeds with little or no albumen. — Herbaceous 
plants or under shrubs. Stem 4-cornered. Leaves opposite, 
without stipules. Flowers usually in opposite nearly sessile 
axillary cymes resembling whorls. 

I. Menthoide^. Corolla somewhat campanulate or funnel-form ; 
the tube scarcely longer llian the calyx ; the limb almost equally 4 — 5- 
cleft. Stamens distant, straight or diverging, nearly equal, or the upper 
-pair sometimes wanting. 

1. LYCOPUS. Linn.— Water Horehound. 

(From the Greek \v*os, a wolf, and rrys, a foot ; on account of the fancied 
resemblance in the cut leaves to a wolf's paw.) 

Calyx tubular, 5 -cleft, mouth naked. Corolla tubular-cam- 



LABIATE. 271 

panulate, nearly equal, 4-lobed ; upper segments broader and 
notched. Stamens 2, distant, simple. Achenia 4, smooth. 

1. L. sinuatus Ell. : stem erect, acutely 4-angled, smoothish ; leaves pe- 
tiolate, oblong-lanceolate, sinuate-toothed, the lower pinnatifid in the mid- 
dle ; whorls many-flowered ; calyx with 5 acute spinous teeth. L. Europeans 
Pursh not of Linn. L. Americanus Muhl. 

Moist places. Arct. Amer. to Car. W. to Oregon. July, Aug. 94- . — Stem 
erect, 1 — 2 feet high, square. Leaves opposite, upper ones slightly, lower ones 
deeply, toothed. Flowers in dense whorls, white. Calyx with spines, longer 
than lite achenia. Common Water Horehound. 

2. L. Virginicus Linn.: stem stoloniferous at base, smoothish; leaves 
oblong or ovate-lanceolate^ remotely toothed, tapering at each end ; calyx 
with 4 ovate spineless teeth. L. uniform Mich. 

Wet places. Can. to Car. W. to Rocky Mountains. July, Aug. %. — Stem 
12 — 18 inches high, simple or sparingly branched. Leaves opposite, sessile, pur- 
plish. Flowers minute, white, in compact whorls. Formerly in great repute as 
a remedy for haemoptysis. Bugle Weed. 

2. ISANTHUS. Mickr- Isanthus. 

(From the Greek taog, equal, and avQos, a flower ; the corolla being nearly 
regular.) 

Calyx campanulate, 10-nerved, deeply 5 -toothed ; the throat 
naked inside. Corolla scarcely longer than the calyx; tube 
straight and short ; limb campanulate ; of 5 equal rounded 
lobes. Stamens 4, nearly equal, erect, about as long as the 
corolla. Style 2-cleft at the summit. Achenia obovate. 

J. cosruleus Mich. 

River banks. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. (I).— Plant viscidly 
pubescent, about a foot high. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, acute at both ends, 
3-nerved. Flowers pale blue, 1 — 3 on axillary peduncles. 

False Pennyroyal. 

3. MENTHA. Linn.— Mint 
(From fiiv9a or jxivOn, an ancient Greek term.) 

Calyx tubular or campanulate, 5 -toothed, equal or somewhat 
2-lipped. Corolla nearly regular, 4-lobed, the upper lobe 
broader and emarginate. Stamens 4, equal, distant. Achenia 
smooth. 

* Flowers in spikes. 

1. M. piperita Linn.: stem smooth; leaves ovate-lanceolate, petiolate, 
acute, serrate, smoothish ; spikes interrupted ; pedicels and base of the 
calyx smooth ; calyx-teeth hispid. 

Marshy grounds on the Hudson and in Western pun of N.Y. July. %. — Stt m 
ascending, 12 — 15 inches long, branched, often purplish. Loaves rounded at 
base. Flowers pale purple, in spikes which consist of a few whorls. Introduced 
from Europe. Peppermint 



272 LABIATE 

2. M. viridis Linn. : stem erect, smooth; leaves ovate-lanceolate, nearly- 
sessile, unequally serrate, smoothish ; flowers in verticillate slender spikes ; 
bracts and teeth of the calyx somewhat hairy. M. tenuis Mich. 

Marshy places. N. Y. to Geor. July, Aug. %.—Stem 1—2 feet high, 
branched. Spikes numerous, terminal, forming a kind of panicle. Flowers in 
distant whorls, pale purple. Introduced from Europe. Spearmint. 

** Flowers in axillary ichorls. 

3. M. Canadensis Linn. : stem ascending, pubescent ; leaves lanceolate 
or oval-lanceolate, petiolate, serrate, acute at each end ; whorls many- 
flowered, remote ; stamens exserted. M. borealis Mich. 

Moist grounds. Hudson's Bay to Virg. W. to Miss. July — Sept. %-. — Plant 
of a grayish-green color. Stem 12 — 18 inches high, ascending or decumbent, 
simple or branched. Leaves hairy, especially beneath. Flowers in dense ax- 
illary whorls, pale purple. Canadian Mint. 

II. Monarde^. Corolla 2-lipped. Stamens 2, fertile, {rarely 4.) 
ascending. Anthers linear and confluent at the summit or halved, the 
cells separated by a long linear connective, which is transversely articu- 
lated to the top of the filament. 

4. SALVIA. Linn.— Sage. 

(From the Latin salvo, to save or heal ; in allusion to its supposed healing 
properties.) 

Calyx subcampanulate, 2-lipped ; upper lip mostly 3-toothed ; 

lower bifid, the throat naked. Corolla 2-lipped ; upper lip 

erect, straight or falcate and vaulted. Stamens 2. Anthers 

dimidiate. 

1. £. lyrata Linn. : stem nearly leafless, retrosely pubescent ; radical 
leaves lyrate-toothed, hispid on both sides ; cauline oblong-lanceolate ; up- 
pormost oblong-linear ; upper lip of the corolla very short. 

Woods. Penn. to Geor. June. %. — Stem about a foot high, densely cov- 
ered with reflexed hairs. Leaves mostly radical, more or less lyrate or pinnati- 
fid, very obtuse. Flowers purple, about 6 in a whorl. Lyre-leaved Sage. 

2. S. Claytoni Ell. : leaves cordate-ovate, sinuate-toothed, rugose ; teeth 
of the upper lip of the calyx connivent. *S". xerbenacea Muhl. 

Woods. Penn. to Car. Muhl. June — Oct. %. — Stem erect, 8 — 12 inches 
high. Flowers in whorls, violet. A doubtful species. Clayton's Sage. 

3. &. uriiccefolia Linn. : viscous and villous ; leaves ovate, rhomboid, 
petioled, somewhat acute, crenate ; floral ones broad-ovate ; whorls many- 
flowered, distant ; calyx 3-cleft, upper segment 3-toothed. 

Rocky grounds. N. J. to Car. June. %. — Leaves very pubescent. Flowers 
blue, viscous, in remote whorls. Nettle-leaved Sage. 

5. MONARDA. Linn.— Monarda. 
(In honor of Nicholas Monardez, a Spanish botanist.) 

Calyx tubular, elongated, 15-nerved, nearly equal, 5 -toothed. 
Corolla ringent, with a long cylindric tube ; upper lip linear. 



LABIATE. 273 

nearly straight and entire, involving the filaments ; lower re- 
flexed, broader, 3-lobed, the middle lobe longer. Stamens 2, 
exserted from the upper lip of the corolla. 

1. M. didyma Linn. : leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, mostly 
rounded or somewhat cordate at base, mucronate, serrate, a little hairy, on 
ciliate petioles; floral ones and exterior bracts oblong-lanceolate, nearly 
sessile, colored; calyx incurved, smooth, naked in the throat; corolla 
smoothish. M. purpurea Lam. M. coccinea Mich. M. Kalmiana Pursh. 

Moist grounds. Can. to Car. July, Aug. %. — Stem 2 — 3 feet high, acute- 
angled, simple or branched at the top, somewhat pubescent. Leaves quite vari- 
able, sometimes tapering at base as in Pursh's figure of M. Kalmiana, but usu- 
ally rounded or even subcordate. Flowers scarlet or crimson, in 2 very rarely 
3 terminal whorls which resemble proliferous heads. Oswego Tea. 

2. M. fistulosa Linn. : leaves ovate-lanceolate, rounded and somewhat 
cordate at base, acuminate, coarsely toothed, thin and nearly smooth, on 
slightly pubescent petioles ; floral ones and outer bracts slightly colored ; 
calyx somewhat curved, with the throat bearded ; corolla pubescent. 

Rocky banks. N. Y. to Car. ? July, Aug. %.—Stem 2 feet high, obtuse- 
angled, simple, usually hollow. Leaves yellowish-green and somewhat mem- 
branaceous ; petioles about half an inch long. Flowers pale yellow, in 1 or 2 
whorled heads which are smaller than in the preceding. Abundant near 
Rochester, N. Y. Pale Monarda. 

3. M. attophylla Mich. : leaves ovate-lanceolate, remotely toothed, smooth 
above, somewhat hairy beneath ; floral ones and the outer bracts colored ; 
calyx short, densely bearded at the throat. M. longifolia Lam. M. ob- 
longata Ait. M. clinopodia Linn. 

Rocky banks. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July. %. — Stem 3 — i feet high, 
obtuse-angled, much branched and hairy above. Leaves tapering or slightly 
rounded at base, with a few coarse teeth, varying in the degree of pubescence. 
Flowers pale violet or bluish, in simple heads which are about as large as in the 
preceding. The habit of this plant is entirely different from that of lil. fistulosa ; 
the stem is taller and constantly much branched, the leaves are thicker and 
more hairy, and the color of the flowers is uniformly different. It is also, I think, 
more common. Horse Mint. Wild Bergamot. 

4. M. punctata Linn. : minutely pubescent ; leaves lanceolate, petiolate, 
remotely serrate, narrowed at base; flowers in dense remote capitate 
whorls ; bracts lanceolate, colored ; calyx pubescent, with 5 unequal 
teeth ; corolla smooth. M. lutca Mich. 

Sandy fields. N. Y. to Flor. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept. %.—Stcm 2—3 feet 
high, obtuse-angled, branched, with a minute pubescence. Flowers in several 
whorled heads. Corolla dull yellow; the upper lip villous at the tip; the lower 
spotted. It contains an essential oil, which is sometimes used medicinally. 
See Philad. Med. Recorder, ii. 494. Horse Mint. 

G. BLEPHILIA. jite/.— Blephika. 

(From the Greek 0\efapis, et/e-lasfi ; probably in allusion to the fringed calw- 
teeth.) 

Calyx ovoid-tubular, 13-nerved, 2-lipped, throat naked : up- 
per lip of 3 awned teeth ; lower '2-toothed. Corolla '2-lipped ; 

12* 



274 LABIATE. 

upper lip entire ; lower 3-lobed ; tube dilated. Stamens 2. 
Style bifid at the summit. 

B. hirsute Benth. : plant hairy ; leaves on long petioles, ovate, rounded 
and somewhat cordate at base, hairy on both sides ; lower teeth of the 
calyx short, without awns. Monarda hirsute Pursh. 

Low woods. 3Iass. and N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. June, July. %. — Stem 
2 — 3 feet high, branched. Leaves usually with a tuft of down near the midrib 
beneath. Whorls 2 — 4, on the upper part of each branch. Corolla small, pale 
blue, dotted with purple. Hairy Blephilia. 

III. Sattjrei^e.e. Corolla somewhat 2-lipped ; the lips fiat. Sta- 
mens 4, (sometimes 2.) straight, diverging ; the lower pair longer. 
Anthers not dimidiate. 

7. PYCNANTHEMUM. Mich.— Mountain Mint. 

(From the Greek -vkvos, dense, and avOefiov, a flower ; in allusion to the in- 
florescence.) 

Heads of flowers surrounded by an involucre of many bracts. 
Calyx oroid or tubular, about 13-nerved, 5-toothed, more or 
less 2-lipped. Corolla somewhat 2-lipped ; upper lip nearly- 
entire ; lower trind, the lobes ovate and obtuse. Stamens 4, 
nearly equal, distant. Anthers with the cells parallel. 

1. P. incanum Mich. : leaves oblong-ovate, petiolate, acute, remotely 
serrate, tomentose-pubescent beneath ; the upper ones hoary on both sides ; 
heads compound, pedunculate, cymose ; bracts linear-subulate. Clinopo- 
dium incanum Linn. 

Low fields. Can. to Car. and Alabama. July— Sept. %.—Stem 2—3 feet 
high, branching above, 4-angled, pubescent. Flowers pale-red, in dense lateral 
and terminal cymes. Nearly the whole plant is covered with a white soft 
down. Hoary Pycnanthemum. 

2. P. clinopodioides Torr. <?- Gr. : leaves oblong-lanceolate, on short 
petioles, acute at each end, slightly serrate, smooth above, villous-pubes- 
cent beneath ; heads cymose, contracted j teeth of the calyx short, subulate. 

Dry rocky hills Kingsbridge on the Island of New York. Torr. Aug., 
Sept. %. — Stem lh — 2 feet high, sparingly branched. Leaves pale-green, but 
never hoary, (the floral ones slightly.) Heads more than half an inch in diam- 
eter. Distinguished from the preceding principally by the want of hoariness in 
the foliage, and the small size of the heads. (Torr.) 

Basil-leaved Pycnanthemum. 

3. P. aristatum Mich. : leaves lanceolate-ovate, subserrate, on very short 
petioles, nearly smooth on both sides ; heads dense, sessile ; bracts acumi- 
nate, subulate ; corolla pubescent within. Nepeta Virginica Linn. 

Woods. Md. to Car. W. to Tenn. July, Aug. 01.— Stem 1—2 feet 
high. Upper leaves hoary. Flowers very small, white, in one or two sessile 
whorls and a terminal head. Bracts and calyx terminated by long awns. 

Spear-leaved Pycnanthemum. 

4. P. Torrei Benth. : stem strict, pubescent ; leaves varying from linear- 
lanceolate to oblong-linear, smoothish. acute, remotely toothed, tapering 



LABIATE. 275 

into a petiole ; cyrnose heads contracted, depressed-hemispheric ; calyx with 
nearly equal lanceolate acuminate teeth, P. Virginicum Nutt. 

Dry rocky hills. Near Kingsbridge, N. Y. and Princeton, N.J. Torr. Aug., 
Sept. %. — Stem 2 feet high, sparingly branched, Leaves pale, green. Heads 
of flowers more than an inch in diameter, formed of densely aggregated cymules. 
Intermediate between P. clinopodioides and P. lanceolatum, but distinct. {Torr. 
N. Y. Fl.) Torrey's Pycnanthemum. 

5. P. linifolium Pursh : stem much branched, smooth ; leaves linear, ses- 
sile, rigid, entire ; bracts linear, acute, rigid ; teeth of the calyx lanceolate- 
subulate. Brachystemum linifolium Wittd. 

Moist woods. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. %.— Stem 12—18 
inches high, fastigiately branched. Flowers white with purple spots, in nume- 
rous crowded hemispheric heads which are about 4 lines in diameter. 

Narrow-leaved Virginian Thyme. 

6. P. lanceolatum Pursh : stem paniculately branched above, pubescent 
on the angles ; leaves lanceolate and lance-linear, entire, rigid, smoothish ; 
bracts ovate-lanceolate ; teeth of the calyx obtuse. P. Virginicum Pers. 
Brachystemum Virginicum Mich. 

Borders of woods. N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. %. — Stem about 2 feet high, 
obtusely 4-angled. Heads numerous, dense, fastigiate, about 4 lines in diam- 
eter. Flov>ers small, reddish-white with purple dots. According to Bentham, 
P. verticillatum of Persoon is a broad-leaved variety of this species. 

Broad-leaved Virginian Thyme. 

7. P. muticum Pers. : stem pubescent, paniculate at the summit ; leaves 
subsessile, ovate-lanceolate, acute, subserrate, veined, obtuse or rounded at 
the base, smoothish, the upper ones canescent; whorls dense, mostly in 
terminal heads ; outer bracts ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. Brachystemum 
muticum Mich. 

Dry hills. N. Y. to Geor. July, Aug. %.—Stem 2 feet high, with widely 
spreading branches. Flowers reddish-while with purple spots, in dense terminal 
heads which are about half an inch in diameter. 

Veiny-leaved Mountain Mint. 

8. THYMUS. Linn,— Thyme. 
(From the Greek 0t>p?, strength ; in allusion to its cordial qualities.) 

Flowers whorled or capitate. Calyx ovoid, 13-nerved, bi- 
labiate ; upper lip 3-toothed ; lower bifid, the throat hairy. 
Corolla with the upper lip erect, nearly flat, emarginate ; the 
lower longer, spreading and 3-cleft. • 

T. Scrpyllum Linn.: stem branched, decumbent; leaves flat, ovate, 
obtuse, entire, pctioled, more or less ciliate at base ; flowers capitate. 

Fields. Penn. ; naturalized. Nutt. <$■ Darlingt. July, Aug. %.— Stun 
spreading, decumbent, branched. Leaves more or less hairy. Flowers purple, 
in terminal heads. WUd Thyme. 

0. ORIGANUM. Linn.— Marjoram. 

(From the Greek opoc, a Ml, and yavos,joy ; in allusion to its fragrance and 
beauty in its native habitat.) 

Flowers collected into 4-sided dense spikes or heads. Calyx 
ovoid-tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla somewhat 2 -lipped; upper 



276 LABIATiE. 

lip erect, nearly fiat, emarginate ; lower spreading, almost 
equally 3 -cleft. Stamens 4, the lower ones longer. 

O. vulgare Linn. : erect, villous ; leaves broad-ovate, petiolate, obtuse, 
nearly entire ; spikes roundish, panicled, clustered, smooth ; bracts ovate, 
longer than the calyx. 

Rocky fields. N. S. July— Sept. %. — Stem 8—12 inches high, hairy. 
Flowers pale-purple, in numerous small spikes which are crowded together so 
as to form a terminal head. Introduced I Common Marjoram. 

10. COLLINS ONIA. Linn.— Horse Balm. 
(In honor of Peter Collinson, of London, a patron of botany.) 

Calyx ovoid, about 10-nerved, 2-lipped ; upper lip 3-toothed ; 
lower bifid. Corolla subcampanulate, somewhat 2-lipped ; the 
lower lobe longer than the rest, toothed or fimbriate ; throat 
dilated. Stamens mostly 2, much exserted, diverging. 

C. Canadensis Linn.: stem smoothish; leaves broad-ovate, acuminate, 
coarsely serrate, thin and smoothish; flowers diandrous, in a loose terminal 
panicle. 

Woods. Can. to Car. July, Aug. %. — Stem 2 — 3 feet high, somewhat 
branched. 4-angled. Leaves large, cordate or obtusely cuneate at base. Flowers 
large, greenish-yellow. Sold by the Shakers under the name of Stone-root. 

Common Horse-balm. 

11. CUNILA. Linn.— Dittany. 
(A name borrowed from the ancient Roman naturalists.) 

Calyx ovoid-tubular, about 13-nerved, 5-toothed; throat 
densely villous. Corolla 2-lipped ; upper lip fiat and emargi- 
nate; lower 3-lobed. Stamens 2, erect, exserted, distant. Style 
bifid at the summit. 

C. Mariana Linn. : herbaceous : leaves subsessile, ovate, somewhat cor- 
date at base, serrate; cymes pedunculate, loosely corymbose. 

Dry Mils and rocks. Can. to Car. W. to Arkansas. July — Aug. %. — Stem 
8 — 12 inches high, 4-angled, much branched, purple. Leaves sessile or on very 
short petioles, smoothish. Flowers pale red. Common Dittany. 

IV. Melissine^e. Calyx mostly 13-nerved, 2-lipped. Corolla 2- 
Hpped; the divisions flattish, or the upper lip rarely galeate. Stamens 
4, or sometimes 2, ascending. 

12. HEDEOMA. Pe? s.— Pennyroyal. 
(From the Greek rjSeia, sweet, and 05^/7, odor ; in allusion to its fragrance.) 

Calyx ovoid-tubular, gibbous on the under side at the base, 
2-lipped; upper lip 3-toothed or 3-cleft; lower 2-cleft. Corolla 
2-lipped ; upper lip erect, flat ; lower spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 
2 sterile, rudimentary or wanting ; 2 fertile and ascending. 



LABIATE. 277 

H. pulegioides Pers. : stem erect, branched, pubescent ; leaves ovate, sub- 
serrate, petiolate, narrowed at base ; whorls axillary, about 6-flowered ; 
corolla about as long as the calyx. Cunila pulegioides Linn. 

Dry hills and woods. Can. to Car. July, Aug. (J). — Stem 6 — 12 inches high, 
4-sided, branched above. Flowers small, pale-blue, about 3 in each opposite 
axil. A popular and really valuable aromatic, stimulant and diaphoretic. 

Pennyroyal. 

13. MICROMERIA. Benth.— Micromeria. 
(From the Greek pi/cpos, small, and pepis, a pari.) 
Calyx tubular, 13 — 15-nerved, with 5 nearly equal teeth, or 
somewhat 2-lipped ; the throat often villous. Corolla 2-lipped ; 
upper lip flattish, entire or emarginate ; the lower spreading, 
with the lobes nearly equal, or the middle one broader. Sta- 
mens 4, didynamous, the lower pair longer and ascending. 

M. glabella vox. angustifolia Torr.: smooth; stem herbaceous, erect, 
with prostrate suckers at the base ; radical leaves ovate, petiolate ; cauline 
oblong-linear, obtuse ; all entire; flowers axillary, solitary, or 2 — 5 in cymes, 
on long pedicels. M. glabella Benth. (excl. syn. Mich.) Cunila glabella 
Beck Bot. 1st. Ed. 

Limestone rocks, near Niagara Falls. W. to Miss. Aug. %. — Stems 6 — 10 
inches high, branched from below. Corolla violet, much longer than the calyx. 
Found by the late Dr. D. Houghton at the Falls of St. Anthony. According to 
Dr. Torrey, the true Cunila glabella of Michaux, which occurs on rocks in 
Tennessee, differs from the Niagara plant in being much larger, the leaves all 
ovate or obovate-oblong and toothed. Niagara Thyme. 

14. MELISSA. Linn.— Balm. 
(From the Greek /^iWera, a bee ; because the flowers are sought by that insect.) 
Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, often striated, 2-lipped; upper lip 
mostly spreading, 3-toothed ; lower bifid. Corolla 2-lipped ; 
upper lip erect, flattish ; lower spreading, 3-lobed, the middle 
lobe mostly broader. Stamens 4, ascending, mostly approx- 
imated in pairs at the summit. 

1. M. Clinopodium Benth.: herbaceous, erect, villous; leaves petiolate 
obtuse, subcrcnate, rounded at base; whorls many-flowered, depressed- 
globose ; bracts subulate, as long as the calyx. Clinopodium vulgqre Linn. 

Borders of woods. Can. to Virg. W. to Miss. July, Aug. 1[. — Stem 12 — 18 
inches high, simple or sparingly branched. Flowers pale purple or rose-colored, 
in 2 — 3 roundish depressed heads which are both axillary and terminal. Smell 
aromatic. Introduced from Europe. Wild Basil. 

2. M. officinalis Linn: herbaceous, erect; leaves oblong-ovate, rather 
acute, coarsely crenate-serrate, rugose, sometimes obtuse or cordate at base ; 
whorls dimidiate or secund, loose, axillary ; bracts lew, lance-ovate, pe- 
tiolate. 

Road sides, &c. N. S. July, Aug. %.~ Stem 1—2 feet .high, branched. 
more or less pubescent. Flowers in small axillary peduncled cymes, white or 



278 LABIATE. 

yellowish. Introduced and naturalized in some places. It is cultivated as a 
medicinal herb ; the infusion being considered as a useful drink in fevers. 

Common Balm. 

V. ScuTELLARiNE.£. Upper lip of the calyx truncate, entire or 
somewhat 3-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped; the upper lip galeate. Stamens 
4, ascending ; the lower pair longer. 

15. PRUNELLA. Linn.— Self Heal. 

(From the German Brunette, again derived from Braeune, the quinsy ; because 
the plant was supposed to cure that disease.) 

Calyx tubular-campanulate, 2-lipped ; upper lip flat, dilated, 
truncate, with 3 short teeth ; lower 2-cleft. Corolla 2-lipped ; 
upper lip erect, vaulted, entire ; lower depending, 3-lobed. Sta- 
mens 4, ascending. Filaments 2 -toothed at the apex. 

P. vulgaris Linn. : leaves petiolate, oblong-ovate, toothed at base ; lips 
of the calyx unequal; the upper one truncate, 3-awned. P. Pennsylvania 
Willd. 

Meadows. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June— Aug. %. — Stem 8 — 12 inches 
high, erect or ascending, somewhat branched, hairy. Flowers large, purple, 
densely whorled, so as to form an imbricated oblong spike. Introduced ? 

Common Self-heal. 

16. SCUTELLARIA. Linn.— Skullcap. 

(From the Latin scutella, a Utile disli or cup ; in allusion to the appearance of 
the calyx with its appendage.) 

Calyx campanulate, 2-lipped ; lips entire ; upper one with a 
galeate appendage on the back, deciduous. Corolla 2-lipped ; 
the tube elongated ; upper lip vaulted ; lower dilated, convex. 
Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla. 

1. tS. canesccns NutL: stem tall, branched, pubescent ; leaves ovate or 
ovate-lanceolate, acute, crenate. petiolate, pubescent on both sides, white 
beneath ; lower somewhat cordate ; flowers in loose paniculate racemes ; 
calyx white-tomentose. &. pubescens Muhl. 

Woods. Can. to Virg. W. to Miss. July. %.—Stem 2—3 feet high, erect, 
branched, hoary-pubescent. Leaves 2 — 3 inches long. Flowers 8 — 9 lines long, 
deep blue, in lateral and terminal racemes. Canescent Skullcap. 

2. S". pilosa Mich : stem erect, mostly simple, pubescent ; leaves remote, 
rhombic-ovate, crenate-serrate, petiolate ; upper cuneate or narrowed at 
base ; lower rounded or cordate : raceme terminal, loose, mostly branched ; 
bracts elliptie-ovate. 

Open woods. N. Y. to Car. June, July. %. — Stem. 12 — 18 inches high, 
often purplish. Lower leaves sometimes cordate, on petioles an inch or more 
long. Flowers large, in a somewhat paniculate terminal raceme, white, tinged 
with violet at the summit. A variable species. Hairy Skullcap. 

3. S: integrifolia. : Linn stem nearly simple, pubescent ; leaves oblong- 
lanceolate or linear, obtuse, smoothish, on short petioles, entire or very oh- 



LABIATE. 279 

scurely toothed ; racemes terminal, subpaniculate, loose, leafy ; bracts 
lanceolate. 5 1 . hyssopifolia Linn. S. Caroliniana Pursh. 

Moist grounds. N. Y. to Geor. W. to Miss. June, July. %.—Stem 1—2 
feet high, sparingly branched above, grayish-green. Flovjers very large, in 
loose terminal and subterminal racemes, blue at the summit, the tube nearly 
white. A very showy species. Entire-leaved Skullcap. 

4. (S 1 . galermdata Linn. : stem simple or divaricately branched ; leaves 
ovate-lanceolate, on very short petioles, acute, roundish and cordate at 
base, crenate ; flowers axillary, solitary, on short pedicels. 

Wet meadows. Can. Mass. N. Y. W. to Oregon. Aug. %.—Stem 12—18 
inches high, smooth or pubescent. Flowers half an inch long, blue, pubescent. 

Common Skullcap. 

5. *S". parvula Mich. : stem decumbent or oblique, slender, branching from 
the base, minutely pubescent ; leaves ovate or lance-ovate, remotely serrate 
or entire, sessile, subcordate at base, prominently veined ; flowers small, 
axillary. S. ambigua Nittt. 

Rocky grounds. Can. to Virg. W. to Miss. June, July. %. — Root (rhi- 
zoma) consisting of a succession of tubers. Stem 4 — 8 inches high, simple or 
branched from near the base and spreading, mostly purplish. Leaves 4 — 8 lines 
long, rather closely sessile, distinctly veined, purplish beneath. Flowers from 
3 — 4 lines long, blue, axillary, hairy. The specimens found by Dr. A. F. 
Holmes, in Canada, and by Dr. D. Houghton, on the Upper Mississippi, agree 
exactly with those from New Brunswick, N. J. Small Skullcap. 

6. & nervosa Pursh : stem erect, mostly simple, smoothish ; lower leaves 
roundish-cordate, petiolate; middle ones broad-ovate, crenate- dentate, ses- 
sile ; upper ovate-lanceolate, entire ; flowers axillary, solitary, opposite. 
& gracilis Nutt. S. parvijlora Muhl ? 

Shady rocks. N. Y. and Penn. W. to Miss, and Louis. May, June. %. — ■ 
Root fibrous. Stem 9 — 15 inches high, sometimes curved and decumbent at 
base. Leaves strongly nerved. Flowers small, pale-blue. Nerved Skullcap. 

7. S. lateriflora Linn. : smoothish ; stem erect, much branched ; leaves 
on long petioles, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, rounded or 
slightly cordate at base : racemes axillary, leafy. 

Wet meadows. Can. to Car. W. to Oregon. July, Aug. %-. — Stem 1 — 2 
feet high, much branched, with the angles roughish. Flowers small, blue, in 
numerous leafy racemes. Some years since this plant was in great repute as a 
cure for hydrophobia ; but like many other specifics, it has had its day. 

Mad-dog Skullcap. 

VI. NepetejE. Calyx oblique or somewhat 2-lippcd. Corolla 2- 
lipped ; the upper Up galeale. Stamens 4 ; the upper pair longer. 

17. LOPHANTHUS. Bcnth.— Giant Hyssop. 
(From the Greek Xo^oy, a crest, and avdog, & flower; in allusion to the flowers.) 

Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, oblique, 5-toothcd, the upper teeth 
somewhat longer. Corolla 2-lipped; upper lip emarginately 
bifid; lower 3-lobed; the middle lobe broader, crenate. Sta- 
mens divaricate, upper pair longer. 

1. L. nepetoides Bcnth. : stem smooth, with the angles acute or winged ; 
leaves opposite, ovate and lance-ovate, serratc-crcnate, green on both skies, 



280 LABIATE. 

smoothish ; teeth of the calyx ovate, somewhat obtuse. Hyssopus nepetoides 
Linn. 

Woods. Can. to Virg. W. to Miss. July, Aug. %.— Stem 3—6 feet high, 
branched, yellowish-green. Leaves pale-green, slightly pubescent beneath. 
Flowers small, greenish-yellow, in terminal cylindric spikes which are inter' 
rupted at base. Yellow Giant Hyssop. 

i 2. L. scrophularicefolius Benth. : stem pubescent, with the angles obtuse ; 
leaves ovate, acute, serrate-crenate, green on both sides, smooth above, 
pubescent beneath ; teeth of the calyx lanceolate, acute. Hyssopus scro- 
phularicefolius Linn. 

Woods. N. Y. to Virg. W. to HI. July, Aug. %.—Stem 3—5 feet high, 
mostly of a purple color, branched. Leaves often cordate at base, on pubescent 
petioles. Flowers pale-purple, in terminal cylindric spikes which are inter- 
rupted at base. Purple Giant Hyssop. 

18. NEPETA. Linn.— Cat Mint. 

(Named, some say, from Nepi, a town in Italy, others, from Nepa, a scorpion, 
for whose bite this plant was considered a cure. Hook. Brit. Fl.) 

Calyx tubular, 13 — 15-nerved, obliquely 5-toothed. Corolla 
2 -lipped ; upper lip erect, emarginate or bifid ; lower 3-lobed, 
middle lobe largest ; throat dilated ; tube slender below. Sta- 
mens 4, ascending. 

1. N. Cataria Linn. : hoary-pubescent; stem erect, tall ; leaves oblong- 
cordate, petiolate, acute, coarsely crenate, rugose ; whorls many-flowered, 
upper ones crowded in a spike ; calyx half as long as the corolla. 

Old fields and cultivated grounds. N. S. June — Aug. %. — Stems 2 — 4 feet 
high, often several from the same root, downy and whitish. Leaves softly pu- 
bescent and green above, canescent beneath. Flovxrs yellowish- white, tinged 
and spotted with red. Introduced from Europe. 

Common Cat-mint. Catnep. 

2. N. Glechoma Benth. : stem procumbent, rooting at the base ; leaves 
petiolate, cordate-reniform, rounded, crenate, somewhat hairy ; whorls few- 
flowered, axillary; corolla three times as long as the calyx. Glechoma 
hederacea Linn. 

Road sides, &c. N. S. May, Jtme. %. — Stems about a foot long, slender, 
with ascending branches. Flowers large, blue, in distant axillary whorls. In- 
troduced from Europe. Ground Ivy. 

19. DRACOCEPHALUM. Linn.— Dragon's Head. 

(From the Greek SpaKov a dragon, and K£<pa\ri, a head ; in allusion to the form 
of the flowers.) 

Calyx tubular, 13 — 15-nerved, 5-toothed ; upper tooth broader 
and often larger, the 3 upper sometimes approximated. Corolla 
3 -lipped ; upper lip erect and emarginate ; lower spreading, 
3-lobed. Stamens 4, ascending ; the lower pair shorter. 

D. parvijlorum Nutt : stem erect, branched ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, 
coarsely or incisely crenate or serrate, petiolate, green on both sides ; whorls 
in a terminal capitate spike ; upper tooth of the calyx broad-ovate ; corolla 
scarely longer than the calyx. 



LABIATiE. 281 

Barren fields and woods. Arct. Amer. to N. Y. W. to Miss. May — Aug. (g). — 
Nearly smooth. Stem 8 — 15 inches high, obtusely 4-angled. Flowers pale-blue, 
in ovoid or globose spikes which are about an inch in diameter. 

Small-jlowered Dragon 's Head. 

VII. Stachyde^. Calyx 5 — 10-nerved or irregularly veined. Co- 
rolla 2-lipped. Stamens 4, ascending ; the lower pair longer. Achenia 
smoolhish when dry. 

20. PHYSOSTEGIA. Benth.— Physostegia. 

(From the Greek <pvsa, a bladder, and crreyri, a covering ; in allusion to its 
inflated calyx.) 

Calyx 5 -toothed or truncate, at length inflated-campanulate. 
Corolla 2-lipped ; tube exserted, destitute of a ring within ; up- 
per lip nearly erect, somewhat concave ; lower with 3 rounded 
lobes, the middle one larger and emarginate. Stamens 4, 
ascending under the upper lip ; the lower pair rather longer. 

P. Virginiana Benth. : calyx acutely and almost equally 5-toothed. 
Dracocephalum Virginianum Linn, and D. denticulatum Ait. D. vari- 
egatum Vent. 

Low grounds. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. June — Aug. %. — Stem about 
2 feet high, smooth except at the summit. Leaves sessile, opposite, varying from 
narrow-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acutely serrate or denticulate, coriaceous. 
Flowers large, pale-purple, sometimes variegated, nearly sessile and usually 
opposite, in long spikes, crowded or somewhat distant. I follow Bentham in 
uniting the two or three species heretofore considered distinct, but not without 
considerable hesitation. I cannot help thinking, with Dr. Darlington, that 
D. denticulatum of previous authors will eventually prove to be, if not a distinct 
species, at least a constant variety. Dragon's Head. 

21. LAMIUM. Linn.— Dead Nettle. 

(From the Greek Xai/xos, the throat ; on account of the shape of the flower.) 
Calyx tubular-campanulate, about 5-nerved, with 5 nearly 
equal subulate teeth. Corolla 2-lipped ; upper lip oblong or 
ovate, galeate ; throat dilated ; lower lip with the middle or 
lower lobe broad, emarginate, contracted at base. Stamens 4, 
the lower pair longer. 

L. amplexicaule Linn. : leaves rounded, crenately incised ; lower ones 
petiolate; floral sessile, clasping; tube of the corolla naked within. 

Fields and road-sides. N. S. May— Nov. Op.— Stem 6—10 inches high, 
branched from the base. Flowers with the tube slender, purple, in dense whorls. 
Introduced from Europe. Common Dead Nettle. Hen-bit, 

22. LEONURUS. Linn-.— Motherwort. 

(From the Greek \twv, a lion, and ovpa, a tail ; on account of a fancied 
resemblance in the plant.) 

Calyx turbinate, 5-nerved, with 5 subulate equal teeth. 

Corolla 2-lipped ; upper lip very hairy above, entire ; lower 



282 LABIATE. 

spreading, 3 -cleft, the middle lobe obcordate. Stamens 4, 
ascending ; the lower pair longer. 

L. Cardiaca Linn. : lower stem leaves palmately divided ; upper ovate, 
lobed ;. floral cuneate-oblong, mostly trifid ; tube of the corolla with a villous 
ring inside ; upper lip flattish, hirsutely villose. 

Waste grounds. Can. to Car. July, Aug. %.. — Stem 2 — 3 feet high, branched, 
villous. Leaves pubescent, pale beneath. Flowers in crowded wborls, white 
with a reddish tinge. Introduced from Europe. Common Motherwort. 

23. GALEOPSIS. Linn.-- Hemp Xettle. 

(From the Greek yaXcr?, a weasel, and orpis, appearance ; the lips of the flower 
resembling the snout of that animal.) 

Calyx tubular-campanulate, about 5 -nerved, 5 -toothed; the 
teeth armed with spine-like tips, nearly equal. Corolla 2 -lipped ; 
upper lip entire, arched; lower spreading, 3-lobed, the middle 
lobe bifid or obcordate ; throat dilated. Stamens 4, ascending ; 
the lower pair longer. 

G. Tetrahit Linn.: stem hispid, swollen below the joints ; leaves petio- 
late, ovate serrate, and with the calyx smooth or hairy. 

Old fields. &c. N. S. July. %.— Stem 1—2 feet high, retrorsely hispid, 
branched. Flowers numerous, pale-purple, with darker spots, in whorls, which 
are usually approximated towards the summit of the stem and branches. Ac- 
cording to Bentham this is a very variable species, and should probably include 
that which has been described by American botanists tinder the name of G. La- 
danum. Introduced from Europe. Common Hemp Nettle. 

24. STACHYS. Linn.— Hedge Xettle. 
(From the Greek, ara^vg, a spike ; in allusion to its mode of flowering.) 
Calyx tubular-campanulate, 5 — 10-nerved, 5-toothed ; the 
teeth equal or the upper ones longer. Corolla 2-lipped ; upper 
spreading and somewhat vaulted ; lower mostly longer, spread- 
ing, 3-lobed ; the middle lobe largest. Stamens 4, ascending ; 
the lower ones longer. 

1. S. hyssopifolia Mich, : herbaceous, smooth; stem slender, ascending; 
leaves oblong or linear-lanceolate, sessile, remotely toothed ; whorls about 
4-flowered ; calyx smooth ; the teeth lanceolate, acute. 5". tenuifolia Willd. 

Meadows. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. Julv. %.—Stem 6—12 inches high. 
Leaves often linear, very finely denticulate. Flowers sessile, in whorls near the 
summit of the stem, purple. Smooth Hedge Xettle. 

2. &. aspera Mich. : stem erect, angles hairy backwards ; leaves sub- 
petiolate. lanceolate, acutely serrate, smoothish ; whorls about 6-flowered ; 
calyx-teeth divaricate, spiny. S. arvensis Walt. S. hispida Pursh. 

Fields. Can to Car. W. to Miss. July. %. — Stem about 2 feet high, spar- 
ingly branched. Flowers in whorls, forming a terminal leafy spike, purple. 

Rough Hedge Nettle. 

3. S. paJ.ustris Linn. : herbaceous, erect; stem hairy; leaves subsessile, 



LABIATE. 



283 



cordate-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, serrate-crenate, rugose, hispid, the lower 
smooth ; whorls 6 — 10-flowered, distinct ; teeth of the calyx lanceolate, 
acute and somewhat spiny. S. sylvatica Nutt. 

Moist woods. Can. to Car. W. to Oregon. July, Aug. %.— Stem 2—3 
feet-high, branched, mostly hispid on the angles. Flowers purplish ; the whorls 
forming a long terminal spike. Marsh Hedge Nettle. 

25. MARRUBIUM. Linn.— Horehound. 
(Of doubtful origin, some say from a town so called in Italy.) 

Calyx tubular, 5 — 10-nerved, with 5 — 10 spreading teeth ; 
the throat hairy. Corolla 2-lipped ; upper lip flattish or concave ; 
lower 3-lobed, the middle lobe broader and usually emarginate. 
Stamens 4, included ; the lower pair longer. 

M. vulgare Linn. : stem erect, white and woolly ; leaves roundish-ovate, 
toothed, rugose, very woolly beneath ; whorls villous, many-flowered ; calyx 
with 10 setaceous hooked teeth. 

Road sides. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. %—Stem 12—18 
inches high, branched from the base, covered with a white wool. Flowers 
small, white, in crowded whorls. Smell aromatic; flavor bitter. Medicinal. 
Introduced from Europe. White Horehound. 

26. BALLOTA. Linn— Fetid Horehound. 

(From the Greek fiaWco, to reject ; on account of its disagreeable smell.) 

Calyx funnel-form, 10-nerved, with 5 — 10 broad mucronate 
teeth. Corolla 2-lipped ; upper lip erect, somewhat concave, 
emarginate ; lower trifid, the middle lobe largest and emarginate. 
Stamens 4, ascending ; the lower pair longer. 

B. nigra Linn. : hairy or smoothish ; leaves ovate, truncate at base, 
green on both sides, more or less hairy; teeth of the calyx 5, dilated at the 
base, subulate-mucronate at the summit. 

At Hull, Mass. Big. July. %.—Stem 2—3 feet high. Floirers purple, 
rarely white, in whorls. Whole plant fetid. Introduced from Eurupe. 

Black Horehound. 

VIII. Ajugoideje. Corolla with, the upper lip very short, sometimes 
bifid, with the segments mostly depending. Stamens 2 or 4, ascending, 
exserted. Achenia more or less reticulate-rugose. 

27. TRICHOSTEMA. Lirm.— Trictostema. 

(From the Greek Opi%, rpi^og, a hair, and ortfyxa, a stamen ; in allusion to its 
hair-like stamens.) 

Calyx campanulate, oblique, resupinate, unequally 5-cleftj 
the three upper teeth (apparently lower) elongated ; the two 
others short. Corolla with the tube slender; upper lip falcate. 
Stamens 4, very long and curved. 



284 VERBENACE^E. 

1. T. diclwtoma Linn.: stem pubescent; leaves lance-oblong or rhom- 
boid-lanceolate, petiolate, entire. 

Dry hills. N. Y. to Flor. W. to Miss. June— Aug. (£).—Stem 6—12 inches 
high, much branched, obtusely 4-angled. Flowers blue, in dichotomous pani- 
cles. Stamens very long, slender, and curved. 

Forked Trichostema. Blue Curls. 

2. T. linearis Walt. : stem viscidly pubescent ; leaves linear, smooth, 
sessile, acute at each end ; teeth of the calyx awned. T. dichotoma var. 
linearis Pursh. 

Sandy fields. N. J. to Car. June — Sept. (I). — Resembles the former in 
habit, but is smaller. It is considered distinct by Nuttall and Elliott. 

Narrow-leaved Trichostema. 

28. TEUCRIUM. Linn.— Germander. 

(From Teucer, a prince of Troy, who is said to have first used this plant 
medicinally.) 

Calyx tubular or campanulate, almost equally 5-toothed. 
Corolla with the tube short ; 4 upper lobes of the limb nearly 
equal ; the lowest lobe longest, oblong or rounded. Stamens 
exserted from a cleft between the upper lobes of the corolla. 

T. Canadense Linn. : hoary-pubescent ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate, 
petiolate, obtuse at base, hoary beneath ; whorls crowded in a single termi- 
nal spike ; calyx campanulate, with the 3 upper teeth broader. T Virgi?i~ 
icum Linn. 

Low grounds. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. %■. — Stem 2 — 3 feet 
high, square, usually simple. Leaves varying from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 
on short petioles. Flowers purple, in a terminal whorled spike. 

Canadian Germander. Wood Sage. 

Order XCIV. VERBENACE./E.— Vervains. 

Calyx tubular, persistent. Corolla tubular, deciduous, gene- 
rally with an irregular limb. Stamens usually 4, didynamous, 
seldom equal, sometimes only 2. Ovary 2 — 4-celled ; style 1 ; 
stigma bifid or undivided. Fruit nucamentaceous, sometimes 
berried, composed of 2 or 4 nucules in a state of adhesion, 
(rarely with 1 nucule). Seeds with the albumen wanting or 
fleshy. — Trees, shrubs or herbaceous plants, with the leaves op- 
posite, and the flowers usually in corymbs. 

1. VERBENA. Linn.— Vervain. 

CFrom the Celtic ferfain, derived from fer, to drive away, and faen, stone; 
from its having been supposed to cure the disease so called. Hook. Brit. Fl.) 

Calyx tubular, with 5 teeth, one of them generally shorter 
than the rest. Corolla tubular or somewhat funnel-form ; limb 



VERBENACE.E. 285 

unequal, 5-cleft. Stamens 4, included, (sometimes only 2.) 
Fruit composed of 2 — 4 nucules. 

1. V. hastata Linn'.: erect, tall; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, sharply 
or incisely serrate, lower ones lobed or subhastate ; spikes filiform, erect, 
corymbose-paniculate, somewhat imbricate. 

Low grounds. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. July, Aug. %.. — Stem 3 — 5 feet 
high, 4-sided, somewhat rough and hairy. Leaves large, rough. — Flowers small, 
purple, in numerous spikes forming a large terminal panicle. 

Halbert-leaved Vervain. 

2. V. spuria Linn. : stem decumbent, branched, divaricate ; leaves la- 
ciniate, much divided ; spikes filiform, loose ; bracts longer than the calyx. 

Sandy fields. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug.— Oct. ©.Stem 1—2 feet 
long, at length much branched. Flowers small, blue, in paniculate spikes, at 
length scattered. Decumbent Vervain. 

3. V. urticcefolia Linn. : erect, somewhat pubescent ; leaves ovate or 
lance-ovate, acute, serrate, petiolate ; spikes filiform, axillary and terminal j 
flowers distinct. 

Road sides. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. %.— Stem 2—3 feet 
high, somewhat hairy. Flowers small, white tinged with purple, in filiform 
spikes forming panicles. Common Vervain. 

4. V. angustifolia Mich. : erect, mostly simple ; leaves linear-lanceolate, 
attenuate at the base, remotely toothed, with elevated veins ; spikes filiform, 
solitary, axillary and terminal. V. rugosa Willd. 

Sandy fields. N. Y. and Penn. W. to Miss. June — Aug. %.. — Stem a foot 
high, sometimes a little branched, hairy. Flowers blue, in terminal spikes. 

Narrow-leaved Vervain. 

2 ZAPANIA. Lam.— Zapania. 

(In honor of Paul Anthony Zappa, an Italian botanist.) 

Calyx compressed, 2-parted. Corolla tubular, with the limb 

unequally 5 -lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous. Stigma peltately 

capitate, oblique. Nucules 2, at first covered by an evanescent 

pericarp. 

Z. nodiflora Lam,. : stem procumbent and rooting ; leaves ovate-wedge- 
form and ovate-lanceolate, subsessile, serrate above ; spikes solitary, on 
long filiform peduncles, forming conical heads. Z. lanceolala Pers. Ver- 
bena nodiflora Linn. Lippia nodiflora Mich, 

Low grounds. Penn. to Car. W. to Miss. July. %. — Stem 6 — 8 inches 
long, branching. Flowers bluish-white, in heads which ntv on peduncles 2 — i 
inches long. Aodc-Jlowcred Zapania. 

3. PHRYMA. Linn.— Lopseed. 

(Etymology unknown.) 

Calyx cylindric, 2-lipped ; upper lip longer, trifid ; lower 

2-toothcd. Corolla 2-lipped ; upper lip emarginate ; the lower 

much larger, Hat, 3-lobed. Stamens 4, included. Pericarp 

thin and evanescent, with a single seed. 



286 ACANTHACE^l. 

P. leptostachya Linn. : leaves ovate, acute, coarsely and unequally toothed, 
petioled ; spikes terminal, slender. 

Shady woods. Can. to Car. July. %. — Stem 2 — 3 feet high, with a few 
spreading branches above. Leaves large. Spikes on long slender peduncles. 
Flowers small, mostly opposite, purplish. Calyx reflected downwards when in 
fruit. Lopseed. 

Order XCV. ACANTHACE^.— Acanthads. 

Calyx 4 or 5 -divided, usually 5 -leaved, distinct or variously 
combined, persistent. " Corolla mostly irregular, with tlie limb 
ringent or bilabiate, or occasionally 1 -lipped, sometimes nearly 
equal, deciduous. Stamens mostly 2, both bearing anthers ; 
sometimes 4, didynamous, the shorter ones being sometimes 
sterile. Ovary seated in the disk, 2-celled ; style 1 ; stigma 
2-lobed or entire. Capsule 2-celled, bursting elastically with 
2 valves. Seeds roundish, hanging by processes of the pla- 
centa, -without albumen. — Herbaceous plants or shrubs. Leaves 
opposite, without stipules. 

1. JUSTICIA. Linn.— Justicia. 

(In honor of James Justice, a Scotch horticulturalist.) 

Calyx 5-parted, often with 2 bracts at the base. Corolla 
irregular, bilabiate ; upper lip emarginate ; lower 3 -cleft. Sta- 
mens 2, each with a single or double anther. Stigma 1. Cap- 
sule attenuated, 2-celled, 2-valved; dissepiment growing from 
the centre of each valve. 

J. pedunculosa Mich. : leaves linear-lanceolate ; spikes axillary ; pedun- 
cles elongated, mostly alternate; flowers crowded. J. Americana Void. 
Dianthera Americana Linn r 

In water. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. r Z]_. — Root creeping. 
Stem 2 feet high, simple or sparingly branched above. Leaves nearly 6 inches 
long, narrow-lanceolate. Flowers on axillary peduncles which are nearly as 
long as the leaves, pale-purple. Water Willow. 

2. RUELLIA. Linn.— Ruellm. 

(In honor of John Ruelle, a French physician and botanist.) 

Calyx 5-parted, often bi-bracteate. Corolla subcampanulate, 
border 5-lobed. Stamens approximating by pairs. Capsule 
attenuated at either extremity, bursting with elastic teeth. 
Seeds few. 

R. strepens Linn. : erect, hairy ; leaves on petioles, opposite, lanceolate- 
ovate, entire ; peduncles 1 — 3-flowered ; segments of the calyx linear-lan- 
ceolate, very acute, hispid, shorter than the tube of the corolla. 

Shady woods. Penn. to Flor. W. to Miss. July. %—Stem 8—12 inches 
high. Flowers axillary, blue. Whorled Ruellia, 



LENTIBULARIACE^S. 287 



Order XCVI. LENTIBULARIACEJE.— Butterworts. 

Calyx divided, persistent. Corolla irregular, bilabiate, with 
a spur. Stamens 2, included within the corolla and inserted 
into its base; anthers 1-celled. Ovary 1-celled ; style 1 ; stig- 
ma bilabiate. Capsule 1-celled, many-seeded. Seeds minute, 
without albumen. — Herbaceous plants, growing in water or 
marshes. Leaves radical, undivided ; or compound, resem- 
bling roots and bearing little vescicles. 

1. PINGUI&ULA. Linn.— Butterwort. 
(From the Latin pinguis,fat; the leaves being thick and greasy to the touch.) 
Calyx 4 — 5-cleft, unequal. Corolla ringent, spurred at the 
base beneath. Stamens 2, included; the filaments ascending. 
Anthers transversely 2-valved. 

P. vulgaris Linn. : spur cylindric, acute, as long as the veinless petal ; 
upper lip 2-lobed ; lower one in three unequal obtuse segments. P. acuti- 
folia Mich. ? 

Wet rocks. Rochester, N. Y. Mich, and Wise. Arct. Amer. April. %. — 
Leaves all radical, spatulate-ovate, fleshy. Scape 4 — 6 inches high. Flowers 
solitary, nodding ; tube of the corolla villous, purple. Common Butterwort. 

2. UTRICULARIA. Z,wm.— Bladderwort. 

(From the Latin utriculus, a little bladder ; in allusion to the inflated appen- 
dages attached to the roots.) 

Calyx 2-parted ; lips undivided, nearly equal. Corolla per- 
sonate, with the lower lip spurred at the base. Stamens 2, 
with the filaments incurved, bearing the anthers within the apex. 
Stigma 2-lipped. Capsule 1-celled. 

1. U. ceratophylla Mich.: floating; upper leaves whorled, pinnatifid at 
the extremities and furnished with air bladders; scape 5 — 7-flowered ; 
lower lip of the corolla deeply 3-lobed ; spur short, obtuse, deeply emargi- 
nate. U. injlata Wall. 

Ponds. N. Y. to Mexico; rare. July, Aug. %. — Root very long, finely 
divided and furnished with numerous compressed air vessels. Stem or scape 
about 8 inches high. Flowers large, yellow, subcorymbed. 

Spongy-leaved Bladderwort, 

2. U. vulgaris Linn. : floating ; stems submerged, diehotoinous ; leaves 
many-parted, furnished with air bladders; scape 5 — 9-flowered, bracteate; 
upper lip of the corolla entire, broad-ovate ; spur conical, incurved. I . 
macrorhiza Le Conic. 

Pools and ponds of deep water. Can. to Car. W. to the Platte River. July, 
Aug. %. — Root much branched. Scape 8 — 10 inches high, Flowers large, 
racemed, yellow ; spur entire and somewhat attenuated at the apex. 

Common lihuhhrwort. 



288 LENTIBULARIACE.E. 

3. TJ. minor Linn. : floating ; leaves dichotomously divided, the segments 
linear and setaceous, furnished with air bladders ; scape about 2-flowered; 
upper lip emarginate, as long as the palate ; spur very short, obtuse, keeled, 
deflexed. TJ. gibba Torr. FL not of Linn. 

Ponds and swamps. N. Y. and Mass. June. %.. — Leaves furnished with 
air bladders. Scape 2 — 4 inches high. Flowers small, dull-yellow. 

Lesser Bladderwort. 

4. TJ.fornicata Le Conte: floating; scape naked, 1 — 2-flowered; upper 
lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe arched over the palate ; spur incurved, conoidal, 
obtuse, very entire, appressed to the lower lip of the corolla. TJ. minor 
Pwsh. TJ. gibba Ell. not of Linn. 

Swamps and ditches. N. Y. to Geor. Aug. %.. — Root furnished with air 
bladders. Scape naked. Flowers few, small, y.ellow. Incurved Bladderwort. 

5. TJ. setacea Mich. : scape filiform, rooting, with 2 or more flowers ; 
upper Up of the corolla ovate ; the lower deeply 3-lobed ; spur subulate, as 
long as the lower lip of the corolla. TJ. subuloJa Pursh. TJ. pumila Walt. 

Swamps. Can. to Flor. and Louis. June. %. — Scape very slender, 4 — 6 
inches high, furnished with scales. Flowers many, small, yellow. Upper lip 
oi the corolla half the size of the lower. Setaceous Bladderwort. 

6. TJ. intermedia Heyne : floating ; leaves distichous, dichotomously many- 
parted, without air bladders ; segments setaceous, spinulose-denticulate ; 
scape 2 — 3-flowered, upper lip entire, twice as long as the palate ; spur 
conical, acute ; capsule erect. (D. C.) 

Swamps. Mass. Green. Jefferson county, N. Y. Gray. Arct. Amer. 
Hook. June, July. %. — Leaves oblong, cut into numerous segments like those 
of yarrow. The air bladders grow in separate root-like branches. Scape 4 — 8 
inches high. Flowers about half as large as in TJ. vulgaris, yellow. 

Intermediate Bladderwort. 

7. TJ. resupinata Greene: radical leaves resembling roots, somewhat 
whorled, capillary, furnished with air bladders ; scape 1-flowered, erect, 
slender ; lip cylindraceous, obtuse, 4 times as long as the corolla. (.D. C.) 

Plymouth, Mass. Greene. (Tj? — Plant 3 — 6 inches long, slender. Flower 
solitary, yellow ? The only description which I have seen of this species is that 
given in De Candolle, Prod. viii. 11, from a specimen furnished by Mr. Tucker- 
mann. Resupinate Bladderwort. 

8. TJ. cornuta Mich. : scape rooting, erect, rigid ; flowers 2 — 3, sessile ; 
upper lip of the corolla obovate, entire ; lower Up very broad, somewhat 
3-lobed; spur very acute, projecting and dependent. 

Wet rocks. Can. to Car. W. to Lake Superior. July, Aug. %. — Scape 10 
inches high, with minute appressed scales. Flowers yellow, approximate, nearly 
sessile, as large as those of TJ. vulgaris. Sharp-horned Bladderwort. 

9. TJ. striata Le Conte : floating; scape 4 — 7-flowered; upper lip of the 
coroUa ovate-roundish, sub emarginate, margin waved ; lower Up 3-lobed, 
reflected at the sides ; spur straight, obtuse, shorter than the lower Up. TJ. 
fibrosa Ell. not of Walt. 

Swamps and shallow waters. Mass. to Flor. June, July. %. — Root spar- 
ingly furnished with air vessels. Scape nearly a foot high. Corolla large, yel- 
low, striated with red ; spur much shorter than the lower lip. 

Striated Bladderwort. 

10. TJ. personata Le Conte : scape rooting, many-flowered ; upper Up of 



primulace^:. 289 

the corolla emarginate, reclinate ; lower small, entire ; palate very large ; 
spur linear-subulate, somewhat acute, as long as the corolla. 

Bogs. N. Eng. to Flor. Le Conte. (J). — Scape 12—18 inches high, 4—10- 
flowered, furnished with scales. Flowers yellow, rather large. Spur more 
slender and acute than in U. cornuta. Personate Bladderwort. 

11. U. purpurea Wail.: floating; leaves verticillately branched; the 
capillary segments furnished with air bladders ; scape 1— 3-flowered ; upper 
lip of the corolla truncate ; the lower 3-lobed ; lateral lobes cucullate ; spur 
conical, appressed to the corolla and half its length. U. saccala Ell. 

Ponds. Mass. to Flor. N. W. Territory. Houghton. Aug. (J). — Stems 
2 — 3 feet long. Scapes 2—4 inches long, axillary, solitary and in pairs. Co- 
rolla purple. Purple Bladderwort. 

Order XCVII. PRIMULACE^E.— Primworts. 

Calyx 4 — 5-cleft, persistent. Corolla regular, the limb 4 — 5- 
cleft. Stamens inserted upon the corolla, equal in number, 
and opposite to its segments. Ovary 1 -celled ; style 1 ; stigma 
capitate. Capsule with a central placenta. Seeds numerous, 
peltate ; embryo lying across the hilum in fleshy albumen. — 
Herbaceous plants, with the leaves usually radical ; otherwise 
whorled and opposite or alternate. 

1. PRIMULA. Linn.— Primrose. 

(From the Latin primus, first ; on account of the early appearance of the flow- 
ers of some species.) 

Calyx tubular, 5 -toothed. Corolla salver-form ; tube cylin- 
dric ; orifice open. Stamens 5, not exserted. Stigma globose. 
Capsule opening with 10 teeth. Flowers in an involucrate 
umbel. 

P. Mislassinica Mick. : leaves obovate-spatulate, sparingly toothed, ob- 
tuse or acute, smooth or pubescent beneath ; scape slender, with a few- 
flowered umbel ; segments of the corolla obcordate, slightly emarginate, 
about two-thirds as long as the tube. D. pusilla Hook. 

Yates county, N. Y. Dr. Sartwell. Steuben county, N. Y. D. Thomas. 
N. to Arct. Amer. 1[. — Plant usually smooth, but sometimes powdery. Scope 
3 — 5 inches high. Leaves 6 — 10 lines long. Flowers about 3, in a terminal 
umbel, pale-purple. Mr. David Thomas informs me that this plant was found 
several years since near Hammondsport, Steuben county, N. Y. The two .Now 
York localities are the only known ones in the U. S. 

Dwarf Canadian Primrose. 

2. DODECANTHEON. Linn.— American Cowslip. 

(From the Greek <Mo-a, twelve, and 0>?oj, divinity ; an old name renewed by 
LinnoBUs on account of its beauty.) 

Calyx 5-parted, reflexed. Corolla rotate, 5-parted, the lobes 
reflexed. Stamens 5, inserted into the throat of the corolla ; 

13 



290 primulace^:. 

filaments connate at base. Stigma exserted. Capsule oblong- 
ovoid, 5-valved, many-seeded. 

1. D. Meadia Linn. : scape erect, simple, smooth ; leaves oblong-ovate, 
repandly toothed ; umbel many-flowered ; flowers nodding ; bracts nume- 
rous, oval. 

Rocky places. Penn. to Ala. W. to the Rocky Mountains. May, June. 
%. — Scape 8 — 12 inches high. Flowers large, purple. 

Common American Cowslip. 

2. D. integrifolium Mich. : leaves ovate or lanceolate, subspatulate, ob- 
tuse ; umbel few-flowered; flowers nearly erect ; bracts lanceolate or linear, 
acute. 

Mountains. Penn. N. to Subarct. Amer. W. to the Miss. June. %.. — 
Flowers pale-blue, smaller than in the preceding. Pursh. 

Entire-leaved American Cowslip. 

3. TRIENTALIS. Linn.— Wintergreen. 

(From the Latin triens, the third part ; said to allude to this plant being the 
third of a foot high. Hook. Brit. Fl.) 

Calyx deeply 6 — 8-parted. Corolla deeply 6 — 8-parted, ro- 
tate. Stamens 6 — 8. Style filiform. Capsule globose, some- 
what fleshy, (berry,) opening at the sutures, and then 5-valved. 
Seeds few. 

T. Americana Pursh : leaves narrow-lanceolate, serrulate, acuminate ; 
lobes of the corolla acuminate. T. Europasa Mich. T. Europcea var. angus- 
tifolia Nutt. 

Low woods. Can. to Virg. N. to Subarct. Amer. May, June. %. — Stem 
6 inches high. Leaves 6 or 7 in a terminal whorl, with two or three straggling 
ones on the stem. Flowers white, on terminal filiform peduncles. 

Chickweed Wintergreen. 

4. HOTTONIA. Linn.— Water Feather. 

(In honor of Pierre Hotton, a professor of Leyden, who flourished in the seven- 
teenth century.) 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla salver-form, 5-lobed. Stamens 

seated on the tube of the corolla. Stigma globose. Capsule 

globose, crowned with the persistent style, at length 5-valved. 
Seeds very numerous. 

H. inflata Linn. : stem thick, generally submersed ; scape jointed, with 
the internodes and lower part inflated ; flowers verticillate, mostly in fours, 
pedicellate. H. palustris Pursh. 

Stagnant waters. N. Y. and Mass. to Geor. ; rare. July. %.—Stem thick, 
spongy, generally submersed. Leaves long and pectinate. Flowers whorled, 
on pedicels, 2 or 3 lines long, small, white. Abundant near North Salem, West- 
chester county, N. Y. Dr. S. B. Mead. American Water Feather. 



PRIMULACEiE. 291 



5. GLA UX. Linn.— Black Saltwort. 

(From the Greek yXavxiov, given to a plant of a sea-green color, or because it 
grew near the sea.) 

Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed, colored. Corolla none. Sta- 
mens 5, inserted into the bottom of the calyx and alternating 
with the segments. Stigma capitate. Capsule globose, 5- 
valved, few-seeded. 

G. maritima Linn. 

Marshes on the sea-coast. Can. and Mass. ; rare. July. %. — Stem sub- 
erect or procumbent, 4 — 5 inches high, very leafy. Leaves opposite, ovate or 
roundish, smooth, entire, fleshy. Flowers minute, sessile, solitary, axillary, red- 
dish-white. Black Saltwort. 

6. LYSIMACHIA. Linn.— Loosestrife. 
(Origin uncertain.) 
Calyx 5 — 6-parted. Corolla somewhat rotate, 5 — 6-parted. 
Stamens 5, (rarely 6 — 7,) sometimes with intermediate teeth or 
short sterile filaments. Capsule globose, 5 — 10-valved, dehis- 
cent at the summit. 

1. L. stricta Ait. : stem erect, smooth ; leaves opposite, lanceolate, taper- 
ing at base, subsessile, punctate ; raceme terminal, very long, loose ; pedi- 
cels long, slender. L. racemosa Mich. 

Low grounds. Can. to Virg. July, Aug. %. — Stem 12 — 18 inches high. 
Leaves few, often with bulbs or abortive branches in the axils. (Toir.) Flowers 
yellow, on capillary pedicels, arranged in a terminal raceme 4 — 8 inches long. 

Upright Loosestrife. 

2. L. quadrifolia Linn. : stem simple, a little hairy ; leaves in whorls of 
fours or fives, ovate-lanceolate, nearly sessile, acuminate, punctate ; pedun- 
cles mostly in fours, axillary, 1-flowered ; lobes of the corolla oval, entire. 
L. hirsnta Mich. L. punctata Walt. 

Low grounds. Can. to Car. June, July. Q\. — Stem 12 — 18 inches high. 
Leaves varying from 3 — 8 in a whorl, though generally four. Flowers yellow, on 
long slender peduncles which are as numerous as the leaves. 

Whorled Loosestrife. 

3. L.longifolia Pwsh : very smooth, 4-sided, branched above; leaves 
opposite, sessile, linear, rcvolute on the margin ; peduncles 1-flowered, op- 
posite or in fours, the upper ones longer ; lobes of the corolla broad-ovate, 
acuminate, serrulate. L. revoluta Nu/t. 

Wet rocky woods. N. Y. to Car. W. to Mich. June. %.— Stem 1—2 feet 
high. Leaves narrow, not dotted ; floral ones appearing as if whorled. Flourrs 
mostly at the extremities of the branches, at length nodding, yellow. 

Jicvohite Loosestrife. 

4. L. ciliata Linn. : stem nearly smooth ; leaves opposite, on long pe- 
tioles, subcordatc-ovate, acuminate; petioles filiate ; peduncles mostly in 
pairs, 1 -flowered ; flowers drooping; lobes of the corolla rounded, crenate, 
mucronate. L. quadrifolia fi.ciliata, WiUd. 

Banks of streams. Can. to Car. W. to the Rocky Mountains. July. %, — 



292 PRIMULACE^. 

Stein 2 — 3 feet high, square, sparingly branched. Leaves large, not punctate. 
Flowers large, yellow. Ciliale Loosestrife. 

5. L. hybrida Mich. : stem smooth ; leaves petioled, opposite, lanceolate, 
acute at each end ; petioles ciliate ; peduncles axillary, mostly in pairs, 
1-flowered; flowers nodding; corolla scarcely longer than the calyx. L. 
heterophylla Suit. 

Moist grounds. N. Y. to Car. July. %. — Resembles the preceding species, 
but the leaves are narrower and never cordate at base, and the petioles are less 
ciliate. Hybrid Loosestrife. 

6. L. capitata Pursh : nearly smooth ; stem simple ; leaves opposite, ses- 
sile, lanceolate, punctate; peduncles axillary, elongated; flowers in dense 
roundish heads, 5 — 7-parted. L. thy rsifolia Mich. Xaumbergia thyrsifolia 
D. C. 

Swamps. N. S. N. to Arct. Amer. June. %. — Stem 1 — 2 feet high. Leaves 
villous beneath. Flowers yellow, in roundish or ovate heads which are on ax- 
illary peduncles. Capitate Loosestrife. 

7. ANAGALLIS. Lamm,.— Pimpernel 

(From the Greek avaycXaw, to laugh ; on account of its supposed exhilarating 
virtues.) 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, deeply 5-parted. Stamens 
5 ; filaments hairy. Capsule globose, opening heniispherically, 
many-seeded. 

A. arvensis Linn. : stem procumbent, branched ; leaves opposite, ovate, 
sessile, dotted beneath, very entire ; margin of the corolla crenate and pi- 
lose-glandular. 

Fields and road sides. N. Y. Mass. to Car. June— Oct. (T). — Stem 4 — 10 
inches long. Flowers scarlet, sometimes with a purple centre, on solitary axil- 
lary peduncles which are longer than the leaves. Scarlet Pimpernel. 

8. SAMOLUS. Linn.— Water Pimpernel. 
(Supposed to have been named from the island of Samos.) 

Calyx 5-cleft, the base adnate to the ovary. Corolla salver- 
form, 5-parted, with 5 scales, (sterile filaments,) alternating with 
the lobes ; tube short. Fertile stamens 5, inserted on the tube 
of the corolla. Capsule half inferior, 1 -celled, many-seeded, 
opening with 5 valves. 

(S. Valerandi Linn.: stem erect; leaves obovate; racemes elongated, 
loose, many-flowered ; pedicels with small bracts. 

Wet grounds. Can. to Car. July— Sept. %.— Stem 8—12 inches high, 
smooth. Leaves obovate, subpetiolate, entire and somewhat fleshy. Flowers 
small, white. This plant is very generally distributed throughout the world. 

Common \\ater Pimpernel. 



PLANTAGINACEiE. 



293 



Order XCVIII. PLUMBAGINACE^E.— Leadworts. 

Calyx tubular, plaited, persistent. Corolla monopetalous or 
of 5 petals, regular. Stamens 5, hypogynous when tbe petals 
are combined, inserted into tbe base of the petals when distinct. 
Ovary free, 1-celled; styles 5, seldom 3 or 4 ; stigmas the 
same number. Fruit an utricle. Seed inverted, with rather a 
small quantity of mealy albumen. — Herbaceous plants or under 
shrubs. Leaves alternate or clustered, undivided, somewhat 
sheathing at base. Flowers either loosely panicled or contracted 
into heads. 

STATICE. Linn.— Marsh Rosemary. 

(From the Greek aran^a), to stop ; on account of its supposed power of check- 
ing diarrhasa.) 

Calyx funnel-form, 5-toothed. Petals 5, united at base. 
Stamens 5, inserted on the claws of the petals. Styles 5. 
Fruit a membranaceous utricle. 

1. S. Limonium Linn. : scape paniculate, terete; leaves oblong-lanceo- 
late, petiolate, smooth, mucronate ; calyx with deep acute plaited segments 
and intermediate teeth. S. Caroliniana Walt. 

Salt marshes. N. Y. and Mass. to Car. Aug. — Oct. % — Root large, ligneous. 
Scape angular, longer than the leaves, with several lanceolate scales. Flowers 
sessile, blue, in a large corymbose panicle. A valuable astringent. Big. Med. 
Bot. ii. 51. Common Marsh Rosemary. 

2. & Armeria Linn. : scape simple, terete, bearing a round head of flow- 
ers ; leaves linear, smooth ; awns of the calyx short. 

Rocks near the sea shore. Penn. to Virg. Pursh. N. to Arct. Amer. July, 
Aug. %. — Root large, ligneous. Scape a foot high. Heads of flowers rose- 
colored, intermixed with scales and having also a 3-leaved general involucre. 

Thrift. 

Order XCIX. PLANTAGINACE^E.— Ribworts. 

Calyx 4-parted, persistent. Corolla monopetalous, persistent, 
with a 4-parted limb. Stamens 4, inserted into the corolla, 
alternate with its segments ; filaments long, filiform ; anthers 
versatile. Ovary 2- very seldom 4-celled ; style simple. Cap- 
sule membranous, opening transversely. Seeds sessile, peltare. 
• — Herbaceous plants, usually stemless. Leaves flat and ribbed 
or taper and fleshy. Flowers in spikes, small. 

PLANTAGO. Li ii ii.— Plantain. 
(Origin doubtful.) 

Flowers perfect. Calyx 4- (rarely 3) -parted. Corolla 4- 



294 PLANTAGINACEiE. 

cleft ; border reflexed. Stamens 4, mostly very long. Capsule 
2 — 4-celled, opening transversely. 

* Leaves broad. 

1. P. cor data Lam. : leaves on long petioles, broad-ovate, cordate, sub- 
dentate, smooth ; spike very long ; flowers subimbricate ; the lower ones 
scattered; bracts ovate, obtuse ; cells of the capsule 1-seeded. P. Kentuck- 
iensis Mich. 

Banks of streams. Can. N. Y. and Penn. W. to Tenn. June, July. %.— 
Scape 12—18 inches high. Leaves 3—6 inches long, smooth, generally cordate 
at base. Flowers in a slender elongated spike. Heart-leaved Plantain. 

2. P. major Linn. : leaves ovate, smoothish, subdentate, on longish peti- 
oles ; scape rounded ; spike cylindric, very long ; flowers closely imbri- 
cated; cells of the capsule many-seeded. 

Fields, &c. Throughout Can. and the IT. S. June— Aug. %..— Scape 8—12 
inches high, pubescent. Leaves spreading on the ground, coarsely toothed, 5 — 7- 
ncrved. Spike 2 — 6 inches long, close. Flowers whitish. Introduced from 
Europe. Common Plantain. 

3. P. media Linn. : leaves ovate, pubescent, sessile or tapering into short 
petioles ; scape rounded ; spike short, cylindric ; cells of the capsule 1- 
seeded. 

Fields. N. Y. and Penn. July. %.— Scape longer than the leaves. Leaves 
2 inches long. Flowers in a closely imbricated spike which is shorter than in 
the preceding. Pubescent Plantain. 

4. P. Virginica Linn. : hoary-pubescent ; leaves lanceolate-ovate, spar- 
ingly toothed, 3 — 5-nerved, tapering at base; spike cylindric, with the 
flowers rather remote ; capsule 2-seeded. 

Sandy soils. Throughout the U. S. May, June. (g). — Scape hairy, almost 
hispid, longer than the leaves, angular. Spikes 1 — 4 inches long, with the 
flowers at first crowded, but at length distant. Corolla yellowish. 

Virginian Plantain. 

5. P. lanceolata Linn. : leaves lanceolate, acute at each end, 3 — 5-nerved, 
remotely toothed; scape slender, elongated, grooved; spike short, ovoid- 
cylindric, compact ; capsule 2-seeded. 

Pastures. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. May— Sept. %.— Scape 12—18 
inches high, a little hairy. Flowers in a very dense spike. Bracts ovate, 
brownish, as long as the calyx. Corolla whitish. Introduced from Europe. 

Ribwort. 

6. P.cucullata Lam.: leaves ovate, cucullate, subdenticulate, 9-nerved, 
pubescent beneath ; scape-rounded ; spike cylindric, imbricated. P. max- 
ima. Jacq. 

Moist rocky situations. Can. and Maine. Pursh. July, Aug. %. 

Hooded Plantain. 
** Leaves linear. 

7. P. maritima Linn. : leaves linear, grooved, fleshy, hairy near the 
base, mostly entire ; scape rounded ; spike cylindric, dense ; cells of the 
capsule l-seeded. P. paucijlora Pursh. 

Salt marshes. Mass. N. Y. Aug., Sept. %.— Scape 6—10 inches high. 
Leaves fleshy, channelled above. Spike cylindric, short, the flowers at length 
somewhat remote. Sea-side Plantain. 



AMARANTH ACE. £2. 295 

8. P. pusilla Null. : minutely pubescent ; leaves linear-subulate, flat, 
entire, acute ; scape terete, slender, longer than the leaves ; spike cylin- 
dric, loose ; lower flowers distant ; bracts ovate, acute, as long as the 
calyx. P. hybrida Bart. P. linearifolia Muhl. 

Rocky hills. N. Y. to Flor. W. to Miss. May, June. Q.— Scape 2—3 
inches high, slender. Flowers in an interrupted spike. Dwarf Plantain. 

Subclass IV.— MONOCHLAMYDEALS. 

Flowers with, a simple perianth, or whose calyx and corolla 
form only one envelope. 

Order C. AMARANTHACE^E.— Amaranths. 

Perianth 3 — 5 -parted, scarious, persistent. Stamens hypo- 
gynous, either 5 or some multiple of that number, distinct or 
monadelphous ; anthers 1 — 2-celled. Ovary single ; style 1 or 
none. Fruit usually a membranous utricle. Seeds lenticular, 
pendulous ; the embryo curved around mealy albumen. — Herbs 
or shrubs. Leaves simple, opposite or alternate. Flowers in 
heads or spikes, sometimes monoecious or dioecious. 

AMARANTHUS. Linn.— Amaranth. 
(From the Greek a, not, and [napaivio, to fade ; or flowers which do not fade.) 

Monoecious. Perianth deeply 3 — 5-parted. Sterile Fl. 
Stamens 3 — 5. Fertile Fl. Styles 3. Utricle opening trans- 
versely all round, indehiscent. 

1. A. lividus Linn. : stem erect ; leaves elliptic, retuse ; flowers clustered, 
triandrous, in rounded spikes. 

Cultivated grounds. Penn. ? to Car. June — Aug. (T). — Stem 2 — 3 feet 
high, smooth. Livid Amaranth. 

2. A. hybridus Linn. : stem sulcate, angled, roughish pubescent, spar- 
ingly branched ; leaves ovate-lanceolate ; flowers pentandrous, in dense 
compound axillary and terminal spikes. 

Near gardens, &c. N. Y. to Car. June — Sept. (T>. — Stem 2 — 3 feet high. 
Flowers small, green, in compound sessile crowded spikes. Introduced I 

Hybrid Amaranth. 

3. A. grcecizans Linn. : stem obtusely angled, smooth, erect, with hori- 
zontal branches ; leaves obovate and spatulate, oblong, retuse. mueronate ; 
flowers triandrous, in smail axillary clusters. A. B/i/um Big. 

Cultivated grounds. Mass. to Virg. July — Sept ©. — Stem 1 — 3 feet high. 
Flowers numerous, pale-green. Intro. lined ! Bushy Amaranth. 

4. A. spinosits Linn. : stem striate, smoothish, much branched ; leaves 
ovate-lanceolate ; axils spinose ; flowers pentandrous, in compound ter- 
minal and axillary spikes. 

Cultivated grounds near West Chester, Penn. Darlin^t. Aujf. X- — Stow 



296 CHENOPODIACE^E. 

18 inches to 2 or 3 feet high, generally much branched, often purple. Flowers 
small, in oblong erect terminal and subterminal spikes. A very troublesome 
weed. Introduced. Spiny Amaranth. 

5. A. retroflexus Linn.: branches pubescent; leaves ovate, undulate; 
racemes erect, much compounded : flowers pentandrous. 

Among rubbish, &c. Penn. to Virg. Aug. (I). Pursh. 

Hairy Amaranth. 

6. A. pumilus Raf. : stem diffuse, smooth; leaves ovate, obtuse, smooth 
and fleshy, often retuse ; flowers pentandrous, in axillary clusters. 

Sandy beaches. N. Y. to Car. Aug. (£)■ — Stem a foot high, somewhat de- 
cumbent, spreading. Flowers greenish and purple, in somewhat crowded 
clusters. Dwarf Amaranth. 

Order CI. CHENOPODIACE^E.— Chexopods. 

Perianth deeply divided, sometimes tubular at the base, per- 
sistent. Stamens inserted into the base of the perianth, oppo- 
site its segments and equal to them in number or fewer. Ovary 
single, mostly superior. Style 2 — 4-divided, rarely simple ; 
stigmas simple. Fruit an utricle, sometimes a berry. Seed 
erect, with the embryo usually curved around mealy albumen. 
— Herbaceous plants or under shrubs. Leaves alternate, with- 
out stipules, occasionally opposite. Flowers small, sometimes 
polygamous. 

1. CHENOPOD1UM. Linn.— Goosefoot. 

(From the Greek xn v ) xnvos, a goose, and ->rvs, noSos , a foot ; in allusion to the 
shape of the leaves in some species.) 

Flowers perfect. Perianth 5-parted, closing upon but not 
wholly enveloping the fruit. Stamens 5. Styles 2, united at 
base. Utricle thin, membranaceous. Seed lenticular. 

* Leaves ovate or rhomboid, often toothed or lobed. 

1. C. Bonus Henricus Linn.: leaves triangular-sagittate, very entire; 
spikes compound, peduncled, crowded, terminal and axillary, erect, leafless. 
Blituvi Bonus Henricus Mey. 

Oneida county, N. Y. Torr. June. %. — Stem a foot high, striate, ascend- 
ing. Leaves large, dark-green. Flowers green, in small roundish clusters, 
forming a terminal spike. Introduced from Europe. Good King Henry. 

2. C. rJwmbifolium Muhl. : leaves triangular-rhombic, acute, repandly 
toothed ; upper ones lanceolate, toothed, cuneate at base ; racemes axillary, 
erect, leafless ; bracts minute, incurved. 

Penn. to Car. June, July. ®.— Plant yellowish-green. Stem 1—2 feet 
high, branched. Flowers small, in capitate a'xillary clusters. Introduced ? 

Rhombic-leaved Goosefoot. 

3. C. rubrum Linn.: leaves rhomboid -triangular, deeply toothed and 



CHENOPODIACE.E. 297 

sinuate; racemes erect, compound, leafy; flowers crowded; fruit very 
small. 

Waste places. Near Boston. Big. Aug. (J). — Stem 2 feet high, often reddish. 
Racemes very compound, intermixed with small leaves. Introduced from 
Europe. Red Goosefoot. 

4. C. hybridum Linn. : leaves cordate, ovate, angularly toothed, acumi- 
nate ; racemes much branched in a somewhat cymose manner, divaricate, 
leafless. 

Waste places. Mass. to Virg. July, Aug. (T). — Stem 2 — 3 feet high, slen- 
der, with large and bright-green leaves. Flowers in compound clusters, remote 
from the leaves. Introduced from Europe. Maple-leaved Goosefoot. 

5. C. album Linn. : leaves rhomboid-ovate, erose-dentate, entire at the 
base ; upper ones oblong-lanceolate, entire ; racemes branched, somewhat 
leafy ; seed very smooth. 

Waste grounds. Mass. to Virg. July, Aug. (J). — Stem 3 — 5 feet high. 
Leaves covered with a mealy substance. Racemes somewhat branched, con- 
glomerate. When the leaves are greener and more entire, it constitutes the 
C. viride of Linnaeus. Introduced from Europe. Lamb's-quarters. 

6. C. ambrosioides Linn. : leaves lanceolate, remotely toothed ; the upper 
ones linear-lanceolate, entire ; racemes simple, axillary, leafy. Ambrina 
ambrosioides Spach. 

Road sides. Mass. to Virg. Aug., Sept. (J). — Stem 18 inches high, much 
branched, somewhat pubescent. Leaves on short petioles. Flowers green, in 
erect spikes. Sweet Pigweed. 

7. C. Botrys Linn. : leaves oblong, pinnatifid-sinuate ; racemes axillary 
and terminal, paniculate, leafless; flowers distinct, on short pedicels, 

Ambrina Botrys Spach. 

Waste places. N. S. July — Sept. (T). — Stem 1 — 2 feet high, branched, 
somewhat viscid. Flowers in numerous short axillary racemes covering the 
ends of the branches. The whole plant has a strong smell. Introduced. 

Jerusalem Oak. 

8. C. anthelminticum Linn. : leaves oblong-lanceolate, nearly sessile, 
coarsely toothed ; racemes axillary and terminal, spike-like, simple, elon- 
gated, leafless. Ambrina anthelmintica Spach. 

Fields. N. S. Aug. %. — Stem 1£ — 2 feet high, much branched. Racemes 
long and slender, axillary and terminal. Worm-seed. 

9. C. glaucum Linn. : leaves oblong, toothed and sinuate on the margin, 
glaucous and mealy beneath; spikes compound, axillary and terminal, 
leafless. 

In N. Y. Mold. (T). — Stem diffuse, thick. Glaucous Goosefoot. 

** Leaves linear, fleshy. 

10. C. marilimum Linn. : leaves linear, subulate, fleshy, semi-cylindric ; 
flowers in sessile axillary clusters ; stamens shorter than the petals. Sal- 
sola salsa Mich. Sucda maritima Torr. 

Salt meadows. Can. to Flor. Aug.. Sept. \S^.— Stem 2 — 3 feet high, 
branched, very Leafy. Flowers in small axillary glomerulus. According to 
Macnab, the C. mantimum of American authors is the C.Jruticosvm of Lin- 
naeus. Ed'ui. New Phil. Jour. xix. 63. Seaside Gfoos 

13* 



298 CHENOPODIACE^E. 

2. ATRIPLEX. Linn.— Orach. 
(From the Greek a, not, and rpafeiv, to nourish.) 
Flowers monoecious or dioecious, rarely perfect. Sterile Fl. 
without bracts. Perianth 3 — 5-parted, without appendages. 
Stamens 3 — 5. Fertile Fl. with 2 bracts at base. Perianth 
none. Styles 2, united below. Utricle compressed, partly 
included in the bracts, 1 -seeded. 

1. A. Halimus Linn.: stem frutescent; leaves alternate or opposite, ob- 
long-subrhomboid, entire, decurrent into the petiole. 

N. J. to Virg. I7. Muhl. A doubtful species. Shrubby Orach. 

2. A. patula Linn. : stem herbaceous, much branched, procumbent ; 
leaves triangular-hastate, acuminate, smooth above, irregularly toothed ; 
the upper ones entire; perianth of the fruit submuricate on the sides. 
A. laciniata Pursh. 

N. Y. to Car. Aug. (£).—Stem much branched ; the branches 1 — 2 feet long, 
striate. Leaves on petioles which are nearly an inch long. Flowers clustered 
on axillary and terminal spikes. Spreading Orach. 

3. A arenaria Nutt. : stem herbaceous, spreading ; leaves oblong-ovate, 
subsessile, silvery-mealy beneath, very entire ; upper ones acute or acumi- 
nate ; perianth of the fruit muricate, dentate, retuse. Obione arenaria 
Moq- Tand. 

Sea-coast. N. Y. to Car. Aug., Sept. (T). — Stem a foot high, angular, much 
branched. Lower leaves often cuneate. Flowers monoecious ; the sterile ones 
in short glomerate spikes at the end of the branches ; the fertile ones in axillary 
clusters. Sea-beach Orach. 

4. A. hortensis Linn.: stem erect, herbaceous; leaves triangular, dentate, 
green on both sides ; perianth of the fruit ovate, reticulate, entire ; flowers 
in terminal interrupted racemes or spikes. 

Cultivated gsounds. N. S. ; rare. July. CD- — Stem 3 — i feet high. Leaves 
2 — 3 inches long. Flowers green. Introduced. Garden Orach. 

3. ACNIDA. Linn.— Water Hemp. 

(From the Greek a. without, and kvi J/7, a nettle ; because it resembles a nettle 
but does not sting.) 

Flowers dioecious, without bracts. Sterile Fl. Perianth 
5-parted. Stamens 5, very short. Fertile Fl. Perianth 3- 
parted. Styles none. Stigmas 3 — 5, spreading. Capsule 1- 
seeded. 

1. A. cannabina Linn. : leaves ovate-lanceolate ; capsules smooth, acutely 
angled. 

Marshes. Can. to Flor. July, Aug. Q.—Stem 3—6 feet high, slightly an- 
gled. Leaves alternate, ribbed, 2 — 5 inches long, petioled. Flowers small, green, 
in large axillary and terminal panicles. Common Water Hemp. 

2. A. ruscocarpa Mich. : leaves oval-lanceolate ; capsules obtusely an- 
gled, rugose. 



CHENOPODIACE.E. 299 

Marshes, Can. to Flor. Nutt. July. (I). — Resembles the preceding, except 
in its fruit. It may be only a variety. Rough-fruited Water-hemp. 

4. SALICORNIA. Linn.— Glasswort. 

(From the Latin sal, salt, and cornu, a horn ,• on account of the saline nature 
and horn-like branches of the plant.) 

Perianth turbinate, fleshy, obscurely lobed. Stamens 1 or 2. 
Style 1, bifid. Utricle compressed, enclosed in the enlarged 
perianth. 

1. & herbacea Linn.: herbaceous, annual; stem erect or assurgent; 
joints compressed, somewhat thickened and notched at the summit; spikes 
peduncled, cylindric, slightly tapering at the extremity ; perianth truncated. 
(S 1 . Virginica Linn. 

Sea-coast and salt marshes. N. Y. to Flor. Sept. 0. — Plant destitute of 
leaves. Stem 6 — 10 inches high, branched. Flowers very minute, in threes at 
each joint. Common Saltwort or Samphire. 

2. S. ambigua Mich. : perennial, procumbent, branching ; joints crescent- 
shaped, small ; spikes opposite and alternate ; perianth truncate. 

Salt meadows. N. Y. to Car. (§) or %. — Stem procumbent and ascending. 
Anthers purplish-yellow. Resembles S. frulicosa of Linnseus. 

Perennial Saltwort. 

3. &. mucronala Lag. ? herbaceous, annual, erect; the joints 4-angled 
at the base, with two acute ovate mucronate teeth at the summit ; spikes 
very thick, obtuse. (Torr. N. Y. Fl.) 

Salt marshes. Near Boston. Big. Long Island. Torr. Aug., Sept. ©.—Stem 
4 — 8 inches high, sparingly branched, thick and succulent. Spikes 3 lines hi 
diameter and an inch or more in length. Dwarf Saltwort. 

5. SALSOLA. Linn.— Saltwort. 

(From the Latin sal, salt ; in allusion to the alkaline salt which many of the 
species afford.) 

Flowers perfect. Perianth 5 -cleft, persistent, enveloping the 
fruit with its base, and crowning it with its enlarged limb. 
Stamens 5. Styles 2. 

&. Kali Linn. : herbaceous, decumbent; leaves subulate, spinose, rough; 
flowers axillary, solitary; fruit-bearing perianth with a scarious margin. 
&. Caroliniana Mich. S. Kali var. Caroliniana Null. S. Tragus M 

Sea-coast. N. Y. to Car. Aug., Sept. (1). — Stem much branched, diffuse, 
angled. Flowers succulent, pale-greenish, sessile, with 2 or 3 bracts at the base 
of °each. Prickly Saltwort. 

G. BLITUM. Linn. — Strawberry Blite. 
(Said to be derived from the Greek P\itov, insipid; in allusion to the fruit.) 

Perianth 5-cleft, baccate in fruit. Stamens mostly solitary. 
Styles 2, united below. Utricle compressed, covered with the 
perianth. Seed somewhat globose. 



300 POLYGONACE.E. 

1. B. capitatum Linn.: procumbent; leaves triangular-hastate ; heads of 

flowers alternate, in a leafless terminal spike. 

Fields and margins of swamps. Mass. to Virg. X. to Subarct. Amer. June, 
July. CD- — Stem a foot long, branched. Heads round, sessile, consisting of nu- 
merous minute flowers, becoming red and succulent ; somewhat resembling 
strawberries. Abundant near Rome, Zv. Y. Strawberry Elite. 

2. B. virgatum Linn. : leaves triangular-hastate; heads scattered, 
lateral. 

Fields, &c. Penn. June. (£. — Leaves with large sinuate teeth. Heads of 
■flowers axillary, always lateral, becoming red. Introduced. 

Slender Strawberry Elite. 

3. B. maritimum NvM. : perianth membranaceous ; clusters axillary, 
spiked, naked ; leaves lanceolate, attenuated at each extremity, incisely 
toothed. 

Salt marshes, near N. Y. Aug. X- — ^ tem erect, 1 — 2 feet high, much 
branched. Leaves with a few large teeth, succulent. Perianth not becoming 
succulent. Resembles an Atriplex. and perhaps does not belong to tins genus. 

Seaside BUte. 

Order CII. PHYTOLACCACE.E.— Pokevteeds. 

Perianth of 4 — 5-petaloid leaves. Stamens either indefinite, 
or, if equal to the number of the divisions of the perianth, alter- 
nate with them. Ovary of 1 or several cells, each containing 
1 ascending ovule. Fruit berried or dry, indehiscent. Seeds 
ascending, solitary, with a cylindric embryo curved round mealy 
albumen. — Under shrubs or herbaceous plants. Flowers race- 
mose. 

PHYTOLACCA. Linn.— PokeweeA 

(From the Greek dvrov, & plant, and \a%a.vov, a pot-herb; in allusion to the 
use which is made of the young shoots.) 

Perianth 5 -leaved, petaloid. Stamens 7 — 30. Styles short, 
5 — 12. Berry superior, globose-depressed, made up of 5 — 12 
closely united carpels. 

P. decandra Linn. : leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute at each end, alter- 
nate, petiolate ; flowers in simple racemes, with 10 stamens and 10 styles. 

Borders of fields. Can. to Car. W. to Ark. June — Oct. %. — Root very 
large, fusiform. Stem 4 — 8 feet high, succulent, purplish. Flowers whitish, in 
long pedunculate racemes. Berry globose-depressed, purple when mature. The 
root is a violent emetic. Big. Med. Bot. i. 39. Common Pokeweed. 

Order CIII. POLYGOXACE.E.— Buckwheats. 

Perianth free, often colored, imbricated in aestivation. Sta- 
mens usually definite, inserted in the bottom of the perianth. 
Ovary superior, with a single erect ovule ; styles 2 — 4. Fruit a 
nut, usually triangular, naked or covered by the enlarged peri- 



POLYGONACE^E. 301 

anth. Seed with farinaceous albumen and an inverted em- 
bryo. — Herbaceous plants, rarely shrubs, with alternate entire 
leaves and usually sheathing stipules (ochrEe). Flowers often 
in racemes, occasionally diclinous. 

1. POLYGONUM. Linn.— Knotweed. 

(From the Greek iro\vs many, and yow, a knee or joint ; the stem having nu- 
merous joints.) 

Perianth mostly 5-parted, petaloid, persistent. Stamens 
3 — 9, mostly 8. Styles 2 — 3. Fruit a one-seeded compressed 
or triquetrous nut. 

* Mowers axillary. 

1. P. aviculare Linn.: stem mostly procumbent, herbaceous; leaves 
elliptic-lanceolate, rough on the margin ; flowers axillary, 2 — 3 together ; 
nerves of the stipules distant. P. aviculare var. procumbens Torr. 

Waste places. Mass. to Car. N. to Subarct. Amer. W. to the Platte River. 
May — Sept. (£)■ — Stem much branched , nearly erect. Leaves variable in size 
and shape. Flowers greenish-white tinged with purple. Knot Grass. 

2. P. erectum Muhl. : stem mostly erect; leaves broad-oval, rather obtuse, 
petiolate, smooth ; flowers pentandrous, pedicellate. P. aviculare var. lali- 
folium Mich. var. erectum Torr. 

Near cultivated grounds. N. S. N. to Subarct. Amer. Aug. %.. — Stem 1 — 3 
feet high. Flowers greenish. Dr. Darlington concurs in the opinion expressed 
by Muhlenberg, that this is a distinct species. Fl. Cest. Upright Knotweed. 

3. P. maritimum Linn. : glaucous ; stem prostrate, with very short in- 
ternodes ; leaves lanceolate, somewhat fleshy, often revolute on the margin ; 
stipules half as long as the leaves, finally lacerate ; flowers axillary, 2 — 3 
together, on somewhat exserted pedicels. P. glaucum Nutt. 

Sandy coast of Long Island. Torr. Aug. (I) and % I — Stem diffuse and 
spreading, woody towards the base. Flowers pale rose-color or white, twice as 
large as in P. aviculare. Seaside Knotweed. 

4. P. tenue Mich.: stem slender, erect, branched, acutely angled; leaves 
lance-linear, erect, cuspidate ; stipules tubular, lacerate at the summit, with 
the segments setaceously acuminate ; flowers axillary, mostly solitary, sub- 
sessile, alternate. P. Unifolium Muhl. 

Dry hills and fields. Mass. to Virg. July, Aug. Q.—Stem fi— 12 inches 
high, scabrous on the angles. Flowers small, white, solitary and in pairs. Nut 
acutely triangular, shining, almost black. Slender Knotweed. 

** Flowers in terminal solitary spikes. 

5. P. viviparum Linn. : stem simple ; spike linear, solitary ; leaves linear- 
lanceolate, revolute on the margin; the lower ones elliptic, petiolate. 

Can. White Hills, N. H., Arct. Amer. and Rocky Mountains. Aug. %. — 
Stan 4 — 8 inches high, slender. Spike generally bearing little rod bulbs at the 
lower part. Flowers pale flesh-color, almost white. 

Bulb-bearing Knotweed. 



302 POLYGONACE^. 

*** Flovjers in axillary or terminal spikes. 

6. P. punctalum Ell. : stem branched ; leaves lanceolate, with pellucid 
punctures, scabrous on the margin and midrib; stipules slightly hairy, 
ciliate ; spikes few-flowered, filiform, at first cernuous ; perianth glandular- 
punctate; stamens 6 — 8; styles 2 — 3. P. Hydropiper Mick. P. hydro- 
piperoides Pursh. 

Inundated grounds. Can. to Car. Aug., Sept. (Tj. — Stem 1 — 2 feet high, 
slender, sometimes decumbent. Flowers white, in one or two slender simple 
spikes. Nut lenticular or triquetrous. Plant very acrid. Water Pepper. 

7. P. mite Pers. : stem erect or ascending ; leaves narrow-lanceolate, 
acuminate, entire, somewhat hairy ; stipules hairy, with long cilise ; flowers 
octandrous, in crowded spikes : styles 3. P. hydropiperoides Mich. 

Ditches and ponds. Can. to Car. July — Sept. ®. — Stem 18 inches high. 
Flowers purplish, in somewhat crowded spikes. Leaves not acrid. Nut trique- 
trous, purplish-black. Bearded Knotweed. 

8. P. Virginianum Linn. : stem simple ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acu- 
minate ; spike terminal, slender, very long ; flowers remote, pentandrous ; 
perianth unequally 4-parted ; styles 2. P. Bistorta Walt. 

Shady woods. Can, to Flor. W. to Miss. July, Aug. %.—Stem 2—4 feet 
high, somewhat angular, hairy near the summit. Leaves large, with hairy 
stipules. Flowers white or purplish, in a very long naked and somewhat vir- 
gate spike. ; Virginian Knotweed. 

9. P. amphibium Linn. : stem nearly erect ; leaves petiolate, oblong- 
lanceolate, sometimes cordate at base ; flowers in dense terminal spikes, 
pentandrous ; styles 2. P. coccineum var. terrestre Pursh. 

var. aquaticum Linn. : stem spreading on the surface of water ; leaves 
ovate-lanceolate, cordate ; spike cylindric-oblong. P. fiuitans Eaton. P. 
coccineum Big. 

Borders of swamps and ponds. N. S. W. to Miss. July. %.. — Stem 8 — 12 
inches long. Flowers large, reddish, in an ovate spike. The var. has the stems 
long and the leaves broad-cordate and floating ; but it passes into the former. 

Water Knotweed. 

10. P. Pe?insrjlvanicum Linn. : stem erect, with tumid joints ; leaves lan- 
ceolate, slightly hairy, petioled ; stipules smooth and naked ; spikes ob- 
long, crowded, on glandular-hispid peduncles ; flowers mostly octandrous ; 
styles 2. 

Margins of ponds and ditches. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Sept. 
(I). — Stem 2 — 4 feet high, geniculate, branched above. Flowers large, reddish, 
in numerous crowded spikes. Stamens often 6. Pennsylvanian Knotweed. 

11. P. Persicaria Linn. : stem erect; leaves lanceolate; stipules trun- 
cate, ciliate ; spikes dense, ovate-oblong, erect, on smooth peduncles ; flow- 
ers hexandrous ; styles 2. P. lapathifolium Linn. 

Waste places. Can. to Car. July, Aug. Q.—Stem 12—18 inches high, 
erect or decumbent, branched, smooth, often purplish. Leaves on short petioles, 
the upper surface usually marked with a dark-colored spot. Flowers reddish, 
in erect oblong terminal spikes. Ladies' Thumb. 

12. P. orientale Linn. : stem erect, paniculately branched, hirsute ; 
leaves very large, petioled, ovate, acuminate, minutely pubescent ; stipules 
hairy, salverform ; spikes terminal, dense, nodding, on hairy peduncles ; 
flowers heptandrousj styles 2. 






POLYGONACE^E. 303 

Old fields and road sides. July, Aug. (£).—Stem 4—5 feet high, loosely 
branched above, hairy. Flowers large, crimson, in numerous pendulous spikes. 
Naturalized throughout the whole U. States. Prince's Feather. 

**** Flowers in panicled spikes. Perianth 5-sepalled. 

13. P. arliculatum Linn. : stem erect ; leaves linear, obtuse ; stipules 
short, truncate ; spikes paniculate, filiform, erect ; pedicels solitary, articu- 
late near the base ; flowers perfect, octandrous, trigynous, nodding. 

Sandy plains. Mass. N. Y. and N. J. W. to Michigan. Sept. (J).— Stem 
12 inches high, branched above, smooth. Leaves very small, linear. Flowers 
reddish-white, in spikes which are jointed by a succession of imbricate sheath- 
ing bracts. Jointweed. 

***** Flowers in racemose panicles. Leaves subcordate or sagittate. 

14. P. saglttatum Linn. • stem prostrate, square, the angles armed with 
reversed prickles ; leaves sagittate, acute, nearly sessile ; flowers in small 
peduncled heads, mostly octandrous. 

Wet grounds. N. Y. to Flor. July, Aug. (J). — Stem 2 — 4 feet long, slender, 
procumbent or supported by other plants. Flowers white, axillary and terminal, 
in small compact heads which are supported on long peduncles. 

Arrow-leaved Knotweed. 

15. P. arifolium Linn. : stem prostrate, sulcate-angled, the angles with 
reversed prickles ; leaves on long petioles, hastate, acuminate ; flowers sub- 
racemose, distinct, hexandrous ; styles 2. 

Wet grounds. Can. to Car. Aug., Sept. (T). — Stem 3 — 6 feet long, fiexu- 
ous, prostrate or climbing. Flowers pale-red, in loose slender racemose clusters. 

Halhert-leaved Knotweed. 

16. P. Convolvulus Linn. : stem climbing or prostrate, somewhat rough ; 
leaves oblong, hastate-cordate, acuminate ; flowers in loose axillary ra- 
cemes, octandrous; segments of the perianth bluntly keeled, wingless. 

Cultivated grounds. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July — Sept. (T). — Stem 
3 — 6 feet long, climbing. Flowers whitish or reddish, in terminal interrupted 
leafy racemes. Introduced ? Black Bindweed. 

17. P. cilinode Mich. : stem climbing or prostrate, retrorsely pubescent ; 
leaves somewhat hastate-cordate, acuminate ; stipules somewhat acute, 
ciliate at the base ; flowers in axillary paniculate racemes, octandrous ; 
segments of the perianth bluntly keeled, wingless ; styles 3. 

Rocky hills. Mass. and N. Y. July, Aug. (T). — Stem 4 — 8 feet, long, pur- 
plish. Flowers greenish or pale rose-color, in slender nearly naked racemes. 
Distinct from the preceding. Fringe-jointed Knotweed. 

18. P. dumetorum Linn. : stem climbing, smooth; leaves broad-cordate, 
acuminate ; stipules truncate, naked ; flowers rather large, in erect axillary 
racemes, octandrous; segments of the perianth winged. L. scandens Linn. 

Shady woods. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. ()\—Stem 6—1*3 
feet long, often purple. Flowers white or reddish, in axillary racemes. 

Cliinbing Buckwheat. 

19. P. Fagopyrum Linn.: stem erect, paniculately branched, smoothish ; 
leaves cordate-sagittate, acute ; racemes terminal and axillary ; seeds 
equally triquetrous, nearly naked. 

Fields, remaining as a weed where it has been cultivated, June. (p. — Stem 
2 — 3 feet high, pubescent at the joints. Flowers white tinged With green and 
purple, in somewhat paniculate racemes. ^.-.. : 



304 POLYGONACEiE. 



2. RUMEX. Linn.- Dock. 

(Said to be derived from the Latin rumex, a pike or spear ; in reference to the 
form of the leaves of some species.) 

Perianth 6 -leaved ; the three inner leaves somewhat colored, 
larger, often with tubercles on the outside and closing in a val- 
vate manner over the fruit. Stamens 6. Styles 3. Stigmas 
many- cleft. Nut triquetrous. 

* Flowers perfect. Inner leaves of the perianth, or valves bearing tubercles, 

1. R aquaticus Linn. : leaves lanceolate, acute, the lower ones on long 
petioles and cordate at base ; valves ovate, entire, all of them bearing tu- 
bercles. 

Ponds and ditches. N. S. July, Aug. %. — Root large and very astringent. 
Stem 3 — 4 feet high. Flowers whorled, in a terminal leafy panicle. Intro- 
duced I Water Dock. 

2. R. crispus Linn. : leaves lanceolate, acute, waved on the margin ; 
upper whorls of flowers leafless ; valves very large, cordate, entire, veined, 
one of them with a large tubercle. 

Pastures and meadows. Can. to Car. June, July. %. — Root large, fusi- 
form, yellow; Stem 2 — 3 feet high, furrowed, paniculately branched above. 
Flowers in crowded whorls, on pedicels. One of the valves with a large orange- 
colored tubercle, the others with the midrib swollen at the base. Introduced 
from Europe. Curled Dock. 

3. R. sanguineus Linn. : leaves lanceolate, somewhat cordate, petioled, 
smooth, mostly with red veins ; whorls distant, on long generally leafless 
branches ; valves small, oblong, entire, one at least with a tubercle. 

Fields and road sides. Can. to Car. June, July. %. — Stem 3 feet high. 
Root leaves large, with blood-red veins. Flowers in small distant whorls. In- 
troduced from Europe. Bloody Dock. 

4. R. Britannica Linn. : leaves broad-lanceolate, flat, smooth ; sheaths 
obsolete ; racemes in a large terminal panicle, nearly leafless ; valves all 
entire and usually with tubercles. 

Swamps. Can. to Car. June, July. %. — Root fusiform, yellow internally. 
Stem 2 — 4 feet high. Leaves large, on petioles. Flowers in a compound termi- 
nal panicle. Yellow-rooted Water Dock. 

5. R. verticillaius Linn. : leaves lanceolate, acute, flat ; sheaths cylin- 
dric; flowers whorled, in long leafless racemes; valves broad-cordate, en- 
tire, all bearing tubercles. 

Swampy grounds. N. S. June, July. %. — Stem 2 feet high, branching 
above. Leaves long, lanceolate, narrow. Whorls distant, on dichotomous ra- 
cemes or spikes. Pedicels of the fruit half an inch or more in length. 

Whorled Dock. 

6. R. pallidus Big. • leaves linear-lanceolate, acute ; spikes slender ; 
valves ovate, acute, entire, with large tubercles. 

Salt marshes. Mass. June. 11-. — Stems numerous, ascending, slightly fur- 
rowed. Leaves smooth, petioled, more or less waved on the margin. Spikes 
slender. Pale Dock. 

7. R. acutus Linn. : leaves cordate-oblong, acuminate ; whorls numerous, 
small, leafy ; valves oblong, somewhat toothed, all with tubercles. 



LAURACE^E. 305 

Moist grounds. N. S. June. %, — Stem 2 — 3 feet high. Introduced from 
Europe. Sharp-pointed Dock. 

8. R. obtusifolius Linn. : stem roughish ; radical leaves cordate-oblong, 
obtuse ; upper ones narrower ; valves ovate, toothed, one of them with a 
tubercle. 

Woods and fields. N. Y. to Virg. June, July. %.— Stem 2—3 feet high, 
paniculately branched. Leaves very large. Flowers in long nearly leafless ra- 
cemes. Introduced from Europe. Obtuse-leaved Dock. 

** Flowers dioecious. Valves without tubercles. 

9. R. Acetosella Linn. : leaves lanceolate-hastate ; lobes acute, spreading ; 
racemes paniculate ; valves ovate, entire, without tubercles. 

Fields, &c. Throughout the U. S. June, July. %.—Stem 6—12 inches 
high. Racemes paniculate, at length becoming purple. Fertile flowers similar 
to the sterile, but less common. The plant has a pleasant acid taste, owing to 
the presence of binoxalate of potassa. Sheep Sorrel. 

3. OXYRIA. Hill.— Oxyria. 
(From the Greek o£vs, acid ; in allusion to the qualities of its leaves.) 
Perianth 4-leaved ; two inner leaves larger. Stamens 6. 
Styles 2. Nut triquetrous, with a broad winged membranous 
margin. 

O. reniformis Hook. Rumex digynus Linn. 

Moist ravines. On the summit of the White Mountains, N. H. Oakes. 
July, Aug. %. — Stem 8 — 10 inches high, often naked. Radical leaves nume- 
rous, all reniform, on long petioles. Racemes and peduncles branched, with 
minute bracts at the base of each ramification. Flmvers erect, small. 

Kidneyform-leaved Oxyria. 

Order CIV. LAURACE^E.— Laurels. 

Perianth 4 — 6-cleft, imbricated. Stamens definite, opposite 
the segments of the perianth and usually twice as numerous ; 
anthers adnate, 2 — 4-celled, bursting by a longitudinal valve. 
Glands usually present at the base of the inner filaments. 
Ovary superior, single ; style simple ; stigma obtuse. Fruit a 
berry or drupe, naked or covered. Seed without albumen ; 
embryo inverted. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves without stipules, 
alternate. Flowers in panicles or umbels. 

1. LAURUS. Linn,— Bay Tree. 
(The ancient name for the Bay Tree.) 
Dioecious. Perianth colored, 5 — C-parted. Fertile stamens 
9, arranged in three series, the six outer ones with simple dis- 
tinct filaments; three inner ones with two glands at the base 
of each. Ovary superior. Drupe 1 -seeded. 



306 EL^EAGNACEiE. 

* Leaves perennial. 

1. L. Carolinensis Mich.: leaves oval-lanceolate, coriaceous, glaucous 
beneath ; peduncles simple, terminated with a few-flowered fascicle ; outer 
segments of the perianth half as long as the inner. 

In the Great Cypress Swamp, Sussex county, Delaware ; its most northern 
boundary. Nutt. S. to Geor. June. — A large shrub or small tree. Flowers in 
small clusters, polygamous, pale-yellow. Drupe dark-blue. 

Carolina Bay-tree. 

** Leaves deciduous. Flowers dimcious. 

2. L. Benzoin Linn. : leaves obovate-lanceolate, wedgeform at base, 
entire, whitish and subpubescent beneath ; flowers in clustered umbels, ap- 
pearing before the leaves ; buds and pedicels smooth. L. Pseudo- Benzoin 
Mich. Benzoin odoriferum Nees. 

Banks of streams. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. April, May. — A shrub 6 — 10 
feet high, with brittle virgate branches. Flowers pale-yellow. Drupe roundish, 
scarlet. Benzoin. Spice-wood. 

3. L. Sassafras Linn. : leaves entire and ovate, or 2 — 3-lobed ; flowers in 
clustered corymbose racemes, appearing before the leaves ; buds and pedi- 
cels silky-pubescent. Sassafras officinale Nees. 

River banks. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. April.— Varies in size from that 
of a large shrub to a large tree. Leaves of two forms, some ovate and entire, 
others dilated and 3-lobed at the summit, silky-pubescent when young, at length 
smooth. Flowers pale-yellow. Drupe ovate-oblong, dark-blue. This and the 
foregoing species possess medicinal properties. See Big. Med. Bot. ii. 142. 

Sassafras. 

Order CV. EL^EAGNACE^.— Oleasters. 

Flowers mostly dioecious. Sterile Fl. Stamens, 3, 4, or 8, 
sessile ; anthers 2 -celled. Fertile Fl. Perianth tubular, per- 
sistent ; the limb entire or 2 — 5-tootlied. Ovary free, 1-celled ; 
stigma simple, subulate, glandular. Fruit crustaceous, enclosed 
within the perianth become succulent. Seed erect; embryo 
straight, surrounded by thin fleshy albumen. — Trees or shrubs, 
usually covered with leprous scales. Leaves alternate or oppo- 
site, without stipules. 

SHEPHERDIA. Nutt.— Shepherdia. 
(In honor of John Shepherd, late curator of the Liverpool Botanic Garden.) 

Dioecious. Sterile Fl. Perianth 4-parted. Stamens 8, 
included, alternating with 8 glands. Fertile Fl. Perianth 4- 
cleft, campanulate, superior. Stamens none. Style 1. Stigma 
oblique. Berry 1 -seeded. 

S. Canadensis Nutt. : leaves oblong-ovate, nearly smooth above, stellately 
hairy and scaly beneath ; the scales ferruginous and deciduous. Wppophae 
Canadensis Wllld. 



SANTALACE^:. 307 

Rocky banks of streams. Can. and western part of N. Y. N. to Arct. Amer. 
May, June. Yi- — Stem 6 — 8 feet high, with numerous opposite branches. Flowers 
minute, in short axillary racemes. Berry scaly, sweetish. 

Canadian Shepherdia. 

Order CVI. THYMELACE^.— Daphnads. 

Perianth inferior, tubular, colored ; the limb 4- seldom 5- 
cleft. Stamens definite, usually 8, sometimes 4 or 2 ; anthers 
2-celled. Ovary solitary ; style 1 ; stigma undivided. Fruit a 
nut or drupe ; albumen none, or thin and fleshy. — Shrubs with 
a tough bark. Leaves alternate or opposite, entire, without 
stipules. 

DIRCA. Linn.— heather Wood. 
(From the Greek SipKa, a fountain ; in allusion to its usual place of growth.) 

Perianth colored, tubular-campanulate ; limb obsolete, loosely 
dentate. Stamens 8, inserted into the perianth, unequal. Style 
1. Berry 1 -seeded. 

D. palustris Linn. 

Woods. Can. to Geor. April. T^. — Stem 2 — 4 feet high, with tough yel- 
lowish branches. Leaves alternate, ovate, sometimes subrhomboid, petioled, en- 
tire, obtuse, smooth above, pubescent and glaucous beneath. Flowers appearing 
before the leaves, usually in threes, on a short thick peduncle, pale-yellow. 
Berry oval, reddish when ripe- The bark has a sweetish taste, and when 
chewed excites a burning sensation in the fauces. Leather Wood. 

Order CVII. SANTALACE^E.— Sakdalworts. 

Perianth superior, 4- or 5-cleft, half colored, with valvate 
aestivation. Stamens 4 or 5, opposite the segments of the per- 
ianth and inserted into their bases. Ovary 1 -celled, with from 
1 — 4 ovules ; style 1 ; stigma often lobed. Fruit a nut or drupe. 
Seed with fleshy albumen. — Trees, shrubs, or sometimes herba- 
ceous plants, with alternate undivided leaves and small flowers. 

h NYSSA. Linn.— Gum Tree. 
(Origin of the name uncertain.) 

Dioeciously polygamous. Sterile Fl. Perianth 5-parted. 
Stamens 5 — 10. Fertile Fl. Perianth 5-parted. Stamens 
5. Style 1. Drupe inferior, 1 -seeded. 

1. N. muU/flora Walt : leaves oval and obovatc, very entire, acute at each 
end, the petiole margin and midrib villous ; tortile peduncles mostly £ — '3 
flowered. 2V. villosa Willd. Mich. N. sylvatica Mich. f. 

Low woods. Can. to Car. June — A. tree 30 — 50 feel high. Flowers small, 
green; the sterile ones 2—6 ui a cluster; the fertile mostly 2 on a peduncle. 



308 ARISTOLOCHIACEvE. 

Drupe nearly spherical, very dark blue. The wood of this tree, as of the next, 
(if indeed it is distinct,) is remarkable for its toughness ; on which account it is 
much used for making naves for carriage-wheels, &c. 

Sour Gum. Black Gum. 

2. N. biflora Walt. : leaves ovate-oblong, very entire, acute at each end, 
smooth ; fertile peduncles 2-flowered ; drupe oval-compressed. N. aquatica 
Linn. 

Swamps. N. S. ? S. to Car. June. — A tree 30—50 feet high. Fertile flowers 
almost invariably 2. Drupe dark blue. Probably not distinct from the pre- 
ceding, at least as credited to the Northern States. 

Tupelo-tree. Swamp Hornbeam. 

2. HAMILTONIA. Muhl.— Oil Nut. 
(Dedicated by Muhlenberg to Mr. Hamilton, an American patron of botany.) 

Polygamous. Perfect Fl. Perianth turbinate-campanu- 
late, 5-cleft. Germ immersed in the 5-toothed glandulous disk. 
Style 1. Stigmas 2 — 3, sublenticular. Drupe pyriform, 1- 
seeded, enclosed in the adhering base of the calyx. Sterile 
Fl. resembling the perfect, except in wanting the pistil. 

H. oleifera Mulil. Pyridaria pubera Mich. 

Mountains. Penn to Geor. ; rare. May, June. Yi. — Stem 4 — 6 feet high, 
with a very deep root. Leaves oblong-obovate, entire, acuminate, 2 — 3 inches 
long, petiolate, pubescent when young. Flowers in a terminal raceme, small, 
greenish-yellow. Whole plant more or less oily. Oil Nut. 

3. COMANDRA. Nutt.— Bastard Toad Flax. 

(From the Greek ko^, Mir, and avrjp, a man, (a stamen ,•) in allusion to the 
tuft of hair which connects the anthers with the perianth.) 

Perianth urceolate-campanulate ; the limb 5-cleft, persistent. 
Stamens 5, rarely 4, the anthers adhering to the lobes of the 
perianth by a tuft of hair. Style single. Fruit somewhat 
drupaceous, dry, 1 -seeded, crowned by the persistent perianth. 

C. umbellata Nutt. : stem round and erect ; leaves lance-ovate or oblong, 
subsessile, entire ; cymes in a leafy terminal panicle. Thesium umbellatum, 
Linn. 

Rocky hills and woods. Subarct. Amer. to Geor. W. to Miss. May — Aug. 
%.. — Stem 8 — 12 inches high, smoothish, branched at the top. Flowers white, 
numerous, on short pedicels. Bastard Toadflax. 

Order CVIII. ARISTOLOCHIACEJK.— Birthworts. 

Perianth superior, regular or very unequal ; the limb valvate. 
Stamens 6 — 12, epigynous, distinct, or adhering to the style and 
stigmas. Ovary inferior, 3 — 6-celled ; style simple ; stigmas 
radiate. Fruit dry or succulent, 3 — 6-celled. Seeds with a 
very minute embryo, in the base of fleshy albumen. — Herbs or 
shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, often with leafy stipules. 



empetrace^e. 309 

1. ARISTOLOCHIA. Linn.— Birthwort. 
(From the Greek; in allusion to its supposed medicinal virtues.) 

Perianth tubular, ventricose at base, dilated at the apex and 
ligulate. Anthers 6, subsessile, inserted on the style. Stigma 
6-parted or lobed. Capsule 6-sided, 6-celled, many-seeded. 

1. A. Sipho VHerit;. stem twining; leaves cordate, acute; peduncles 
1-flowered, furnished with an ovate bract ; perianth ascending, the limb 
3-cleft and equal. 

Mountains. Penn. to Car. June. \i. — A vine climbing over trees of large 
size. Leaves very large, alternate, sprinkled with hairs. Flowers solitary, 
brown. Dutchman's Pipe. 

2. A. Serpentaria Linn.: stem erect, flexuous; leaves cordate-oblong, 
acuminate ; peduncles nearly radical ; perianth sigmoid, the orifice 2- 
lipped. 

Shady woods. N. Y. to Car. June. 1[. — Root consisting of numerous 
coarse fibres. Stem 8 — 12 inches high, pubescent, geniculate and knotty at 
base. Flowers purplish-brown, large, at the base of the stem, on crooked scaly 
peduncles. It possesses valuable medicinal properties. See Big. Med. Bot. 
ii. 82. Virginia Snakeroot. 

2. ASARUM. Linn. — Asarabacca. 

(From the Greek a, not, and creipa, a band or braid; because it was rejected 
from garlands by the ancients.) 

Perianth campanulate, mostly 3-parted. Stamens 12, placed 
on an epigynous disk. Anthers adnate to the middle of the fil- 
aments. Ovary inferior ; style short ; stigma 6-parted or lobed. 
Capsule 6-celled, many-seeded. 

1. A. Canadense Linn.: leaves a terminal pair, broad reniform; peri- 
anth woolly, cleft to the base ; the segments sublanceolate, reflexed. A. 
Carolinianum Walt. 

Woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. April. %. — Stem none or very short. 
Leaves generally 2, with long and hairy petioles. Flower somewhat, campanu- 
late, solitary, on a short peduncle, sometimes nearly buried in the ground. The 
root has an agreeable and aromatic flavor. 

Canadian Asarabacca. Wild Ginger. 

2. A. Virginicum Mich. : leaves solitary, cordate, nearly round, coria- 
ceous ; flower nearly sessile ; perianth externally smooth, short, cam- 
panulate. 

Rocky woods. N. J. to Car. April. %.. — Leaves spotted or clouded, smooth. 
Segments of the perianth obtuse. Very similar in habit to the preceding. 

1 irginian Asarabacca. 

Order CIX. EMPETRACE^E.— Crowberries. 

Flowers dioecious or polygamous. Perianth consisting of 

several persistent imbricate scales, the innermost of which are 
sometimes petaloid. Stamens as numerous as the inner scales. 



310 EUPHORBIACE^E. 

Ovary free, 3 — 9 -celled ; style 1 ; stigma radiating. Fruit 
fleshy, seated in the persistent perianth, with 3—9 bony nu- 
cules, — Small arid shrubs, with heath-like evergreen leaves and 
minute flowers in their axils. 

1. EMPETRUM. Linn.— Crowberry. 
(From the Greek ey, on, and verpog, a stone ; in allusion to its place of growth-) 

Dioecious. Perianth consisting of two rows of scales. Ste- 
rile Fl. Stamens 3, upon long filaments. Fertile Fl. Sta- 
mens none. Style none, or very short. Stigma with 6 — 9 
rays. Fruit globose, with 6 — 9 nucules. 

E. nigrum Mich. : procumbent ; leaves linear-oblong, revolute on the 
margin. 

White Hills, N. H. Big. Summits of the high mountains in Essex county, 
N. Y. Torr. Shores of Lake Superior. Houghton. N. to Arct. Amer. May, 
June. — A low shrub with small and dense evergreen foliage, like that of the 
heaths. Leaves imbricate, oblong, obtuse. Flowers axillary, very small, red- 
dish. Berry roundish, black. Common Crowberry. 

2. OAKESIA. Tuckerm.— Oakesia. 
(In honor of William Oakes, Esq., of Ipswich, Mass., a well known botanist.) 

Mostly dioecious. Staminate Fl. Perianth of 5 — 6 leafets, 
the 2 innermost ones somewhat petaloid and often united on 
one side. Stamens mostly 3, (sometimes 4 or 5,) exserted. 
Ovary wanting or mostly abortive. Fertile Fl. Perianth 
nearly as in the sterile. Disk none. Ovary 3 — 4-celled ; style 
filiform, 3 — 4-cleft. Fruit dry and drupaceous, globose, mi- 
nute. 

O. Conradi Tuckerm. 

Dry sandy woods. Long Island, N. Y. July, Aug. — A very branching shrub 
forming dense circular patches; the branches somewhat verticillate, with a 
grayish bark. Leaves coriaceous, narrow-linear, bright green, somewhat hispid 
when young, smooth when old, margin revolute. Heads of flowers furnished 
with several small concave bracts. Perianth purplish-brown, the leafets ob- 
long or obovate. Fruit about the size of a mustard-seed. ( Torr. N. Y. Fl.) 

Co?irad's Oakesia. 

Order CX. EUPHORBIACE^E.— Spurgeworts. 

Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Perianth inferior, with va- 
rious glandular or scaly appendages, (sometimes wanting). Ste- 
rile Fl. Stamens 1 or many ; anthers 2-celled. Fertile Fl. 
Ovary free, sessile or stalked ; styles 2 — 3 ; stigmas compound 
or single with several lobes. Fruit consisting of 2 — 3 dehis- 
cent cells, separating with elasticity from their common axis, 



EUPHORBIACE^E. 311 

sometimes indehiscent. Seeds often with an aril, the embryo 
enclosed in fleshy albumen. — Trees, shrubs or herbs, often 
abounding in acrid milk. Leaves simple, rarely compound, 
usually with stipules. 

1. CROTONOPSIS. Mich.— Crotonopsis. 
(So called from its resembling the Croton.) 

Monoecious. Sterile Fl. Perianth 5-parted, with 5 peta- 
loid scales. Stamens 5. Fertile Fl. Perianth 5-parted. 
Stigmas 3, twice bifid. Capsule 1 -seeded, not opening. 

C. linearis Mich. : stem erect, dichotomously branched ; leaves stellately 
pubescent above, hairy and covered with silvery scales beneath. C. ar- 
gentea Ptirsh. Friesia argentea Spreng. 

Swamps in sands. N. J. to Car. W. to Miss. June. (T).— •- Stem 12 — 18 
inches high, covered like the leaves, with solitary scales. Leaves varying from 
linear-lanceolate to ovate, on short petioles. Flowers in terminal and axillary 
spikes, very minute. Linear-leaved Crotonopsis. 

2. PHYLLANTHUS. Linn.— Phyllanthus. 

(From the Greek (f>v\\ov } a leaf, and avdos, a, flower ; the flowers being con- 
nected with the leaves.) 

Monoecious. Sterile Fl. Perianth 6-parted ; segments 
spreading, colored, persistent. Stamens 3, very short, spread- 
ing, united at base ; anthers didymous. Fertile Fl. Peri- 
anth as in the sterile. Styles 3, bifid. Capsule 3-celled. 

P. Caroliniensis Walt. : herbaceous ; stem erect ; branches alternate and 
distichous ; leaves alternate, simple, elliptic-obovate, obtuse, smooth, some- 
what distichous, on short petioles; flowers few, (2 — 4,) axillary, on pedi- 
cels, nodding. P. obovatus Willd. 

Banks of streams. Penn. to Geor. July. Aug. (J). — Stem 12 inches high, 
with distichous branches, sometimes dark-purple. Flowers on short pedicels, 
axillary, nodding, yellowish, with a purple tinge at base. 

Carolin ian Phyllanth us. 

3. RICINUS. Linn.— Palma Christi. 
(From the Latin ricinus, a tick ; its seed resembling that insect.) 

Monoecious. Sterile Fl. Perianth 5-parted. Stamens 
numerous; filaments united, branching. Fertile Fl. Peri- 
anth 3-parted. Styles 3, 2-parted. Capsule mostly eehinate, 
3-celled, 3-seeded. 

R. communis Linn. : stem herbaceous, glaucOUS-pruinose ; loaves peltate- 
palmate; lobes lanceolate, serrate ; capsule eehinate. 

Around plantations at the South. Aug., Sept. (J). — Introduced. Cultivated 
extensively in various parts of the U< S. for the purpose of obtaining oil trout the 
seed. Castor-oil Bain. 



312 EUPHORBIACE.E. 



4. ACALYPHA. Linn. — Three-seeded Mercury. 
(A Greek name for the nettle, which this plant somewhat resembles.) 

Monoecious. Sterile Fl. Perianth 3 — 4-parted. Stamens 
8 — 16, very short, united at base. Fertile Fl. Styles 3, 2- 
parted. Capsule 3-celled ; cells 1-seeded. 

1. A. Virginica Linn.: pubescent; leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate, 
obtusely serrate, petiolate ; bracts somewhat stipitate, roundish-cordate, in- 
cisely lobed ; fertile flowers at the base of the sterile spike. 

Road sides, &c. Can. to Car. June — Aug. Q.—Siem 12— 18 inches high, 
erect, pubescent. Sterile flowers very small. Capsule hispid. 

Common Three-seeded Mercury. 

2. A. Caroliniana Walt. : leaves on long petioles, rhombic-ovate, acu- 
minate, serrate, entire at base ; bracts cordate, lobed ; fertile flowers at the 
base of the sterile spike. 

Fields. Penn. to Flor. July, Aug. Q).—Stem 9—18 inches high. 

Carolinian Three-seeded Mercury. 

5. EUPHORBIA. Linn.— Spurge. 
(Named after Euphorbus, an ancient Greek physician.) 
Monoecious. Rarely furnished with a perianth. Involucre 
monophyllous, campanulate, 4 — 5 -lobed; lobes usually alterna- 
ting with peltate glands. Sterile Fl. numerous, each consist- 
ing of an anther with its filament articulated in the middle. 
Fertile Fl. solitary, central, on a long peduncle. Styles 3, 
usually 2 -cleft. Capsule 3-celled, 3 -seeded. 

* Flowers solitary or somewhat corymbose. 

1. E. dentata Mich.: hairy; leaves opposite, oval, dentate; flowers 
crowded at the summit of the stem. 

Shady rocks. Penn. to Tenn. July, Aug. 0. — The upper leaves spotted. 

Toothed Spurge. 

2. E. hypericifolia Linn. : stem erect, spreading, smoothish or hairy, 
with dichotomous branches ; leaves on short petioles, oval-oblong, slightly 
falcate, serrate ; peduncles solitary in the axils and corymbose at the ex- 
tremity of the branches ; glands of the involucre with small petaloid ap- 
pendages-. 

Fields and road sides. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept. (T). — Stem 
8 — 18 inches high, sometimes almost prostrate. Leaves often with purple blotches 
above. Flowers small, white or purplish. Hypericum-leaved Spurge. 

3. E. maculata, Linn.: stem prostrate, much branched, hairy; leaves 
opposite, ovate-oblong, serrate, unequal at base ; flowers axillary, solitary 
or somewhat clustered; glands 4, seated on small petaloid appendages, 
transversely elliptic. 



EUPHORBIACEiE. 313 

Near cultivated grounds. N. Y. to Car. Aug.— Oct. (£).—Stem 6—12 
inches long, much branched from the base. Leaves on short petioles, with 
purplish blotches above. Floivers crowded near the summit of the stem. 

Spotted Spurge. 

4. E. polygonifolia Linn. : procumbent, branching, very smooth, succu- 
lent; leaves oblong and linear-oblong, petiolate, obtuse, sometimes sub- 
cordate at base ; flowers solitary in the forks of the stem ; glands trans- 
versely oblong, stipitate. E. maritima Nutt. 

Sandy sea-shores. N. Y. to Car. July — Sept. %.. — Stem diffuse, 4 — 10 
inches long. Stipules subulate, simple or simply cloven. Flowers solitary, on 
peduncles which are longer than the petioles. Seaside Spurge. 

5. E. Ipecacuanha Linn. : procumbent or nearly erect, small, smooth ; 
leaves opposite, varying from obovate to linear-lanceolate ; peduncles ax- 
illary, 1-fiowered, elongated ; glands reniform. 

Sandy soils. N. Y. to Car. June. %.. — Root very long and tapering. Stem 
short, the branches 6 — 12 inches long. Leaves sessile, often purplish. Flowers 
solitary, on peduncles which are about as long as the leaves. Emetic, and 
sometimes uted as a substitute for the Ipecacuanha of the shops. 

Wild Ipecac. 

6. E. portulacoides Linn. : erect ; leaves entire, oval, refuse ; lower ones 
ternate, spatulate, obtuse, smooth ; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, as long 
as the leaves ; glands of the involucre roundish. 

Sandy soils. Penn. Muhl. June — Aug. %.— It may be a variety of E. 
corollata. Purselain-leaved Spurge. 

** Floivers somewhat umbelled, invulucrate. 

7. E. Pephis Linn. : leaves membranaceous, broad-obovate, petioled, 
entire, smooth ; umbel 3 — 4-cleft ; glands of the involucre lunate, the horns 
very long ; capsule somewhat winged. 

Cultivated grounds. Penn. to Virg. W. to Miss. July, Aug. %—Livolucels 
or floral leaves large. Flowers conspicuous. Introduced from Europe. 

Petty Spurge. 

8. E. mercurialina Mich, : stem weak and slender ; leaves opposite or 
ternate, subsessile, oval, entire ; umbel simply 3-cleft, the rays 1-flowered. 

Shady rocky situations. Penn. and Ken. Purslu July, Aug. %.— Resem- 
bles Mercurialis annua. Mercurialis-like Spurge. 

9. E. Lathyris Linn. : stem erect ; leaves submembranaceous, oblong- 
lanceolate, entire, sessile, 4-farious ; umbel 3 — 4-cleft ; glands of the invo- 
lucre bluntly lunate; capsule smooth. 

Near gardens and cultivated grounds. Penn. July, Aug. (g) or %.— Stem 

2 8 feet high, stout, smooth. Leaves opposite and decussate. Flowers on 

dichotomous branches at the summit of the stem. Introduced from Europe. 

Caper Spurge. 

10. E. corollata Li/m. : stem simple, erect ; leaves varying from ovate- 
oblong to linear and spatulate-oblong, obtuse; umbel mostly 5-cleft, the 
ra y S 2— 6- forked ; glands of the involucre with a large obovate petaloid ap- 
pendage ; capsule smooth. 

Dry fields. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July— Aug. %.— Stem 1—3 feet 
high, slender, rarely branched, nearly smooth, Lejaves varying in form, alter- 
nate on the stem, whorled near the (lowers, often somewhat revolute. Flowers 
on slender peduncles, in a terminal umbel, conspicuous. 

Largc-floivcrcd Spurge. 

14 



314 urticace^:. 

11. E. memoralis Darlingt.: stem erect; leaves alternate; lance-oblong, 
rather acute, narrowed at the base, subsessile, entire,, hairy beneath ; um- 
bel 5 — 8-cleft, the rays 1 — 2-forked ; petaloid segments of the involucre 
dilated, subreniform. E. pilosa Pursh not of Linn. 

Moist woods. Penn. May. June. %.. — Siem 2 — 3 feet high, simple or with 
a slender peduncle-like branch from the axils of the leaves. Flowers in a ter- 
minal umbel and on slender axillary branches. Wood Spurge. 

12. E. helioscopia Linn. : smooth : stem erect, branched above ; leaves 
alternate, broadly obovate-wedgeform. obtuse, serrulate, the bracteal ones 
broader ; umbel 3 — 5-cleft, the rays 2 — 3-times forked ; involucre oblong- 
turbinate, terminal and in the forks of the umbel, nearly sessile. E. obtusaia 
Pursh. 

Sandy fields. N. Y. to Car. July— Sept. Q.—Stem 8—18 inches high, um- 
beliately branched at the top. Leaves membranaceous, sometimes retuse. 
Sterile flowers rather numerous. Wartuort Spurge. 

13. E. platyphylla Linn. : stem erect, smooth; leaves elliptic or oblan- 
ceolate, mostly acute, finely serrulate, hairy beneath ; floral ones cordate ; 
umbel 3 — 5-cleft, the rays 2 — 3-times forked ; glands of the involucre oval ; 
capsule warted. 

ZS'ear Portland Harbor, Lake Erie. Dr. Kneis/iern. On the islands of Lake 
Champlain. Oakes. Can. Hook. ,T. — Stem about a foot high. Leaves mem- 
branaceous, tapering to the base, sessile. Glands large. Introduced ? 

Broad-leaved Spurge. 

Order CXI. URTICACE^E.— Settles. 

Flowers monoecious or dioecious, scattered or clustered. Per- 
ianth membranous, lobed, persistent. Stamens definite, distinct, 
inserted into the base of the calyx and opposite its lobes. 
Ovary superior, simple ; stigma simple. Fruit a simple inde- 
liiscent nut, surrounded either by the membranous or fleshy 
perianth. Embryo straight, with fleshy albumen. — Trees, 
shrubs or herbs. Leaves alternate, often covered with pungent 
hairs. Flowers inconspicuous. 

1. URTICA. Linn.— Nettle. 
(From the Latin uro, to burn ; in allusion to its stinging property.) 

Monoecious, rarely dioecious. Sterile Fl. Perianth single, 
of 4 roundish-obtuse leaves, containing the cup-shaped rudiment 
of a germ. Stamens 4. Fertile Fl. Perianth mostly of 2 
persistent leaves. Stigma 1. ISut orbicular-ovate, compressed, 
shining. 

* Leaves opposite. 

1. U. urens Linn. : leaves elliptic or roundish-ovate, somewhat 5-nerved, 
acutely serrate ; flowers in simple axillary clusters, which are shorter than 
the leaves. 



URTICACE^E. 315 

Cultivated grounds. Can. to Geor. June, July. (1). — Stem 10 — 15 inches 
high, stinging. Flowers in short dense clusters. Introduced from Europe. 

Small Slinging Nellie. 

2. U. dioica Linn. : stem and leaves hispid ; leaves ovate, acuminate, 
cordate at base, coarsely serrate ; flowers mostly dioecious, in much-branched 
clusters. 

Waste places Can. to Car. June — Aug. %. — Stem 2 — 3 feet high, erect, 
simple or branched, clothed with stinging hairs. Flowers small, green, in 
axillary spikes which are in pairs. The root boiled with alum dyes yarn of a 
yellow color. Hook. Introduced from Europe. Large Slinging Nettle. 

3. U. procera Muhl. : leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate, serrate ; petioles 
fringed ; flowers dioecious ; spikes branching, clustered by pairs, longer than 
the petioles. 

Low grounds. Can. to Car. July, Aug. %, — Stem 3 — 4 feet high, obtusely 
4-angled. Flov)ers in compact approximate clusters. According to Mr. Elliott, 
the leaves of this species are never cordate, and the spikes are uniformly longer 
than the petioles, in which points it differs from the U. procera of Pursh, which 
would seem to be a distinct species, probably the next. Tall Nettle. 

4. U. gracilis Linn. : stem hispid ; leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate, 
serrate, cordate at base ; flowers dioecious ; peduncles hispid ; clusters in 
pairs, somewhat branched, about as long as the petioles. U. procera Pursh. ? 

Rocky places. Can. to Penn. Pursh. Muhl. N. to Arct. Amer. July — Aug. 
%. — Stem 2 — 3 feet high. Slender- stalked Nettle. 

** Leaves alternate. 

5. U. capitata Linn. : stem naked ; leaves cordate-ovate, acuminate, ser- 
rate, 3-nerved, twice as long as the petiole ; clusters spiked ; spikes solitary, 
shorter than the leaves, leafy at the summit. 

Shady woods. Can. to Car. June, July. Q\. — Stem 4 — 5 feet high, scabrous, 
furrowed. Leaves scabrous, those on the stem generally opposite. Clusters 
lateral and axillary. Resembles U. dioica. Headed Nettle. 

6. U. Canadensis Linn. : hispid and stinging ; leaves ovate, acuminate, 
serrate ; panicles axillary, mostly in pairs, loosely and divaricately branched ; 
the lower sterile, the upper fertile. U. divaricata Pursh. 

Moist shady grounds. Can. to Car. July, Aug. %. — Sle?n 5 — 6 feet high, 
stout, erect, branched. Leaves large, ovate, sometimes cordate. This species 
has the fibres very tough and strong, and it was formerly proposed by Mr. 
Whitlow as a substitute for hemp. Canadian Nettle. 

2. ADIKE. Raf.— Richweed. 
(An ancient Greek name of some nettles.) 

Flowers dioecious or somewhat monoecious. Perianth 3-(some- 
times 4-) leaved ; leaves nearly equal, oblong or lanceolate. 
Sterile Fl. Stamens 3. Fertife Fl. Perianth with a peta- 
loid cucullate scale at the base of each of the leaves inside, 
membranaceous in fruit. Stigma 1, minute, capitate, sessile 
Nut minutely papillose, straight. 

A. pumila Raf. Urtica pumila Linn. 

Wet grounds. Can. to Car. June, July, (p.— Stem 6 — 18 inches high, s iiu- 



316 CANNABINACEJS. 

pie or branched from the base, succulent and almost transparent. Leaves oppo- 
site, broad-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, crenate-serrate, shining, on 
petioles which are 1 — 2 inches long. Flowers very small, greenish, in axillary 
branching clusters or paniculate corymbs, which are shorter than the petioles. 
Very properly separated from the genus Urtica. Richweed. Coolweed. 

3. BCEHMERIA. Jacq.— False Nettle. 
(Named after George Rudolph Boehmer, a German Botanist.) 

Flowers monoecious or dioecious, minute. Sterile Fl. Pe- 
rianth 4-parted. Stamens 4. Fertile Fl. Perianth none, 
but a cluster of ovate acuminate scales, with a compressed 
ovary within eaeh scale. Nut ovate, pointed with the subulate 
style. 

B. cylindrica Willd. : herbaceous ; leaves opposite, ovate-oblong, acu- 
minate, toothed, 3-nerved, on long petioles, smoothish ; sterile spikes inter- 
rupted; fertile ones mostly continuous, cylindric. B. lateriflora Muhl. 
Urtica cylindrica Linn, 

Wet grounds. Can. to Flor. June — Aug. %. — Stem 2 — 3 feet high, smooth- 
ish, usually simple, obtusely 4-angled. Flowers minute, greenish, often dioecious, 
in slender mostly leafy spikes. False Nettle. 

4. PARIETARIA. Linn.— Pellitoiy. 

(From the Latin paries, a wall ; the species often growing on old walls.) 

Flowers polygamous, surrounded by a many-cleft involucre. 
Perfect Fl. Perianth 4-parted, persistent. Stamens 4 ; fila- 
ments at first incurved, then expanding with an elastic force. 
Ovary 1. Style 1. Nut enclosed by the enlarged perianth. 

P. Pennsylvania Muhl. : leaves alternate, oblong-lanceolate, veiny, 
with opaque dots ; involucre longer than the flowers. 

Moist rocks. N. Y. to Geor. June. (T). — Stem 6 — 12 inches high, simple. 
Flowers mostly perfect, in compact axillary clusters, whitish, at length brown. 

Pennsylvanian Pellitory. 

Order CXII. CANNABINACE^E.— Hempworts. 

Flowers dioecious. Sterile Fl. in racemes or panicles. Pe- 
rianth 5-parted, herbaceous, scaly, imbricated. Stamens few. 
Fertile Fl. in spikes or cones. Perianth single, in wrapping 
the ovary. Stigmas 2, subulate, sessile. Fruit indehiscent, 
with a single seed. Embryo curved, without albumen. — Her- 
baceous rough-stemmed watery plants, with alternate lobed stip- 
ulate leaves, and small inconspicuous flowers. 

1. CANNABIS. LM.-Hemp. 
(An ancient Greek name, the etymology of which is obscure.) 

Picecious. Sterile Fl. Perianth 5-parted. Stamens 5. 



MORACE.E. 317 

Fertile Fl. Perianth oblong, acuminate, convolute, the base 
ventricose and including the ovary. Stigmas 2, long, subulate. 
Nut 2-valved. 

C. sativa Linn. 

Fields and waste places. Can. to Virg. June. (T). — Stem 5 — 10 feet high, 
angular and sulcate, often branched. Leaves petiolate, digitate ; leafets 5 — 7, 
lanceolate, serrate. Sterile flowers in loose axillary clusters, which form a large 
panicle. Fertile flowers axillary, mostly in pairs, greenish. Everywhere culti- 
vated for the sake of its tough fibre. Introduced. Common Hemp. 

2. HUMULUS. Limv.— Hop. 
(From the Latin humus, moist earth ; because it prefers moist soils.) 

Dioecious. Sterile Fl. Perianth 5-parted. Stamens 5. 
Fertile Fl. in aments ; the scales large, membranous, imbri- 
cate in several rows, 2-flowered. Stigmas 2, long, spreading. 
Achenia invested with the enlarged perianth and forming a 
membranaceous strobile. 

H. Lupuhis Linn. 

Hedges, &c. Throughout the U. S. Aug. 71. — Stem twining, scabrous. 
Leaves opposite, rough, cordate at base, 3 — 5-lobed ; the lobes acuminate and 
serrate. Flowers greenish, the sterile in oblong panicles terminating the axillary 
branches, the fertile in oblong aments. It is used in medicine as an anodyne. 
Big. Med. Bot. iii. 163. Common Hop. 

Order CXIII. MORACEiE.— Mulberries. 

Flowers monoecious, in heads, spikes or aments. Sterile Fl. 
Perianth none, or 3— 4-parted, imbricated. Stamens 3 — 4. 
Fertile Fl. Perianth 3 — 5-parted, sometimes in two rows. 
Ovary 1- rarely 2-celled ; style terminal, bifid. Fruit small 
nuts or utricles, 1 -seeded, enclosed by a succulent receptacle or 
collected in a fleshy head formed by the succulent perianth. 
Seeds albuminous. — Trees or shrubs, with a milky juice. Leaves 
of various forms. Flowers very inconspicuous. 

MORUS. Linn.— Mulberry. 
(From the Greek fxopea, the mulberry.) 

Flowers in spikes, usually monoecious sometimes dio'cious. 
Sterile Fl. in loose spikes. Perianth 4-parted. Stamens 1. 
Fertile Fl. in dense spikes. Perianth 4-parted, becoming 
baccate. Styles 2. Nut ovate, compressed, covered by the 
succulent perianth. 

1. M. rubra, Linn.: leaves cordate-ovate or palmately lobed, acuminate, 
equally serrate, scabrous above, pubescent beneath; flowers mostly dioe- 
cious ; fruit dark-purple. 



318 SALICACE^E. 

Woods. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. May. — A tree 15 — 25 feet high, with 
spreading branches. Leaves often variously lobed. Flowers greenish, small, 
in numerous axillary pedunculate spikes. Fruit oblong, of an agreeable sweet- 
ish taste. The wood is remarkable for its durability. Red Mulberry. 

2. M. alba Linn. : leaves cordate, ovate, unequal at base, somewhat 
lobed, acute, serrate, smoothish, shining ; flowers monoecious ; fruit usually 
whitish. 

Near old fields, &c. May. — A tree 20 — 30 feet high, much branched. Leaves 
sometimes a little lobed. Fruit shorter than jn the preceding, sweetish but 
nauseous. Originally introduced as food for the silk-w T orm. White Mulberry. 

Order CXIV. SAURURACE^E.— Saururads. 

Flowers naked, seated upon a scale. Stamens definite, cla- 
vate, persistent ; anthers continuous with the slender filaments. 
Ovaries 3 or 4, more or less distinct, Fruit consisting of 3 or 
4 fleshy indehiscent nuts, or a 3- or 4-celled capsule. Embryo 
minute, in a fleshy sac, on the outside of hard mealy albumen. 
— Herbaceous plants, growing in marshy places. Leaves alter- 
nate, with stipules. Flowers in spikes. 

SAURURUS. Linn.— Lizard's Tail. 

(From the Greek cavpa, a lizard and ovpa, a tail ; in allusion to its spike of 
flowers.) 

Flowers in a solitary spike. Scales 1 -flowered. Stamens 
6 — 8 ; filaments free, elongated. Fruit 3- or 4-celled ; the car- 
pels easily separating at maturity, 1- rarely 2 -seeded, not 
opening. 

$. cemuus Linn. 

Sw T amps. Can. to Car. Aug. %. — Stem 1 — 2 feet high, leafy, forked above, 
angular and sulcate. Leaves sagittate-cordate, acuminate, nerved beneath. 
Flavors very small, greenish- white, in a long slender spike, which is at first 
cernuous at the apex, but in fruit erect. Lizard's Tail. Swamp Lily. 

Order CXV. SALICACE^E.— Willows. 

Flowers dioecious, naked, or with a membranous scale or 
bract, amentaceous. Sterile Fl. Stamens 2 — 12 or more, 
sometimes monadelphous. Fertile Fl. Ovary superior, 1- 
celled ; style 1 or none ; stigmas 2, often 2-cleft or 2-parted. 
Fruit leathery, 1 -celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds covered 
with long silky hairs. Albumen none. — Trees or shrubs. 
Leaves alternate, simple, serrate or entire, furnished with stip- 
ules. The bark is usually bitter, and contains more or less of 
the peculiar principle called Salicine. 



salicacejE. 319 

1. SALIX. Linn.— Willow. 
(From the Celtic sal, near, and lis, water; a tree that grows near water.) 

Dioecious. Anient cylindric. Perianth none. Sterile Fl- 
Stamens mostly 2, but often 3 — 5. Fertile Fl. Ovary with 
a gland at the base. Stigmas 2, often cleft. 

* Leaves entire or obscurely serrate. 

1. S. viminalis Linn. : leaves linear-lanceolate, very long- acuminate, 
nearly entire, somewhat undulate, white-silky beneath ; stipules very small? 
sublanceolate ; aments appearing before the leaves ; scales roundish, very 
hairy ; ovary sessile, ovoid ; style filiform ; stigmas linear, acute, undivided. 

Banks of streams. N. S. April, May — A middle-sized tree. Branches slen- 
der and flexile. Filaments yellow. Anthers orange. Introduced from Europe. 

Osier. Basket-willow. 

2. S. Candida Willd. : leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute, ob- 
scurely toothed at the point, pubescent above, white-tomentose beneath, 
with the margin revolute ; stipules lunate, small ; aments appearing before 
the leaves, cylindric ; scales obovate, obtuse, brown, clothed with long 
hairs. S 1 . incana Mich. 

Shady woods. N. Y. and Penn. N. to Arct. Amer. April, May. fj. — Stem 
5 or 6 feet high, with reddish twigs. Aments about an inch long, on short 
peduncles. White-leaved Willow. 

3. £. Mahlenbergiana Barratt : leaves obovate-lanceolate, entire or re- 
motely toothed, mostly acute, even, smoothish above, grayish-tomentose 
beneath ; stipules semiovate or lunate ; aments ovoid-cylindric, densely 
flowered ; ovary lanceolate, with a long beak ; stigma 2-cleft. S. coni- 
fera Willd. and S. recurvata Pursh. 

Dry woods. Can. to Car. April, fj. — Stem 4 — 8 feet high, with brittle 
grayish twigs. Leaves distinctly veined, the margin sometimes a little waved. 
Aments about an inch long. Filaments white. Anthers yellow. 

Muhlenberg's Willow. 

4. S. tristis Ait. : leaves narrow-cuneate, oblanceolate, acute at each end, 
nearly entire, revolute, smoothish above, rugosely veined and tomentose be- 
neath ; stipules none or caducous ; aments globose-ovoid, appearing before 
the leaves; scales roundish-obovate ; stigmas 2-cleft; capsules with a long 
beak. S. longirostru Mich. 

Sandy woods. N. Y. to Car. March, April. T?. — Stem 2 or 3 feet high, 
sometimes procumbent. Aments numerous, 4 — 6-lines long. Anthers at length 
yellow. The most dwarfish of our lowland species. Dwarf Downi/ Willow. 

5. S. pediccllaris Pursh : branches smooth; leaves obovate-lanceolate, 
rather acute, very entire, smooth and of the same color on both sides; 
stipules none; aments appearing with the leaves, pedunculate, very smooth ; 
scales oblong, half the length of the pedicel, scarcely hairy ; stamens 2; 
ovary ovoid-oblong; style short ; stigmas 2-cleft. 

Sphagnous swamps. Catskill mountains, N. Y. Pursh. Near Oriskany, 

Oneida county. Lodl, Seneca county, N. Y. 'Ion: New Eng. Turk, rmami. 
May. fy. — Stem a.scending, virtue, 1 ;> feel high, the hark smooth and brown- 



320 salicace^:. 

ish. Ame?its at the ends of the leafy branches, about 8 lines long. Capsule 
reddish. Long-stalked Willow. 

6. S. rosmarinifolia Linn. : leaves straight, linear-lanceolate, acute at 
each end, very entire or with a few glandular teeth, pubescent above, silky 
beneath ; stipules lanceolate, erect ; aments appearing before the leaves ; 
scales short, villous ; ovary pedicellate, lanceolate, acuminate, silky ; stigmas 
subsessile, bifid. 

Wet meadows and mountain swamps. Penn. to Car. March. T7. — Stem 
2 — 3 feet high ; the branches silky-pubescent. Leaves 1$ inches long, becoming 
smooth when old. Whole plant, when dry, turning almost black. 

Rosemary-leaved Viillov). 

** Leaves remotely and obtusely serrate. 

7. S. myricoides Muhl.: leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 
biglandular at base, obtusely serrate, smooth, glaucous beneath ; stipules 
lunate, ovate, glandular-serrate ; aments villous, leafy at the base ; scales 
lanceolate, obtuse, villous, black ; ovaries on long pedicels, lanceolate, 
smooth; style distinct: stigmas bifid. 

Swamps and wet grounds. N. Eng. to Virg. April. \i .—Stem 6 — 9 feet 
high, with tough green and purple branches. Aments flowering first above. 
Anthers yellow. Gale-leaved Willow. 

8. S. prinoides Pursh. : leaves oval-oblong, acute, remotely undulate- 
serrate, glabrous, glaucous beneath ; stipules semicordate, incisely toothed ; 
aments appearing before the leaves, villous ; ovary pedicellate, ovoid, acu- 
minate, silky; style long; stigmas bifid. 

On the banks of rivers. Penn. to Virg. March, April. — A shrub 6 — 8 feet 
high. Prinos-like Willow. 

9. (S. discolor Willd. : leaves oblong or obovate-oblong, somewhat obtuse 
or shortly acuminate, smoothish. remotely serrate, very entire at the point, 
glaucous beneath; stipules lunate, serrate, deciduous ; aments appearing 
with the leaves, diandrous, oblong, tomentose ; scales oblong, acute, hairy, 
black ; ovary subsessile, tomentose ; stigmas deeply 2-parted. S. prinoides 
Pursh. 

Swamps and low grounds. N. Eng. to Car. April. — A shrub or small tree, 
with tough brownish or greenish branches. Aments an inch long, thick and 
compact. Filaments white. Anthers red, yellow when burst. 

Glaucous Willow. 

10. (S. longifolia Muhl. : leaves linear-lanceolate, very long, acute at each 
end, remotely toothed, green on both sides and at length nearly smooth ; 
stipules small, lanceolate, toothed; aments appearing with the leaves, pe- 
duncled, tomentose ; scales flat, retuse ; stamens 2, longer than the scales ; 
stigmas large, 2-parted. S. angustata Pursh. 

Banks of streams. N. Y. Penn. W. to the Rocky Mountains. May — July- 
T7 .—Stem 2 — 10 or 12 feet high, with brown branches and white branchlets, 
sometimes prostrate and rooting. Aments an inch to an inch and a half long. 

Long-leaved Willow. 

11. S. Cutleri Tuckermann: depressed; leaves elliptic and acute, or obo- 
vate and obtuse, glandular-denticulate, smooth and somewhat shining 
above, glaucous beneath ; aments appearing with the leaves, compact, ob- 
long-cylindric ; scales obovate, silky, blackish ; stigmas 2-cleft. ( Tori: N. Y. 
PL) S. Uva ursi Pursh. 



SALICACE^E. 321 

White Mountains, N. H. High mountains in Essex county, NY. June. 1j . — 
Stem depressed, much branched, smooth. Leaves from half an inch to an inch 
long. Aments about half an inch long. Cutler's Willow. 

*** Leaves closely and acutely serrate. 

12. /S. Purshiana Spreng. : leaves very long, linear-lanceolate, gradually 
attenuate above, subfalcate, acute at base, finely toothed-serrate, smooth 
on both sides, silky when young ; stipules lunate, toothed, reflexed ; ovaries 
smooth, pedicellate ; style short. *S. falcata Pursh. S. nigra var. falcata 
Ton: N. Y. Fl. 

Banks of streams. N. Y. to Virg. — A small tree, 6 — 10 feet high, with 
smooth and slender branches. Aments 1 — 2 inches long. Capsules brownish. 

Pursh' s Willow. 

13. £. nigra Marsh. : leaves lanceolate, acute at each end, serrulate, 
smoothish and green on both sides ; petiole and upper side of the midrib to- 
mentose ; stipules small, lunate, caducous ; aments appearing with the 
leaves ; scales oblong, very villous; filaments 3 — 6, bearded at base; ovary 
pedicelled, ovoid, smooth; style very short; stigmas bifid. &. Caroliniana 
Mich. 

Banks of streams. N. Y. to Car. April, May. — A tree 15 — 20 feet high, with 
dark rough bark, generally branching from the base ; branches very_ brittle 
at base. Sterile aments 2 inches long. Stamens usually 5. Black Willow. 

14. S". lucida Muhl. : leaves ovate-oblong, cuspidate-acuminate, rounded 
at base, glandular-serrate, smooth and shining on both sides ; stipules 
roundish or oblong, serrate ; aments appearing with the leaves ; scales lan- 
ceolate, obtuse, hairy at the base, smooth and serrate at the apex; ovary 
lanceolate-subulate, smooth ; style short; stigmas bifid. 

Banks of streams. N. Y. to Virg. May. T?. — Stem 8 — 12 feet high, with 
yellowish-brown bark. Sterile aments an inch and a half long, with yellow 
scales. Stamens usually 5. Closely allied to S. pentandra of Europe. 

Glossy-leaved Willow. 

15. S. rigida Muhl. : leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, cordate at 
base, rigid, coarsely serrate, smooth, paler beneath ; petioles villous ; stip- 
ules large, cordate, obtuse, serrate ; aments appearing with the leaves ; 
scales lanceolate, woolly, black; ovaries on long pedicels, lanceolate, 
smooth ; style very short ; stigmas 2-parted. 5*. cordata Mich. 

Swamps. N. Eng. to Virg. April, May. I?.— < Stem 6—12 feet high; 
branches green, red towards the end. the younger ones pubescent. Aments 1 — 2 
inches long, on short leafy peduncles. Stamens usually 2. It, is tomrli- and 
much used by basket makers. Rigid Heart-leaved Willow. 

16. <S". rostrata Richardson : leaves oblong or obovate-lanceolate, acute, 
entire, toothed or waved on the margin, glaucous and hoary-pubescent 
beneath, smoothish above; stipules lunate or ovate, toothed; sterile aments 
densely flowered, the fertile at length much elongated; capsules with a 
long slender beak; stigmas subsessile, 2-cleft. 

Margins of swamps. Western N. Y. N. to A vet, Amer. April. To. — Stem 
4 — 15 feet high, with numerous reddish-brown branchlets. Aments on leafy 
peduncles; the sterile ones about, an inch, the fertile ones nearly 2 inches. Long. 

Ochre-flowered Willow. 

17. 5". cordala Muhl. : leaves 6blong-Ianceolate, acuminate, cordate at 
base, acutely serrate, smooth, palm- beneath ; stipules large, roundish- 

14* 



322 SALICACEJE. 

ovate, serrate ; aments appearing with the leaves ; scales ovate-lanceolate, 
woolly, black; ovaries pedicellate, lanceolate, smooth; style very short; 
stigmas 2-cleft. 

Banks of streams. N. Y. to Virg. N. to Arct. Amer. April. T?. — Stem 
4 — 8 feet high, with yellowish-green branches. Leaves large and broad. 
Aments an inch to an inch and a half long. Anthers yellow. 

Heart-leaved Willow. 

18. S 1 . petiolaris Smith: leaves lanceolate, serrate, smoothish above, 
glaucous and silky-pubescent beneath; stipules lunate, toothed; aments 
appearing before the leaves, loose ; scales obovate, obtuse, black at the tip ; 
ovaries on long pedicels, ovoid, silky ; stigmas nearly sessile, 2-lobed. S. 
grisea Willd. S. sericea Muhl. 

Banks of streams. N. Y. to Virg. — Stem 4 — 10 feet high ; twigs green or 
purple, tough but brittle at base. Aments scarcely an inch long ; the fertile 
ones often recurved. Anthers at first reddish, then yellow, and finally brown. 

Dark Long-leaved Willow. 

19. S". vitellina Linn. : leaves lanceolate, acuminate, with glandular 
serratures, smoothish above, paler and somewhat silky beneath ; stipules 
minute or caducous ; aments appearing with the leaves, cylindric ; scales 
ovoid-lanceolate, externally pubescent; ovaries sessile, ovate-lanceolate, 
smooth ; style short ; stigmas 2-lobed. 5". alba Linn. 

Road sides and about fanns. May. — A tree 20 — 40 feet high, with numerous 
somewhat erect branches ; twigs yellowish and shining. Fertile aments about 
2 inches long. Introduced from Europe and naturalized in many places. Ac- 
cording to Dr. Darlington S. Russeliana is naturalized along the Brandywine in 
Pennsylvania. It is closely allied to, if not identical with, S. decipiens of Hoff- 
man | which is said to be a native of Arctic America. Yelloto Willow. 

2. POPULUS. Linn.— Poplar. 

(From the Latin populus, the people ; on account of its having been used to 
shade public walks.) 

Dioecious. Ament cylindric ; scales lacerately fringed at the 
summit. Sterile Fl. Anthers 8 — 30, arising from a turbi- 
nate oblique entire single perianth. Fertile Fl. Perianth 
turbinate, entire. Stigmas 4. Capsule superior, 2-celled, 2- 
valved, many-seeded. Seeds comose. 

1. P. balsamifera Linn. : leaves ovate, acuminate, appressed-serrate, 
smooth on both sides, white and reticular-veined beneath ; stamens very 
numerous ; buds resinous. 

Can. Ver. Northern and Western N. Y. N. to the Arctic Sea. March.— A 
tree from 40 — 80 feet high. Sterile aments 2 — 3 inches, fertile ones at length 
4 — 6 inches, long. Antliers purple. According to Mr. Douglass, on the North- 
west Coast this tree sometimes attains the height of 140 feet. The young buds 
are covered with an odoriferous balsam. Balsam Poplar. Tacamahac. 

2. P. candicans Ait. : leaves cordate, ovate, acuminate, obtusely and 
unequally serrate, whitish and reticular-veined beneath ; petioles hairy ; 
buds resinous. 

Woods. N. H. Ver. and N. Y. March.— A tree from 40—50 feet high, with 
smooth and greenish bark. Leaves large, the petiole somewhat compressed 
above. Fertile aments 6 inches long. The young buds, as in the preceding, are 
covered with an odoriferous balsam. Balm of Gikad. 



MYRICACE.E. 323 

3. P. tremuloides Mich. : leaves cordate-orbicular, abruptly acuminate, 
dentate-serrate, pubescent on the margin, green and smooth on both sides. 

Woods. Subarct. Amer. to Penn. April. — A tree from 20 — 30 feet high, 
with smooth bark. Leaves small, light, roundish and slightly cordate. Aments 
3 — 4 inches long, pendulous. American Aspen. 

4. P. monilifera Ait. : leaves subcordate-deltoid, acuminate, smooth, 
with cartilaginous hooked serratures, nearly entire at the base ; petioles 
compressed above. 

Banks of the Hudson, near Troy, N. Y. and in the western part of that state. 
W. to Ark. April. — A tree 50 — SO feet high, with the younger branches slightly 
angled. Fertile aments very long. It seems not to have been found in N. 
America by either the elder or younger Michaux. Virginian Poplar. 

5. P. nigra var. betulifolia Torr. : leaves deltoid-rhomboid, conspicu- 
ously acuminate, finely crenate-serrate, smooth on both sides. P. Hud- 
sonica Mich. f. P. nigra Mich. P. betulifolia Pursh. 

Banks of the Hudson, above Albany. Michaux. March. — A tree 30 — 50 
feet high, with spreading branches, the younger of which are pubescent. It is 
probably not a native. According to Loudon, Michaux believed it to be a mere 
variety of P. nigra. American Black Poplar. 

6. P. grandidentata Mich. : leaves roundish-ovate, acute, unequally and 
sinuately toothed, smooth ; white tomentose when young ; petioles com- 
pressed near the summit. P. trepida Willd. 

var. pendula Nutt. : branches pendulous. 

Woods. Can. to Car. April. — A tree 40 — 50 feet high, covered with smooth 
greenish bark. Leaves when young covered with a thick down, which disap- 
pears as they become older. The large and unequal indentations on the mar- 
gins of the leaves sufficiently characterize this species. The variety is found 
on the Alleghany mountains, Penn. American Large Aspen. 

7. P. laevigata Ait. : younger branches angled ; leaves roundish or del- 
toid-ovate, acuminate, subcordate, unequally serrate, smooth, glandular at 
base ; petioles compressed. P. Canadensis Mich. 

Rocky grounds. Can. to Virg. W. to the Rocky Mountains. March. — 
A tree from 70 — 80 feet high ; branches angular, the angles forming whitish 
lines. Leaves large, deltoid, somewhat cordate ; petioles with two glands at 
the base. This species has been confounded with P. angidata, but according 
to the younger Michaux, it is distinct. Cotton Wood. 

8. P. hcterophylla Linn. : leaves roundish-ovate, obtuse, often auric u- 
lately cordate at base with the sinus small, uncinately toothed, very tomen- 
tose when young. P. argcnlea Mich. f. 

Swamps. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. May. — A tree 40— 60 feet high, with 
terete branches. Leaves with lobes or auricles that often conceal the insertion 
of the petiole. Fertile aments about G inches in length. 

Various-leaved Poj/L r. 

Order CXVI. MYRICACE^E.— Galeworts. 

Flowers monoecious or dioecious, amentaceous, naked. Ste- 
rile Fl. Stamens 2 — 8, generally in the axil of a scale-like 
bract. Fertile Fl. Ovary 1 -celled, surrounded by several 
hypogynous scales ; stigmas 2, subulate or dilated and petaloid. 
Fruit drupaceous, often covered with Waxy secretions. Seed 



324 BETULACE^E. 

without albumen. — Shrubs or small trees, with alternate leaves 
which are covered with resinous glands and dots. 

1. MYRICA. Linn.— Candleberry Myrtle. 
(From the Greek [ivpiKn, synonymous with the Tamarix. Hook. Brit. Fl.) 
Dioecious. Sterile Fl. Ament cylindric ; scales concave. 

Stamens 4 — 6. Fertile Fl. Ament closely imbricate, small, 

ovoid. Styles 2. Drupe 1 -celled, 1 -seeded. 

1. M. gale Linn. : leaves cuneate-lanceolate, serrate at the apex, ob- 
tuse ; sterile aments imbricate ; scales acuminate, ciliate ; fruit in imbri- 
cate heads. 

Bogs and mountain lakes. Can. to Penn. April, May. T?. — Stem 4 — 5 feet 
high, branching. Leaves alternate, somewhat coriaceous. Fruit with a strong 
penetrating spicy scent. The leaves have a bitter taste and are sometimes em- 
ployed as a substitute for hops. Hook. Sweet Gale. Dutch Myrtle. 

2. M. cerifera Linn. : leaves cuneate-lanceolate, with a few serratures 
near the summit, acute ; sterile aments loose ; scales acute ; fruit globular, 
naked. M. Caroliniensis and Pennsylvania Pursh. 

Shady woods. N. Eng. to Flor. May, June. T7. — Stem 2 — 8, but some- 
times, (especially at the South,) 10 — 18, feet high, diffusely spreading. Leaves 
varying in width, sometimes entire, somewhat pubescent. Fruit small, dry and 
juiceless, but by boiling, a wax of very pleasant flavor is extracted from it, 
which is used for making candles, &c. Big. Med. Bot. iii. 

Bayberry. Wax Myrtle. 

2. COMPTONIA. Gairt.— Sweet Fern. 

(In honor of Henry Complon, a Bishop of London of the last century, who was 
a patron of botany.) 

Monoecious. Sterile Fl. Ament cylindric, imbricate ; scales 
reniform-cordate, acuminate, 1 -flowered. Perianth of 2 minute 
scarious leaves. Stamens 3 — 5. Fertile Fl. Ament glo- 
bose ; scales 1 -flowered. Styles 2. Nut ovoid-oblong, smooth. 

C. asplcnifolia Ait. Liquidambar asplenifolium Linn. 

Woods. Can. to Geor. April, May. Ij.—Stem 2 — 4 feet high, much 
branched. Leaves linear-lanceolate, cut almost to the midrib into numerous 
roundish lobes. Flowers in oval sessile aments. Nuts forming a round burr. 
The whole plant, when rubbed, has a strong and somewhat fragrant scent. It 
is a popular remedy in dysentery. Sweet Fern. 

Order CXVII. BETULACE.'E.— Birches. 

Flowers monoecious, in aments, with small scales which are 
sometimes arranged in a whorl. Sterile Fl. Stamens 4, dis- 
tinct, opposite the scales ; anthers 2 -celled. Fertile Fl. 
Ovary free ; styles single or none ; stigmas 2. Fruit thin, in- 
dehiscent, 1 -celled, combined with the scales in'.o a sort of 



BETULACE^. 



325 



cone. Seeds without albumen. — Trees or shrubs, with alter- 
nate simple leaves and deciduous stipules. 

1. BETULA. Tourn.— Birch. 
(Said to be derived from Betu, the Celtic name for the birch.) 

Sterile Fl. Ament imbricate, cylindric ; scales ternate, the 
middle one bearing the stamens. Fertile Fl. Ament ovoid- 
oblong ; scales trifid, 3-flowered. Nuts compressed, winged on 
each side. 

1. B . populifolia Ait.: leaves deltoid, long-acuminate, unequally serrate, 
very smooth ; petioles smooth ; fertile aments cylindric, pendulous ; scales 
with roundish lateral lobes. 

Rocky woods. Can. Mass. N. Y. W. to Ark. May.— A tree from 20—30 
feet high, with white bark, not easily separable into layers. Leaves tapering 
to a long point. Aments pedunculate. White Birch. 

2. B. excelsa Ait. : leaves ovate, acute, serrate, smooth on both sides ; 
petioles pubescent, shorter than the peduncles ; fertile aments ovate, erect ; 
scales with rounded lateral lobes. B. luiea Mich.f. 

Low grounds. N. Eng. and N. Y. May, June. — A tree from 40 — 60 feet 
high, with a yellowish bark which is slightly fragrant. Fertile aments about an 
inch long. Used for fuel and for cabinet work. The bark is valuable for tan- 
ning. Yellow Birch. 

3. B. nigra Linn. : leaves rhombic-ovate, doubly serrate, acute, pubes- 
cent beneath, entire at base ; fertile aments ovate ; scales villous, with the 
segments linear and equal. B. rubra Mich. f. 

Banks of streams. N. Y. to Car. April, May. — A tree 40 — 60 feet high, with 
a smooth bark. Leaves on short petioles. Fertile aments three-fourths of an 
inch long. The wood is of little consequence. Red Birch. 

4. B. papyracea Ait. : leaves ovate, acuminate, doubly serrate, hairy on 
the veins beneath ; petioles smooth ; fertile aments pedunculate, nodding ; 
scales with short and rounded lateral lobes. B. papyrifera Mich. 

Can. N. Eng. N. Y. N. to Hudson's Bay. May, June.— A tree 40—70 
feet high ; the bark white externally, easily separable into thin layers which 
have a reddish color. Fertile aments about an inch long. The bark is used by 
the Indians for constructing their canoes ; and the wood is sometimes employed 
for cabinet work. Canoe Birch. 

5. B. tenia Linn. : leaves cordate-ovate, sharply serrate, acuminate ; 
nerves beneath and petioles hairy ; fertile aments elliptic-ovoid, erect ; scales 
roughish-pubescent ; lobes nearly equal, obtuse, with elevated veins. B. 
carpinifulia Mich. 

Woods. Can. to Geor. April, May.— A tree 30—60 feet high, with nume- 
rous slender branches which are spotted with white. Leans cordate and some- 
what unequal at base, long-acuminate. The wood has a close grain and is 
susceptible of a fine polish. The bark and young twigs arc fragrant and aro- 
matic. Surd Birch. Cherry Birch. 

G. B. pumila Linn. : young branches pubescent or smoothish ; leaves 
roundish-obovate, serrate, smooth, subsessfle ; petioles densely pubescent 
beneath; fertile aments oblong. B. slandulosa Mich. 



326 CUPULIFER.E. 

Mountain bogs. Can. N. Y. and Penn. Pursk. W. to Ohio. May, June, 
fj- — Stem 2 — 3 feet high. Leaves on short petioles, somewhat pubescent be- 
neath. Dr. Torrey states that he has seen no specimens collected in New York. 

Low Birch. 
7. Z?< nana Linn. : very smooth : leaves orbicular, crenate, reticular- 
veined beneath ; fertile aments oblong, on short peduncles ; scales deeply 
3-parted ; lobes oblong-obovate, nearly equal. 

White Mountains, N. H. High mountains of Essex county, N. Y. N. to 
Hudson's Bay. April. May. T^. — Steml — 2 feet high, branched. Leaves small. 
Fertile aments half an inch long. Fruit ovate, with a winged margin. 

Dwarf Birch. 
2. ALNUS. Willd.— Alder. 

(From the Celtic al, near, and Ian, the river bank.) 

Monoecious. Sterile Fl. Anient long, cylindric ; scales 
3-lobed, 3-flowered. Perianth 4-parted. Stamens 4. Fertile 
Fl. Ament ovoid ; scales subtrifid, 2 -flowered. Perianth none. 

Styles 2. Nut compressed. 

1 A. serrulata Willd. : leaves obovate, somewhat coriaceous, doubly ser- 
rulate, acuminate, veins and their axils hairy beneath ; stipules oval, ob- 
tuse. 

Swamps and banks of rivers. Can. to Car. March. T^. — Stem 6 — 10 feet 
high, with alternate leaves. Sterile flovxrs in a long pendulous ament : fertile 
ones about half an inch long, thick and rigid, purplish- brown, persistent, often 
somewhat clustered. Common Alder. 

2. A. incana Willd. : leaves thin, ovate or oblong, rather acute, obtuse 
or somewhat cordate at base, slightly lobed, acutely serrate, glaucous and 
pubescent beneath, naked in the axils of the veins ; stipules oblong-lance- 
olate. (Torr. N.Y. Fl.) A. crispa Pursh, (in part.) A. glauca Mich. f. 

Banks of mountain streams. Can. N. Eng. N. Y. I7. — Stem 8 — 20 feet 
high, with smooth brown bark. Fertile aments oval, usually 4 — 5 in a panicu- 
late raceme. Black Alder. 

3. Aviridis D.C. : leaves oval or ovate, obtuse or acute, somewhat obtuse 
at the base, doubly serrate, glutinous and pubescent beneath, or only the 
veins and axils pubescent : stipules broad-ovate ; fruit with a broad winged 
margin. (Torr. N. Y. Fl.) A. undulata Willd. Belula cr'ispaAit. 

Banks of mountain streams. Ver. N. H. and N. Y. N. to Hudson's Bay- 
W. to the N. W. coast. I7 . — -Stem 4 — S feet high, much branched ; the branches 
warty. Fertile aments ovoid, obtuse, three-fourths of an inch long, on long pedi- 
cels. Fruit winged, like that of a Betula. Mountain Alder. 

Order CXYIII. CUPULIFER^E.— Nuts. 

Flowers usually monoecious. Sterile Fl. in aments. Sta- 
mens 5 — 20, inserted into the base of scale-like or regular per- 
ianth. Fertile Fl. solitary, 2 — 3 together or clustered. Ovary 
crowned by the rudiments of an adherent perianth, seated within 
a coriaceous involucre which is usually echinate or scaly exter- 
nally, and encloses the fruit at maturity or forms a cup at its 



cupulifer^e. 327 

base. Fruit a bony or coriaceous 1 -celled nut. Albumen none. 
— Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, often feather- 
veined, with stipules. 

1. CARPINUS. Linn.- Hornbeam. 

(From the Celtic car, wood, and pin, the head ; being used in making yokes 
for cattle.) 

Monoecious. Sterile Fl. Anient long-cylindric ; scales 
ovate, acute, ciliate at base. Stamens 8 — 14, somewhat bearded 
at the top. Fertile Fl. Ament oblong, loosely imbricated ; 
scales in pairs, enlarging and becoming leafy ; each pair 2-flow- 
ered. Styles 2. Nut bony, ovoid, acute, sulcate. 

C. Americana Mich. : leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, unequally ser- 
rate ; scales of the fertile ament 3-parted ; the middle segment much the 
largest, oblique, ovate-lanceolate, unequally toothed on one side. C. Vir- 
giniana Mich. f. 

Woods. Can. to Flor. May.— A tree 10—20 feet high, much branched. 
Leaves alternate, on short petioles, often cordate at base. Fertile aments 2 — 3 
inches long, loosely imbricated, with large foliaceous scales. 

Hornbeam. Water-Beech. 

2. OSTRYA. Mich.— Hop Hornbeam. 

(From the Greek oarpeov, a shell ; in allusion to the fruit.) 

Monoecious. Sterile Fl. Ament cylindric ; scales orbicular- 
ovate, acuminate, ciliate. Stamens 8 — 10 or more; filaments 
branched. Fertile Fl. Ament loosely imbricated, bracteate, 
with the flowers in pairs ; scales none, but a membranous sac or 
involucre enclosing each flower. Stigmas 2, filiform. Nut ob- 
long, included in the bladdery involucre. 

O. Virginica Willd. : leaves ovate-oblong, somewhat cordate at base, 
acuminate, unequally serrate; strobile oblong-ovoid, erect; buds acute. 
Carpinus Ostrya Mich. 

Woods. Can. to Car. W. to the Rocky Mountains. May.— A tree 20—40 
feet high, with brownish bark. Leaves alternate, on hairy petioles. Fertile 
aments at length enlarged into a sort of oblong somewhat pendulous cone re- 
sembling the common hop. The wood is exceedingly hard and heavy. In some 
parts of the country it is called lever wood, from the use to which it is sometimes 
applied. Iron Wood. Hop Hornbeam. 

3. QUERCUS. Linn.— Oak. 

(From the Celtic quer, beautiful, and cuez, a tree. Hook.) 
Monoecious. Sterile Fl. Ament long, slender and pendu- 
lous. Perianth 6 — 8-parted, the segments unequal. Stamens 
6 — 10. Fertile Fl. Several together on erect axillary pedun- 



328 CUPULIFER.E. 

cles or sessile on a rachis. Involucre 1 -flowered, consisting of 
many imbricate scales, which in fruit become an indurated 
cup (cupule), surrounding the base of the ovoid or roundish 
1 -seeded nut or acorn. 

* Fruit biennial, subsessile. 
f Leaves entire. 

1. Q. Phellos Linn. : leaves deciduous, linear-lanceolate, tapering at 
each end, very entire, smooth, mucronate ; acorn nearly round. 

Low swampy forests. Suffolk county, N. Y. Torr. S. to Flor. W. to Ark. 
April, May. — A tree 30 to 60 feet high, generally straight and slender. Leaves 
when young of a light-green color and dentate. Acorn small, nearly round. 
The timber is of little use. Willow Oak. 

2. Q. imbricaria Mich. : leaves deciduous, oblong, acute at each end, 
mucronate, very entire, shining, pubescent beneath ; cup shallow ; scales 
broad-ovate ; acorn subglobose. 

Banks of rivers in mountainous regions. Penn. to Flor. W. to Miss. June.— 
A tree 40 — 50 feet high, with numerous irregular branches. Acorn small, nearly 
spherical, in aflat nearly sessile cup. The wood splits easily, and is used in the 
Western States for shingles. Shingle Oak. 



•ff Leaves toothed or 

3. Q. heterophylla Mich. : leaves on long petioles, ovate-lanceolate or 
oblong, entire or coarsely toothed ; cup hemispheric ; acorn subglobose. 

Banks of the Delaware. Penn. May. I7. — According to Pursh there is 
only one individual of this species known, which grows near Philadelphia. He 
suggests that it may be a hybrid. It is figured and described by Michaux in his 
Sylva Americana. Various-leaved Oak. 

4. Q. aquatica Walt. : leaves obovate-wedgeform, smooth, very entire, 
obscurely 3-lobed at the end, with the middle lobe largest; cup hemispheric ; 
acorn subglobose. Q. nigra Linn. 

Swamps. Md. to Flor. W. to Ark. May.— A tree 30—40 feet high. Leaves 
very variable. Cup shallow. Acorn rather small, roundish. It resembles Q. 
laurifolia. Its timber is of no value. Water Oak. 

5. Q. triloba Linn : leaves oblong- wedgeform, acute at the base, somewhat 
3-lobed at the end ; lobes equal, mucronate, tomentose beneath, middle one 
longer ; cup fiat ; acorn depressed-globose. 

Pine barrens. N. J. to Geor. May. — A tree 20 — 40 feet high, of rapid growth. 

Downy Black Oak. 

6. Q. nigra Willd. : leaves coriaceous, wedgeform, subcordate at base, 
dilated and retusely 3-lobed above, the lobes mucronate when young, rusty- 
pulverulent beneath ; cup turbinate, with the scales obtuse and scarious ; 
acorn short, ovoid. Q. ferruginea Mich. f. 

Sandy woods. Long Island. Torr. S. to Flor. May. — A tree 10 — 30 feet 
high, irregular in its growth, and covered with a thick rough black bark. The 
wood is much esteemed for fuel ; but is seldom of sufficient size to be of any 
value as timber. Barren Oak. Black Jack Oak. 

7. Q. tinctoria Bartram: leaves obovate-oblong, somewhat sinuate- 



CUPULIFER^E. 329 

lobed, pubescent beneath ; lobes oblong, obtuse, obscurely toothed, mucro- 
nate ; cup flat, tapering at base ; acorn ovoid-globose. 

Woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. May. — One of the largest species of 
oak, sometimes attaining the height of 70 or 80 feet, covered with a rough black- 
ish bark, from whence it has derived its common name. It is highly valued on 
account of its timber, as well as its bark. Black Oak. Quercitron. 

8. Q. discolor Ait. : leaves oblong, pinnatifid-sinuate, pubescent beneath ; 
lobes oblong, toothed, setaceously mucronate ; cup turbinate ; acorn ovoid. 
Q. tinctoria sinuosa Mich.f. 

Forests. Penn. to Car. May. — A large tree, resembling the preceding, and 
also Q. coccinea, but differs in having the young leaves covered with down. It 
is stdl, however, doubtful whether it is really distinct. Two-colored Oak. 

•f-f-j- Leaves deeply sinuate and lobed. 

9. Q. coccinea Wang. : leaves on long petioles, oblong, deeply sinuate- 
lobed, smooth ; lobes divaricate, toothed, acute, setaceously-mucronate ; cup 
turbinate, scaly ; acorn roundish-ovoid. 

Fertile woods. N. Eng. to Geor. W. to the Ark. May. — A tree 60—80 feet 
high. Distinguished by the brilliant red color of its leaves towards the close of 
autumn. Its wood is used for staves and fuel, but it is not very durable. The 
bark is valuable for tanning. Scarlet Oak. 

10. Q. rubra Linn. : leaves on long petioles, oblong, smooth, obtusely 
sinuate-lobed ; lobes spreading, rather acute, toothed, setaceously mucro- 
nate ; cup flat, nearly smooth ; acorn oblong-ovoid. 

Forests. Can. to Geor. May. — A tree 70 — 80 feet high. Leaves bright-green, 
slightly pubescent in the axils of the nerves beneath. Resembles the former, but 
its leaves are larger, and in autumn they change to a dull red, and finally be- 
come yellow. The acorn also is larger, has a flat base and shallow cup. It is 
valuable both for its wood and bark ; the wood however is not very durable. 

Red Oak. 

11. Q. Catesbcei Mich. : leaves on short petioles, wedgeform at base, ob- 
long, deeply sinuate, smooth ; lobes 3 — 5, divaricate, toothed, acute, seta- 
ceously mucronate ; cup turbinate, broad ; scales obtuse, those of the mar- 
gin bent inwards ; acorn subglobose. 

Pine barrens. Md. to Flor. May. — A shrub or small tree 10 — 20 feet high, 
with an irregular stem and branches. Leaves coriaceous and glossy. Cap large 
and remarkable for its obtuse scales. The wood makes excellent fuel, and its 
bark is used by the tanner. Shrubby Oak. 

12. Q. falcata Mich. : leaves on long petioles, obtuse at base, tomentose 
beneath, 3-lobed or sinuate; lobes somewhat falcate, setaceously mucro- 
nate, the terminal one long; cup shallow, somewhat turbinate; acorn glo- 
bose. Q. elongata Linn. Q. rubra Walt. 

Sandy soils. N. J. to Geor. W. to Ark. May.— A tree 70—80 feet high. 
Leaves with 3 — 5 lobes, glossy on the upper surface, The wood is used for 
staves, fencing and fuel. The bark is highly esteemed by tanners. 

Spanish Oak. Downy Red Oak. 

13. Q. paluslris Mich. : leaves on long petioles, oblong, smooth, deeply 
einuatc-lobed, with broad sinuses; lobes dentate, toothed, acute, setaceously 
mucronate ; cup flat, smooth ; acorn subglohose. 

Swampy woods. N. Y. N. Eng. and Penn. W. to 111. and Ark. May.— A 
tree 40 — 60 feet high, with numerous spreading branches. Leaves bright-groan 



330 CUPULIFER.E. 

and shining. Acorns numerous, small, on short peduncles. The wood is firm 
and much used by mechanics. Water Oak. Pin Oak. 

14. Q. Banisteri Mich. : leaves on rather short petioles, obovate-wedge- 
form, 3 — 5-lobed, entire on the margin, grayish tomentose beneath; lobes 
setaceously mucronate ; cup subturbinate ; acorn roundish-ovoid. Q. ilici- 
folia Willd. 

Dry lulls and barrens. Can. to Geor. May. Tj. — Stem 4 — 6 feet high, 
crooked and much branched. Acorns in numerous clusters on the branches, 
small. Covers large tracts, called oak barrens, in various parts of INew York 
and of other states. Bear Oak. Barren Scrub Oak. 

** Fructification annual. Fruit mostly pedunculate. 
f Leaves sinuate-lobed ; lobes not mucronate. 

15. Q. obtusiloba Mich. : leaves oblong, deeply-sinuate-lobed, wedgeform 
at base, pubescent beneath ; lobes obtuse, the upper one dilated and retuse ; 
cup hemispheric ; acorn oval. Q. stellata Linn. 

Sterile grounds. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss, and Ark. May. — A tree 30 — 50 
feet high, with straggling irregular branches. Leaves mostly 5-lobed, smooth- 
ish and shining above, rusty pubescent beneath. Fruit sessile or 2 — 3 together 
on a short common peduncle. Cup hemispheric, enclosing nearly half of the 
acorn. The timber is much esteemed in ship building, and is supposed in dura- 
bility and strength to surpass that of any other species of oak except the Live Oak. 

Post Oak. 

16. Q. macrocarpa Mich. : leaves deeply and lyrately sinuate-lobed, to- 
mentose beneath ; lobes obtuse, repand, upper ones dilated ; cup deep, 
fringed around the margin ; acorn ovoid, turgid, more than half immersed 
in the cup. 

Woods. Near Schenectady, N. Y. On the islands in Lake Champlain. Penn., 
and throughout the Western and Southwestern states. May. — A tree 40 — 60 
feet high, the branches with a corky bark. Acorns pedunculate, larger than in 
any other American species. The wood is said to be of an excellent quality. 

Over-cup White Oak. 

17. Q. olivceformis Mich. : leaves oblong, smooth, glaucous beneath, 
deeply and unequally sinuate-pinnatifid; cup very deep, crenate above; 
acorn elliptic-oval, three-fourths enclosed in the cup. 

Hills. N. Y. to Virg. May. — A tree somewhat resembling the preceding. 
Michaux credits it to the banks of the Hudson near Albany, but I believe no 
other botanist has found it there. It has, however, been observed by the late 
Dr. W. Horton, in Orange county, N. Y. Mossy-cup Oak. 

18. Q. alba Linn. : leaves oblong, pinnatifid-sinuate, paler beneath ; 
segments oblong, obtuse, entire ; fruit pedunculate ; cup deep, tuberculate ; 
acorn ovoid or oblong. 

Fertile forests. Throughout the U. S. May. — One of the largest and most 
valuable of the American forest trees, often 80 — 100 feet high, and 3 — 7 feet in 
diameter. Bark whitish. Leaves pubescent beneath when young. Timber 
firm and durable, and of great use in ship building and in many other arts. 

White Oak. 

f\ Leaves coarsely serrate or toothed, not lobed. 

19. Q. Prinus Linn. : leaves on long petioles, obovate, acute, pubes- 
cent beneath, coarsely toothed ; teeth unequal, dilated, callous at the point ; 
cup deep, attenuate at base ; acorn ovoid or oval. Q. Prinus palustris 

Mich. 



CUPULIFER^E. 331 

Shady woods. N. Y. 1 to Flor. May.— A tree 60—80 feet high. Leaves 
large, on petioles about an inch long. Cup hemispheric, enclosing about one 
third of the acorn, on a short peduncle. Acorn large. Timber inferior to that 
of the preceding, but often employed indiscriminately with it. 

Swamp Chestnut Oak. 

20. Q. bicolor Whlld. : leaves on short petioles, oblong-obovate, whitish 
tomentose beneath, coarsely toothed, cuneate and entire at base ; teeth 
unequal, dilated, rather acute, callous at the summit ; fruit mostly in pairs, 
on long peduncles ; cup hemispheric ; acorn oblong-ovoid. Q. Prinus 
discolor Mich. f. 

Low woods and swamps. N. Y. to Car. May. — A tree 40 — 60 feet high, 
with the bark separating into large flat scales or plates. Leaves varying from 
broad-ovate to oblong. Acorn large, in a small thin and roughish cup. Its tim- 
ber is in less repute than that of many other species. Swamp White Oak. 

21. Q. montana Willd. : leaves on petioles, broad-obovate, oblong, pubes- 
cent and somewhat glaucous beneath, coarsely and nearly equally toothed ; 
teeth short, broad and obtuse, slightly mucronate ; fruit mostly in pairs, on 
short peduncles ; cup hemispheric ; acorn elliptic-oblong. Q. Prinus mon- 
ticola Mich. 

In rocky situations. N. H. to Car. W. to Ark. May. — A tree of less size 
than either of the two preceding. Its wood resembles the white oak in strength, 
and its bark is highly esteemed by tanners. For fuel it is scarcely exceeded in 
value by any of our trees. Rock Chestnut Oak. 

22. Q. Castanea Willd. : leaves on long petioles, oblong-lanceolate, ob- 
tuse at base, acuminate, pubescent and grayish beneath, nearly equally 
toothed ; teeth acute, callous at the point ; cup hemispheric ; acorn round- 
ish-ovoid. Q. Prinus acuminata Mich. f. 

Mountains. N. Y. to Geor. May. — A tree 60 — 70 feet high. Leaves on long 
petioles and narrower than those of the former. Fruit middle-sized, sessile or 
on a short peduncle. In name and use it is often confounded with Q. Prinus. 

Chestnut Oak. Yellow Oak. 

23. Q. Chinquapin Pursh : leaves on short petioles, obovate, and lance- 
oblong, coarsely and often obsoletely sinuate-toothed, acute at base, pu- 
bescent and glaucous beneath ; teeth nearly equal, callous at the point ; cup 
hemispheric, sessile ; acorn ovoid. Q. prinoidcs Willd. 

Sandy woods. N. Y. to Geor. W. to Ark. May. Vi^—Stem 3—6 feet 
high. Acorns small, numerous. It occurs in tracts or patches intermingled with 
Q. Banisleri. Chinquapin Oak. Dwarf Chestnut Oak. 

4. CASTANEA. Tourn.— Chestnut. 
(From Castanea, a city of Thessaly, noted for its chestnuts.) 
Polygamous. Sterile Fl. Aments numerous, interruptedly 
clustered, very long, cylindric. Perianth deeply 5 — 6-parted. 
Stamens 8 — 15. Fertile Fl. 2 — 3, within an ovoid scaly or 
muricate involucre. Perianth urceolate, 5 — G-cleft, having the 
rudiments of 10 — 12 abortive stamens. Ovary crowned with 
the perianth. Nuts 1 — 3, included in the enlarged echinaie 
4-lobed involucre. 



332 CUPULIFER^E. 

1. C. vesca va.r. Americana- Mick. : leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 
mucronate-serrate, smooth on both sides. C. xesca Willd. 

Dry woods. N. Y. to Car. W. to 111. May, June. — A large tree, and one of 
the most useful. Leaves 6 inches long, pubescent beneath when young. Ste- 
rile aments or spikes as long as the leaves. Flowers yellowish, in dense brac- 
teate clusters, giving out an unpleasant odor. Nuts generally 3, much smaller 
than in the European chestnut. The wood is extremely durable and is highly 
esteemed for posts and rails to construct fences. American Chestnut. 

2. C. pumila Mich. : leaves oblong, acute, mucronate-serrate, white-to- 
mentose beneath. Fagus pumila Linn. 

Sandy fields and woods. N. Y. to Geor. May. — A shrub or small tree, at 
the North being seldom more than 10 or 12 feet high. Leaves smaller than in 
the preceding and white beneath. Nut ovoid, acute, very sweet, half as large 
as that of the preceding. The wood is durable, but too small to be converted 
to much use. Chinquapin. 

5. CORYLUS. Linn— Hazel Nut. 
(From the Greek Kopvs, a helmet or cup ; in allusion to the involucrate fruit.) 

Monoecious. Sterile Fl. Ament cylindric ; scales 3-cleft, 
the middle lobe covering the two lateral ones. Perianth none. 
Stamens 8. Anthers 1 -celled. Fertile Fl. numerous, in ter- 
minal capitate scaly clusters. Perianth obsolete. Stigmas 2. 
Nut bony, roundish-ovoid, obtuse, surrounded by the enlarged 
coriaceous and lacerately toothed involucre. 

1. C. Americana Walt.: leaves roundish-cordate, acuminate; involucre 
roundish-campanulate, larger than the subglobose nut; border dilated, 
many-cleft. 

Shady woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss, and Ark. March, April. Tj. — 
Stem 4 — 8 feet high, with virgate branches, pubescent when young. Nut about 
half an inch long and often a little compressed ; the kernel of a fine flavor. 

American Hazel Nut. Wild Filbert. 

2. C. rostrata Ait. : leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, doubly serrate ; 
stipules linear-lanceolate ; involucre tubular-campanulate, longer than the 
nut, 2-parled, with incised segments. 

Mountain woods. Can. to Car. May. rj. — Stem 3 — 4 feet high. Leaves 
on short petioles, slightly cordate. Involucre terminating in a tube about 2 
inches long, the lower part enveloping the nut and densely hairy. Easily dis- 
tinguished from the preceding, by its narrow leaves and long beaked involucre. 

Beaked Hazel Nut. 

6. FAGUS. Linn.— Beech. 
(From the Greek (paya, to eat ; in allusion to the esculent fruit.) 
Monoecious. Sterile Fl. Ament globose, pedunculate. 
Perianth campanulate, 6-cleft. Stamens 8 — 12. Fertile Fl. 
2 within a 4-lobed prickly involucre. Perianth with 4 — 5 mi- 
nute lobes. Ovaries triquetrous, 3-celled, 2 abortive. Styles 
3. Nuts usually 2, invested by the enlarged coriaceous muri- 
cate 4 -cleft involucre. 



ALTINGIACEiE. 



333 



F. sylvatica, var. Americana Nutt : leaves elliptic-ovate, acuminate, more 
or less toothed, ciliate on the margin ; nut sharply 3-angled, acute or some- 
what obtuse. F. sylvestris Mich. F. ferruginea Ait.? Torr. N. Y. Fl. 

Woods. Can. to Geor. May. — A beautiful tree, often attaining the height of 
50 or 60 feet, and coated with a thick smooth grayish bark. Leaves 2 — 5 inches 
long, often a little cordate at base, bright-green and shining above, silky beneath 
when young. Nuts 1 — 2 in each involucre, mostly acute but sometimes rather 
obtuse, mucronate with a sharp point, pale reddish-brown. There is probably 
only one species of beech in the Northern States, but whether this is distinct 
from the foreign F. sylvatica, or a mere variety, is still somewhat doubtful. The 
difference in the color of the wood, (red and white,) is caused by the more or less 
rapid growth of the tree. Beech. 

Order CXIX. PLATANACE^.— Planes. 

Flowers monoecious, in globose pedunculate aments, destitute 
of floral envelopes. Sterile Fl. Stamens numerous, mixed 
with small scales and appendages. Fertile Fl. Ovaries nu- 
merous, mixed with scales ; styles subulate ; stigma small. 
Fruit a small coriaceous 1 -seeded nut. Seeds albuminous. — 
Large trees, with alternate palmate or toothed leaves. 

PLATANUS. Linn.— Plane Tree. 

(From the Greek nXarvs, broad ,• in allusion to its wide spreading branches and 
foliage.) 

Character same as that of the order. 

P. occidentalis Linn. : leaves angularly lobed or obscurely palmate, sinu- 
ate-toothed, pubescent beneath ; branches whitish ; fertile heads solitary. 

Banks of streams. Can. to Flor. W. to Miss. May. — One of the largest 
trees in the United States, attaining in favorable situations the height of 80 feet 
or more. Leaves alternate, on long petioles. Aments axillary, globose ; the 
fertile ones at length forming a compact ball of about an inch in diameter, which 
hangs on a slender peduncle 2 or 3 inches in length. 

Button Wood. Sycamore. 

Order CXX. ALTTOGIACEiE.— Sweet Gums. 

Flowers moncecious, destitute of floral envelopes, in aments 
which are furnished with a deciduous 4-leaved involucre. Ste- 
rile Fl. in conical aments. Anthers numerous, nearly sessile, 
with a few minute scales. Fertile Fl. in globose aments. 
Ovaries numerous, each surrounded by a few scales; styles 2, 
long. Fruit a cone composed of hard connected scales, in the 
cavities of which lie obconic, 2-lobed, 2-celled capsules. Seeds 
mostly abortive ; albumen fleshy. — Trees, with alternate simple 
or lobed leaves and deciduous stipules. 



334 ULMACE^E. 



LiaUIDAMBAR. Linn.— Sweet Gum. 

(From the Latin tiquidum, fluid, and ambar, amber ; in allusion to the liquid 
which exudes from the tree.) 

Character same as that of the order. 

L. slyracijiua Linn. : leaves palmately lobed ; lobes acuminate, serrate ; 
axils of the primary veins villous. 

Low woods. N. Y. to Flor. W. to Miss. May. — A tree sometimes attaining 
the height of 60 or 70 feet. Leaves fragrant when bruised. Fertile aments 
when in fruit about an inch in diameter, forming a brownish woody and prickly 
strobile. At the South, the tree yields an aromatic liquid. 

Common Sweet Gum. B'dsted. 

Order CXXI. ULMACE^E.— Elms. 

Flowers perfect or polygamous by abortion. Perianth cam- 
panulate, imbricate, irregular. Stamens -5 — 10, inserted on the 
perianth. Ovary 2-celled ; stigmas 2, distinct. Fruit a samara, 
an indehiscent capsule or a drupe. Seed solitary, without albu- 
men. — Trees or shrubs, with rough alternate simple deciduous 
leaves and stipules. 

1. ULMITS. Linn.— Elm. 
(An ancient Latin name, the origin of which is doubtful.) 
Flowers perfect. Perianth campanulate, 5 — 8-cleft. Stamens 
5 — 8. Styles 2. Fruit (a samara) flat, with a broad mem- 
branaceous border. 

1. U. Americana Linn. : branches smooth ; leaves smooth above, pubes- 
cent beneath, somewhat doubly serrate, unequal at the base ; serratures 
uncinately acuminate ; flowers pedicellate, in loose lateral fascicles ; samara 
oval, densely villose, ciliate on the margin. 

Low grounds. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. April, May.— A tree 60—80 
feet or more in height, with long recurved branches. Flowers purplish, in small 
fascicles, generally appearing before the leaves. Stamens 4 — 8. In favorable 
situations the most magnificent tree on the continent. The wood is less com- 
pact than that of the two next species. American Elm. White Elm. 

2. U. fulva Mich. : branches scabrous, white ; leaves ovate-oblong, 
much acuminate, very scabrous above and somewhat roughly pubescent 
beneath ; buds tomentose, with a thick tawny wool ; flowers in dense 
nearly sessile fascicles, ; samara orbicular, nearly naked on the margin. 
U. rubra Mich. f. 

Mountains. N. Y. to Car. May.— A tree 20, 30, or 40 feet high. Leaves 
much larger than in the preceding and very rough. Stamens 7 — 9. The inner 
bark contains a great portion of mucilage, and is largely employed for medi- 
cinal purposes. Slippery Elm. 

3. U. nemoralis Ait. : leaves oblong, somewhat glabrous, equally serrate, 
nearly equal at base ; flowers sessile. 



JUGLANDACE^E. 335 

Banks of streams. N. Eng. to Virg. ; rare. April, May. T^ .—Pursh. A 
doubtful species. River Elm. 

4. U. racemosa Thomas : young branchlets pubescent ; leaves smooth 
above, slightly and softly pubescent beneath, acuminate, doubly and unci- 
nately serrate ; flowers in compound racemes, pedicellate ; samara elliptic- 
oval, the margin densely fringed. 

Banks of streams. Ver. N. Y. and in the Western States. April. — A large 
tree ; the branches having irregular corky excrescences. Leaves obovate, ob- 
long, often auriculate on one side. Racemes compound, 1 — 2£ inches long ; 
pedicels solitary, or 2 — 4 together. Perianth 7 — 8 cleft. Stamens 7 — 10. De- 
scribed and figured by David Thomas, Esq., in Silliman's Journal, xix. 170. 

Thomas's Elm. White Elm. 

2. CELTIS. Linn.— Nettle Tree. 

(An ancient name of the Lotus, applied to this tree.) 

Polygamous. Sterile Fl. Perianth 5 — 6-parted. Stamens 

5 — 6. Perfect Fl. Perianth deeply 5-parted. Stigmas 2, 

elongated, spreading. Drupe globose, 1 -seeded, 

1. C. occidentalis Linn. : leaves ovate, acuminate, equally serrate, un- 
equal at base, scabrous above, hairy beneath ; flowers small, subsolitary. 

Woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. May.— A tree 20—60 or 70 feet high. 
Leaves 2 — 5 inches long, at length coriaceous. Flowers small, greenish- white, 
solitary or in pairs. Drupe nearly globose. Sugar Berry. Beaver Wood. 

2. C. crassifolia Lam. : leaves lance-ovate, acuminate, unequally serrate, 
rough and hairy on both sides, unequal and subcordate at the base ; pe- 
duncles mostly 2- flowered. 

Low grounds. Penn. W. toTenn. May? — A tree 30 — 50 feet high. Leaves 
3 — 6 inches long. Flowers often in pairs on a common peduncle. Drupe round, 
about as large as a pea, black when ripe. Mich. Dadingt. 

Hoop Ash. Hack Berry. 

Order CXXII. JUGLANDACEiE.— Walnuts. 

Flowers monoecious, imperfect. Sterile Fl. in aments. 
Perianth adherent to a scale-like bract, unequally 2 — 6-parted. 
Stamens 3, or numerous. Fertile Fl. few, clustered or in 
loose racemes. Perianth adherent to the ovary ; the limb 
minute, 3 — 5-parted ; rarely double, the inner of 3 — 5 minute 
leaves. Ovary 2 — 4-celled beloAV, 1-celled above; styles 1 — 2, 
very short ; stigmas 2 — 4, unequal. Fruit drupaceous, the 
pericarp fibrous-fleshy or coriaceous ; nut opening or separating 
from a 2 -valved or valveless stone, which is 2 — 4-celled at base, 
and 1-celled at the apex. Seed without albumen, 2- or 4-lobed : 
cotyledons fleshy and oily. — Trees, with alternate pinnate leaves 
destitute of stipules. 



336 JUGLANDACE^E. 

1. JUGLANS. Linn.— Walnut. 
(From the Latin Jovis glans, the nut of Jupiter ; on account of its excellence.) 

Monoecious. Sterile Fl. Anient imbricate ; scales mostly 
5-parted, sometimes bracteate. Perianth 5- or 6-parted. Sta- 
mens 8 — 40. Fertile Fl. Perianth double ; the outer one 
short, 4-toothed ; the inner one 4-parted. Styles 2, very short. 
Stigmas 2, somewhat clavate. Drupe fibrous-fleshy, indehiscent. 
Nut rugose and irregularly furrowed. 

1. J. nigra Linn.: leaves pinnate; leafets numerous, ovate-lanceolate, 
serrate, subcordate, tapering to the summit, the under surface and petioles 
slightly pubescent ; fruit globose, roughly dotted, spongy ; nut nearly glo- 
bose, corrugated. 

Fertile woods. N. Y. to Flor. W. to Miss. April, May.— A tree, 30—60 
feet high, with a large spreading top. Leaves pinnate, with from 15 — 21 leafets. 
Sterile aments axillary, cylindric, pendulous. Timber compact, fine grained, 
heavy and dark colored when exposed to the air. Black Walnut. 

2. J. cinerea Linn. : leaves pinnate ; leafets numerous, oblong-lanceo- 
late, serrate, rounded at the base, softly pubescent beneath; petioles villous; 
fruit ovoid-oblong, coriaceous, hairy and viscid ; nut elliptic-oblong, acumi- 
nate, conspicuously sculptured. J. cathartica Mich. f. 

Woods. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. April, May.— A large tree. Leaves pin- 
nate, with 15 — 17 pubescent leafets. Habit and fructification very similar to 
the preceding, but the fruit is oblong, with a tapering protuberance at the sum- 
mit, and the nut much more deeply and irregularly sculptured. The inner bark 
yields a laxative extract. Butternut. White Walnut. 

2. CARYA. Nutt.— Hickory. 
(From the Greek mpva, an ancient name of the Walnut.) 

Monoecious. Sterile Fl. Aments mostly in threes, slender, 
imbricate ; scales 3-parted. Stamens 3- — 8. Anthers sessile, 
hairy. Fertile Fl. Perianth single, 4-cleft. Drupe cori- 
aceous or somewhat fleshy, 4-valved. Nut oval, somewhat 
4-sided, smooth. 

1. C. sulcata Nutt. : leafets generally 9, obovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 
serrate, pubescent beneath, terminal one subsessile and attenuate at base ; 
fruit roundish, 4-angled ; nut oblong, slightly compressed, conspicuously 
mucronate. Juglans sulcata Willd. J. mucronata Mich, and J. loxiniosa 
Mich. f. 

Fertile soils. N. Y. to Car. April, May. — A large tree. Leaves pinnate, 
with 7 — 9 leafets. Sterile aments 3-parted, very long, peduncled. Nut large, 
oblong, with a very thick 4-parted pericarp. This, like most of the species, is 
valuable for fuel. Thick Shell-bark Hickory. 

2. C. alba Nutt. : leafets 5 — 7, on long petioles, obovate and oblong-lan- 
ceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, villous beneath, the terminal one ses- 



CONIFERiE. 337 

sile ; aments filiform, smooth ; fruit depressed-globose ; nut compressed, 
oblique. Juglans alba Mich. J. compressa Wllld. J. squamosa Mich. f. 

Fertile woods. Can. to Car. and W. to Miss. April, May. — A tree 50 to 80 
feet high, with the bark separating in large flat scales or plates. Nut with a 
thinner shell than that of most other species and of a fine flavor; pericarp glo- 
bose, depressed at the summit. Timber much prized, in consequence of the 
fineness of the grain and the elasticity of the fibre. 

Shell-bark or Shag-bark Hickory. 

3. C. microcarpa Nutt. : leafets 5 — 7, oblong-lanceolate, conspicuously 
acuminate, serrate, smooth, glandular beneath ; aments smooth ; fruit 
roundish-ovoid ; pericarp thin ; nut slightly 4-sided. Jitglans compressa, var. 
microcarpa Muhl. 

Moist woods. Penn. May. — A tree 60 — 80 feet high, with an even bark. 
Aments long, slender, smooth. Fruit three-fourths of an inch in diameter ; 
pericarp thin ; nut with a thin shell. Intermediate between C. alba and one of 
the varieties of C. porcina, but Dr. Darlington is inclined to think it a good spe- 
cies. Small-fruited Carya. 

4. C. tomentosa Nutt. : leafets 7 — 9, oblong and obovate-lanceolate, acu- 
minate, smooth, slightly serrate, pubescent and scabrous beneath, terminal 
one nearly sessile ; aments filiform, very long, tomentose ; fruit subglobose ; 
smooth ; pericarp very thick ; nut somewhat 6-angled, the shell very thick 
and hard. Juglans tomentosa, Mich. J. alba Willd. 

Fertile woods. Can. to Geor. April, May. — A tree, 50 — 80 feet high, with 
the barkrough but not scaly. Leafets sometimes nearly entire (var. integrifolia 
Torr.) Fruit very variable in size, but usually from \\ — 2 inches in length; 
nut light brown, shell very thick and hard, kernel sweet. The wood is very val- 
uable for fuel. White-heart Hickory. Mockernut. 

5. C. amara Nutt. : leafets 7 — 9, ovate-oblong, acuminate, sharply ser- 
rate, smooth on both sides ; fruit subglobose ; nut smooth, mucronate, with 
the shell fragile. Juglans amara Mich. Hicorius amara Raf. 

Dry fertile woods. Can. to Car. May. — A large tree. Leafets mostly 7, 
sometimes only 5, sessile, with the nerves and midrib pubescent. Nut small, 
almost obcordate, with a very thin shell, and a bitter and astringent kernel. 
Often confounded with the next species. Bitternut. Swamp Hicko?-y. 

6. C. porcina Nutt. : leafets generally 7, lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, 
acute at the base, smooth on both sides ; fruit oblong-globose or pyriform ; 
nut compressed, smooth, very hard. Juglans porcina Mich. J. obcordata 
and glabra Willd. 

Fertile woods. N. Y. to Geor. May. — A very large tree. Leafets 5 — 7. 
Fruit small, variable, with a bitter and astringent kernel. Wood very tough ; 
used for making splint brooms. Pignut. Broom Hickonj. 

Order CXXIII. CONIFERS.— Pines. 

Flowers monoecious or dioecious, naked. Sterile Fl. consist- 
ing of one or more (often monadelphous) stamens, arranged on a 
rachis so as to form a loose ament. Fertile Fl. in cones. 
Ovary spread open, and having the appearance of a flat scale 
destitute of style or stigma, and arising from the axil of a mem- 
branous bract. Fruit a cone. Seed with a hard crustaceous 

15 



338 CONIFERS. 

integument ; embryo in oily albumen. — Trees or shrubs, with a 
branched trunk abounding in resin. Wood marked with circular 
disks. Leaves usually rigid and needle-shaped, entire. 

1. JUNIPERUS. Linn.— Juniper. 

(From the Celtic jenepr us, rude, rough, characteristic of the plant.) 

. Dioecious, rarely monoecious. Sterile Fl. Ament ovoid- 
oblong, very small ; scales verticillate, peltate. Anther-cells 
3 — 6. Fertile Fl. Ament ovoid; scales few, concave, united 
at base, becoming a fleshy tuberculate berry and enclosing 1 — 3 
crustaceous seeds. 

1. J. communis Linn. : leaves in threes, subulate, spreading, mucronate, 
longer than the ovoid berry. 

Dry hills and woods. Can. to Virg. W. to the Rocky Mountains. May. — 
A shrub with prostrate and spreading branches, forming large beds. Leaves 
sharply mucronate. glaucous above, shining below. Berry purple. Medicinal. 
Big. Med. Bat. iii. 45. Common Juniper. 

2. J. Virginiana Linn. : trunk arboreous ; leaves in four rows, shorter 
than the berry; those of the older branches subulate, cuspidate, and some- 
what spreading. 

Woods. Can. to Geor. W. to the Rocky Mountains. May. — A middle-sized 
tree, with horizontal branches. Berry covered with a blue powder. Wood 
light and very durable. The leaves resemble Savin in their medicinal proper- 
ties. Red Cedar. 

3. J. prostrata Mich. : stem prostrate, creeping ; leaves imbricate in four 
rows, ovate, submucronate, glandular in the middle, appressed ; berry large 
and conspicuously tubercular. J. repens Nutt. J, Virginiana, var. pros- 
trata Torr. 

Sandy soils. Can. to Penn. W. to Miss. May. — A low shrub with creeping 
branche's 2 yards long. Dr. Torrey considers tins as a variety of the preceding ; 
but it seems to differ in its habit and in its fruit. 

Trailing Juniper. 

2. THUYA. Linn.— Arbor Vitae. 

(From the Greek 6vu>v, sacrifice; because its wood or resin was used as a 
perfume in sacrifices.) 

Monoecious. Sterile Fl. Aments terminal, very small, 
ovoid. Perianth none. Anther-cells 4, opening longitudinally. 
Fertile Fl. Cone with the scales 2 -flowered. Seeds more or 
less winged. 

T. occidcntalis Linn. : branches ancipitous ; leaves imbricate in 4 rows, 
ovate-rhomboidal, appressed, tuberculate ; cones nodding, obovoid ; inner 
scales truncate, gibbous at the summit; seeds winged all round. 

River banks and hill sides. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. May.— A tree 20—30 
feet high, with very tough branches. Leaves resembling scales. Cones about 
half an inch long, yellowish-brown. The wood is light and soft, but very dura- 
ble. American Arbor Vitas. 



CONIFERS. 339 

3. CUPRESSUS. Linn.— Cypress. 

(From the Island of Cyprus, where one species of the tree is abundant.) 

Monoecious. Sterile Fl. Ament solitary. Anthers 2 — 4 

celled. Fertile Fl. Cone globose ; the scales protuberant or 

mucronate in the centre, and finally spreading. Seeds angular, 

compressed. 

1. C. disticha Linn. : leaves distichous, flat, deciduous; sterile flowers 
leafless, paniculate. 

Swamps. N. J. to Flor. W. to Miss. May. — One of the largest trees of the 
forest, occurring in extensive swamps, especially at the South. Leaves small, 
linear and acute. Cone with an irregular surface. Timber very durable. 

American Cypress. 

2. C. thuyoides Linn. : branches compressed ; leaves imbricate in four 
rows, ovate, tuberculate at base. 

Swamps. N. Y. to Car. May. — A middle-sized tree, composing the Cedar 
swamps of the middle and southern states. Wood light, soft and durable, used 
as is the preceding, for shingles, cedar-ware, rails, &c. White Cedar. 

4. PINUS. Linn.— Pine. 

(Said to be derived from the Celtic pin or pen, a crag or stony mountain ,• 
often its place of growth.) 

Monoecious. Aments racemosely clustered ; scales peltate. 
Stamens numerous, with short filaments. Fertile Fl. Aments 
more or less conic or cylindric ; scales closely imbricate, 2- 
flowered, enlarging and becoming woody, forming a cone. 
Seeds winged at the summit, covered by the scales of the 
cone. 

* Leaves 2 — 5, sheathing at base. Scales of the cone thickened at the 
summit. Pinus. 

1. P. inops Ait: leaves short, mostly in pairs; cones oblong-ovoid, as 
long as the leaves, somewhat recurved ; spines of the scales subulate, 
straight. 

Sterile soils. N. J. to Car. W. to the Rocky Mountains. May. — A tree 
15 — 40 feet high, with straggling branches and full of resin. Leaves about 
2 inches long. Cones 2 — 3 inches long, ovoid, tapering and a little curved. 

Pitch or Scrub Pine. 

2. P. resinosa Ait. : leaves elongated, in pairs ; sheaths elongated ; cones 
ovoid-conic, rounded at base, subsolitary, half the length of the leaves ; 
scales dilated in the middle, unarmed. P. rubra Mich. 

Mountain woods. Can. N. Eng. N. Y. W. to the N. W. Const. May.— A 
tree 60 or 70 feet. high. Leaves 4 — inches long. Cones 2 — 3 inches long, ab- 
ruptly pointed. Found on the Ilelderburg mountains near Albany, NT. Y. 

Red Pine. Norway Pine. 

3. P. Banksiana Lamb.: leaves short, in pairs, rigid, divaricate, ob- 
lique; cones recurved, tortuous ; scales unarmed. P. rupesttis Mich, f. 



340 CONIFERS. 

Rocky grounds. Subarct. Amer. to Maine. April, May. — A small tree, with 
long spreading flexible branches. Banks' Scrub Pine. 

4. P. variabilis Lamb : leaves elongated, in pairs and threes, channelled, 
the sheaths long ; cones ovoid-conic, mostly solitary ; spines of the scales 
very slender, pointing outward. P. mitis Mich. 

Forests. N. Eng. N. Y. ? to Geor. May. — A tree 40—60 feet high, with a 
pyramidal head. Leaves 3 — 5 inches long, dark-green. Cone solitary, 2 — 3 
inches long. Timber fine grained and durable. Abundant in New Jersey. 

Yellow Pine. 

5. P. rigida Linn. : leaves in threes ; sheaths short ; sterile aments 
erect-incumbent ; cones ovoid, often in clusters ; spines of the scales rigid, 
reflexed. 

Sandy soils. Maine to Virg. May. — A tree 30 — 50 feet high, with nume- 
rous branches and a rough fissured bark. Leaves 4 — 6 inches long. Cones 
usually clustered in threes or fours, 2 — 4 inches long. The wood abounds in 
turpentine and is chiefly used as fuel. Pitch Pine. 

6. P. serotina Mich. : leaves elongated, in threes ; sterile aments incum- 
bent, nearly erect; cones ovoid; spines of the scales straight, slender. 

Margins of swamps. N. J. to Car. May. — A small tree. Leaves 6 — 8 inches 
long. Cones larger and more globular than in the preceding. Pond Pine. 

7. P. Slrobus Linn. : leaves in fives, slender ; sheaths very short ; cones 
cylindric-oblong, pendulous, much longer than the leaves; scales loose, 
flattish, without spines. 

Fertile soils. Can. to Virg. May. — A very large and valuable tree, some- 
times attaining the height of 200 feet or more. Leaves 4 inches long, sharply 
triangular and more slender than in any of our species. Cone solitary, very 
long. Timber soft, fine grained and light. White or Weymouth Pine. 

** Leaves fasciculate, deciduous. Larix. 

8. P. pendula Ait. : leaves fasciculate, deciduous, short ; cones ovoid- 
roundish, consisting of a few nearly orbicular thin scales ; bracts broad- 
ovate, with the point attenuated, P. microcarpa Lamb. Larix Americana 
Mich. 

Swamps. Can. N. Eng. and N. Y. N. to Arct- Amer. April, May. — A tree 
from 30 — 70 feet high, which differs from the preceding by its leaves growing 
in tufts or fascicles, and in their being deciduous. Cones about half an inch 
long, covered with soft scales. The wood is strong and durable. 

Hackmatack. Tamarack. 

*** Leaves solitary, distinct at base. Scales of the cone even and atten- 
uated. Abies. 

9. P. Balsamea Linn. : leaves solitary, flat, emarginate or entire, glau- 
cous beneath, somewhat pectinate at the summit, nearly erect, below re- 
curved-spreading ; cone cylindric, erect; bracts short, obovate, conspicu- 
ously mucronate, somewhat serrulate. Abies balsamifera Mich. 

Mountains. Subarct. Amer. to Car. W. to the Rocky Mountains. May. — 
A tree 40 — 50 feet high. Leaves 6 — 10 lines long. Cone solitary, erect. It 
yields a kind of turpentine known by the name of Canada balsam, which is used 
medicinally and for optical purposes. American Silver Fir. Balsam Fir. 

10. P. Fraseri Pursh. : leaves solitary, fiat, short, emarginate, glau- 



CONIFERiE. 341 

cous beneath, subsecund, erect above; cones ovoid-oblong, erect; bracts 
elongated, reflexed, oblong-cuneate, emarginate, shortly mucronate, incisely 
toothed. P. Balsamea, var. Fraseri Nutt. 

Mountains. Ver. N. Y. ? and Penn. May. — Resembles the former, but dif- 
fers in being a smaller tree, the leaves shorter and more erect, and the cones 
not one-fourth the size. Double Balsam Fir. 

11. P. Canadensis Linn. : leaves somewhat distichous, solitary, flat, 
minutely denticulate, obtuse ; cones elliptic-ovoid, terminal, scarcely longer 
than the leaves. Abies Canadensis Mich, 

Mountains. Can. to Car. W. to the Rocky Mountains. May. — A tree 
sometimes attaining the height of 60 or 70 feet, with spreading and often some- 
what pendulous branches. Leaves 6—8 lines long. Cones very small. The 
wood, though soft and coarse grained, is much used for various purposes. The 
bark contains a great quantity of tannin. Hemlock Spruce. 

12. P. nigra Ait. : leaves solitary, scattered all around the branches, 
somewhat 4-sided, erect, short, entire; cones ovoid; scales elliptic, undu- 
late on the margin, crenulate or toothed at the apex. Abies nigra Mich. f. 

Swamps. Subarct. Amer. to Car. W. to the Rocky Mountains. May. — A 
tree usually from 30 — 60 feet high, with a pyramidal summit. Leaves half an 
inch long, dark-green. Cones 1 — 2 inches in length. 

Black or Double Spruce. 

13. P. rubra Lamb.: leaves solitary, subulate; cones oblong, obtuse; 
scales rounded, somewhat 2-lobed, entire on the margin. 

Hudson's Bay. Pursh. Maine. Torr. May. Tj. Red Spruce. 

14. P. alba Ait. : leaves solitary, scattered around the branches, erect, 
4-sided, somewhat glaucous, entire ; cones oblong-cylindric, loose ; scales 
obovate, very entire. 

Swamps. Arct. Amer. to Car. May. — A small tree, seldom more than 40 or 
50 feet high. Leaves 5 — 8 lines long, more slender and less crowded than in the 
preceding. Cones slender, 2 inches long. While or Single Spruce. 

5. TAXUS. Linn.— Yew. 

(Supposed to be derived from the Greek to£ov, a bow ; on account of the use 
made of the wood.) 

Flowers dioecious. Sterile Fl. consisting of peltate anthers 
in an anient ; anther-cells 3 — 6 or more, inserted in the lobes 
of the connective, opening beneath. Fertile Fl. solitary, with 
imbricate scales at the base. Seed nut-like, seated in the disk 
which becomes a succulent cup. 

T. Canadensis Willd. : leaves linear, distichous, crowded, revolute on 
the margin ; sterile aments solitary, globose. T. baccata, var. minor Mich. 

Moist rocky places. Can. to Virg. W. to St. Louis River. March, April. 
T^. — Stem A — 8 feet high. Leaves resembling those of Finns Canadensis, but 
larger. Fruit having the appearance of a berry, open at the top. bright-red, the 
seed or nut oval, compressed. American Yew. Ground Hehdock, 



342 HYDROCHARIDACE^I. 



Class II. ENDOGENOUS or MONOCOTYLEDO- 
NOUS PLANTS. 

Stem, with no perceptible distinction of bark, wood and pith, 
increasing in diameter by the addition of new matter to the 
centre. Leaves mostly alternate, with no evident articulation, 
commonly sheathing at base and entire, mostly with parallel 
veins. Embryo with but one cotyledon; or if two, one is 
smaller and alternate with the other. 

Subclass L— PETAL OIDEALS. 

Stamens and pistils naked or covered by verticillate floral 
envelopes. 

Order CXXIV. H YDRO CH ARID ACE JS.— Frog's Bits. 

Flowers in a spathe, mostly dioecious. Perianth regular, 
3 — 6-parted ; the inner segments petaloid. Stamens 3 — 12. 
Ovary 1 — 9-celled ; stigmas 3 — 6. Fruit dry or succulent, in- 
dehiscent. Seeds numerous, without albumen. — Floating or 
water plants. Leaves mostly radical, sometimes opposite or 
verticillate. 

1. UDORA. Nutt.— Udora. 
(From the Greek v5vp, water ; in allusion to its place of growth.) 

Polygamous. Spathe bifid, 1-flowered. Perianth 6-parted, 
petaloid. Sterile Fl. Stamens 9, 3 of them interior. Per- 
fect Fl. Tube of the perianth very long and slender. Sta- 
mens 3 — 6 ; filaments short, subulate. Style long and filiform. 
Stigmas 3, large and spreading, 2-lobed. Fruit coriaceous, 
few seeded. Seeds elliptic, smooth. 

U. Canadensis Nutt. : leaves verticillate in threes and fours, lanceolate, 
oblong or linear, finely serrulate ; tube of the perianth filiform. ElSdea 
Canadensis Mich. Serpicula verticillata Muhl. 

Still waters. Can. to Virg. W. to Miss. Aug. Tj.? — Stem submersed, dif- 
fusely diehotomous. Flowers axillary, very small, whitish. The plant without 
flowers resembles an aquatic moss. Little Water Snakeweed. 

2. VALLISNERIA. Linn.— Tapeweed. 
(In honor of Antonio VallisnerL an Italian botanist.) 

Dioecious. Sterile Fl. Spathe ovate, 2 — 4-parted. Spa- 
dix covered with minute flowers. Perianth 3 -parted. Stamens 



ORCHIDACE^E. 343 

2. Fertile Fl. Scape very long, flexuous or spiral. Spathe 
tubular, bifid, 1 -flowered. Perianth elongated, 6 -parted ; the 
alternate segments linear. Style none. Stigmas 3, ovate, bifid. 
Capsule elongated, cylindric, 3-toothed, 1 -celled, many-seeded; 
the seeds attached to the sides. 

V. spiralis Linn. : leaves linear, obtuse, minutely and aculeately serru- 
late ; sterile peduncles very short ; fertile ones flexuous. V. Americana 
Mich. 

Still water. Can. to Flor. W. to El. Aug. %. — Leaves all radical, 1 — 2 
feet or more long, 2 — 4 lines wide, linear and grass-like, obscurely 3-nerved, 
smooth and deep-green. Perianth reddish- white. The roots are supposed to be 
the favorite food of the canvas-back duck. Tape Grass. Eel Grass. 

Order CXXV. "ORCHIDACEJE.— Orchids. 

Flowers irregular. Perianth of 6 segments, in two rows, the 
outer {calyx) usually colored and petaloid like the inner, the 
lowest one (lip) different from the others and often spurred. 
Stamens 3, united with the style and thus forming the column, 
the central one only perfect or the central abortive and the two 
lateral perfect. Pollen powdery or cohering in waxy masses. 
Ovary adherent, 1 -celled, with 3 parietal placentae ; style mostly 
forming part of the column ; stigma a viscid concave spot in 
front of the column. Seeds very numerous and minute, with a 
loose netted coat. — Herbs, with tuberous or fibrous roots and 
usually handsome. Flowers in spikes or racemes. 

I. Malaxed. Pollen cohering in waxy masses, without a caudicle 
or separable stigmalic gland. Anther terminal. 

1. LIPARIS. Rich.— Liparis. 
(From the Greek \n:apo<;,fat ; the leaves having an unctuous feel.) 

Perianth with the segments distinct, linear, spreading. Lip 
flat, dilated, entire, turned various ways. Column winged. 
Pollen-masses 4, without pedicels or glands. 

1. L. liliifolia Rich.: leaves 2, ovate, much shorter than the scape; 
inner segments of the perianth filiform, deflected ; lip very large, obovate, 
mucronate. Mat-axis liliifolia WiUd. 

Wet woods. Can. to Car. June, July. %.— Scape 6 — 8 inches high, 
gled, with an ovoid bulb at the base. Flowers rather large, in a short te 
raceme, the perianth pale-yellow, the lip purplish. Common Liparis. 

2. L. Lozselii Rich.: leaves 2, ovate-lanceolate, plaited, erect, much 
shorter than the scape; segments of the perianth linear, unequal ; lip obo- 
vate, entire. L. Correana Spreng. Mahuis Con 



344 orchidace^:. 

Wet woods. Can. to Virg. ; rare. June, July. %. — Scape 5 — 8 inches 
high, 3 — 5-angled, with a bulb at the base. Flowers yellowish-green, in a ter- 
minal raceme, smaller but more numerous than in the preceding. 

Smaller Liparis. 

2. MICROSTYLIS. Nutt — Adder's Mouth. 
(From the Greek pixpos, little, and orvlos, a column.) 
Perianth with the segments distinct ; the two inner lateral 
ones filiform or linear. Lip widely spreading, concave, sagit- 
tate or auriculate at the base. Column very small. Pollen- 
masses 4, loose. 

1. M. opliioglossoides Nutt.: scape or stem with one ovate, clasping leaf 
near the middle ; flowers in an obtuse raceme, much shorter than the pedi- 
cels. Malaxis ophioglossoides Willd. 

Wet grounds, near roots of trees. Can. to Virg. July. 1[. — Stem or scape 
6 — 10 inches high, 1-leaved, with ovoid bulb at the base. Leaf about 2 inches 
long. Flowers numerous, minute, greenish- white, in a short terminal raceme, 
many abortive. Common Adder s-moulh. 

2. M. monophyllos hind. : scape or stem with a single ovate-elliptic leaf 
near the base ; flowers in a slender elongated raceme, about as long as the 
pedicels. Malaxis monophyllos Willd. 

Shady swamps. Herkimer and Oneida counties, N. Y. July. 11-. — Stem 
or scape 2 — 8 inches high, triangular, somewhat winged, with an ovoid bulb at 
the base. Leaf solitary, (rarely 2,) about 2 inches long, petiolate. Flowers nu- 
merous, in an elongated raceme, several abortive. Smaller Adders-mouth. 

3. CALYPSO. Salisb.— Calypso. 
(A poetical name.) 
Segments of the perianth ascending, secund. Lip ventricose, 
spurred beneath near the end. Column petaloid, dilated. Pol- 
len-masses 2, each 2-parted, sessile. 

C. borealis Salisb. C. Americana Brown. Limodorum boreale Willd. 
Sphagnous swamps, near Brown ville. Jefferson county, and Lowville, Lewis 
county, N. Y. W. A. Wood and F. B. Hough. Ver. Montreal, and various parts 
of British America. Near the outlet of Lake Michigan and W. to the Columbia 
River. Scape 6 — 8 inches high, sheathed, with a fleshy bulb at base. Leaf 
solitary, radical, 1 — 2 inches long, roundish-ovate, petiolate, plaited. Flower 
solitary, terminal, about an inch long, purplish. A rare and beautiful plant, 
resembling a Cypripedium. Calypso. 

4. CORALLORHIZA. Brown.— Coral-Root. 
(From the Greek KopaWiov, coral, and pi£a, a root ; the root being coral-like.) 

Perianth with the segments nearly equal and connivent. Lip 
produced at the base underneath ; the spur short and adnate 
to the ovary. Column free. Pollen-masses 4, oblique, not 
parallel. 

1 . C. innata Broivn : scape few-flowered ; lip oblong, bi-dentate at the 
base, the apex recurved and ovate ; spur obsolete, adnate ; capsule elliptic- 
obovoid. C. verna Nutt. Cymbidium Corallorhizon Willd. 



orchidacejE. 345 

Moist woods. Can. to Virg. May, June. %. — Root coraloid or branching, 
with tooth-like processes. Scape 6 — 8 inches high, with 3 or 4 membranous 
leafless sheaths, having a purplish color. Flowers 5 — 12 in a short spike, small, 
distant, dull-purple. Lip nearly white, mostly without spots. Spur nearly 
wanting. According to Sir W. Hooker and Dr. Torrey, our plant is identical 
with the foreign C. innata. Vernal Coral-root. 

2. C. odontorhiza Nutt. : scape few-flowered ; lip oval or obovate, cre- 
nulate and waved ; spur obsolete, adnate ; capsule nearly globose. Cym- 
bidium odonlorhizon Willd. Ophrys Corallorhiza Mich. 

Roots of trees. Ver. to Car. Aug., Sept. %-. — Root coraloid. Scape 8 — 10 
inches high, a little enlarged at the base, with 2—3 sheaths. Flowers 10 — 12 in 
a terminal pendulous raceme, purplish and tawney. Lip dilated, obovate, white 
spotted with purple. Spur entirely wanting. Small Late Coral-root. 

3. C. m/ulbi flora Nutt. : scape many-flowered ; lip wedgeform-oval, spot- 
ted, 3-lobed, the middle lobe broad recurved : spur conspicuous, adnate ; 
capsule elliptic-obovoid. C. innata Nutt. Gen. 

Roots of trees. Can. to Car. July — Sept. %.. — Root coraloid, much branched. 
Scape a foot high, with 3 — 4 sheaths, purplish. Flowers 10 — 30, in a terminal 
raceme, larger than in either of the preceding, purplish-brown. Lip whitish 
spotted with purple. Spur distinct, brownish. Large Coral-root. 

5. APLECTRUM. Nutt.— Putty-Root. 
(From the Greek a, without, and n'XcKTpov, a spur.) 

Perianth with the segments distinct, nearly equal. Lip un- 
guiculate, not produced at the base. Column free. Anther sit- 
uated a little below the summit of the column. Pollen-masses 
4, oblique, lenticular. 

A. hyemale Nutt. Cymbidium hyemale Willd. 

Shady woods. Can. to Flor. W. to Ark. May, June. %.—Root with 2 — 4 
subglobose tubers. Scape about a foot high, with 3 loose sheaths, purplish. 
Leaf solitary, 4 — 6 inches long, elliptic, acute at each end, nerved, on a petiole 
2 — 3 inches long, which is inserted on the summit of the tuber. Flowers brown- 
ish, in a terminal bracteate raceme. Lip 3-lobed, obtuse, the middle lobe crenu- 
late on the margin. Adam and Eve. Putty-root. 

II. VandEjE. Pollen cohering in waxy masses, with a distinct cau- 
dicle united to a stigmatic gland. Anther terminal, rarely dorsal. 

6. T1PULARIA. Nutt— Tipularia. 
(From a fancied resemblance in the flower to insects of the genus Tipula.) 

Segments of the perianth spatulate, spreading. Lip oblong, 
sessile, 3-lobed; the intermediate lobe elongated, with a filiform 
spur at the base. Column wingless, free. Anther operculatc, 
persistent. Pollen-masses 4, parallel. 

T. discolor Nutt Orchis discolor Pursh. Li m odor urn uni folium JTu'it. 

Pine woods. Martha's Vineyard, (Torr.) to Car. July. %.. — Scape 10 — 15 
inches high, slender, with a bulb al the base. Leaf solitary, ovate, petiolate, 
strongly nerved, smooth. Flowers in a terminal raceme, nodding, minute, 
greenish with a tinge of purple. Spur slender, nearly twice as long as the 
ovary. # Oiu-kaicd Tipularia. 



346 ORCHIDACE^E. 

III. Ofhreje. Pollen powdery, granular or sectile. Anther ter- 
minal, erect. 

7. ORCHIS. Linn.— Orchis. 
(An ancient Greek name.) 
Perianth ringent. Lip with a spur on the under side at base. 
Pollen masses pedicellate ; glands of the pedicels contained in 
one common little pouch. 

0. spectabilis Linn. : leaves 2, radical, elliptic-obovate, obtuse ; scape an- 
gular, naked, few-flowered, scarcely longer than the leaves ; bracts longer 
than the flowers ; spur clavate, shorter than the ovary. O. humilis Mich. 
Habenaria spectabilis, Spreng. 

Shady woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June. %.. — Scape 4 — 6 inches 
high, 5-angled, smooth. Leaves mostly 2, nearly as long as the scape. Flowers 
4—6, in a terminal spike, large, purplish and white. Showy Orchis. 

8. GYMNADENIA. Brown.— Gymnadenia. 
(From the Greek yv//voj, naked, and adrjv, a gland.) 

Lip with a spur at the base. Glands of the stalks of the 
pollen-masses naked, approximated. 

G. tridentata Lind. : lower leaf oblong, rather acute, upper leaves much 
smaller ; flowers few, in an oblong terminal spike ; lip cuneate- oblong, 3- 
toothed at the apex ; segments of the perianth connivent, oblong-ovate, 
obtuse ; spur clavate, incurved, longer than the ovary. Habenaria triden- 
tata Hook. Orchis tridentata Willd. 

Swamps. Can. to Virg. June, July. %-. — Stem 8 — 18 inches high, slender, 
Flowers pale-yellowish-green, small, 6 — 12 in a compact terminal spike. Lip 
with 3 short equal teeth at the apex. Three-toothed Gymnadenia. 

9. PLATANTHERA. Rich.— Platanthera. 
(From the Greek nXarvs, broad, and apdepa, an anther.) 

Lip entire, with a spur at the base. Cells of the anther 
widely separated. Glands of the pollen-masses pedicellate; 
the glands naked. 

* Lip undivided. 
•f Scape nearly naked. 

1. P. obtusata Lind. : upper segment of the perianth very broad ; inner 
segments triangular, truncate at the apex ; lip linear, with two minute tu- 
bercles at the base ; spur subulate-conic, curved, as long as the lip. Orchis 
obtusata Pursh. 

Woods on the sides of mountains in Essex county, N. Y. Torr. White 
Mountains, N. H. Boott. Hudson's Bay. Pursh. Aug. %. — Stem 5 — 8 inches 
high, slender. Leaf solitary, radical, oblong-obovate. Flowers 5 — 8, greenish, 
erect, in a rather loose terminal spike. Obtuse-leaved Platanthera. 

2. P. orbiculata Lind. ; upper segment of the perianth orbicular, the 



QRCHIDACE.E. 347 

lateral ones ovate ; lip iinear-spatulate, one-half longer than the segments ; 
spur linear-clavate, curved, nearly twice as long as the ovary. Orchis 
ofbiculata Pursh. Habenaria macrophylla Goldie. 

Shady woods. Can. to Virg. W. to Ark. July. %.. — Scape 1 — 2 feet high, 
with several small appressed scales. Leaves 2, radical, nearly orbicular, large, 
fleshy, spreading on the ground. Flowers greenish-white, in a loose terminal 
raceme which is sometimes 5 or 6 inches long. Long-leaved Orchis. 

3. P. Hookeri Lind. : outer segments of the perianth ovate-lanceolate, 
acute or acutish ; inner ones linear, dilated at base, shorter than the outer ; 
iip lanceolate, acuminate, rather shorter than the ovary. Habenaria Hookeri 
Torr. fy Gr. in Lye. Ann. 

Fertile woods. Can. to Virg. ? July. %.. — Scape 8 — 12 inches high, some- 
times with a small lanceolate leaf. Radical leaves 2, nearly orbicular or oval, 
large, spreading. Flowers 10 — 20, yellowish-green, in an erect spike. Differs 
from the preceding, for which it has probably been often mistaken, by its closer 
spike, projecting spur, and narrow upper perianth-segment. Hooker's Orchis. 

ff Stem leafy. 

4. P. flava Gray : lower leaves oblong, acute, the upper lanceolate ; 
bracts acuminate, longer than the flowers ; lip oblong, 2-toothed toward the 
base, and a single tubercle in the middle, about half as long as the clavate 
spur. Orchis flava Linn. Ofuscecens Parsh. Habenaria herbiola Brown. 
H virescens Spreng. (according to Gray, Sill. Jour, xxxviii.) 

Wet banks of streams. Can to Car. 1L. — Stem 12 — 18 inches high, with 
3 — 5 long clasping leaves. Flowers numerous, in a loose spike ; outer segments 
greenish; the inner ones greenish-yellow. Small Pale-yellow Plaiantliera. 

5. P. hyperborea Lind. : leaves lanceolate, erect ; outer segments of the 
perianth ovate, the upper one shorter and broader; inner segments and 
lip lanceolate, somewhat equal; spur thick and obtuse, about half the 
length of the ovary. B. dilatata, Beck Bot. 1st. Ed. Habenaria hyperborea 
Brown and H. Hnronensis Spreng. Orchis hyperborea Pursh. (Gray, I. c.) 

Sphagnous swamps. Can. as far N. as Hudson's Bay. N. H. N. Y. W. to 
Ark. June, July. %. — Stem 8 — 20 inches high. Leaves 3 — 8 inches long. 
Flowers numerous, in a loose or close spike, greenish-yellow. 

Northern Platanihera. 

6. P. dilatata Lind. : leaves lanceolate ; bracts linear-lanceolate, the 
lower ones about as long as the flowers ; outer segments of the perianth 
ovate, obtuse ; lip lanceolate-linear, entire, dilated at the base, about as long 
as the thick obtuse spur. Orchis dilatata Pursh. 

Sphagnous swamps. N. Y. Torr. June, July. %. — Strut 1 — 2 feet high, 
angled. Leaves 4 — 6 inches long. Flowers white, in a long cylindric spike. 

Small White-flowered Orchis. 

** Lip incised. 

7. P. blcphari glottis Lind. : leaves lanceolate, acute ; outer segments of 
the perianth roundish-oblong, the lateral ones reflexed ; inner segments 
spatulate, slightly incised at the apex ; lip oblong, flat, fimbriate ; spur fili- 
form, incurved, much longer than the ovary. Habenaria bkphar\ 
Hook. Orchis blcphari glottis Willd. 

Swamps. Can. to Car. June, July. 1\. — Stem 1«} — 2 feet high. Lower 
leaves 6 — 8 inches long, the uppei gradually smaller, ilcu'as pure white, in a 



348 ORCHID AC EJB. 

dense oblong spike. Spur nearly an inch long. The inner segments of the peri- 
anth are sometimes entire, when it constitutes the var. holopetala of Torrey. 

Fringed White Orchis. 

8. P. ciliaris Lind : leaves lanceolate, acute ; outer segments of the 
perianth roundish-ovate, the lateral ones reflexed : inner segments linear, 
incised : lip oblong, deeply and finely cut and fringed, twice as long as the 
segments ; spur longer than the ovary. Habenaria ciliaris Brown. Orchis 
ciliaris Linn. 

Swamps. Can to Car. June, July. %. — Stem 12 — 18 inches high. Flowers 
bright orange-yellow, in a dense terminal spike. Lip larger and more pinnately 
eiliate than in the preceding. I have seen hundreds of specimens of this beau- 
tiful plant in a sandy swamp about two miles west of Albany, N. Y. 

Fringed Yellow Orchis. 

9. P. psycod.es Gray : leaves oblong : outer segmentsof the perianth ovate, 
obtuse, the lateral ones deflexed ; inner segments fimbriate-toothed. cuneate, 
oblong, obtuse, incised : lip clawed, roundish, 3-parted, the segments cuneate 
and incisely toothed, the intermediate one larger ; spur incurved, about 
twice as long as the Up. Habenaria psycodes Spreng. H. finibriata Brown. 
H. incisa and Jissa Spreng. - H. grandi flora Torr. Comp. Beck Bot. 1st. Ed. 
(Gray J, c.) 

Swamps and wet meadows. Can. to Car. July. Aug. %. — Stew 1 — 2 
(sometimes 3) feet high, stout, angular. Leaves long. Flowers bright-purple, in 
a spike which is 2—6 inches long. Var. grandijlora of Gray has the flowers 
larger than the common form, and the segments of the lip fimbriate. — Gray, in 
Sill. Jour, xxxviii. Purple Swamp Orchis. 

10. P. lacera Gray : outer segments of the perianth ovate ; inner ones ob- 
long-linear, obtuse, entire ; lip clawed, slender, 3-parted, the lobes cut into 
capillary segments; spur filiform, clavate, ascending, somewhat longer than 
the ovary. Habenaria psycodes Spreng. ^Orchis lacera, Mich. 

Wet meadows. Can. to Virg. June, July. r 2L — Stem 18 inches to 2 feet 
high, somewhat slender, angular. Leaves 3 — 8 inches long, mostly acute. 
Flowers pale greenish-yellow-ln a long somewhat loose terminal spike. 

Ragged Yellow Orchis. 

11. P. bracteata Torr. : bracts spreading, much longer than the flowers ; 
inner segments of the perianth linear-lanceolate, erect ; Up oblong-linear, 
obscurely 3-toothed at the apex : spur obtuse, very short, somewhat inflated 
and didymous. Habenaria bracleata Brov;n. 

Shady woods. Can. to Virg. July. %.. — Stem 6 — 12 inches high, smooth, 
leafy at base. Leaves about 3, an inch and a half to near 3 inches long, elliptic- 
lanceolate, acute, the lower one sometimes spatulate-obovate and obtuse. Flcw~ 
ers green, small, in a terminal bracteate spike which is 2 — 3 inches long. 

Green-flowered Orchis. 

12. P. Integra Gray : bracts as long as the flowers ; lip oblong or ovate, 
entire, partly crenulate, longer than the inner segments of the perianth ; 
spur subulate, scarcely longer than the ovary. Habenaria, Integra Spreng. 
and H. Elliottii Beck. Orchis Integra and flava Nutt. O. flava Ell. ? 

Swamps. N. J. to Geor. July. 1L. — Stem 1£— 2 feet high. Flowers small, 
bright orange -yellow, in a short crowded spike. I follow Dr. Gray in uniting 
Habenaria Elliottii with this species, although I am still doubtful of their identity. 

Small Orange-flowered Orchis. 

13. P. cristata Lind : segments of the perianth roundish ; the two lateral 



orchidace^:. 349 

ones toothed ; lip oblong, pinnately ciliate ; spur shorter than the ovary. 
Habenaria cristata Brown. Orchis cristata Mich. 

Swamps. Penn. to Car. June, July. %. — Stem 1 — 2 feet high. Flowers 
yellow, in a somewhat crowded terminal spike. Distinguished from the former 
by its smaller flowers and more dense spike. Cristate Platanthera. 

IV. Arethuse.e. Pollen powdery, granular or sectile. Anther 
terminal, opercular. 

10. POGONIA. Brown.— Pogonia. 

(From the Greek nuycuv, a beard ; in allusion to the bearded lip of the flower.) 

Perianth with the segments distinct and nearly equal. Lip 
sessile or unguiculate, cucullate, mostly with a beard-like crest 
on the inner or upper side. Column wingless. Pollen powdery. 

1. P. ophioglossoides Brown. : scape mostly 1-flowered, with an oval-lan- 
ceolate leaf near the middle and a foliaceous bract near the flower ; lip 
spatulate-oblong, crested and fimbriate. Arethusa opivioglossoides Linn. 

Sphagnous swamps. Can. to Car. and Ala. June, July. — Root fasciculate. 
Scape 9 — 12 inches high. Flower mostly solitary, large, pale-purple, somewhat 
nodding. Single-leaved Pogonia. 

2. P. veriicillata Nutt. : scape with a whorl of 5 elliptic-obovate leaves 
at the summit, 1 — 2-flowered ; segments of the perianth unequal, the 3 
outer ones very long and nearly linear ; the 2 inner small, lanceolate, ob- 
tuse ; lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe dilated and undulate. Arethusa verticil- 
lata Willd. 

Swamps. N. Y. to Geor. June, July. %. — Root fascicidate. Scape about 
a foot high. Leaves 5 in a whorl at the top of the stem. Flower mostly solitary ; 
outer segments brown, 2 inches long; inner ones short, paler and obtuse. 

Whoried Pogonia. 

11. TRIPHORA. Nutt.— Triphora. 

(Abbreviated from the Greek rpia, avdos, and <pepw, literally, bearing three 
flowers.) 

Perianth with the segments distinct equal and connivent. 
Lip unguiculate, not crested. Column spatulate, flat, without 
wings. Pollen powdery. 

T. pendula Nutt. Arethusa pendula Willd. Pogonia pcndula Lind. 

Fertile woods, about roots of trees. N. Y. to Flor. and Ala. Sept. °-|-.— 
Root bearing tubers. Stems 6 — 8 inches high, angular, often in clusters, mostly 
purplish. Leaves 3 — 7, remote, very short, ovate and rather acute. Flowers 
1 — 4, pale- purple, on axillary pedicels, pendulous. Lip about as long as the 
segments of the perianth, a little rough but not crested. 

Pendulous Triphora. 

12. ARETHUSA. Linn.— Arethusa. 

(From Arethusa, a nymph of Diana.) 

Perianth somewhat ringent ; the segments cohering at base, 

connivent and cucullate above. Lip united at the base with 



350 ORCHIDACE.E. 

the column, deflected at the apex, bearded inside. Pollen 
angular. 

A, bullosa Linn. 

Sphagnous swamps. Can. to Car. May, June. %.. — Scape 6 — 10 inches 
high, with a globose tuber at the base, the lower part bearing 3 — 4 loosely 
sheathing scales, from the upper of which there is often a linear-lanceolate 
nerved leaf. Flowers mostly solitary, (rarely 2,) terminal, large, bright-purple. 
Lip curled, crenulate on the margin, yellow and white, bearded in the middle. 

Bulbous Arethusa. 

13. CALOPOGON. Brown.— Calopogon. 

(From the Greek koXos, beautiful, and irwycov, a beard ; in allusion to the beard 
of the flower.) 

Flowers resupinate. Perianth with the segments distinct 
and spreading. Lip on the upper side of the flower, erect, un- 
guiculate, bearded in front. Column free. Pollen angular. 

C. pulchellus Brown. Cymbidium pulchellum Willd. 

Swamps. Can. to Flor. W. to Lake Superior. June, July. %. — Root tu- 
berous. Scape 12 — 18 inches high, slender. Leaf generally solitary, 8 — 10 
inches long, sheathing the base of the stem. Flowers 3 — 4. in a terminal brac- 
teate spike, large, bright-purple. Calopogon. 

Y. Neotte^e. Pollen powdery, granular or seclile. Anther dorsal. 
14. LISTERA. Brovm.—Tweij blade. 
(In honor of Martin Lister, an eminent British naturalist.) 

Perianth irregular. Lip 2-lobed or 2-cleft, without callous 
processes. Column wingless, (minute.) Anther fixed by its 
base. Pollen powdery. 

1. L. car data Broicn : stem with only 2 opposite roundish cordate leaves ; 
raceme loose ; column without any appendage behind ; lip elongated, 2- 
toothed at base, deeply bifid, the segments divaricate and acute. Ophrys 
cordata Mich. 

Sphagnous swamps. Can. to N. J. May. %. — Stem 4 — 8 inches high. 
Leaves roundish, cordate, veined, smooth, mucronate. Raceme 7 — 15-flowered. 
Flowers distant, minute, green and purple. Heart-leaved TwayUade. 

2. L. convallarioides Nutt. : stem with only 2 opposite oval-roundish 
leaves, pubescent above ; raceme few-flowered, (4 — 6) ; column porrected ; 
lip oblong, dilated and obtusely 2-lobed at the extremity. Epipactis con- 
vallarioides Pursh. 

Swamps. N. Y. to Car. May. %. — Stem 6 inches high and very slender. 
Flowers dark-brown and green, larger than in the preceding. 

Large-flowered Twayblade; 

15. SPIRANTHES. Rich.— Ladies' Tresses. 

(From the Greek cr-neipa, a cord, and avdos, a flower ; the flowers being spiral 
like the strands of a rope.) 

Spike spiral ; inner segments of the perianth connivent. Lip 
unguiculate, parallel with the column, with 2 callous processes 



ORCHIDACE^S. 351 

at the base. Column curved. Stigma ovate, mostly rostrate. 
Ovary oblique. Pollen powdery. 

1. S. tortilis Rich. : radical leaves lance-linear : scape sheathed; flowers 
spirally secund ; lip trifid ; the middle lobe larger and crenulate. Neottia 
tortilis Pursh. Ophrys aestivalis Mich. 

Low meadows. N. Y. to Flor. June, July. %.. — Scape about a foot high. 
Flowers white, spirally twisted in a terminal spike which is 2—4 inches long. 
Perhaps not distinct from the next. Three-lobed Ladies' Tresses. 

2. S. gracilis Big. : radical leaves ovate ; scape sheathing ; flowers in a 
spiral row ; lip obovate, curled. 

Dry woods. N. Y. and Mass. July. r£. — Scape 8—12 inches high, erect, 
with a few sheathing scales or leafets. Leaves on short petioles, sometimes fall- 
ing off before the plant flowers. Flowers white, in a twisted spike. 

Slender Ladies' Tresses. 

3. S. cernua Mick. : leaves nearly radical, lance-linear; scape sheathed, 
the lower sheaths bearing short leaves ; flowers in a dense spike, obliquely 
recurved and cernuous ; lip oblong, obtuse, crisped and crenate. Neottia 
cernna Willd. 

Moist grounds. Can. to Flor. July, Aug. 1\. — Scape 6 — 18 inches high, 
(rarely 2 — 3 feet.) Leaves radical or near the base of the scape, 3 — 10 inches 
long. Flowers greenish-white, sometimes a little yellowish, larger than in the 
preceding. It is liable to considerable variation in the number, and somewhat 
in the form of the leaves. Nodding Ladies' Tresses. 

4. S. plantaginea Torr. : entirely smooth ; leaves mostly radical, oblong- 
lanceolate, 3 — 7-nerved ; scape somewhat succulent, with 2 — 3 nearly leaf- 
less sheaths ; spike loosely spiral ; flowers slender and recurved-cernuous ; 
lip oblong, obtuse, crenulate on the margin, about 5-nerved. S. aestivalis 
Oakes, not of Rich. Neottia plantaginea Raf. 

Moist woods. Ver. and N. Y. Torr. June. %. — Root consisting of oblong 
fascicled tubers. Scape 5 — 10 inches high, with 2 or 3 sheaths which are pro- 
duced into short linear leaves. Flowers white, the lip pale-yellow, in a spike 
which is about 2 inches long. Ladies' Tresses. 

16. GOODYERA. Brown.— Goody era. 
(In honor of John Goodyer, an old English botanist.) 

Perianth ringent ; the outer segments herbaceous, the upper 
one vaulted, the 2 lateral ones placed beneath the saccate en- 
tire lip. Column free. Pollen angular. Stigma roundish or 
rostrate. 

1. G. pnbcsccns Brown: radical leaves ovate, petiolate, reticulate ; scape 
with the flowers and sheathing scales pubescent ; outer lateral segments 
of the perianth ovate; lip roundish-ovate, acuminate. Neottia pubescent 
Willd. 

Shady woods. Can. to Flor. July, Aug. %. — Sca])e 6—10 inches high. 
Leaves radical, dark-green, veined with white. Flowers greenish-white, in an 
oblong spike. Rattlesnake Plantain. 

2. G. repens Broum : radical leaves ovate-lanceolate, petiolate, somewhat 
reticulate ; flowers unilateral and with the scales slightly pubescent ; outer 
segments of the perianth and lip lanceolate, Neottia repens Wil!d. 



352 ORCHIDACE^. 

Shady woods. Can. to Virg. July, Aug. %. — Rhizoma creeping. Scape 
6 — 8 inches high. Leaves less distinctly veined than in the preceding. Flowers 
greenish-white. Smaller Goodyera. 

VI. Ctpripede^:. Anthers 2. with a large dilated lobe or abortive 
stamen between them. 

17. CYPRIPEDIUM. Li nn.— Ladies' Slipper. 
(From the Greek Kvir/Hj, Venus, and t.ogewv, a shoe.) 

Perianth with the two outer lateral (or lower) segments mostly 
united nearly to the apex. Lip large and inflated. Column 
short, cernuous, 3-lobed; the middle lobe (sterile stamen) 
dilated and petaloid. 

1. C. candidum Willd : stem leafy ; leaves oblong-lanceolate ; Up com- 
pressed, shorter than the lanceolate segments of the perianth ; sterile stamen 
lanceolate, rather obtuse. 

Penn. Muhl. May. %. — Resembles C. Calceolus ; but the flowers are white 
and not half the size ; the form of the leaves and of the sterile stamen distinguish 
it sufficiently. Pursh. A doubtful species. White Ladies' Slipper. 

2. C. parvifiorum Willd. : outer segments of the perianth ovate-oblong, 
acuminate ; inner ones lance-linear, contorted ; lip shorter than the peri- 
anth ;. sterile stamen triangular, acute. C. Calceolus Mich. 

Woods and swamps. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. May, June. %. — Stem 
12 — 18 inches high. Leaves ovate, clasping at base, pubescent. Flowers soli- 
tary or in pairs. Outer segments of the perianth green with purple stains ; lip 
yellow, spotted, an inch and a half long, inflated. Yellow Ladies' Slipper. 

3. C. pubescens Swartz : stem leafy; outer segments of the perianth lan- 
ceolate, acuminate ; inner ones very long, linear and contorted ; lip laterally 
compressed, shorter than the inner segments; sterile stamen triangular, 
obtuse, (acute. Hook.) 

Woods. Subarct. Amer. to Car. W. to Miss. May. %.—Stem 1—2 feet 
high. Leaves large, ovate-lanceolate, pubescent. Flowers solitary or in pairs. 
Segments of the perianth greenish-yellow, spotted with purple ; lip yellow, 
1 — 15 inches long, much inflated. "Closely resembles the preceding, but prob- 
ably distinct. Large Yellow Ladies'' Slipper. 

4. C. spectabile Swartz: stem leafy; outer segments of the perianth 
ovate, obtuse, longer than the flat lanceolate inner ones ; lip longer than the 
inner segments ; sterile stamen cordate-ovate, obtuse. C. Canadense Mich. 

Swam s and bogs. Can. to Car. June, July. %. — Stem 1 — 2 feet high. 
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, plaited, resembling those of Veratrum viride. Flowers 
2 — 3, very large. Segments of the perianth white : Zip variegated with stripes 
of purple and white, an inch or more long, much inflated. 

Showy Ladies' Slipper. 

5. C. acav.U Ait : scape leafless, 1-flowered ; Tadical leaves 2, oblong, 
obtuse ; outer segments of the perianth ovate-lanceolate ; lip cleft in front; 
sterile stamen roundish-rhomboid, acuminate, deflected. C. humile Salisb. 

Shady woods. Subarct. Amer. to Car. May, June. 1]..— Scape 6—10 inches 
high, with two oval or elliptic-lanceolate leaves near the base. Flower solitary, 



iridace^:. 353 

large, terminal. Segments of the perianih yellowish-green, spotted with purple 
lip purple, veined. Stemless Ladies' Slipper. 

6. C. arietinum Brown: stem leafy; upper segment of the perianth 
ovate-lanceolate, the rest linear ; lip as long as the segments, acute, conic 
below ; sterile stamen orbicular-spatulate. Cryosanthes borealis Raf. Arieti- 
num Americanum Beck Bot. 1st. Ed. 

Spbagnous swamps. Montreal, Can. Hallowell, Maine. Fairhaven, Ver. 
Oneida and Montgomery counties, N. Y. ; rare. %. — Stem 6 — 3 inches high, 
with a few alternate lanceolate leaves. Flower solitary, much smaller than in 
any of the preceding species. Segments of the perianih greenish-brown ; lip 
small, red and white, reticulated, the lower part ending in a conical point or 
short obtuse spur. Ram's Head. 

Order CXXYI. IRIDACEJS.— Irids. 

Perianth with the limb 6 -parted, in a double series, sometimes 
irregular, the 3 inner segments being occasionally very short. 
Stamens 3, from the base of the sepals ; filaments distinct or 
connate. Ovary 3-celled ; style single ; stigmas 3, often dilated 
and petaloid. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal. Seeds 
with hard albumen. — Mostly herbaceous plants, with tuberous 
or fibrous roots. Leaves equitant. Flowers spathaceous, usu- 
ally large and showy. 

1. IRIS. Linn.— Iris. Flower de Luce. 
(So named from the varied hues of the flowers.) 
Perianth 6-cleft ; 3 of the segments larger and refiexed, the 
others erect. Stamens distinct. Style short or none. Stigmas 
3, petaloid, covering the stamens. 

1. /. versicolor Linn. : stem terete or slightly compressed, more or less 
flexuous ; leaves ensiform ; perianth beardless ; ovary obtusely triangular, 
with the sides fiat ; capsule oblong, turgid, with rounded angles. /. Vir- 
ginica Pursh, not of Linn. 

Margins of ponds. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. May, June. %. — Root large, 
fleshy, creeping. Stem 2 — 3 feet high, rarely branched. Flowers 2 — 6 at the 
summit of the stem, blue variegated with green and yellow. Blue Flag: 

2. I. Virginica Linn. : stem round, slender, smooth ; leaves narrow- 
linear, long ; perianth beardless ; ovary 3-sided, each side twice grooved ; 
capsule triangular, acute at each end. (Torr.) I.prisnwtica Pursh. I. gra- 
cilis Big. 

Wet meadows. N. Y. to Virg. June %. — Root tuberous, creeping. Stem 
1 — 2 feet, high, a little flexuous, round. Flowers 2 — 6 ;it the summit of the stem, 
blue and yellow, more delicate than in the preceding Very common in the 
vicinity of New Brunswick. N.J. SLmkr Blur Flag. 

3. J. lacustris Null.: leaves ensiform, shorter than the 1-flowercd scape ; 
perianth without a bearded crest ; segments nearly equal, attenuated on 
the tube; capsule turbinate, 3-sided, margined. 



354 AMARYLLIDACE.E. 

Gravelly shores of Lake Huron. Nutt. June. %. — Root tuberous, creeping. 
Scape compressed, scarcely an inch long. Leaves 3 — 5 inches long and 1-4 of 
an inch broad. Torr. Comp. Lake Iris. 

2. SISYRINCHIUM. Linn.— Blue-eyed Grass. 

(From the Greek a-vg, a hog, and pvyx° s i a snout ; hogs being supposed to be 
fond of rooting it up.) 

Spathe 2-leaved, bract-like. Perianth colored ; limb flat, 
6 -cleft ; the lobes equal ; tube short. Stamens 3, the filaments 
mostly united below. Style short. Stigmas 3. Capsule pe- 
dicellate, roundish-triangular. 

1. &. viucronatum Mich. : scape simple, narrowly winged; valves of the 
spathe unequal, colored ; the outer one longer than the peduncles, tapering 
to a rigid point. &. Bermudiana var. Torr. 

Wet meadows. N. Y. to Virg. W. to the Platte River. May, June. %. — 
Scape 6 — 10 inches high, slender. Leaves narrow-linear, grass-like. Flowers 
3 — 4 from each spathe, blue. Mucronate Blue-eyed Grass. 

2. S. anceps Linn. : scape simple, broadly winged; valves of the spathe 
nearly equal, shorter than the peduncles. S. gramineum Lam. S. Bermu- 
diana var. Torr. 

Pastures, &c. Can. to Flor. July. %.. — Scape 12 — 18 inches high, some- 
what branching above. Spathe with the valves nearly equal, not colored. 
Flowers 2 — 5 from each spathe, blue. Common Blue-eyed Grass. 

Order CXXVII. AMARYLLIDACE^E.— Amaryllids. 

Perianth petaloid, regular, 6-cleft ; the outer segments over- 
lapping the inner. Stamens 6, sometimes cohering below. 
Ovary 3-celled; style 1; stigma 3-lobed. Fruit a 3-celled 3- 
valved capsule, or a 1 — 3-seeded berry. Seeds with fleshy or 
corneous albumen. — Mostly bulbous, sometimes fibrous rooted, 
plants. Leaves ensiform, with parallel veins. Flowers usually 
spathaceous. 

1. AMARYLLIS. Linn.— Amaryllis. 
(From the nymph Amaryllis, mentioned in Virgil. Eat. Man.) 

Perianth 6-parted, petaloid, unequal. Stamens 6, arising 
from the orifice of the tube, declined or straight, unequal. Style 
1. Stigma 3-lobed. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved. 

A. Atamasco Linn. : spathe bifid, acute ; flower pedicellate ; perianth 
subcampanulate, subequal, erect, short and tubular at the base ; stamens 
declined, equal. 

Shady woods. Penn. Muhl. S. to Geor. June. % — Scape 6 inches high. 
Leaves a foot long, linear, concave, smooth. Flower solitary, large, white and 
pink. Atamasco Lily. 



DIOSCOREACEvE. 355 

2. AGAVE. Linn— Agave. 
(From the Greek ayavog, admirable ; in allusion to its beautiful appearance.) 

Perianth tubular, 6-cIeft. Stamens 6, exserted. Anthers 
versatile. Capsule ovate, attenuate at each end, obtusely tri- 
angular, 3 -celled, many-seeded. 

A. Virgvn/ica Linn. : scape simple; leaves with cartilaginous serratures; 
flowers sessile. 

Rocky Banks. Penn. ? to Car. Sept. %. — Scape 6 feet high. Flowers 
greenish-yellow, very fragrant. Virginian Agave or False Aloe. 

Order CXXVIII. HYPOXIDACE^E.— Star Grasses. 

Perianth petaloid, regular, 6 -parted. Stamens 6. Ovary 
adherent, 3 -celled ; style single ; stigmas 3, or united. Fruit 
indehiscent, dry or berried, 1 — 3-celled. Seeds numerous, 
roundish, with a lateral hilum ; embryo straight in the axis of 
fleshy albumen. — Herbaceous plants, with tuberous or fibrous 
roots. Leaves usually radical, plaited. 

HYPOXIS. Linn.— Star Grass. 

(From the Greek vno, beneath, and o^vg, sharp ; in allusion to the acute base 
of the capsule.) 

Perianth superior, 6-parted, persistent. Capsule elongated, 
narrowed at the base, 3-celled, many-seeded. Seeds roundish, 
naked. 

H. erecta Linn. : hairy; leaves all radical, linear and grass-like; scape 
3— 4-flowered, somewhat umbelled, mostly shorter than the leaves. H. erecta 
and graminea Pursh. H. Carohiniensh Mich. 

Meadows and woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. April — June. %-. — Root 
bulbous. Scape 4 — 6 inches high, with the leaves narrow and often double the 
length. Flowers usually 4, yellow within, greenish and hairy outside. 

Common Star-grass. 

Order CXXIX. DIOSCOREACE^E.— Yams. 

Flowers dioecious. Perianth 6-parted, equal. Stamens 6. 
Ovary adherent, 3-celled ; styles 3, united below or distinct. 
Fruit a capsule, often 3-winged, with two of its cells sometimes 
abortive. Seeds compressed, sometimes winged ; embryo small, 
lying in a cavity of the cartilaginous albumen. — Twining herbs 
or under shrubs. Leaves with reticulated veins. Flowers 
small, spiked. 



356 smilacejE. 

DIOSCOREA. Linn.— Yam. 
(In honor of the celebrated Greek naturalist, Dioscorides.) 

Dioecious. Perianth 6-parted. Sterile Fl. Stamens 6, 
3 sometimes barren. Filaments subulate. Fertile Fl. Styles 
distinct nearly to the base. Capsule 3 -celled, triangular ; the 
angles winged. Seeds membranaceously winged. 

1. D. villosa Linn.: leaves alternate, opposite and verticillate, cordate, 
acuminate, pubescent beneath, 9 — 11-nerved; lateral nerves simple. D, 
paniculata Mick. 

Woods. Can. to Car. May, June. %. — Stem climbing, sometimes 10 or 12 
feet long. Leaves mostly alternate, sometimes subopposite, rarely in whorls of 
4. Flowers minute, pale greenish-yellow; the sterile ones in pendulous pani- 
cles ; fertile ones in pendulous simple racemes. Hairy Yam. 

2. D. quaternata Walt. : leaves verticillate in fours, or alternate, cordate, 
acuminate, smooth on both sides, 7-nerved ; lateral nerves bifid. D.glauca 
Muhl. 

Old fields. Penn. to Car. July. %. — Stem climbing* Leaves more tapering 
at the summit than in the preceding, of which, however, it may be only a 
variety. Smooth Yam. 

Order CXXX. SMLLACE^E.— Sarsaparillas. 

Flowers perfect or dioecious. Perianth petaloid, 6- (rarely 4-) 
parted or 6-leaved in a double series. Stamens 6, (rarely 4,) 
inserted into the perianth, rarely hypogynous. Ovary 3-celled; 
styles 3, distinct or united. Fruit a roundish berry. Seeds 
with horny albumen. — Herbaceous plants or under shrubs, 
usually climbing. Leaves simple, mostly entire, reticulated. 

1. SMIL AX. Linn.— Green Brier. 

(Greek <rpXa|, from <rfxi\r), a knife or scraper ; most of the species being armed 
with prickles.) 

Dioecious. Perianth campanulate, spreading, of 6 leaves in 
a double series, somewhat petaloid. Sterile Fl. Stamens 
mostly 6. Filaments short. Fertile Fl. Style very short 
Stigmas 3, thick. Berry 3- (or by abortion 1 — 2-) celled. 
Seeds 1 — 3, globose. 

* Stem shrubby. 

1. &. quadrangularis Willd.: prickly; stem 4-angled, unarmed above; 
leaves unarmed, ovate, subcordate, acute, 5-nerved. 

Dry woods. Penn. to Car. June, July. T^. — Berry black. Pursh. 

Square-stalked Greenbrier. 

2. &. spinulosa Smith : stem terete, very prickly, with slightly recurved 



SMILACEiE. 357 

and rigid but rather slender prickles ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, (on young 
plants often somewhat panduriform,) smooth on both sides, glaucous be- 
neath, 3 — 5 nerved. ( Torr. N. Y. Fl.) S. Sarsaparilla Linn, (in part.) ^ 

Sandy woods. N. Y. and N. J. Torr. Yi — Stem 3 — 6 feet long, trailing or 
climbing. Leaves 2 — 3 inches long, often dilated at base, cuspidate. 

Spinulose Greenbrier. 

3. S. rotundifolia Linn. : stem prickly, nearly round ; leaves unarmed, 
roundish-ovate, acuminate, slightly cordate, 5-nerved ; common peduncles 
scarcely longer than the petioles. 

Moist woods. Can. to Car. June. ?2 . — Stem climbing upon trees and 
bushes, with strong tendrils. Flowers yellowish-green, in small globose axillary 
umbels. Berry bluish-black, spherical. Common Greenbrier. 

4. Sk Mspida Muhl. : stem round, the lower part very hispid ; branchlets 
angular ; leaves ovate, acute, mostly cordate at the base, 5-nerved, smooth 
and green on both sides, margins crenulate ; peduncles twice as long as 
the petioles. {Torr. N. Y. Fl.) 

Woods. N. Y. Penn. and Mich. June. \i . — Stem climbing. Flowers 4 — 6 
in an umbel. Berry black. Hispid Greenbrier. 

5. S. caduca Linn. : stem prickly ; leaves ovate, mucronate, 5-nerved : 
common peduncles longer than the petioles. 

Moist woods. Can. to Car. June. Y\. — Stem 8 — 10 feet long, flexuous, 
leaning or climbing, somewhat angled. Flowers yellowish-green, in small axil- 
lary umbels. Berry bluish-black. Caducous Greenbrier. 

6. S. laurifolia Linn. : stem prickly ; branches unarmed ; leaves coria- 
ceous, oval-lanceolate, slightly acuminate, 3-nerved ; umbels on very short 
peduncles. 

Boggy woods. N. J. to Geor. June — Aug. \i. — Stem climbing to a great 
height. Leaves somewhat crowded, coriaceous and perennial. Peduncles 
scarcely as long as the pedicels. Laurel-leaved Greenbrier. 

7. S. pandurata Pursh : stem prickly ; leaves ovate-panduriform, acu- 
minate, 3-nerved ; common peduncles twice as long as the petioles. /S 1 . 
tamnoides Ell. not of Linn. ? 

Sandy woods. N. J. to Car. July. T7. — Stem twining, round. Leaves 
smooth and shining on both sides. Berry black. 

Pandurifoiin-leaved Greenbrier. 

** Stem herbaceous, unarmed. 

8. £. herbacea Linn. : stem erect or climbing, nearly simple, angular ; 
leaves ovate or oblong, cordate, acuminate, (sometimes obtuse ;) peduncles 
very long, compressed. S. peduncular is Muhl. 

Meadows and woods. Can. to Car. May, June. %. — Stem 3 — 5 feet 
long, climbing or leaning on other plants. Flowers yellowish-green, fetid, nu- 
merous, in globose axillary umbels of about an inch in diameter. Berry bluish- 
black. Carrion Flower. 

2. SM1LACINA. Desf.— Sndlacina. 

(The diminutive of o-/<iAa£, to which this genus, however, has little resemblance.) 

Perianth 6- (rarely 4-) parted, spreading. Stamens as many 

as the segments of the perianth and inserted at their base. 



358 SMILACE.E. 

Style thick, short. Stigma obscurely 2 — 3-lobed. Berry glo- 
bose, pulpy, 1 — 3 -seeded. 

* Segments of the perianth and stamens 6. 

1. 5". stellata Desf. : leaves numerous, alternate, oval-lanceolate, acute, 
somewhat clasping ; raceme simple, terminal, few-flowered. Convallaria 
stellata Linn. 

River banks. Can. to Penn. May. June. % . — Siem a foot high. Leaves 
7 — 9, ciliate on the margin, roughish on the nerves beneath. Flowers 4 — 9, in 
an erect terminal raceme, small, white. Star-flowered Smilacina. 

2. S 1 . trifolia Desf. : stem smooth, angular, pubescent, about 3-leaved • 
leaves alternate, oval-lanceolate, acute, contracted at the base and some- 
what clasping ; raceme simple, terminal, few-flowered. Convallaria trifolia, 
Linn. 

Swamps. Can. to Penn. May, June. %. — Siem 6 inches high. Leaves 2 
or 3, smooth on the margin. Flowers small, white, 4 — 6 in a terminal raceme, 
with the segments spreading. Three-leaved Smilacina. 

3. S 1 . racemosa Desf. : stem a little flexuous ; leaves numerous, alternate, 
sessile, oblong-oval, acuminate, nerved, pubescent ; flowers in a terminal 
racemose panicle, very small. Convallaria roxemosa Linn. 

Woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. May, June. 11-. — Root thick and fleshy. 
Siem 18 inches to 2 feet high. Flowers very small, greenish-white, in a com- 
pouud terminal panicle or raceme. Wild Spikenard. 

** Segments of the perianth and stamens 4. 

4. S 1 . bifolia, Schulles : stem mostly 2-leaved ; leaves cordate-oblong, 
nearly sessile or petiolate, smooth on both sides ; raceme simple, terminal. 
S. Canadensis Pursh. Convallaria bifolia Linn. Styrandra bifolia Raf. 

Shady woods. Can. to Virg. W. to Mich. May. %. — Stem 4 — 6 inches 
high, with 2 or sometimes 3 leaves near the summit, and often a larger radical 
leaf on a long petiole. Flowers white, small, sweet-scented, in an oblong ra- 
ceme. Two-leaved Smilacina. 

3. CLINTOXIA. Raf— Clintonia. 
(In honor of the late Governor De Witt Clinton.) 

Perianth 6 -parted, campanulate. Stamens 6, inserted at the 
base. Style compressed. Stigma 2-lobed, compressed. Berry 
2 -celled ; cells many-seeded. 

1. C.borealis Raf.: leaves oblong or obovate, with the margin ciliate ; 
umbel 2-— 5-flowered ; pedicels nodding, without bracts. Draccena borealis 
Ait. Smilacina borealis Pursh. 

Wet woods. Can. to Penn. May, June. %. — Scape 6 — 8 inches high. 
Leaves radical or nearly so, 6 inches or more in length. Flowers yellowish- 
green, large, campanulate. Berry globose- oblong, blue. 

Large-flowered Clintonia. 

2. C. umbellata Torr. : leaves oblong-lanceolate, the margin and keel 
ciliate ; umbel many-flowered ; cells of the berry 2-seeded. C. parviflora, 
odorata } &c. Raf. Smilacina umbellata Desf . Convallaria umbellata Mich. 



trilliace^:. 359 

Swamps. Jamestown, Chalauque county, N. Y. Torr. Can. to Car. ? 
May, June. %. — Leaves 2 — 5, radical or nearly so, 6 — 9 inches long. Scape 
usually longer than the leaves. Flowers 15 — 30, in an umbel or a corymb, 
white, odorous, much smaller than in the preceding species. 

Small-flowered Clintonia. 

4. POLYGONATUM. Desf.— Solomon's Seal. 

(From the Greek ttoXvs, many, and yow, a knee ; in allusion to its many-jointed 
rhizoma.) 

Perianth tubular, 6-cleft. Stamens 6, inserted near the sum- 
mit of the tube. Ovary superior. Berry subglobose, 3-celled ; 
cells 2-seeded. 

P. multiflarum All. : stem nearly terete ; leaves ovate-elliptic or elliptic- 
lanceolate, clasping; peduncles 1— 6-flowered ; filaments smooth or slightly 
pubescent ; ovules 3 — 6 in each cell of the ovary. ( Torr, N. Y. Fl.) P. 
biflorum Ell. P. pubesce?is, canaliculatum, latifolium, hirmtum and multi- 
fiorum Pursli. 

Rocky woods, banks of streams, &c. Can. to Car. June, July. %. — Rhi- 
zoma thick and fleshy. Stem 1 — 3 feet high, simple, slightly curved, round or a 
little angular and channelled. Leaves variable in size and form. Flowers green- 
ish-white, usually 2 — 4, sometimes 5 — 6, rarely 1, on recurved peduncles. I 
adopt the views of Darlington and Torrey in regard to the identity of several 
supposed distinct species of this genus. Common Solomon's Seal. 

Order CXXXI. TRILLIACE^E.— Parids. 

Perianth 6-parted ; 3 inner segments larger, colored or her- 
baceous. Stamens 6 — 10; filaments subulate; anthers linear. 
Ovary free, 3 — 5 -celled ; styles as many, distinct ; stigmas in- 
conspicuous. Fruit succulent, 3 — 5-celled. Seeds numerous, 
with fleshy albumen. — Herbaceous plants, with simple stems, 
verticillate leaves and large terminal solitary flowers. 

1. MEDEOLA. Linn.— Indian Cucumber. 

(From M>7<ka, the name of a sorceress; on account of the reputed virtues of 
the plant.) 

Perianth petaloid, C-parted, revolute. Stamens 6, inserted 
at the base of the perianth. Styles 3, filiform, elongated, di- 
varicate. Berry 3-celled ; cells 1 — 3-seeded. 

M. Virginica Linn. Gyromia Virginica Null. 

Moist woods. Can. to Geor. May, June. %.—Stcm 12—18 inches high, 
erect. Leaves in 2 whorls; one about the middle of the stem, of 6—8 oblong- 
lanceolate acuminate leaves; the other near the top, of 2 — 3 smaller ovate ones. 

Flowers 3 — 6, on pedicels arising from the upper whorl, greenish-yellow, re- 
flexed. Cucumber Hoot. 



360 trilliace^e. 

2. TRILLIUM. Linn.— TiiUixxm. 
(From the Latin trilix, triple ; several parts of the plant being in threes.) 

Perianth deeply 6-parted ; 3 outer segments (sepals) spread- 
ing; 3 inner petaloid, (petals.) Stamens 6, inserted at the 
base of the segments, nearly equal. Anthers linear. Styles 3, 
distinct or united at base, stigmatose on the inside. Berry 
ovoid, 3-celled ; cells many-seeded. 

* Flowers sessile. 

1. T. sessile Linn.: leaves sessile, broad-ovate, acute; flower closely 
sessile, erect ; petals lanceolate, erect, twice as long as the calyx. 

Fertile hills. Penn. to Car. Pursh. April, May. %. — Stem 8 inches high, 
smooth. Petals dark-purple. Common Sessile Trillium. 

2. T. recurvation Beck : leaves ovate or obovate, subpetiolate, nerved ; 
flower closely sessile ; petals lanceolate-ovate, very acute, attenuate at base, 
erect, as long as the recurved calyx. 

Shady woods. Miss. May. — Stem 8 — 10 inches high, smooth. Leaves 
smooth, clouded with dark-green. Petals purple. Filaments very short. I 
have been led to introduce this and the next species, described some years since, 
(Sill. Jour. xi. 178,) from the fact that under the name T. sessile, several distinct 
species have heretofore been included. Recurved Sessile Trillium. 

3. T. viride Deck: leaves ovate, acute, closely sessile, 3 — 5-nerved; 
flower erect, closely sessile ; petals fleshy, narrow, somewhat spatulate, a 
little longer than the lanceolate or ovate obtuse erect calyx. 

Shady woods. Miss. April. %. — Stem 8 — 12 inches high. Leaves with 
whitish spots on the upper surface. Petals dark-green. Sepals variable. 

Green Sessile Trillium. 

** Flowers pedunculate. 

4. T. erythrocarpum Mich.: leaves ovate, acuminate, rounded at the 
base, abruptly contracted into a short petiole ; peduncle somewhat erect ; 
petals from ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute, recurved, nearly twice as long 
as the sepals. T. picturn Pursh. T. undulatum, Willd. 

Shady woods. Can. to Car. May, June. %.. — Stem 6 — 10 inches high. 
Flower on a peduncle about an inch long. Petals white with purple veins 
near the base. Berry scarlet. Red-berried Trillium. 

5. T. pusillum Mich. : leaves oval, oblong, obtuse, sessile ; peduncle 

erect ; petals scarcely longer than the sepals. T. pumilum Pursh. 

Woods. Penn. to Car. Muhl. May. 1}-.— Plant small. Petals flesh- 
colored. Dwarf Trillium. 

6. T. cernuum Linn. : leaves dilated-rhomboid, abruptly acuminate, on 
short petioles ; peduncle short, recurved ; petals ovate, acuminate, fiat, as 
long as the ovate-lanceolate sepals. 

Shady woods. N. Y. to Car. May. %.—Stem 12 — 18 inches high. Flower 
small, on a recurved peduncle, partly concealed by the leaves. Petals white. 
Berry large, ovoid, dark-purple. Nodding Trillium. 

7. T. erectum Linn. : leaves broad-rhomboid ; acuminate, sessile ; pe- 



LILIACE-E. 361 

duncle inclined, the flower a little nodding ; petals ovate, acute or acumi- 
nate, flat, spreading, a little longer than the ovate-lanceolate sepals. T. 
rhomboideum var. atropnrpureum and album Mich. 

Moist woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. May. %.—Stem 12 — 15 inches 
high. Flower on a peduncle 1 — 3 inches long. Petals dark-purple or white. 

Erect Trillium. False Wake-robin. 

• t 8. Tf pendulum Willd. : leaves roundish-rhomboid, acuminate, nearly 
sessile ; peduncle inclined, the flower pendulous ; petals ovate, acuminate, 
rather larger than the sepals. 

Moist woods. Penn. to Car. May. %. — Stem about a foot high. Flower 
on a peduncle recurved between the leaves. Petals white with pink veins. 
Berry roundish,dark purple. Pendulous Trillium. 

9. T. grandiflorum Salisb. : leaves broadly rhomboid-ovate, sessile, ab- 
ruptly acuminate ; peduncle a little inclined, with the flower nearly erect ; 
petals spatulate-lanceolate, much longer than the sepals. T. rhomboideum 
var. grandiflorum Mich. 

Woods and banks of streams. Can. to Car. ; rare. May. %. — Stem about 
a foot high. Flower on a slightly inclined peduncle which is 2 — 3 inches long. 
Petals large, white. Large-flowered Trillium. 

Order CXXXII. LILIACE^E.— Lilies. 

Perianth 6 -parted or 6 -leaved, regular or nearly so, some- 
times cohering in a tube. Stamens 6, inserted into the peri- 
anth ; anthers opening inwards. Ovary free, 3 -celled ; style 
1 ; stigma simple or 3-lobed. Fruit succulent or dry and cap- 
sular, 3 -celled. Seeds in one or two rows ; embryo in fleshy 
albumen. — Herbaceous plants shrubs or trees, with bulbs, tu- 
bers, rhizomes or fibrous roots. Leaves with parallel veins, 
usually narrow. Flowers large and show T y. 

I. Tulips. 

1. LILIUM. Linn.— Lily. 

(Supposed to be derived from the Celtic li, white ; in allusion to the color of 
one of the species.) 

Perianth campanulate, deeply 6-parted ; segments straight 
or reflexed, with a longitudinal furrow at the base. Stamens 
6, adhering to the base of the perianth. Style elongated; 
Stigma thick, slightly 3-lobed. Capsule oblong, 3-celled, with 
numerous seeds. 

1. L. Catcsbai Walt.; leaves scattered, linear-lanceolate, very acute; 
stem 1 -flowered ; perianth erect ; segments with long claws, undulate on 
the margin, reflexed at the summit. 

Sandy meadows. Penn. to Car. W. to Miss. June — Aug. 1[. — Stem 18 
inches high. Flower large, scarlet, spotted with yellow and brown. 

Catesln/'s Lily. 



362 LILIACE/E. 

2. L. Philadelphicum Linn. : leaves whorled, linear-lanceolate ; stem 
1 — 3-flowered ; perianth erect, campamilate, spreading, the segments with 
claws. 

Woods and meadows. Can. to Car. July, Aug. %. — Stem 2 — 3 feet high, 
terete, smooth. Flowers large, dark orange, spotted at base, on a peduncle 1 — 3 
inches long. Red Lily. 

3. L. Canadense Linn. : leaves mostly whorled, lanceolate, distinctly 
nerved, the nerves hairy beneath ; peduncles 2 — 3, terminal, elongated ; 
perianth nodding, campamilate, the segments lanceolate and slightly 
revolute. 

Wet meadows. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. %.—Stem 2 — 3 feet 
high. Flowers mostly about 3, (sometimes solitary,) yellow, spotted on the in- 
side. . Common Yellow Lily. 

4. L. superbum Linn. : leaves whorled below, linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved, 
smooth, the upper ones scattered; flowers in a pyramidal raceme; perianth 
campanulate, nodding, the segments revolute. 

Wet meadows. Can. to Car. July. %. Stem 4 — 6 feet high. Flowers 

3 — 20 or more in a large pyramidal raceme, orange, with dark spots. The char- 
acters of this plant seem to be constant, and both Torrey and Darlington con- 
sider it distinct. Superb Lily. 

2. ERYTHRONIUM. Linn.— Dog-tooth Violet. 

(From the Greek epvdpos, red ; supposed to be in allusion to the purple spots on 
the leaves.) 

Perianth campanulate, 6 -parted ; segments reflexed ; the 3 
inner ones with a callous tooth on each side near the base, and a 
nectariferous pore. Stamens 6. Style elongated. Stigma trian- 
gular. Capsule narrowed at base, or substipitate, 3-celled. 
Seeds ovoid. 

1. E. Americanum Smith: leaves elliptic-lanceolate, punctate; segments 
of the perianth oblong-lanceolate, obtuse at the point ; inner ones bidentate 
near the base; style clavate ; stigma entire. E. lanceolatum Pursh. E. 
Dcns-canis Mich. 

Wet meadows. Can. to Geor. April, May. %. — Scape 6 — 8 inches high. 
Leaves 2, radical, spotted with purple. Flower solitary, terminal, yellow, spotted 
near the base. American Dog-tooth Violet. 

2. E. albidum Nutt. : leaves elliptic-lanceolate, not punctate ; segments 
of the perianth linear-lanceolate, obtuse ; inner ones without dentures, sub- 
unguiculate ; style clavate ; stigma 3-cleft. 

Wet meadows. Can. and N. Y. W. to Miss. April, May. % — Scape 6—8 
inches high. Flower white, segments thick and somewhat obtuse. Very abun- 
dant near Albany, N. Y, and also found near the Clyde river, Wayne county, 
N. Y. , and in Canada, by D. Thomas, Esq. I have observed a plant at New 
Brunswick, N. J., which agrees with this in the absence of dentures and in the 
irifid stigma, but the perianth is yellow. It is probably the same which is 
alluded to by Mr. Nuttall, {Gen. PI. i. 223.) and may prove distinct. 

White Dog-tooth Violet, 

3. E. bracteatum Big. : leaves lanceolate, unequal ; scape bracted. 



LILIACE.E. 363 

High mountains, Ver. Boott. June. %. — Leaves very unequal, one being 
two or three times as large as the other. Scape shorter than the leaves, with a 
narrow lanceolate bract 1 — 2 inches below the flower, which is yellow, half as 
large as in E. Americaniim, and has the segments gibbous at base. 

Br acted Dog -tooth Violet. 

II. Heme roc alle-e. 

3. HEMEROCALLIS. Linn.— Day Lily. 

(From the Greek h/xspa, a day, and ko\\os, beauty ; its flower lasting but a day.) 

Perianth tubular, 6-parted; tube cylindric; limb campanulate, 

marcescent. Stamens 6, declined. Ovary superior. Capsule 

3-sided, 3-celled, 3-valved. Seeds numerous, roundish. 

H. fulva Linn. : leaves linear, keeled ; inner segments of the perianth 
obtuse, undulate. 

Wet meadows. Penn. July. %. — Root fasciculate. Scape 3 — 4 feet high. 
Leaves about 2 feet long and an inch wide, acute, smooth. Flovxrs large, taw- 
nv or reddish-yellow. A foreigner beginning to be naturalized in various parts 
of Chester county, Penn. Darlington. Copper-colored Day Lily. 

III. SciLLEJE. 

4. ALLIUM. Linn.— Garlic. Onion. 
(From the Celtic All, signifying acrid or burning.) 

Flowers umbellate, arising from a 2-leaved spathe. Perianth 
inferior, petaloid, 6 -leaved or deeply 6-parted, spreading. Sta- 
mens 6 ; the filaments sometimes tricuspidate. Capsule 3-celled, 
3-valved, few-seeded. Seeds black and rough. 

1. A. vineale Linn. : stem slender, somewhat leafy : leaves terete, fistu- 
lous, channelled above ; umbel often bulbiferous ; filaments alternately cus- 
pidate, the middle cusp bearing an anther. 

Meadows and pastures. N. S. June, July. 9.L — Bulb ovoid, small. Stem 
about 2 feet high. Flowers rose-colored. A pernicious weed, introduced from 
Europe. Field or Crow Garlic. 

2. A. trijlorum Pursh : scape naked, terete, shorter than the leaves ; 
leaves lanceolate, nerved ; umbel few-flowered. 

Shady woods on the high mountains of Penn. May, June. %. Pursh. 

Mountain Leeks. 

3. A. cernuum Roth : scape elongated, angular ; leaves linear, acutely 
keeled ; umbel nodding, many-flowered ; leafcts of the perianth oblong- 
ovate, acute ; filaments simple. 

Meadows. N. Y. Penn. July. %. — Bulb ovoid, large. Scape 1 — 2 feet 
high, marked with lines giving it an angular appearance. Flowers rose-colored, 
about 20 in an umbel. Wild Onion. 

4. A. Canadense Li mi. : stem terete, leafy at the base; leaves linear, 
flat, smooth ; umbel few-flowered, bulbiferous ; filaments simple, about as 
long as the perianth. 



364 LILIACE^E. 

Wet meadows. Can. lo Car.- May, June. %. — Bulb ovoid, small. Stem 
12 — 18 inches high. Leaves very long and narrow. Flowers rose-colored. 

Canadian Garlic. 

5. A. tricoccum Ait. : leaves lance-oblong, flat, smooth; umbel somewhat 
crowded; leafets of the perianth oblong, obtuse, about as long as the sta- 
mens ; filaments simple, dilated downwards. 

Moist woods. N. Y. to Virg. June, July. %.. — Bulb oblong-ovoid, rather 
large. Scape about a foot high. Flowers white, in a globose umbel. Capsule 
with the cells 1- seeded. Three-seeded Garlic. 

5. ORNITHOGALUM. Li?in.— Star of Bethlehem. 
(From the Greek opvi;, opudos, abird, and ya\a, milk; application unknown.) 

Perianth deeply 6 -parted, spreading above. Stamens 6, hy- 
pogynous ; the filaments dilated at base. Ovary superior. Cap- 
sule roundish-angular, 3-celled. Seeds few, roundish or angular, 
black and rough. 

C. umbellatum Linn. : corymb few-flowered ; peduncles longer than the 
bracts ; filaments subulate. 

Wet meadows. N. Y. and Perm. May, June. %. — Bulb small, ovoid. Scape 
6 — 10 inches high, smooth. Leaves radical, linear, smooth. Flowers white in- 
side, green with a white margin outside. Introduced from Europe. 

Common Star of Bethlehem. 

IV. WACHENDORFE.E. 

6. LOPHIOLA. Kcr.— Lophiola. 
(From the Greek \o<pia, a crest ; in allusion to its woolly perianth.) 

Perianth 6-parted, woolly, bearded within. Stamens 6. Fil- 
aments naked. Anthers erect. Stigma simple. Capsule open- 
ing at the summit. 

L. aurea Ker. Conostylis Americana Pursh. 

Sandy swamps. N. J. to Car. July. %. — Root creeping. Leaves radical, 
grass-like, ensiform, shorter than the erect scape which has 1 or 2 short leaves. 
Flowers yellow, in a crowded corymb. Golden-crested Lophiola. 

V. ASPARAGE-E. 

7. ASPARAGUS. Liim.— Asparagus. 

(From the Greek aa-apayog, an esculent vegetable.) 

Perianth 8-parted, subcampanulate, the segments spreading 
at the apex. Stamens 6. Anthers peltate. Style very short. 
Berry 3-celled ; cells 2-seeded. 

A. officinalis Linn. : unarmed ; stem herbaceous, erect, rounded, much 
branched ; leaves setaceous, fasciculate and flexible ; peduncles jointed in 
the middle. 

Gravelly shores, near salt water, N. Y. June. %.— Stem 1—3 feet high. 



MELANTHACEiE. 365 

Flowers small, greenish- white, subaxillary, solitary, drooping. Berry globose, 
red. Introduced and naturalized in some places on Long Island and near the 
city of New York. Common Asparagus. 

Order CXXXIII. MELANTHACEJE.— Melanths. 

Flowers often polygamous or dioecious. Perianth petaloid, 
6 -leaved or deeply 6 -parted. Stamens 6 ; anthers turned out- 
wards. Ovary 3 -celled ; styles 3, distinct, (sometimes 1, nearly 
entire or 3-cleft.) Fruit a capsule, generally divisible into three 
pieces, or a 3-celled berry. Seeds with a membranous integu- 
ment and dense fleshy albumen. — Bulbous tuberous or fibrous- 
rooted plants, with sessile more or less clasping or sheathing 
leaves. 

I. Veratre^e. 

1. ZYGADENUS. Mick.— Zygadenus. 

(From the Greek cfuyo? > a yoke, and a6nv 1 a gland ; the glands of the perianth 
being in pairs.; 

Flowers perfect or rarely polygamous. Perianth deeply 6- 
parted ; segments spreading, without claws, with two glands at 
the base of each. Stamens 6. Filaments dilated at base. An- 
thers cordate. Style 3-parted. Stigmas somewhat capitate. 
Capsule ovoid-conic, 3-celled ; cells 6 — 10-seeded. 

Z. glaucus Null. : bulb tunicated ; leaves very smooth, shorter than the 
stem ; bracts lanceolate, shorter than the pedicels ; segments of the perianth 
oval or obovate, obtuse ; glands obcordate. (Nutt. Jour. Ph. Acad. vii. 56.) 
Melanthium glaucum Nutt. Gen. 

Gravelly banks of the St. Lawrence. Shores of Lake Erie. Can. W. to 
Miss. July, Aug. %. — Stem 1 — 2 feet high, slender. Leaves mostly radical, 
2 — 4 lines wide. Flowers greenish-white, in a panicle or a nearly simple ra- 
ceme, sometimes polygamous. Torr. Smooth-leaved Zygadenus. 

2. MELANTHIUM. Linn.— Melanthium. 

(From the Greek pe\as, black, and avdos, a flower ; the flowers becoming of a 
dark color.) 

Polygamous. Perianth petaloid, rotate, deeply 6 -parted ; 
segments unguiculate, with two glands at the base. Stamens 
6, on the claws of the perianth. Styles short, subulate. Stig- 
mas simple, minute. Capsule ovoid-conic, 3-celled. Seeds 
numerous. 

1. M. Virginicum Linn.: leaves linear-lanceolate, long; panicle very 
large, pyramidal, with simple racemose branches; segments of the perianth 
ovate, somewhat hastate or aurioulate ; glands approximated. 

Rocky woods. Statefi Island and Orange county, N. Y. Torr, and Dr. W. 
Norton. S. to Car. July. %.. — Stan 3 — 4 teet hign, Leafy. Leaves $—15 inches 



366 MELANTHACE^. 

Ion?, somewhat clasping at base. Flowers greenish- white, in a panicle which is 
a foot or more in length, perfect and sterile ones mixed. 

Virginian Melanthium. 

2. M. hybridum Walt. : leaves long-linear, nearly smooth, clasping the 
stem ; panicle long, composed of simple racemes : segments of the perianth 
orbicular, plaited, with long claws ; glands united. M. racemosum Mich. 

Wet meadows. N. J. to Car. W. to Miss. June, July. %.— Stem 2 feet 
high, leafy. Flowers in a long panicle which is composed of simple racemes. 

Hybrid Melanthium. 

3. TOFIELDIA. Huds.— Tofieldia.- 

(In honor of Mr. Tqfield, an English botanist.) 

Perianth 6-parted, with a small 3-parted involucre. Stamens 
6, smooth. Capsule 3 — 6-celled ; cells united at base, many- 
seeded. 

T. pubescens Parsh. : leaves subradical, narrow-ensiform, smooth ; rachis 
and pedicels rough ; flowers in an oblong interrupted spike ; capsule glo- 
bose, scarcely longer than the involucre. No.rthechtm pubens Mich. 

Swamps. Del. to Car. July. %• — Scape 18 inches high. Leaves a foot 
long. Flowers greenish-white, in a racemed spike. Downy Tqfieldia. 

4. XEROPHYLLUM. Mich.— Xerophyllum. 

(From the Greek %npos, dry, and (bvWov, a leaf; its leaves appearing as if 
withered.) 

Perianth subrotate, deeply 6-parted. Stamens 6, contiguous 
at base. Stigmas 3, revolute, partly united below. Capsule 
subglobose, 3 -celled ; cells 2 -seeded, opening at the summit. 

X. setifolium Mich. : leaves subulate-setaceous ; flowers in a crowded 
oblong raceme ; filaments dilated at the base, as long as the perianth. He- 
lonias asphodeloides Linn. 

Sandy plains. N. J. to Car. June. %. — Scape 3 — 5 feet high. Radical 
leaves forming large tufts, a foot long and very narrow. Flowers white, in a 
large terminal raceme. Grass-leaved Xerophyllum. 

5. HELOXIAS. Linn.— Helonias. 
(From the Greek '&<>s, a marsh ; in allusion to its place of growth.) 

Flowers sometimes dioecious. Perianth corolla-like, 6-parted, 
spreading ; segments sessile and without glands. Stamens 6, 
hypogynous and at length exceeding the perianth. Styles 3, 
distinct. Capsule 3-celled, 3-horned ; cells mostly few-seeded. 

1. II. latifolia Mich. : scape leafless : spike ovate, crowded ; bracts linear- 
lanceolate ; leaves lanceolate, mucronate, nerved. H. bv.Uaia Linn. 

Sandy swamps. N. J. to Virg. Pursh. May. Ij.. — Flov:ers pale-purple. 
Anthers blue. Broad-leaved Helonias. 

2. H. erythrosperma Mich. : stem simple, leafy; leaves linear, very long; 
raceme oblong; bracts short; capsule shortened, with divaricate horns; 
seeds ovoid, with a purple fleshy coat. Melanthium ledum Ait. 



MELANTHACE^E. 367 

Shady woods. Penn. to Car. June, July. %. — Stem. 2 feet high, obtusely 
angular. Leaves slightly channelled above. Flowers greenish- white, in a sim- 
ple terminal raceme which is sometimes 9 inches long, but mostly shorter. The 
root is said to be poisonous. Purple-seeded Helonias. 

3. H. dioica Pursh. : stem leafy ; leaves lanceolate ; racemes dioecious, 
the sterile nodding at first, the fertile mostly erect ; segments of the perianth 
linear ; stamens exserted. H. lutea Alt. Veratrum luteum Linn. 

Damp grounds. N. Y. and Conn, to Geor. W. to Miss. June. %. — Ste- 
rile plant 1 — 2 feet, the fertile one often 3 feet high. Leaves becoming broader 
near the root, and often spatulate and somewhat obtuse. Flowers white, in a 
spike-like raceme which is 6 — 12 inches long. The root is a popular tonic. 

Unicorn Plant. 

6. VERATRUM. Linn.— Veratrum. 

(From the Latin vere atrum, truly black ; in allusion to the color of the root.) 
Polygamous. Perianth calyx-like, deeply 6-parted, spread- 
ing, persistent; segments sessile and without glands. Stamens 
6, inserted upon the receptacle. Styles 3, short, subulate. 
Capsule ovoid, membranaceous, 3-lobed ; the carpels distinct at 
the summit. Seeds numerous, with a broad membranaceous 
margin. 

V. viride Ait. : leaves broad-ovate, plaited ; panicle pyramidal, with com- 
pound racemose branches ; bracts of the branches oblong-lanceolate ; par- 
tial bracts longer than the pedicels. V. alburn Mich. 

Meadows and swamps. Can. to Car. May, June. %. — Stem 3 — 4 feet 
high. Leaves large, sheathing the stem at base. Flowers yellowish-green, in a 
large terminal panicle. Medicinal and poisonous. 

Poke Root. American Hellebore. 

II. UVULARLE. 

7. UVULARIA. Linn.— Bellwort. 

(From the Latin diminutive of uva, a cluster, or uvula, the appendage to the 
palate; perhaps in allusion to the inflorescence.) 

Perianth inferior, deeply 6 -parted, erect ; segments with a 
nectariferous cavity at base. Stamens 6. Filaments very short, 
growing to the anthers. Stigmas 3, reflexed. Capsule 3 -an- 
gled, 3-celled. Seeds nearly globose, arillate at the hilum. 

1. U. perfoliala Linn. : leaves perfoliate, elliptic-lanceolate, mostly acute; 
perianth subcampanulate, tuberculate, rough within; anthers awned. U. 
perfoliala, var. minor Mich. 

Moist woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. M:iy. June. %.Stem 8—12 
inches high, forked near the top. Flowers pale-yellow, mostly- solitary, from 
one of the forks of the stem. Perfoliate BeUwo 

2. U.flara Smith,: leaves perfoliate, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, undulate at 
base; perianth tapering at base, rough within; anthers awned. 

Sandy soils. N.J. to Car. May, June. % — Flowers larger and of a deeper 
yellow than in the preceding. Pursh. Perhaps only a varietv. 

VeUow BeUwort. 



368 MELANTHACE.E. 

3. U. grandi flora Smith : leaves perfoliate, elliptic or ovate-elliptic, acute ; 
perianth smooth within ; anthers without awns. U. perfoliata,va.x. major 
Mich. U. lanceolata Willd. 

Woods and hill sides. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. May, June. %. — Stem 
12 — 15 inches high, with one or two forks near the summit. Flowers much 
larger than in either of the preceding and of a brighter yellow. 

Large-flowered Bellwort. 

4. U. sessilifolia Linn. : leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate, somewhat glau- 
cous beneath ; segments of the perianth flat, smooth inside ; anthers obtuse. 

Shady woods. Can. to Car. May. %. — Stem 8 — 12 inches high, forked 
near the summit. Flowers 1 — 2 on a slender axillary peduncle, pale-yellow. 

Sessile-leaved Bellwort. 

8. PROSARTES. Don.— Prosartes. 
(From the Greek Trpoaapraa, to hang upon ; in allusion to the suspended ovules.) 
Perianth 6 -leaved, cainpanulate-spreading ; the leafets with a 
nectariferous pit, or saccate at base. Stamens 6 ; the filaments 
inserted at the base of the perianth. Ovary 3 -celled, with 2 
ovules suspended from the summit of each cell. Style single. 
Stigmas 3, short, recurved. Berry ovoid, 3-celled. 

P. lanuginosa Don. : leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, clasping, ciliolate, 
minutely pubescent beneath; pedicels in pairs; leafets of the perianth 
linear-lanceolate ; style smooth. Streptopus lanuginosus Mich. Uvularia 
lanuginosa Pers. 

Woods. Western N. Y. to Car. May. %..—Stem 12—18 inches high, with 
2 — 3 forks near the summit. Flowers yellowish-green, on pubescent pedicels. 

Pale-flowered Prosartes. 

9. STREPTOPUS. Mich.— Twisted Stalk. 

(From the Greek crpenros, twisted, and irovg,foot ; in allusion to a twist in the 
pedicels.) 

Perianth 6 -leaved, campanulate at base ; the three inner 
leaves carinate. Stamens 6, inserted at the base of the leaves. 
Anthers sagittate, longer than the filaments. Style single, ta- 
pering. Stigmas simple, obtuse. Berry globose, 3-celled. 

1. S. roseus Mich. : leaves ovate-oblong, clasping, serrulate-ciliate on 
the margin, green on both sides ; pedicels scarcely twice as long as the 
flower, slightly geniculate near the middle ; anthers 2-cleft at the summit. 
Uvularia, rosea Pers. 

Woods and swamps, on mountains. Can. to Car. W. to Mich. May, Jane. 
%. — Stem 12 — 18 inches high, di- or tri-chotomous at the upper part. Floivers 
rose-colored, 1 — 2 on filiform nodding axillary pedicels. Rose Twisted Stalk. 

2. S. aviplexifolius D. C. : leaves oblong-ovate, closely clasping, glau- 
cous beneath, the margin naked ; pedicels elongated, distorted and genicu- 
late above the middle ; anthers acuminate, entire. S. distortus Mich. Uvu- 
laria amplezifolza Linn. 

Shady woods and swamps. Can. to Penn. May, June. %. — Stem about 2 



PONTEDERACE.E. 369 

feet high, forked. Flovyers greenish-white, on filiform axillary pedicels which 
are longer than in the preceding. Smooth Twisted Stalk. 

Order CXXXIV. PONTEDERACEJE.— Pontederads. 

Perianth tubular, colored, 6 -parted, more or less irregular ; 
aestivation circinate. Stamens 3 — 6, unequal, perigynous. 
Ovary free, more or less completely 3-celled ; style 1 ; stigma 
3 — 6-cleft. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal. Seeds nu- 
merous, with somewhat mealy albumen. — Aquatic or marsh 
plants. Leaves sheathing at the base, with parallel veins. 

1. PONTEDERIA. Linn.— Pickerel Weed. 
(In honor of Julius Pontedera, professor of botany at Padua.) 

Perianth tubular, 6-cleft, 2 -lipped ; under side of the tube 
perforated with 3 longitudinal foramina; the lower part per- 
sistent, calycine. Stamens 6, unequally inserted, 3 near the 
base and 3 near the summit of the tube. Utricle muricate, 
1-seeded. 

1. P. cor data Linn. : leaves subradical, oblong-cordate ; flowers in 
crowded spikes ; segments of the perianth oblong. 

Ponds. Can. to Car. W. to Ark. Aug. %. — Stem 1 — 2 feet long, bearing 
a single leaf with the base of the petiole sheathing. Flowers aggregated by 
twos and threes, sessile, bright-blue. Common Pickerel Weed. 

2. P. angustifolia Pursh. : leaves elongated-triangular, truncate and 
subcordate at the base ; segments of the perianth linear-lanceolate. P. 
cordataffdiY. angustifolia Torr. P. mucronata Raf. 

Beach pond, Westchester county, N. Y. Dr. S. B. Mead. Mountain lakes. 
N. Y. to Car. Pursh. July. %. — Flowers blue, smaller than in the preceding 
species, of which, however, it may be only a variety. 

Narrow-leaved Pickerel Weed. 

2. HETERANTHERA. R. & P.-Heteranthera. 

(From the Greek crepos, different, and avrtp, anther ; the anthers in the same 
flower being dissimilar.) 

Flowers in a spathe. Perianth with a long and slender tube ; 
border 6-parted, equal. Stamens 3. Anthers of 2 forms. 
Capsule 3-celled, many-seeded, opening at the angles ; dissepi- 
ment contrary. 

H. rcniformis R. cf« P. .- leaves orbicular-reniform ; spathe oblong, acumi- 
nate, 3 — 5-flowered. H. acuta Pursh. Leptanthus rcnifonnis Mich. 

Overflowed banks. N. Y. to Yirg. July. Aug. 'l[. — Stem prostrate and 
rooting in the mud, partly floating, 6 — 18 inches long. Leaves semieireularly 
nerved, on petioles 2 — 3 inches long. Flour rs white, 3 — ;"> in a spathe. 

Mud Plantain. 
16* 



370 eriocaulace^e. 

3. SCHOLLERA. Schreb. —Schoilersi. 
(Dedicated to Frederick Adam Scholler, a German botanist.) 

Spathe 1 -flowered. Perianth with a long slender tube ; limb 
deeply 6-parted. Stamens nearly equal. Anthers similar, ob- 
long-sagittate. Stigma 3-lobed. Capsule 1 -celled. 

5 1 . graminea Vahl. Leptanthus gramineus Mich. Heteranthera graminea 
Pursh. 

In flowing streams. N. S. July, Aug. %. — Stem slender, much branched, 
rooting al the lower joints. Leaves sessile, narrow-linear. Flowers small, pale- 
yellow, solitary. Stamens usually 3, but sometimes 4, unequal. 

Grass-leaved Schollera. 

Order CXXXV. ERIOCAULACE^E.— Pipeworts. 

Flowers bracteate, monoecious or dioecious. Perianth 2 — 6 
parted, in two rows ; the outer glumaceous ; inner somewhat 
petaloid. Stamens 3 — 6. Ovary superior, 2 — 3-celled; style 
very short ; stigmas as many as the cells of the ovary. Capsule 
2 — 3-celled, loculicidal. Seeds solitary, coated with wings or 
rows of hairs. — Perennial marsh plants, with linear cellular 
spongy leaves, and minute flowers which are collected into a 
head at the summit of the scape. 

ERIOCAULON. Linn.— Pipewort. 

(From the Greek sptov, wool, and Kav\os, a stem ; in allusion to the woolly 
scapes of the species first described.) 

Flowers monoecious, rarely dioecious, collected into a com- 
pact scaly head. Sterile Fl. in the disk. Perianth 4 — 6- 
cleft, the inner segments united nearly to their summit. Stamens 
3 — 6. Fertile Fl. in the margin. Perianth deeply 4-parted. 
Capsule 2 — 3-celled. 

1. E. septangulare With. : scape slender, 6 — 7-furrowed, smooth; leaves 
subulate-ensiform, cellular and transversely reticulated ; head small, hemi- 
spheric ; scales of the involucre obovate, and with the flowers hairy at the 
summit. E. pellucidum Mich. 

Ponds and swamps. Can. to Penn. Aug. %. — Scape varying in length 
from 2 or 3 inches to 6 feet > (Torr.) and like the leaves pellucid and cellular. 
Flowers minute, in a compact head, 4-cleft. Perianth with the outer segments 
purplish, the inner ones white. Stamens 4. Jointed Pipewort. 

2. E. decangulare Mich. : scape 10-furrowed ; leaves ensiform, smooth ; 
head large, depressed-globose ; scales of the involucre oval, acute, of the 
receptacle mucronate. 

Ponds. N. J. to Car. Aug. %.— Scape 2—3 feet high. Flowers very white. 

Ten-angled Pipewort. 



JUNCACEiE. 371 



Order CXXXVI. XYRIDACEJE.— Xyrids. 

Perianth 6 -parted, in 2 rows ; outer glumaceous ; inner peta- 
k>id, unguiculate. Stamens 6, 3 fertile, inserted upon the claws 
of the inner segments of the perianth. Ovary single ; style 
trifid. Capsule 1 -celled, 3-valved, many-seeded, with parietal 
placentae. — Herbaceous rush-like plants, with fibrous roots, 
ensiform or filiform radical leaves and flowers in terminal im- 
bricate scaly heads. 

XYRIS. Linn.— Yellow-eyed Grass. 

(From the Greek £vpos f sharp, in allusion to the pointed leaves.) 

Perianth in 2 rows ; outer row glumaceous, 2 of the segments 

somewhat boat-shaped ; inner row petaloid ; the segments with 

long nearly distinct claws and dilated laminse. Stamens 6 ; 3 

fertile, the rest abortive. Capsule 1 -celled. 

1. X. Carollniana Walt.: scape somewhat 2-edged ; leaves linear, 
grass-like, much shorter than the scape; head roundish-ovoid; bracts 
orbicular-obovate. X. Jupacai Mich. X.fiexuosa Ell. 

Wet meadows. N. Y. to Flor. July. %. — Stem a foot high, somewhat bul- 
bous at the base, often spirally twisted. Leaves sheathing at base, flat or twisted. 
Flowers yellow, in a head 3 — 4 lines long. Common Yellow-eyed Grass. 

2. X. brevifolia Mich. : leaves subulate, ensiform, short ; head globose ; 

inner segments of the perianth shorter than the outer one, slightly notched. 

Wet meadows. Penn. to Geor. July. %. — Scape 12 — 18 inches high, com- 
pressed near the summit. Leaves much twisted. Flowers yellow, in a globose 
head. Short-leaved Yellow-eyed Grass. 

3. X. fimbriata Ell. : leaves long, ensiform ; heads loosely imbricate, 
oblong ; segments of the perianth fimbriate. 

Meadows. N. J. to Geor. June. 7].. — Ste?n 2 feet high. Flowers yellow. 
Found in New Jersey by Dr. Darlington. Fl. Cest. 

Fimbriate Yellow-eyed Grass. 

Order CXXXVII. JUXCACE^E.— Rushes. 

Flowers mostly perfect. Perianth 6-leaved, in a double row, 
more or less glumaceous. Stamens G, rarely 3, inserted into 
the base of the segments. Ovary 1- or 3-celled ; stigmas gen- 
erally 3. Fruit capsular, with 3 valves. Seeds with a thin 
skin and firm albumen. — Mostly grass-like plants. Flowers 
small, generally brown or green, in cymes or heads. 



172 juncace^. 



1. LUZULA. D. C— Wood Rush. 

(Said to be derived from the Italian lucciola, a glow-worm; because its flowers, 
when moistened with dew, sparkle by moonlight.) 

Perianth, spreading, glumaceous. Stamens 6. Filaments 
smooth. Stigmas 3. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved. Seeds 3, 
sometimes with an appendage at one end. 

1. L. pilosa Willd. : leaves broad-linear, hairy ; peduncles in an umbel- 
late corymb, 1-flowered, at length bent downward ; leafets of the perianth 
acuminate, shorter than the obtuse capsule ; seeds with a curved appendage 
at the top. Jimcus pilosus Linn. 

Woods. Can. to Penn. April, May. %.—Stem 6— 12 inches high, cespitose. 
Flowers dark-brown, 8 — 12 in an umbel, on filiform peduncles 6 — 8 lines in 
length. Hairy Wood Rush. 

2. L. campestris D.C.: leaves hairy; spikes sessile and peduncled ; 
leafets of the perianth acuminate, awned, longer than the obtuse capsule ; 
seeds with an appendage at the base. Juncus campestris Linn. 

Meadows. Can. to Car. April, May. %.— Stern 6 — 12 inches high, cespi- 
tose at base. Flowers reddish-brown, in ovoid or oblong nearly erect spikes 
forming a sort of umbel. Common Wood Rush. 

3. L. parviflora Desv.: smooth; stem elongated; leaves broad-linear; 
flowers in a decompound loose corymb, the peduncles elongated and capil- 
lary ; pedicels 1-flowered ; leafets of the perianth ovate, acute, about the 
length of the oval obtuse apiculate capsule ; seeds without an appendage. 
L. melanocarpa Desv. Juncus melanocarpus Mich. 

Mountains. Northern N. Y. Torr. White Mountains, N. H. Big. Can. 
Mich. July. 74-. — Stem 12 — 18 inches high, slender. Flowers in a loose corym- 
bose panicle, nodding. Seeds brown. Small-flowered Wood Rush. 

4. L. spicata D. C. : leaves narrow, channelled, hairy at the throat ; 
spike solitary, drooping, compound ; spikelets shorter than the diaphanous 
mucronate bracts ; leafets of the perianth acuminate-mucronate, about as 
long as the rounded capsule. Juncus spicatus Willd. 

White Mountains, N. H. Big. Aug. %. — Stem 6 — 8 inches high, slender. 
Spike dark-colored, interrupted near the base, drooping. 

Spike-flowered Wood Rush. 

2. JUNCUS. Linn.— Rush. 

(From the Latin jungo, to join ; the leaves and stems having been used as 
cordage.) 

Perianth spreading, glumaceous. Stamens 6, or sometimes 
3. Filaments smooth. Stigmas 3, subsessile. Capsule 3-celled, 
many-seeded. 

* Leaves none. 

1. J. acutus Linn.: barren scapes and outer bracts pungent; panicle 
very compound, mostly compact; leafets of the perianth equal; inner ones 
with a broad membranaceous margin at the apex, shorter than the broad- 
ovate abruptly acuminate capsule. 



JUNCACEvE. 373 

Sandy sea-coasts. N. J. to Car. July. %. — Scape 2 — 3 feet high. Panick 
2 — 3 inches long, appearing as if lateral, though really terminal. 

Great Sharp Sea Rush. 

2. J. effusus Linn. : scape not rigid, finely striate ; panicle loose, very 
much branched, spreading ; leafets of the perianth lanceolate, spreading, 
very acute, as long as the obovoid obtuse capsule ; stamens 3. 

Wet grounds. Can. to Car. June, July. "74-. — Scape 2 — 3 feet high, erect, 
terminating in a long tapering point. Panicle bursting from a fissure in the 
side of the scape above the middle, sessile. Flov>ers greenish. Sometimes used 
for making mats. Soft Rush. 

3. J. filiformis Linn. : scape filiform, smooth ; panicle few-flowered ; 
leafets of the perianth lanceolate, acuminate, nearly equal, larger than the 
obovoid apiculate capsule ; stamens 6. 

Borders of ponds. Northern and Western N. Y. Torr. White Mountains, 
N. H. Big. July. %.. — Scape 18 inches to 2 feet high, very slender. Panicle 
bursting from the side of the scape above the middle. Flowers greenish. 

Slender Rush. 

4. J. JBaiticus Willd. : scape obscurely striate ; panicle erect, branched ; 
leafets of the perianth nearly equal, very acute, as long as the elliptic mu- 
cronate capsule ; stamens 6 ; style conspicuous. 

Gravelly shores of the St. Lawrence and of Lake Ontario. Torr. July. %. — 
Scape 2—4 feet high, often flexuous or twisted. Panicle with the branches 
slender and flexuous. Flowers dark brown. Baltic Rush. 



** 



Stem leafy. Leaves terete, nodose. 



5. J. nodosus Linn. : stem nearly round ; leaves distinctly nodose, terete ; 
inflorescence terminal ; heads few, globose, many-flowered ; leafets of the 
perianth linear-lanceolate, with a long subulate point ; stamens 3 ; capsule 
triquetrous, attenuated at the summit, about as long as the perianth ; seeds 
oblong. 

Sandy banks of streams. Can. to Car. July. 1|_. — Stem 8 inches to 2 feet 
high. Heads in a loose more or less compound panicle, or in a dense cluster. 
Flowers brownish or greenish. Stamens 3 — 6. A very variable plant ; which, 
however, according to Dr. Torrey, can always be distinguished from J. polyceph- 
alus, by its attenuated capsule, and by its oblong (not tailed) seeds. 

Knotty Rush. 

6. J. polycephal'us Mich. : stem erect; leaves compressed, nodose; panicle 
terminal, compound; heads many-flowered, globose; leafets of the perianth 
lanceolate, somewhat awned; stamens 3; capsule oblong-triangular, ab- 
ruptly acuminate, scarcely longer than the perianth ; seeds tailed at each 
end. J. echinalus Muhl. 

Boggy meadows. Can. to Geor. July, Aug. %. — Stem 1 — 3 feet hi-h. 
Panicle more or less compound. Flowers greenish. Seeds with a subulate ap- 
pendage or tail at each end. {Torr.) A variable species. 

Many-headed Rush. 

7. J. subvcrticillalus Willd: stem compressed; leaves few, subulate, no- 
dose; panicle corymbose; heads about 5-flowcred, faseiculate-verticillate ; 
leafets of the perianth linear-lanceolate, striate, as long as the obtuse cap- 
sule. J. verticillatus Pursh. 

Swamps. Can. N. Y. and Tenn. July, Aug. %.— Stem 1£— 2 feet high, 



374 JUNCACE^E. 

slender, about 2-leaved. Panicle 4- — 8 inches long, the branches subverticillate 
and diverging. Flowers greenish, in somewhat hemispherical heads. 

Whorled Rush. 

8. J, acuminaius Mick, -. stem erect ; leaves somewhat compressed, no- 
dose ; panicle terminal, compound ; heads 3 — 6-flowered, pedunculate and 
sessile ; leafets of the perianth linear-lanceolate, mucronate, shorter than 
the acutely triangular capsule ; stamens 3 ; seeds tailed at each end. J. 
sylvaticus Muhl. 

Boggy meadows. Can. to Car. July. %. — Stem 12 — 15 inches high. Leaves 
distantly jointed. Panicle more or less compound, rather erect, spreading. 
Flowers pale-green or purplish, mostly 3 in a head. Sharp-fruited Rush. 

9. J. pelocarpus Meyer : stem erect, bearing a single leaf, compressed ; 
leaves setaceous, compressed, obscurely. nodose ; panicle pyramidal, spread- 
ing ; heads about 2-flowered ; leafets of the perianth oblong, obtuse, the 
inner ones a little longer, shorter than the triquetrous ovate capsule. {Ton. 
N. Y. Fl.) 

Ver. and N. Y. ? %. — Stem 15 — 18 inches high. Panicle loose and elon- 
gated. Heads 3— 6-flowered. Stamens 6. Brownish Rush. 

10. J. Conradi TacJcerma/n : stem erect, leafy; leaves erect, compressed, 
slightly nodose ; inflorescence terminal, decompound, divaricate ; flowers 
solitary ; leafets of the perianth lanceolate-acute, shorter than the oblong 
acuminate-rostrate capsule. (Torr. N. Y. Fl.) J. viviparus Conrad. 

Borders of ponds in sandy soils. N. H. Mass. N. Y. and N. J. July, Aug. 
(!)• — Stem cespitose, 6 — 10 inches high, slender. Leaves few. Inflorescence 
spreading, with the branches slender. Flowers often viviparous or abortive, 
reddish-brown. Stamens 6. Torr. Conrad's Rush. 

*** Leaves flat or channelled on the upper side. 

11. J. tenuis Willd.: stems cespitose, slender, leafy at the base, erect, 
somewhat compressed ; leaves setaceous-linear, channelled ; panicle termi- 
nal, more or less compound; flowers solitary, unilateral; leafets of the per- 
ianth lanceolate, a little longer than the obtuse capsule. J. bicomis Mich. 

Low grounds. N. Y. to Car. June, July. %. — Stems cespitose, 10 or 12 inches 
high. Panicle cymose ; the peduncles unequal. Flowers solitary, greenish, 
somewhat racemose or unilateral on the branchlets. Slender Rush. 

12. J. Greenei Tuc/cerm. fy OaJces : stem erect, leafy at the base, terete, 
rigid ; leaves setaceous-linear, channelled above, rounded on the back ; 
panicle terminal, compound, cymose ; flowers solitary, erect, unilateral ; 
leafets of the perianth shorter than the ovoid-oblong rather obtuse capsule. 

Sandy borders of salt marshes. Mass. and N. Y. July. %. — Stems cespi- 
tose, 12—18 inches high, striate. Panicle consisting of several much contracted 
cymes. Flowers unilateral, greenish. Greene's Rush. 

13. J. Gerardi Loisel. : stem simple, leafy, compressed; leaves linear- 
setaceous, channelled ; panicle terminal, compound, cymose, longer than 
the bracteal leaves ; leafets of the perianth oblong, somewhat obtuse, mostly 
shorter than the obovoid obtuse triangular capsule ; stamens 6 ; seeds ob- 
long-ovoid, strongly ribbed. J. bulbosus Pursh. 

Borders of salt marshes. N. Y. to Car. Aug. %. — Stem 8 — 12 inches high, 
slender. Panicle rather crowded, the branches unequal. Flowers and capsules 
dark-brown. Black Grass. 



JUNCACE^E. 375 

14. J. bufonius Linn. : stem diffuse, leafy, dichotomous above ; leaves fili- 
form-setaceous, channelled ; panicle loose ; flowers subsolitary, remote, uni- 
lateral ; leafets of the perianth lanceolate, very acuminate, much longer 
than the oblong obtuse capsule. 

Moist places. Can. to Car. July, Aug. ®. — Stems cespitose, 3 — 6 inches 
high, divided towards the top. Panicle loose, spreading, few-flowered, pale- 
green. Toad Rush. 

15. J. marginatus Rostk. : stem leafy, jointed ; leaves flat and grass-like ; 
panicle corymbose, compound ; leafets of the perianth about as long as the 
obtuse capsule, the outer ones and the bracts subaristate ; stamens 3. J. 
aristulatus Mich. 

Low grounds. N. Y. to Car. Aug. 71. — Stem 1 — 3 feet high, tuberous at 
base. Panicle often very compound and proliferous. Flowers 3 — 6 in a head. 

Grass-leaved Rush. 

16. J. sty gius Linn. : stem filiform, erect, rigid, leafy; leaves setaceous, 
slightly flattened; flowers about 3, in a terminal head; leafets of the peri- 
anth shorter than the oblong-elliptic acute capsule ; stamens 3 ; seeds with 
an appendage at each end. 

Sphagnous swamps, on Perch Lake, Jefferson county, N. Y. Dr. Gray. 
%.. ? — Stem 6 — 12 inches high, simple. Flowers larger than in any of the pre- 
ceding species, with 2 — 3 bracts at the base of the heads. 

Large-fruited Rush. 

17. J. tiifidus Linn.: leaf mostly solitary, near the summit of the stem, 
linear-setaceous ; sheaths ciliate ; heads about 3-flowered, terminal ; bracts 
foliaceous, very long, grooved. 

White Mountains, N. H. Big. Summit of Mount Marcy, Essex county, N. 
Y. July, Aug. %.. — Stem 6 — 10 inches high, rather rigid. Flowers mostly in 
a single head, supported by 2 long setaceous bracts or terminal leaves. 

Tnfid Rush. 

18. J. militaris Big. : leaf solitary, jointed, longer than the stem; pani- 
cle terminal, proliferous, with sheathing lanceolate bracts at base ; heads 
about 5-flowered. 

Ponds, near Boston, Mass. Big. Stem 2 — 3 feet high, with a long sheath 
or two at base and commonly another above the leaf. Panicle terminal, erect, 
with proliferous branches. Bayonet Rush. 

3. NARTHECIUM. Linn.— Narthecium. 

(.From the Greek vapOos, a rod ; probably from the elongated straight raceme 
of flowers.) 

Perianth petaloid, of 6 linear-lanceolate spreading pieces. 
Stamens 6. Filaments hairy. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved. Seeds 
with an appendage at each extremity. 

N. Americanum Kcr : raceme sometimes interruptedly spiked, lax; pedi- 
cels with a setaceous bract below the flower, and another embracing its 
base ; filaments with very short hair. Phalangium ossi frag urn MvM. 

Sandy swamps. N. J. to Ala. June, July. 1|. — Scape a. foot high. Leaves 
narrow-ensiform. Flowers yellow, in a terminal spike. Closely resembles X. 
ossifragum of Europe. American Narthecium. 



376 COMMELYNACE^. 



Order CXXXVIII. HJEMODORACEJE.— Blood Roots. 

Perianth petaloid, 6 -cleft, usually more or less woolly. Sta- 
mens inserted on the perianth, either 3 and opposite the inner 
segments, or 6 ; anthers bursting inwardly. Stigma undivided. 
Fruit capsular, somewhat nucamentaceous. — Herbaceous plants, 
with fibrous perennial roots and permanent ensiform equitant 
leaves. 

1. LACHNANTHES. Ell— Lachnanthes. 

Perianth superior, 6 - cleft ; segments unequal. Stamens 3. 
Style declining. Stigma minutely 3-lobed. Capsule 3-celled, 
truncate, many-seeded. 

L. tinctoria Ell. Dilatris tinctoria Pursh. 

Sandy swamps. N. J. to Flor. July. %. — Stem erect. 2 feet high, hairy at 
the top. Leaves ensiform, shorter than the stem. Flowers in a corymbose pan- 
icle, woolly, yellow within. The root yields a red color, which is used for dye- 
ing. Red Root. 

2.1 ALETRIS. Linn.— Star Grass. 

(From the Greek aXeiap, meal ; in allusion to the mealy appearance of the 
flowers.) 

Perianth tubular or tubular-campanulate, rugose, 6 -cleft. 
Stamens 6, inserted at the orifice of the tube. Style triquetrous, 
finally 3 -parted. Capsule 3-celled, many-seeded, opening at 
the summit. 

1. A. farinosa Linn. : leaves radical, lanceolate, acuminate, smooth ; 
flowers pedicellate, oblong-tubular; perianth rugose-muricate. A. aXba 
Mich. 

Sandy woods. Can. to Car. July. %. — Scape 2 feet high, with several 
bract-like leaves. Flowers white, iri a terminal raceme which is sometimes a 
foot in length. Perianth appearing as if covered with a rough powder. The 
root is intensely bitter. Star-grass. Colic Root. 

2. A. aurea Walt. : leaves radical, lanceolate, acuminate ; flowers sub- 
sessile, short j perianth rugose and very rough. 

Pine Barrens. N. J. to Car. July, Aug. %. — Scape 2—3 feet high. Flowers 
yellow, in a terminal raceme, less numerous than in the preceding. 

Yellow Star-grass. 

Order CXXXIX. COMMELYNACE^E.— Spiderworts. 

Perianth in 2 rows ; outer row herbaceous, 3 -leaved ; inner 
petaloid, 3 -leaved or 3 -cleft. Stamens 6 or fewer, some of 
them deformed or abortive. Ovary 3-celled; stigma 1. Cap- 



ALISMACE.E. 377 

sule 2 — 3-celled. Seeds often twin ; albumen fleshy. — Herba- 
ceous plants, with flat narrow mostly sheathing leaves. 

1. COMMELYNA. Linn.— Bay Flower. 
(Tn honor of two Dutch botanists, John and Gaspar Commelyn.) 

Perianth in 2 rows ; outer one 3 -leaved, calycine ; inner 3- 
leaved, petaloid. Stamens 6, 3 — 4 sterile and furnished with 
cruciform glands. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved ; one of the valves 
often abortive. 

1. C. angustifoiia Mich.: assurgent, slender, weak, somewhat smooth; 
leaves linear-lanceolate, very acute, fiat, smooth ; sheaths subciliate ; inner 
segments of the perianth unequal, one very minute ; bracts peduncled, 
broad-cordate. C. erecta Willd. 

Borders of swamps. N. Y. to Car. June. %.. — Stem a foot high, somewhat 
branching from the base. Flowers blue. Fertile stamens 2. 

Narrow-leaved Day-flower. 

2. C. Virginica Linn. : stem stiffly erect, pubescent ; leaves long-lance- 
olate, somewhat petiolate, the sheaths bearded at the throat ; inner seg- 
ments of the perianth nearly equal ; bracts subsessile. C. longifolia Mich. 

Woods. Penn. Muhl. S. to Car. July. %.— Stem 2 feet high. Flowers 
blue, clustered at the top of the stem. Fertile stamens 3. 

Broad-leaved Day -flower. 

2. TRADESCANTIA. Linn.— Spiderwort. 
(In honor of John Tradescant, gardener to Charles I. Torr.) 

Perianth in 2 rows ; the outer one 3 -leaved, calycine ; inner 
one 3-leaved, petaloid. Stamens 6, all fertile. Filaments villous. 
Stigma obtuse. Capsule 2 — 3-celled, 3-valved, few-seeded. 

1. T. Virginica Linn. ; stem erect, sometimes branching, smooth ; leaves 
long, lanceolate, smooth ; flowers in an imperfect umbel, sessile ; calyx 
pubescent. T. cristata Walt. 

Shady woods. N. Y. to Geor. W. to Miss. May. %.. — Stems about a foot 
high, often several from the same root. Flowers purple, in a terminal cluster or 
umbel, with a large 2-leaved involucre at base. Virginian Spiderwort. 

2. T. rosea Mich.: erect, simple; leaves linear, long, smooth; peduncles 
elongated ; calyx smooth. T. Virginica Walt. 

Moist woods. Penn. to Geor. May. %. — Stem 8 — 12 inches high. Flowers 
smaller than in the preceding, with the inner segments rose -colored, and three 
times as long as the outer ones. Rose-colored Spiderwort. 

Order CXL. ALISMACE^E. — Alismads. 

Perianth 6-leaved, in two rows ; outer row herbaceous, inner 
petaloid. Stamens definite or indefinite. Ovaries several, 1- 
celled • styles and stigmas as many as the ovaries. Fruit not 



378 ALISMACE.E. 

opening, 1 or 2 -seeded. Seeds without albumen ; embryo 
shaped like a horse-shoe. — Floating or swamp plants, with fas- 
ciculate roots. Leaves with parallel veins. 

1. SAGITTARIA. Linn.— Arrowhead. 

(From the Latin sagitta, an arrov) ; in allusion to the general form of the leaves.) 

Monoecious. Perianth 6-leaved; 3 outer leaves persistent, 
calycine ; 3 inner colored, petaloid. Sterile Fl. Stamens nu- 
merous. Fertile Fl. Ovaries numerous, collected into a head. 
Carpels compressed, 1-seeded, crowned with the persistent 
style. 

1. S. sagittifolia Willd. : scape simple ; leaves sagittate or sometimes 
entire. 

var. 1. vulgaris Hook. : leaves ovate, acute; the lobes ovate-lanceolate, 
straight, acuminate. *S*. sagittifolia Mich. 

var. 2. latifolia Ton: : leaves very large and broad, more or less obtuse ; 
the lobes ovate-lanceolate, spreading. &. latifolia Pursh. 

var. 3. hastata Torr. : leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute ; the lobes divari- 
cate, lanceolate, elongated : flowers mostly dioecious. 5*. hastata Pursh. 

var. 4. gracilis Torr.: leaves lance-linear; the lobes much divaricate, 
linear, very long and acute, sometimes wanting. S. gracilis and hetero- 
phylla Pursh. 

var. 5. pubescens Torr. : leaves and stem pubescent ; bracts and outer 
leaves of the perianth very pubescent. £. pubescens Pursh. 

var. 6. simplex Hook. : leaves with the lamina linear-lanceolate and with- 
out lobes. S. simplex, graminea and acutifolia Pursh. 

var. 7. rigida Torr. : leaves narrow-lanceolate, very acute at each end, 
carinate below. S. rigida Pursh. 

Ditches, ponds, and moist grounds. Can. to Flor. W. to the Platte River. 
July, Aug. %. — Scape 6 inches to 2 feet high. Leavesxery variable. Flowers 
white. I follow Dr. Torrey LV. Y. Fl.) ha reducing all the above forms to one 
species. There seems to be more doubt concerning S. rigida, than any of the 
rest. But they all pass into each other by almost imperceptible gradations. 
Perhaps the following will hereafter also be found to be mere varieties of this 
polymorphous plant. According to Nuttall it exudes a milky sap which hardens 
into a white and hyaline gum. Common Arrowhead. 

2. S. obtusa Willd,. : leaves sagittate, dilated-ovate, rounded at the ex- 
tremity, mucronate; lobes approximate, oblong, obliquely acuminate, 
straight ; flowers dioecious ; sterile scape branched at base. 

Ditches and ponds. Penn. toVirg. July. %. — Leaves about as large as those 
of Calla palastris. Flowers white. Gbtuse-leaved Arrowhead. 

3. S 1 . pusilla Nutt. : leaves linear, obtuse and short, the summits folia- 
ceous ; scape simple, mostly shorter than the leaves ; flowers monoecious, 
few, the fertile one usually solitary. Alisma subulata Pursh. 

Muddy Banks. N. Y. to Geor. Aug. %. \ — Scape 2 — i inches high. Leaves 
rarely ever subulate, scarcely a hue wide and obtuse. Flcnvers 3 — 6, only one 
of them usually fertile. Dwarf Arrowhead. 



JUNCAGINACE^E. 379 

4. S. nutans Mich. : leaves floating, elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse, 3-nerved, 
attenuate at base; lower ones subcordate ; scape simple, few- flowered ; 
lower peduncles elongated. 

In water. Penn. Mukl. S. to Car. July, Aug. %. — Scape mostly erect, 
3—6 inches long. Leaves generally floating, 1 — 2 inches long. Flowers few, 
small, the upper sterile. Ell. Floating Arrowhead. 

2. ALISMA. Linn.— Water Plantain. 
(From the Celtic alis, water ; in allusion to its place of growth.) 

Perianth 6 -leaved ; 3 outer leaves persistent, calycine ; 3 
inner colored, petaloid, deciduous. Stamens 6. Ovaries and 
styles numerous. Carpels numerous, distinct, 1 -seeded, crowned 
with the persistent style. 

A. Plantago Linn. : stemless ; leaves ovate-cordate, acute, nerved ; flow- 
ers in a compound verticillate panicle ; fruit obtusely triangular. A. trivi- 
alis and parviflora Pursh. 

Wet grounds. Can. to Flor. W. to the Platte River. July, Aug. %.— 
Scape 1 — 2 feet, high, triangular. Leaves all radical, on long petioles, mostly 
9-nerved. Panicle much decompounded in a verticillate manner. Flowers 
white, tinged with purple. Fruit consisting of numerous carpels verticillately 
arranged. Common Water Plantain. 

Order CXLI. JUNCAGIKACE^E.— Arrow Grasses. 

Perianth 6-leaved ; the 3 inner leaves narrower. Stamens 6. 
Carpels 3 — 6, free, united or distinct. Fruit dry, 1 or 2-seeded. 
Seeds without albumen ; embryo with a lateral cleft. — Herba- 
ceous aquatic or marsh plants, with ensiform leaves and the 
flowers in spikes or racemes. 

1. TRIGLOCHIN. Linn.— Arrow Grass. 

(From the Greek rpeis, three, and yXw^ij, a point ; in allusion to the three 
points of the capsules.) 

Perianth somewhat colored, deciduous ; leaves concave. Sta- 
mens 6 ; anthers subsessile. Capsules 3 — 6, united by a lon- 
gitudinal receptacle from which they usually separate at the 
base, 1-seeded. 

1. T. palustre Linn. : fruit of 3 united carpels, nearly linear, subulate at 
the base. 

Marshes. Salina and elsewhere in Western N. Y. N. to A ret. Amer. July. 
11.. — Scape about a foot high, very slender. Leaves very numerous,, all radical 
or nearly so, linear, fleshy, slightly grooved on the upper side, nearly as long as 
the scape. Flowers small, greenish, in a terminal lax spike or raceme. The 
leaves, when bruised, give out a very fetid odor. Marsh Arrow (trass. 

2. T. marilimum Linn. : fruit ovoid, of G united oblong carpels. T. 
elatum Null. 

Salt marshes. Can. to Penn. W. to Mich. July. 1\ .— Scape IS inches 



380 TYPHACE.E. 

high and stouter than in the preceding. Leaves all radical, narrow, sheathing 
at base, shorter than the scape. Flowers very small, greenish, in a long termi- 
nal spike. Sea-side Arrow Grass. 

2. SCHEUCHZERIA. Linn.— Scheuchzeria. 
(In honor of the three Scheuchzers, Swiss botanists.) 

Perianth of 6 somewhat petaloid persistent leaves ; the 3 
inner ones narrower. Stamens 6. Anthers on slender filaments. 
Capsules 3, inflated, united at base, 1 — 2 seeded. 

S. palustris Linn. 

Sphagnous swamps. Can. to Virg. ; rare. July. %. — Stem 8 — 12 inches 
high, angular. Leaves linear, roundish, sheathing at base. Flowers greenish- 
yellow, in a small terminal raceme. Marsh Scheuchzeria. 

Order CXLII. TYPHACE^.— Cat Tails. 

Flowers monoecious, arranged upon a naked spadix. Perianth 
consisting of 3 or more scales or bristles. Sterile Fl. Sta- 
mens numerous ; the filaments distinct or united below ; anthers 
erect, 2-celled. Fertile Fl. Ovary single, 1-celled ; style 
short ; stigmas 1 — 2, linear. Fruit dry, indehiscent. Seed 1 ; 
albumen mealy. — Aquatic or marsh plants. Stem without 
nodes. Leaves rigid, ensiform, with parallel veins. 

1. SPARGANIUM. Linn.— Bm Reed. 

(From the Greek o-napyavov, a little hand ; in allusion to its long and narrow 
leaves.) 

Monoecious. Flowers in dense spherical heads, the sterile 
ones above. Sterile Fl. Stamens numerous, intermixed with 
membranous scales. Fertile Fl. Pistils numerous, sessile, 
each surrounded with 3 — 6 scales. Style short. Fruit sessile. 

1. S. ramosum Smith: leaves triangular at base, their sides concave; 
common peduncle branched ; stigma linear. S. erectum Linn. 

Stagnant waters. Can. to Virg. July, Aug. %. — Stem 2 feet high, round, 
flexuous, with 2 or 3 short axillary branches at the top. Lower leaves very long, 
linear-ensiform. Heads distantly placed ; the sterile above more numerous and 
smaller than the fertile. Branching Bur-reed. 

2. S. simplex Huds. : stem nearly simple ; leaves triangular at base, the 
sides flat ; stigma linear. S. Americanum Nutt. 

Ponds and lakes. Can. to Car. July, Aug. %. — Smaller than the last. 
Stem simple or rarely a little branched. Fertile heads 2 — 3, mostly sessile. 
Flowers pale-yellow. Smaller Bur-reed. 

3. (S 1 . natans Smith : stem simple ; leaves floating, very narrow, flat ; stig- 
ma linear, short: heads of sterile flowers subsolitary. &. angustifolium 
Mich. 



ARACE^E. 



381 



Lakes, &c. Can. and N. Y. Aug. %.—Slem long and slender. Leaves 
very long, linear, pellucid. It may be only a variety of the preceding. 

Floating Bur-reed. 

2. TYPHA. Linn.— Cat-Tail. 
(From the Greek ri<pos, a marsh ; on account of its place of growth.) 
Flowers collected into a long dense cylindric spike. Ste- 
rile Fl. above. Stamens numerous, intermixed with simple 
hairs inserted directly on the axis. Flaments slender, 2 — 4 
forked. Fertile Fl. below the sterile on the same axis. Ova- 
ries numerous, surrounded at base with numerous clavate bris- 
tles. Fruit oblong, very small, stipitate. 

1. T. latifolia Linn. : leaves linear, nearly flat; sterile and fertile spikes 
close together or almost continuous. 

Borders of swamps and ponds. Can. to Car. July, Aug. %. — Ste?ns clus- 
tered, 4 — 5 feet high, simple, round, leafy at base. Leaves very long. Flowers 
in a cylindric spike, the sterile yellowish, the fertile brownish. 

Broad-leaved Cat-tail. Reed-mace. 

2. T. angustifolia Linn. : leaves linear, channelled near the base ; ste- 
rile and fertile spikes a little distant from each other. 

Borders of swamps and ponds. N. Y. to Virg. July, Aug. %. — Stems and 
spikes more slender, and the leaves narrower, than in the preceding. 

Narrow-leaved Cat-tail. 

Order CXLIII. ARACE^E.— Arums. 

Flowers mostly monoecious, arranged on a spadix within a 
spathe. Sterile Fl. Stamens very short ; anthers turned out- 
wards. Fertile Fl. at the base of the spadix. Ovary free, 
1 — 3- or more-celled ; stigma sessile. Fruit succulent. Seeds 
pulpy. — Herbaceous plants frequently with a fleshy cormus, or 
shrubs. Leaves sheathing at the base, sometimes compound. 

1. ARIS^MA. Mart. Torr.— Dragon Arum. 
(Origin of the name unknown.) 

Spathe convolute below, the limb arched or flattish. Spa- 
dix naked above, the lower part covered with flowers, of which 
the upper are sterile and the lower fertile, or in some plants 
all sterile. Anthers somewhat verticillate and distinct. Fila- 
ments very short. Ovaries 1 -celled, numerous. Stigma capi- 
tate-peltate, almost sessile. Berry 1- several-seeded. 

1. A. triphyllum Torr. : leaves ternate ; leafets elliptic-ovate, senile, 
acuminate, entire; spadix clavate, obtuse, shorter than the spathe. A, 
atrorubens Blume. Arum Iriplnjllum Linn. A. atroruban Ait. 



3S2 ARACE.E. 

Wet woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. April, 3Iay. %. — Scape 6 — 12 inches 
or more high, with a fleshy corraus at the base. Leaves 1 or 2, on long petioles ; 
the leafets variable in breadth. Spathe ovate; the upper portion arched over 
at the top. greenish, dark purple, or variegated. Berries forming a dense ovoid 
head. The recent tuber is very acrid, and almost caustic, but it becomes mild 
by boiling or drying. Big. Med. Bot., i. 52. Indian Turnip. 

2. A. Dracontium Schoit: leaf mostly solitary, pedate: the leafets lance- 
oblong, acuminate, entire : spadix subulate, much longer than the oblong 
acuminate convolute spathe. {Torr. N. Y. Fl.) Arum Dracontium 
Linn. 

Banks of streams. N. Y. to Flor. June, July. 7J,. — Scape about a foot 
long, with roundish corms, often clustered. Leaf on a petiole 8 — 15 inches 
long. Spadix greenish ; the upper part tapering into a slender point, which 
rises 2 — 1 inches above the top of the spathe. Berries reddish-orange when ripe, 
forming an ovoid cluster. Darlington. Green Dragon. 



2. PELTAXDRA. Raf.— Arrow Aram. 

(From the Greek -s\rr), a shield; and avrjp, a stamen ; in allusion to the form 
of the sterile organs.) 

Spathe elongated, convolute, undulate on the margin, curved 
at the apex. Spadix covered with flowers. Perianth none. 
Anthers sessile, covering the upper part of the spadix in a tes- 
selated manner. Ovaries 1 -celled, on the lower part of the 
spadix. Berries ovoid, forming a dense cluster. 

P. Virginica Raf. Arum Virginicum Linn. Calla Virginica Mich. 
Leconiia Virginica Torr. Comp. Rensselaeria Viginica Beck Bot. 1st. Ed. 

Swamps. N. Y. to Car. June, July. 91. — Scapes, several from one root, 
12 — 18 inches long. Leaves all radical, and with the petiole about as long as 
the scape, oblong, hastate- sagittate, acuminate, the lobes spreading and usually 
obtuse. Spathe 3 — 5 inches long, narrow and somewhat fleshy. Spadix nearly 
as long as the spathe. Berries 1 — 3-seeded, green when ripe. 

Arrow-leaved Arum. 

3. CALLA. Linn. — Water .Arum. 
(An ancient name of some plant allied to Arum.) 

Spathe ovate, somewhat flattened. Spadix covered with 
flowers, which are destitute of a perianth, and consist of pistils 
surrounded by stamens. Anthers with slender filaments. Ber- 
ries distinct, depressed, few-seeded. 

C. palustris Linn. 

Sphagnous swamps. Can. to the southern part of N. Y. July, Aug. %. — . 
Rhizoma thickjointed. Scape 6 — 8 inches high. Leaves on long petioles, cor- 
date, abruptly acuminate, with an involute point. Spathe oval, green on the 
outside, white within. Spadix oblong, covered with crowded flowers. The 
root is acrid, but the pungency disappears in drying. Linnaeus states that the 
Laplanders use it for bread. ' Common Water Arum. 



ARACE^E. 383 



4. SYMPLOCARPUS. Softs*.— Skunk Cabbage. 

(From the Greek o-u/ijtAojo?, connection, and xapiros, fruit ; the berries being 
united.) 

Spathe ventricose-ovate, acuminate. Spadix roundish, cov- 
ered with perfect flowers. Perianth deeply 4-parted, persist- 
ent ; segments cucullate, truncate, becoming thick and spongy. 
Stamens 4. Style pyramidal, 4-sided. Stigma simple, minute. 
Berries numerous, globular, imbedded in the spadix. 

S.faetidus Salisb. : leaves cordate-ovate ; spadix oval, much shorter than 
the spathe. Modes fcetidus Big. Pothos fcetida Mich. 

Wet meadows. Can. to Car. Feb. — April. %. — Rhizoma large, with nu- 
merous thick fibres. Leaves appearing after the spathe, very large, petiolate, 
cordate-ovate, smooth. Spathe ovate-convolute, purple, spotted with green and 
yellow, bent over at the summit. Spadix about an inch long, peduncled, densely 
covered with purplish flowers. Whole plant very fetid. Medicinal. Biff. Med. 
Bot. ii. 41. Common Skunk Cabbage. 

5. ACORUS. Linn.— Sweet Flag. 

(From the Greek a, without, and icopr), the pupil of the eye ; a supposed remedy 
for sore eyes.) 

Spathe leaf-like, continuous with the scape. Spadix cylin- 

dric, covered with flowers. Perianth glumaceous, 6-leaved. 

Stamens 6. Ovary 1. Stigma minute, sessile. Fruit baccate 

or capsular. 

■ A. Calamus Linn. : scape ancipital, with an ensiform point rising above 
the spadix. 

Swamps. Can. to Car. June. %. — Rhizoma horizontal, creeping, aromatic. 
Leaves 2 — 3 feet long, and 6 — 10 lines wide. Scape similar to the leaves, some- 
what triangular below the spadix. Spadix sessile on the side of the scape, 2 — 3 
inches long, terete, covered with minute greenish flowers. 

Common Sweet Flag. 

6. ORONTIUM. Z/ftra.— Orontium. 

(An ancient name, supposed to refer to the river Orontes.) 
Spathe none. Spadix cylindric, covered with flowers. Per- 
ianth of 4 — C truncate concave sepals. Stamens 4 — 6. Ovary 
superior. Stigma sessile, subumbilicate. Utricle 1 -seeded. 
O. aqualicum Linn. 

Ponds and marshes. Can. to Flor. May. %. — ScapcS — 18 inches long, cla- 
vate. Leaves on long petioles, floating, the lamina varying from oblong-lance- 
olate to elliptic-lanceolate, deep-green above, paler beneath. Spadix 1 — 2 inches 
long, yellow, somewhat tapering; the flowers crowded and sessile. 

Water Oroniium, Golden Club. 



384 naiadace^:. 



Order CXLIV. PISTIACEJE.— Duckweeds. 

Flowers 2 — 3, appearing from the margin of a flat frond, en- 
closed in a spathe but without a spadix, monoecious ; the sterile 
consisting of 1 — 2 stamens ; the fertile of a 1 -celled ovary, a 
short style and a simple stigma. Fruit membranous or cap- 
sular, not opening. — Floating or land plants, with very cellular, 
lenticular or lobed fronds, destitute of proper stems and leaves. 

LEMNA. Linn. — Duckweed. 
(From the Greek A£///*a, bark or scale ; in allusion to the form of the fronds.) 

Spathe membranous, urceolate, with 2 sterile flowers. Sta- 
mens 2, rarely wanting. Filaments longer than the style, curved. 
Style usually elongated. Stigma flat. Fruit an utricle. 

1. L. trisulca Linn. : fronds thin, elliptic-lanceolate, cordate at one ex- 
tremity, at the other serrate ; root solitary. 

Ditches and ponds. N. Y. to Virg. ; rarely in flower. July. (I). — Fronds 
half an inch or more in length, thin, margin pellucid ; young fronds produced 
from lateral clefts, of the same shape as the parent plant, and again proliferous 
before they are detached. Flowers very minute. Root a single fibre. 

Star Duckweed. 

2. L. minor Linn. : fronds nearly ovate, compressed ; root solitary. 
Stagnant waters. N. Y. to Car. June, July. (Tj. — Fronds a line and a half 

long, slightly convex beneath, somewhat fleshy, increasing rapidly by gemmce 
(young fronds) so as often completely to cover the surface of stagnant water. 

Lesser Duckweed. 

3. L. gibba Linn. : fronds obovate, almost fiat above, hemispheric and 
pale beneath ; root subsolitary. 

Stagnant waters, near Liverpool, Onondaga county, N. Y. Pursh. Brad- 
dock's Bay, Lake Ontario. Torr. June, July. @. — Distinguished from the 
former by its being pale and hemispheric beneath, and appearing reticulated. 

Gibbous Duckweed. 

4. L. perpusilla Torr. : fronds obovate, thin ; root solitary ; seed erect. 
Ponds on Staten Island, ]N. Y. Aug. (I). ? — Fronds a line and a half long, 

bright-green on both sides. Flowers bursting from a cleft in the side of the 
frond. Spathe cyathiform. Seed oblong, erect. Smallest Duckweed. 

5. L. polyrhiza Linn. : fronds roundish-obovate, compressed ; roots 
numerous, fascicled. 

Stagnant waters. N. Y. to Car. June, July. Q. — Fronds 3 — 4 lines long, 
succulent, of a firm texture, distinctly nerved above and often dark purple be- 
neath. Root a bundle of 8 or 10 simple fibres in the middle of the frond. The 
largest of all the species. It is said never to have been seen in flower either in 
North America or in Great Britain. Larger Duckweed. 

Order CXLV. ISAI AD ACE^E.— Pond weeds. 

Flowers mostly diclinous. Perianth of 2 or 4 pieces, rarely 
wanting. Stamens definite. Ovaries 1 or more, superior. Stigma 



NAIADACEvE. 385 

simple. Fruit a little nut or indehiscent capsule. Seed with- 
out albumen. — Water plants, with simple cellular leaves and 
membranous stipules. Flowers inconspicuous, often in termi- 
nal spikes. 

1. ZOSTER A. Linn.— Grasswrack. 

(From the Greek £w<m7p, a girdle or ribbon, which the leaves sometimes re- 
semble.) 

Stamens and pistils separated, seated in 2 rows upon one 
side of a flat spadix. Anthers ovate, sessile. Pistils alterna- 
ting with the anthers, ovate. Style subulate. Stigmas 2. Utri- 
cle with 1 seed, bursting irregularly. 

Z. marina Linn. : stem roundish ; leaves entire, somewhat 3-nerved. 

Muddy shores. Mass. and N. Y. to Car. Aug. %. — Stem terete, flexuous, 
throwing out roots from the joints. Leaves very long and narrow. Spadix 
linear, arising from a sheathing portion of the leaf. Flowers green ; pistils and 
anthers alternate. This plant is used in Europe for packing glass and earthen- 
ware. Beds are also sometimes made of it. Common Grasswrack. 

2. CAULINIA. Willd.— Caulinia. 
(In honor of F. Cavolini ; a Neapolitan botanist.) 
Monoecious. Perianth none. Sterile Fl. Anther nearly 
sessile. Fertile Fl. Style filiform. Stigmas 2. Fruit capsu- 
lar, 1 -seeded. 

1. C. fragilis Willd.: leaves ternate or opposite, linear-subulate, re- 
curved, aculeate-dentate, rigid. 

In water. Penn. Aug. (Tj. — Stem long, submerged. Flowers small. 

Brittle Caulinia. 

2. C. Jlexilis Willd. : leaves whorled in sixes, linear, denticulate near 
the apex, spreading. Najas Canadensis Mich. 

Ponds and ditches. Can. to Car. July, Aug. (T).—Stem 6—18 inches long, 
submerged, dichotomously branched, jointed. Flower solitary, axillary, sessile. 

Bending Caulinia. 

3. ZANNICHELLIA. Linn.— Horned Pondweed. 
(In honor of John Jerome Zannichelli ; a Venetian apothecary and botanist.) 

Monoecious. Sterile Fl. Perianth none. Stamen 1. Fila- 
ment slender. Fertile Fl. Perianth cup-shaped. Pistils 
2 — 4, tapering into a short style. Stigma large and peltate. 
Fruit on a short stipe, coriaceous. 

Z. palustris Linn. Z. intermedia Torr. Com p. 

Ditches and stagnant waters. Can. to Virg. July. Aug. (T\ — Stem long, 
filiform, much branched. Leaves opposite, linear, entire. Flowers axillary, 
from a membranaceous cup-shaped perianth or involucre, small. Stamen 
longer than the pistils. Anther large, 1-celled, (Hook.) 2-eelled. Cl'orr.) Stig- 
ma entire. Fruit a little incurved, sometimes toothed on the back. 

Horn Pondweed. 
17 



388 NAIADACE.E. 

t- 

4. RCPPIA. Linn.— Ruppia. 

(In honor of Henry Bernard Ruppius ; a German botanist.) 
Flowers 2, perfect, naked, on a spadix arising from the sheath- 
ing base of the leaves. Stamens 2 or 4, sessile. Anthers large, 
peltate. Ovaries mostly 4. Stigmas sessile, peltate. Fruit 
drupaceous, pedicellate. 

R. maritima Linn. 

Salt marshes. Can. to Geor. July. %. — Ste?n long, filiform, branched, 
floating. Leaves linear, setaceous, with inflated sheaths. - Spadix with 2 naked 
green flowers, at first very short, but gradually increasing to the length of 5 or 
6 inches. Anthers large, sessile, bursting horizontally. Drupes olive-green, 
smooth, crowned with a short oblique beak. Sea Ruppia. 

5. PQTAMOGETON. Linn.— Pondweed. 

(From the Greek izorajAos, a river, and yeiraw, a neighbor ; in reference to its 
place of growth.) 

Flowers perfect/on a spadix arising from a spathe. Perianth 
single, 4-leaved. Anthers 4, nearly sessile, alternating with 
the divisions of the perianth. Ovaries 4, becoming 4 com- 
pressed and somewhat cochleate nuts. 

* Upper leaves floating. 

1. P. nutans Linn. : upper leaves floating, coriaceous, on long petioles, 
oblong-ovate ; lower membranous, linear-lanceolate, gradually tapering 
into a petiole. P. natans ,8. Mich. 

Ponds and lakes. Mass. to Virg. W. to the Platte river. July, Aug. %. — 
Stem varying in length. Leaves sometimes cordate. Spadix 1 — 2 inches long, 
rising above the water. Broad-leaved Pondweed. 

2. P. fluiians Linn.: upper leaves floating, subcoriaceous, ovate-lan- 
ceolate, obtuse, tapering into a rather short petiole ; lower very long, lan- 
ceolate, membranous and sessile. P. natansvaT.Jlicitans Torr. 

Ponds and streams. Can. to Car. W. to the Platte river. July, Aug. %. 
— Stem varying in length. Leaves reddish, less coriaceous than in the prece- 
ding. Spadix an inch long, almost submersed. Floating Pondweed. 

3. P. heiero'phylliLrn Schreb.: upper leaves floating, coriaceous, elliptic, 
petiolate; lower membranous, linear-lanceolate, sessile. P. kybridxim 
Mich. 

Stagnant water. Can. to Car. Aug. %. — Smaller than the former. In 
flowing water the leaves are very long and narrow. 

Various-leaved Pondweed. 

4. P. diversifolmm Bart. : upper leaves floating, elliptic, petiolate. 5- 
nerved; lower filiform ; spadix axillary, almost sessile, few-flowered. P. 
setaceum Pursh. P. hybriduvi Torr. 

Ponds and small streams. Can. to Virg. June. %. — Stems numerous, 
branched, filiform. Upper leaves scarcely an inch long. Spadix 4— 6-flowered. 

Small Floating; Pondweed. 



CYPERACE.E. 387 

** Leaves all submersed. 

5. P. perfolialum Linn. : leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse, somewhat cordate 
at the base, sessile and clasping. P. densum Schw. not of Linn. P. cris- 
pum Pursh. 

Lakes, &c. Can. toPenn. Aug. %. — Stem slender, dichotomously branched. 
Leaves an inch or more in length, appearing perfoliate, slightly waved on the 
margin, subpellucid. Spadix few-flowered, on a peduncle of about an inch in 
length. Perfoliate Pondweed. 

6. P. lucens Linn. : leaves elliptic and elliptic-lanceolate ; upper some- 
times petiolate, coarsely reticulate and mucronate. 

Rivers and lakes. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. Aug. %. — Stem long, 
branched. Leaves large, very pellucid and finely veined. Spadix cylindric, 
many-flowered, on a thick peduncle which is sometimes shorter and at others 
much longer than the leaves. A very variable species. Shining Pondweed. 

7. P. zosterifolium Schumach. : leaves all linear and grass-like, pellucid, 
with three primary and many smaller nerves, acuminate ; spadix cylindric, 
on longish thick peduncles. P. compressum Torr. Fl. 

In water. Can. to Virg. July, Aug. %-. — Stem 2 — 4 feet long, much com- 

fjressed, almost winged. Leaves 3 — 6 inches long, very narrow. Spadix 6 — 9 
ines long, on short peduncles. Grass-leaved Pondweed. 

8. P. pusillum Linn. : leaves narrow-linear, 3 — 5-nerved, rather obtuse, 
pellucid ; spadix oblong, few-flowered, somewhat interrupted, much shorter 
than the peduncles. 

Crooked Lake, N. Y. Dr. Sartwell. Aug. %. — Stem branching, slender, 
flexuous. Leaves 1 — 2 inches long, very narrow, mostly 5-nerved. Spadix 
about 6-flowered, on a thick peduncle which is about an inch in length. 

Small Pondweed. 

9. P.pauciflorum Pursh.: leaves sessile, narrow-linear, flat ; lower al- 
ternate ; uppermost subverticillate ; spadix capitate, 4 — 6-flowered. P. 
gramineum Mich. 

Ponds and rivers. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss. July, Aug. %.— Stem al- 
most filiform, much branched, compressed. Leaves 2 — 3 inches long, not more 
than half a line broad. Spadix small, on a clavate peduncle about half an 
inch long. Few-jlowered Pondiveed. 

10. P. pcctinatum Linn. : leaves distichous, setaceous, alternate, sheath- 
ing ; stipules scarcely any ; spadix few-flowered, interrupted. P. marinum 
Mich. 

Ponds. Can. to Virg. June. %. — Stem filiform, much branched. Leaves 
very numerous, giving to the plant a pectinated appearance. Spadix inter- 
rupted, on an elongated peduncle. Fennel-leaved Pondweed. 

Subclass IL— GLUMACEALS. 

Flowers destitute of a true perianth, but consisting of imbri- 
cate colorless or herbaceous scales. 

Order CXLVI. CYPERACE.E.— Sedges. 

Flowers often monoecious or dioecious, consisting of imbri- 
cated solitary bracts, (scales.) rarely enclosing other opposite 



388 CYPERACE^. 

bracts at right angles with the first, and called glumes. Perianth 
none, or consisting of hypogynous bristles. Stamens 1 — 12, but 
mostly 3. Style single, 2 — 3-cleft. Fruit an achenium or 
crustaceous nut. Embryo lenticular, within the base of tho 
albumen. — Grass-like herbs, growing in tufts. Culms solid, 
seldom with joints, often 3 -cornered. Leaves with their sheaths 
entire. 

I. Cypere^:. Flowers perfect. Spikelets imbricate in two roics. 
Perigynium none or setaceous. 

1. DULICH1UM. Rich.— Dulichium. 

(From the Greek Svo, two, and Xei^nv, a scab or scale ; in allusion to the two- 
rowed scales. Eat. Man.) 

Spikelets elongated, compressed, many-flowered. Scales 
2-ranked. Bristles 6 — 9, rigid, retrorsely hispid. Stamens 3. 
Style very long, 2-cleft, persistent. Achenium compressed, 
linear-oblong. 

D. spathaceum Pers. Schmnus spathaceus Linn. Cyperus spathaceus 
MuU. 

Swamps and margins of ponds. Throughout the U. S. July, Aug. %. — 
Culm about 18 inches high, round below, obscurely triangular above. Leaves 
linear, fiat, spreading almost horizontally in three "directions. Spikelets 6 — 10- 
fiowered, on a flexuous rachis. Scales rusty-yellow, lanceolate, acute. 

Dulichium. 

2. CYPERUS. Linn— Galingale. 

(From the Greek xv-eipos ; a name supposed to have been given to one of this 
genus.) 

Spikelets 2-ranked, many-flowered. Scales mostly all fertile, 
equal. Stamens 2 or 3, rarely solitary, deciduous. Style 2—3- 
cleft, deciduous. Achenium compressed or triangular. 

* Style '2-cleft. Achenium compressed-lenticular. 

1. C. flavescens Linn. : umbel of 2 — 4 short rays; involucre 3-leaved; 
spikelets linear, 14 — 20-flowered, at the end of the rays, rather obtuse; 
scales obtuse, 1-nerved. 

Wet grounds. N. Y. to Flor. W. to Ken. Aug., Sept. %.— Culm 4— 10 
inches high. Leaves narrow, as long as the culm. Spikelets in fascicles of 3 — 4 
on the rachis, 5 — S hues long, yellowish, sometimes 30-flowered. 

Yellowish Dwarf Galingale. 

2. C. Nuttalii Torr. : rays few, short or nearly sessile, loose ; involucre 
4-leaved, 2 of the leaves very long ; spikelets linear-lanceolate, much com- 
pressed, acute ; stamens 2 ; style 2-cleft. C. ccespitosus Spreng. C. tenuis 
Muhl. 



CYPERACEiE. 389 

Salt marshes. N. Y. to Car. and Louis. Aug., Sept. %. — Culms 5 — 12 
inches high, cespitose, triangular. Leaves nearly as tall as the culm. Spikelets 
very acute, sometimes compound, green and brown. NuitalVs Galingale. 

3. C. diandrus Torr. : umbel of 2 — 5 short rays ; involucre 3-leaved, 
two of the leaves much longer than the umbel; spikelets lance-oblong, 
much-compressed, 14 — 24-flowered ; scales oblong, rather obtuse, 1-nerved ; 
stamens 2 ; style 2-cleft, much exserted. 

var. castaneus Torr.: scales oblong-lanceolate; style scarcely exserted. 
C. castaneus Big. 

Wet grounds. N. Y. to Del. W. to Ohio. Aug. %.— Culms 6—12 inches 
high, often weak and somewhat decumbent, cespitose, obtusely triangular. 
Umbel sometimes without rays. Scales with a light-brown margin, the sides 
yellowish and the keel green ; in the var. of a dark chestnut-color and firmer 
texture. Stamens sometimes 3 in the upper flowers. Diandrous Galingale. 

** Style 3-cleft. Achenium triangular. Inner scales adnate to the racliis. 
f Culm subterete, nodose. 

4. C. lenellus Linn. : culm and leaves setaceous ; spikelet solitary, lance- 
linear, 10 — 12-flowered; involucre mostly 1-leaved. C. minimus Nutt.? 

N. J. and Perm., near Philadelphia. Dr. Cleaver. Culm about 4 inches high, 
bristle-like, triangular. Spikelet half an inch long and a line broad, much com- 
pressed. It may be a distinct species. Delicate Galingale. 

"j-f* Culm triangular. Umbel simple or compound. 

5. C. Michauxianus Schultes: culm acutely triangular; umbel compound, 
the rays short; involucre 5 — 6-leaved, much longer than the umbel; spike- 
lets linear, somewhat terete, 6 — 8-flowered ; scales ovate, rather obtuse. 
C. erythrorhizus Torr. Fl. 

Borders of marshes. N. Y. to Geor. and Louis. Aug., Sept. (T)? — Culm 
about a foot high, reddish near the root. Leaves mostly shorter than the culm. 
Spikelets much crowded, the lower ones compound. Michaux's Galingale. 

6. C. strigosus Linn. : umbel simple or compound ; rays numerous, elon- 
gated ; involucre 5 — 9-leaved, very long ; spikelets 8 — 10-floWered, linear- 
lanceolate, flattened, much crowded, spreading horizontally ; scales oblong- 
lanceolate, nerved, rather acute. 

Wet grounds. Can. to Car. arid Louis. W. to Ohio. Aug.. Sept. %. — 
Culm 2 — 3 feet high, somewhat tumid at the base. Spikes 1 — 2 inches long, 
consisting of 20 — 80 spikelets. Scales loosely imbricate, yellowish on the sides. 
In sterile soils it is much smaller. Tall Galingale. 

7. C. repens Ell. : rhizoma creeping, tuberiferous ; umbel simple. 4 — 6- 
rayed ; involucre 3 — 9-leaved, much longer than the rays; spikelets linear, 
compressed, somewhat spreading, 12 — 20-flowcrcd ; scales oblong, rather 
acute, scarious on the margin. C. phijmatodes Muhl. C. tuberosiis ]' 

Moist grounds. Can. to Flor. and Louis. W. to Miss. Aug. %. — Rkizoma 
creeping extensively, with roundish (rubers at the ends of the branches. Culm 
12 — 18 inches high. Leaves radical, broad, yellowish-green. Scales yellowish, 
at length spreading. Creeping Galingale. 

8. C. filiculmis Vahl: culm triangular, often inclined; umbel simple, of 
1—2 divaricate rays or wanting ; spikelets collected into globose heads, 



390 CYPERACE^E. 

linear-lanceolate, 6 — 10-flowered ; scales loose, ovate, obtuse or emarginate. 
C. mariscoldes Ell. 

Dry soils. N. Y. to Flor. W. to Miss, and Texas. Aug. %. — Culms about a 
foot high, cespitose, often diverging, tuberous at base. Leaves linear, dull-green. 
Spikelets acute. Scales yellowish-green, with a scarious margin. 

Slender-stalked Galingale. 

9. C. Grayi Torr. : culm filiform ; umbel 4— 6-rayed, somewhat erect ; 
heads composed of 5 — 10 spikelets, loose ; spikelets linear-lanceolate, com- 
pressed, 5 — 7-flowered ; scales ovate, rather obtuse when old, loosely im- 
bricate. 

Sandy soils. N. Y. R. I. Mass. N. J. Aug. %.— Culms 8—12 inches high, 
cespitose, tough and rigid. Leaves all radical, setaceous, scarcely half a line 
wide. Involucre setaceous. Spikelets chestnut-colored, slightly convex. Differs 
from the preceding in its very slender culm and leaves, and in its many-rayed 
umbel. Gray's Galingale. 

10. C. dentatus Torr.: rhizoma creeping, tuberiferous : umbel compound, 
of 4 — 7 somewhat erect rays ; involucre 3-leaved, longer than the umbel; 
spikelets 3—6 on each partial ray, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, much com- 
pressed, 6 — 30-fiowered ; scales very acute or mucronate, keeled. C. par- 
vijlorus Muhl. 

Swamps and marshes. N. Y. to Flor. Aug. %. — Rhizoma extensively creep- 
ing. Culm 6 — 12 inches high. Leaves somewhat rigid, pale yellowish -green. 
Scales with the sides reddish brown, the keel green. Toothed Galingale. 

11. C.ivjlexus Muhl. : umbel contracted, 1 — 3-rayed ; involucre 3-leaved, 
very long ; spikelets collected into ovoid heads, oblong-linear, about 8-flow- 
ered; scales cuspidate, squarrose at the tip: stamen 1. C. uncinahcs 
Pursh. 

Banks of streams. Throughout the U. S. N. to lat. 52°. Aug., Sept. (g)? 
— Culms 2 — 3 inches high, densely cespitose. Leaves linear, as long as the 
culm. Umbel often sessile. Spikelets yellowish, in heads of 8 — 16 or more. It 
has a strong and durable odor like that of Trifolium cceruleum. 

Dwarf Odorous Galingale. 

12. C. Schweinitzii Torr.: culm triquetrous, with rough angles ; umbel 
simple, the rays elongated ; spikelets 6 — 8, lanceolate, alternate, approxi- 
mate, 6 — 8-fiowered, with a setaceous bract at the base of each ; scales 
ovate, acuminate, mucronate, keeled. 

Dry sandy shore of Lake Ontario, near Braddock's Bay. W. to St. Peters 
River and Ark. Aug. — Culm 8 — 18 inches high, slender, the upper part rough 
on the angles. Leaves very narrow, shorter than the culm. Spikelets irregu- 
larly arranged, forming a loose oblong head. Scales rather rigid, yellowish. 

Schweinitz's Galingale. 

*** Inner scales herbaceous, free. 

13. C. erythrorhizos Muhl.: umbel compound, many-rayed; involucre 
4 — 5-leaved, very long ; spikes cylindric-oblong, nearly sessile ; spikelets 
very numerous, spreading horizontally, terete-compressed, many-flowered ; 
scales lanceolate, mucronate. C. tenuifoms Ell. 

Wet places. Penn. to Geor. and Louis. (I). — Culm 2 — 3 feet high, obtusely 
triangular, smooth. Leaves shorter than the culm. Spikelets linear, 10 — 18- 
fiowered. Scales chestnut colored, shining. Red-rooted Galingale. 



cyperace^:. 391 



3. MARISCUS. FaM.— Mariscus. 

(From the Celtic mar, a marsh ; in allusion to the place of growth of some 
species.) 

Spikelets few-flowered, clustered in heads. Scales somewhat 
imbricate in two rows ; the lower ones short and empty. 
Stamens sometimes 2. Style trifid. Achenium triquetrous. 

1. M. ovularis Vahl: umbel simple, of 1 — 6 short rays; involucre 3 — 4- 
leaved ; heads globose, compact ; spikelets terete, 2 — 4 flowered, radiated ; 
scales ovate, rather obtuse. Scirpus ovularis Linn. Kyllingia ovularis 
Mich. Cyperus ovularis Torr. 

Sandy soils. N. Y. to Flor. W. to Ark. July, Aug. %. — Rhizoma short and 
tuberous. Culm, 6—18 inches high, triangular, nearly naked. Leaves keeled, 
nearly smooth. Spikelets very numerous, 2 — 4-flowered, usually only one or two 
fertile, short and thick. Egg-shaped Mariscus. 

2. M. retr of r actus Vahl: umbel simple, of numerous elongated rays ; in- 
volucre 3-leaved ; heads obovate, retrorsely imbricate ; spikelets nearly 
terete, subulate, 1-flowered ; two lowest scales very short, the uppermost 
one very narrow and involute. Scirpus retr of r actus Linn. Cyperus rctro- 
fractus Torr. 

Wet grounds. N. Y. to Flor. W. to Ark. July, Aug. %.—Culm 2—3 feet 
high, obtusely triangular. Leaves mostly radical, half as long as the culm. 
Spikelets very numerous, slender, the uppermost ones spreading horizontally, 
the rest bent backwards against the peduncle. Bent-flowered Mariscus. 

4. KYLLINGIA. Linn.— Kyllingia. 
(Named in honor of Peter Kylling, a Danish botanist.) 

Spikelets distinct, disposed in a roundish sessile subimbri- 
cate spike. Scales 2-valved, 1-fiowered. Paleas 2, longer 
than the scales. 

K. monoccphala Linn.: stem filiform, triangular ; involucre 3-leaved ; one 
of the leaves erect, the others horizontal ; head globose, compact ; spikelets 
1-flowered, ovoid, acuminate ; scales ciiiate, nerved. 

Moist grounds. N. J. to Geor. June. %.. — Root creeping, stoloniferous. 
Culm about a foot high. Leaves narrow, shorter than the culm. Head always 
single, mostly inclining to one side. Supposed to be distinct from the foreign 
plant. One-headed Kyllingia. 

II. SciRrK.32. Flowers perfect. Scales mostly Imbricate on all 
sides. Perigynium composed of bristles hairs or scales, sometimes 
wanting. 

5. ELEOCHARIS. Brown.— Spike Rush. 

(From the Greek eXo?, eXsoj, a marsh ; and X a, P w , io delight in ; in allusion to 
the place of growth.) 

Scales imbricate on all sides, or imperfectly bifarious. Bris- 
tles 8 — 12, (rarely wanting.) rigid and persistent, usually rough 



392 cyperace^:. 

or hispid. Style 2 — 3 -cleft, bulbous at the base. Achenium 
lenticular or obtusely triangular. 

* Spike cylindric. Scales rigid, spirally arranged. Style 3-cleft. 

1. E. equiseloides Torr. : culm terete, remotely nodose, papillose; scales 
suborbicular-ovate, very obtuse or slightly pointed; bristles 6, as long as 
the obovate biconvex achenium ; tubercle conic-rostrate, acute. Scirpus 
cquisetoides Ell. 

Bogs and in water. Near Lewiston, Del. S. to Geor. July. %. — Culm 
18 — 24 inches high, slightly roughened with minute papillee. Spike about an 
inch long, rather acute. Scales with a narrow scarious margin. 

Equisetum-like Spike Rush. 

2. E. quadrangulata Brown. : culm acutely and unequally quadrangular, 
three of the sides concave, the other wider and flat ; scales broad-ovate, 
very obtuse ; bristles 6, as long as the obovate striate achenium ; tubercle 
conic, compressed. Scirpus qnadrangulatus Mich. 

Swamps and margins of rivers. Penn. to Car. and Louis. June. %. — 
Rhizoma creeping. Culm 2 — 4 feet high, with purple sheaths at base. Spike 
12 — 16 lines in length. Scales with a scarious margin, dotted with purple. 

Square-stalked Spike Rush. 

** Spike ovoid or oblong. Scales membranaceous, very numerous, irregularly 
imbricated. Style mostly 2-cleft. 

3. E. palustris Brown : culm terete, striate, spongy ; spike oblong-lance- 
olate ; scales somewhat obtuse, the two lowest large and empty ; bristles 
3 — 6, hispid, longer than the lenticular smooth achenium. Scirpus palus- 
tris Linn. 

Marshes and low meadows. Arct. Amer. to Flor. W. to the Pacific Ocean. 
July, Aug. %. — Rhizoma creeping. Culm 1 — 2 feet high, erect, with three 
sheaths at base. Spike 3 — 5 lines long, many-flowered. Scales fuscous in the 
middle. Common Spike Rush. 

4. E. olivacea Torr. : culm filiform, compressed, sulcate, soft ; spike 
ovoid, mostly somewhat obtuse, many-flowered ; scales ovate, obtuse, mem- 
branaceous ; bristles 6 — 8, retrorsely hispid, nearly twice as long as the 
obovoid lenticular achenium. Scirpus intermedins Gray. 

Wet sandy places. Mass. N. Y. and N. J. Aug. %. — Cidms 6 — 8 inches 
long, cespitose, erect or decumbent, often dwarfish and slender. Spikes 3 lines 
long, 20 — 30-ilowered. Achenium smooth, dark olive when ripe. 

Olive-fruited Spike Rush. 

5. E. rostellata Torr. : culm compressed, sulcate ; spike ovoid-lanceolate, 
acute ; scales ovate, obtuse, loose, with a scarious margin ; bristles 4 — 6, 
longer than the biconvex shining achenium; tubercle conic-rostrate. {Torr. 
N. Y. El:) Scirpus rostellatus Torr. Cyp. 

Penn-Yan, Yates County, N. Y. Torr. %.—Culm 12—18 inches high, 
firm and tough, compressed, sulcate. Spike 12 — 15-flowered. Scales light brown. 
Bristles hispid downward. Beaked Spike Rush. 

6. E. intermedia Schultes : culm setaceous, diffuse, compressed, angular 
and sulcate ; spike ovoid-lanceolate, acute ; scales somewhat acute ; bris- 
tles 6, longer than the obovoid compressed achenium ; style 3-cleft ; tubercle 
distinct. Scirpus intermedins Muhl. 



cyperacEjE. 393 

Marshes and swamps. N. Y. and Mass. to Geor. July. 9L. — Culms very 
numerous, slender, diffuse or recurved, prostrate. Scales membranaceous, red- 
dish-brown on the sides. Achenium light brown. Intermediate Spike Rush. 

7. E. obtusa Schultes : culm terete or slightly compressed, spongy ; spike 
globose-ovoid, many-flowered ; scales very obtuse ; bristles 6, longer than 
the obovate lenticular achenium ; tubercle dilated at base. Scirpus capitalus 
Linn. 

Bogs and low meadows. Can. to Flor. W. to Ohio. June, July. %. — • 
Culms 8 — 15 inches high, cespitose, erect. Spike thick and obtuse, 50 — 80- 
flowered. Scales with a green midrib. Obtuse Spike Rush. 

*** Spike ovoid. Scales coriaceous. Bristles 6, rigid. Style 3-cleft. 
Tubercle nearly as large as the achenium. 

8. E. tuberculosa Brown : culm terete, filiform, striate ; spike globose- 
ovoid, somewhat acute ; scales broad-ovate, very obtuse, loosely appressed ; 
bristles 6, longer than the oblong and striate achenium ; tubercle large, 
ovoid, obtuse. Scirpus tuber culosus Mich. 

Sandy swamps. N. Y. and Mass. to Flor. and Louis. Aug. %. — Culm 8 — 12 
inches high, clothed at base with 1 or 2 sheaths. Spike 12 — 16-flowered. Scales 
pale green, or whitish mixed with brown. Large-tubercled Sjnke Rush. 

**** Spike ovoid or elongated. Scales membranaceous. Bristles 1 — 4, 
slender, rarely none. Achenium roundish or triangular. 

9. E. acicularis Brown: culm setaceous, angular; spike ovoid, acute, 
few-flowered ; scales oblong, rather obtuse ; bristles 4, slender, shorter than 
the obovate achenium ; tubercle minute. Scirpus acicularis Linn. S. cap- 
■illaceus Mich. 

Margins of ponds. Hudson's Bay to Flor. June, July. 9].? — Culm 2 — 8 
inches long, cespitose, slender. Spike 3 — 8-flowered. Scales greenish with a 
purple stripe. Capillary Spike Rush. 

10. E. tenuis Schultes: culm filiform, angular, the sides concave; spike 
elliptic, acute at each end; scales ovate, obtuse; bristles 2, 3, or none; 
achenium obovoid-triangular, rugose ; tubercle minute, triangular. Scirpus 
tenuis Willd. 

Swamps and wet meadows. Can. to Car. W. to Ark. July. %. — Culm 
8 — 12 inches long, very slender, with one or two purple sheaths at base. Spike 
when young somewhat obtuse. Scales dark chestnut color, with the margins 
white. Slender Spike Rum. 

11. E . melanocarpa Torr. : culm compressed, sulcate ; spike oblong or 
cylindric-oblong ; scales ovate, obtuse, membranaceous ; bristles 3 — 4, 
slender, mostly as long as the somewhat turbinate and obtusely triangular 
achenium; tubercle broad, triangular, short-acuminate. 

Borders of swamps. N. Y. to Geor. May, June. 9| . — Culm 15 — 18 inches 
high, tough, sulcate. Spikes 4 — G-lines long, thick, niany-llowcred. Bristles 
sometimes very short. Black-fruited Spike Rush. 

***** Spike compressed, often somewhat distichous. Scales membranaceous. 
Bristles slender. Style 3-clcft. Achenium triangular. 

12. E. pignicca Torr.: culm setaceous or aeieular, much compressed and 
sulcate ; spike ovate-compressed, few-flowered ; scales ovate ; bristles G, 

11* 



394 cyperace^e. 

slender, mostly longer than the ovoid acutely triangular achenium ; tubercle 
very minute or almost wanting. Scirpus pusillus Pursh, not of Vahl. 

Salt marshes. N. Y. and N. J. July, Aug. %. — Culm 1 — 2 inches high, 
often destitute of spikes. Spikes 3 — 8-flowered, only 1 or 2 flowers perfect. 
Bristles sometimes wanting. Dwarf Spike Rush. 

13. E. microcarpa, var. Jiliculmis Torr.: culms cespitose, capillary or 
filiform, quadrangular, wiry ; spikes oblong ; bristles nearly as long as the 
obovate-oblong achenium ■ tubercle very minute, closely sessile. 

Wet places in the Pine Barrens of N. J. %. — Culms 3 — i inches high, not 
thicker than a hair. Spike about 2 lines long. Scales dark chestnut color. 

Wiry- stalked Spike Rush. 

6. SCIRPUS. Linn,— Club Rush. 
(An ancient Latin name for the Bulrush, which belongs to this genus.) 

Spikes many-flowered, the scales imbricate on all sides. 
Bristles 3 — 6, rigid, persistent. Style 2 — 3 -cleft, simple at 
base, deciduous. Achenium biconvex or triangular. 

* Spike solitary, terminal. 

1 . S. ccespitosus Linn. : culms cespitose, filiform, terete ; the sheaths with 
rudiments of leaves ; spike ovoid, few-flowered ; the two lowest scales 
bract-like, as long as the spike ; bristles smooth : style 3-cleft ; achenium 
obtusely triangular. 

Wet places. White Hills, N. H. Big. High mountains of Essex county, 
N. Y. Torr. N. to Arct. Amer. W. to the Rocky Mountains. July. %.— 
Culm 2 — 10 inches high, rather rigid, finely striate, with imbricate sheaths at 
base. Spike 4 — 5-flowered, a little compressed. Scales yellowish-brown. 

Scaly-stalked Club Rush. 

2. (S 1 . planifolius Muhl. : culm triangular ; leaves linear, flat, about as 
long as the culm ; spike oblong, compressed ; scales carinate, cuspidate, 
the lowest one longer than the spike ; achenium triangular. 

Wet grounds. N. Y. and Mass. to Del. June. %. — Culms 6 — 12 inches 
long, cespitose, rough on the angles. Leaves subradical, grass-like, rough on 
the margin. Scales yellowish, with a green keel. Bristles 4 — 6, nearly as long 
as the achenium. Flat-leaved Club Rush. 

3. S 1 . subterminalis Torr. : culm floating, sulcate, leafy at the base; 
spike oblong-lanceolate, shorter than the bract at the base ; scales ovate- 
lanceolate ; style 3-cleft ; achenium triangular. 

Slow flowing streams. N. Y. Mass. and N. J. W. to the Rocky Mountains. 
Aug. %. — Culm 3 feet long, growing under water. Leaves long, filiform, 
channelled. Spike emersed, with a narrow bract at base. Bristles 6, rigid, 
nearly as long as the achenium. Floating Club Rush. 

** Culm many-spiked. 
f Spikes lateral. 

4. & debilis Pursh. : culm terete, with a few subulate leaves at base, 
striate ; spikes 3 — 5, ovoid, closely sessile, below the top of the culm ; scales 
broad-ovate, obtuse, mucronulate ; style 2— 3-cleft ; achenium plano-convex, 
broad-obovate. 



cypeuace-e. 395 

Along streams and in ponds. N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. %,— Culms 9 — 18 
inches high, growing in tufts. Spikehls 1 — 6, bursting in a cluster from the 
side of the culm two or three inches from the top. Scales pale geeen. Bristles 
4—6, retrorsely hispid, Weak-stalked Club Rush. 

5. S. triqueter Linn. : culm nearly naked, triangular or slightly winged, 
two of the sides concave ; spikes 1 — 6, ovoid, aggregated and sessile ; 
scales round-ovate, mucronate ; achenium doubly convex, acuminate. 
S. Americanus Pursh. S. nvucronatus Pursh. 

Ponds and marshes. Throughout N. Amer. to the Arctic regions. July, Aug. 
%. — Culm 3—5 feet high, slender, mucronate, very acutely triangular, some- 
times winged. Spikes in a dense cluster usually near the top. Scales rusty 
colored. Bristles 3 — 5, slender, retrorsely" hispid. Used for the bottoms of 
chairs. Chairmaker's Rush. 

6. S. mucronatus Linn. : culm leafy at base, triangular, the sides con- 
cave; spikes 2 — 4, oblong-lanceolate, sessile; scales ovate, mucronate, 
smooth ; anthers acute, (not fringed) ; achenium angular-convex exter- 
nally, mucronate. 

Margins of ponds. Boston, Mass. West Point, N. Y. W. to Mich. ; rare. 
Torr. July. %. — Culm about 2 feet high, with one or two leaves at base which 
are sometimes more than a foot long. Spikes clustered, more elongated and of a 
lighter color than in the preceding. Bristles 6, rather slender, longer than the 
achenium. Mucronate Club Rush. 

7. £. lacustris Linn. : culm terete, attenuate above, leafless ; panicle 
growing from the side of the culm near the top ; spikes ovoid, mostly pe- 
dunculate ; scales ovate, mucronulate, ciliate ; achenium obovate, convex 
on the back. S. acutus Muhl. S. validus Pursh. 

Ponds and swamps. Subarct. Amer. to Flor. W. to the Pacific Ocean. 
June, July. %. — Culm 3 — 8 feet high, round and tapering upwards, terminating 
in a cusp, which projects 1 — 2 inches above the panicle. Spikes in an unequal 
subdivided cymose panicle or umbel. Scales brown, minutely pubescent. 
Bristles 4 — 6, stout, hispid. Tall Club Rush. Bulrush. 

•ff Spikes terminal. 

8. & maritimus Linn. : culm triangular, leafy; corymb clustered, shorter 
than the 3-leaved involucre ; spikes ovoid-oblong, rather obtuse ; scales 
ovate, 3-cleft or 3-toothed, the middle segment subulate and reflexed ; 
style 3-cleft ; achenium broad-obovate, lenticular. S. robust us Pursh. S. 
macrostachyos Muhl. (in part.) 

Salt marshes and ditches. Subarct. Amer. to Flor. July, Aug. %.—Culm 
1 — 4 feet high, thick, smooth, leafy below. Spikes usually forming somewhat 
compound corymbs. Scales chestnut-colored, membranaceous. Bristles 3—4, 
very slender, hispid. A variety of this species occurs in fresh-water marshes, 
and is common in Western N. Y. It has the corymb somewhat compound, the 
spikes ovoid and acute, and the involucre 3 — 5-lobed. Torr. 
1 Marsh Club Rush. 

9. & alrovircns Muhl.: culm triangular, leafy ; cyme compound, pro- 
liferous; involucre 3-leaved; spikes ovoid, acute, densely glomerated in 
heads of 10— 20 ; scales ovate, mucronate, pubescent ; style 3-cleft j ache- 
nium compressed-triangular, sharply acuminate. 

Wet meadows and swamps. Mass. to Perm. W. to Ken. June. Julj 
— Cu/m about 2 feet high, leafy nearly to the top, smooth. Spikes many-dow- 
ered, in an unequal cyme or umbel. Scales dark given, at length becoming 
brownish. Bristles 6, elender, hispid downwards. ' Dark-green Club Rush. 



396 CYPERACE^E. 

10. S. brunneus Muhl. : culm obtusely triangular, leafy ; cyme decom- 
pound ; involucre 3 — 4-leaved ; spikes round-ovoid, clustered in heads of 3 
to 6 or 8 ; scales ovate, obtuse, slightly mucronate ; style 3-cleft ; achenium 
minute, plano-convex, short-acuminate. 

Swamps and margins of ponds. N. Y. to Car. ; rare. July, Aug. %. — Culm 
2 — 3 feet high, obtusely triangular below. Leaves broad, as tall as the cyme. 
Spikes longer than in the preceding. Scales at first yellowish-green, at length 
reddish-brown. Bristles 4 — 6, slender, pubescent. Brown Club Rush. 

11. S. Eriophorum Mich. : culm leafy, obtusely triangular above, nearly 
terete below ; panicle decompound, large, loose, somewhat nodding ; invo- 
lucre many-leaved, very long ; scales lanceolate ; bristles 6, much exserted, 
capillary, tortuous. Trichophorum Cyperinum Pers. Eriophorum Cyperi- 
num Linn. 

Wet grounds. Hudson's Bay to Flor. W. to Ohio and Ken. July, Aug. 
1|_. — Cium 2 — 5 feet high, leafy nearly to the top. Leaves 1 — 2 feet long, fiat 
above, rough on the margin. Panicle usually very large, the spikes distinct and 
pedunculate, or in small clusters at the ends of the rays. Scales with the sides 
brown and the keel green. Bristles at length so much extended as to give the 
whole panicle a woolly appearance. Brown Wool-grass. 

12. S. lineaius Mich. : culm triangular ; panicles terminal and lateral, 
at length nodding; involucre 1 — 2-leaved ; spikes oblong, pedunculate; 
scales ovate, acuminate, somewhat carinate. Trichophorum lineaium Pers. 

Boggy places. N. Y. to Geor. W. to Miss, and Texas. Aug. %. — Culm 
1 — 3 feet high, very leafy, distinctly triangular. Leaves rough on the margin. 
Panicles somewhat umbellate, the terminal one largest, the lateral ones some- 
times wanting. Scales rusty colored. Bristles crisped, somewhat exserted. A 
smaller plant than the preceding. Loose-flowered Wool-grass. 

7. ERIOPHORUM. Linn.— Cotton-Grass. 

(From the Greek epiov, wool, and fzpco, to bear ; the fruit being covered with 
wool-like hairs.) 

Scales of the spike imbricate on all sides. Achenium densely 
invested with long soft woolly or cottony hairs. Stamens 3. 
Style 3-cleft. 

* Spike solitary. 

1. E. alpinum Linn. : culm triangular, somewhat rough, with short sub- 
ulate leaves at the base; spike oblong; scales keeled; hairs 6, crisped. 
E. Hudsonianum Mich. Trichophorum alpinum Pursh. 

Sphagnous swamps, often on mountains. N. H. Ver. Mass. and N. Y. W. 
to Mich. ; June. %. — Culm 8 — 10 inches high, with a few short leaves and 
sheaths at base. Spike somewhat compressed. Scales yellowish-brown. Hairs 
white, very long. Alpine Cotton-grass. 

2. E. vaginatum Linn. : culm terete below, obtusely triangular above, 
somewhat rigid ; sheaths inflated ; spike oblong-ovoid ; scales scarious ; 
hairs straight, dense. E. cespitosum Pursh. 

Swamps, especially on mountains. Arct. Amer. to Virg. July. %. — Culms 
about, a foot, high, cespitose. Leaves longer than the culm, very narrow. Scales 
dark-colored when in fruit. Hairs very nunwrous, white, 2 — 3 times the length 
of the s>;ale. Hare's-tail Cotion-grass. 



cyperace^:. 397 

** Spikes numerous. 

3. E. polystachyum Linn. : culrn nearly terete ; leaves flat, triangular at 
the extremity ; involucre about 2-leaved ; spikes on scabrous peduncles, 
nodding; scales ovate, acute. E. polystachium (3. Mich. E. vulgare 
Pers. 

Bogs and marshes. Can. to Geor. W. to the Rocky Mountains. June. %. 
— Culm 1 — 2 feet high, smooth. Spikes 4 — 12, on long filiform peduncles. 
Scales green, at length brown. Hairs very numerous, long, white with a red- 
dish tinge. Broad-leaved Cotton-grass. 

4. E. Virginicum Linn. : culm nearly terete below, obtusely triangular 
above; leaves flat, very long; involucre 2 — 3-leaved; spikes clustered, 
erect, nearly sessile. 

Swamps and wet meadows. Hudson's Bay to Flor. W. to Miss. July, 
Aug. %. — Culm 2 — 4 feet high, leafy. Peduncles somewhat umbellate. Scales 
with pale sides and a green keel. Hairs very numerous, tawny. 

Rusty Cotton-grass. 

5. E. angustifolium Roth. : culm somewhat triangular, roughish above ; 
leaves triangular, channelled ; involucre mostly 1-leaved ; peduncles smooth, 
nodding ; scales broad-ovate, obtuse. E. tenellum Nuit. 

Wet meadows. Arct. Amer. to Del. June. %. — Culm 12 — 18 inches high, 
leafy. Spikes 4 — 10, ovoid ; 1 or 2 nearly sessile, the others on peduncles. Hairs 
very numerous, long, white and cottony. Narrow-leaved Cotton-grass. 

8. FIMBRISTYLIS. Vahl.— Fimbristylis. 
(From the Latin fimbria, a fringe, and stylus, a style.) 

Scales imbricate on all sides. Bristles none. Style com- 
pressed, 2-cleft, more or less bulbous at the base, wholly de- 
ciduous, mostly ciliate on the margin. 

1. F. spadicea Vahl: culm compressed, nearly naked; leaves semi- 
terete, filiform, channelled ; involucre rigid, 2-leaved ; umbel of few rays, 
simple or compound ; spikes ovoid-oblong ; scales rigid, broad-ovate, ob- 
tuse. Scirpus spadiceus Linn. 

Salt marshes. N. Y. to Flor. W. to Texas. Aug., Sept. %.—Cuhn 1—2 
feet high, compressed above, rigid, smooth. Leaves nearly radical^ rough on 
the margin. Scales chestnut colored when old. Tall broun Fimbristylis. 

2. F. Baldwiniana Torr. : culm somewhat compressed, deeply striate, 
leafy at base ; leaves narrow-linear, striate, serrulate ; involucre subulate ; 
umbel subcompound ; spikes ovoid-lanceolate, acute; scales smootbish, 
ovate, mucronate. Scirpus Baldwintanus Schultcs. 

Moist places. Penn. to the Gulf of Mexico. W. to Miss. July. %l— Culm 
4 — 12 inches high. Leaves about as long as the culm, Umbel .-wall, some of 
the rays divided. Scales with the keel greenish and the sides chestnut brown. 

Bald win's PimbristyKs. 

3. F. ajlindrica Vahl : involucre about 1-leaved, rigid, as long as the 
simple umbel ; spikes cylindric, very obtuse. 

Quaker's Bridge, N. J. Schwcinilz. %. — An obscure species, 

Cylindrical Fimbristylis. 



398 



CYPERACE^S. 



9. ISOLEPIS. Drown.— Isolepis. 
(From the Greek ktoj, equal, and hciris, a scale.) 

Scales imbricate on all sides. Bristles none. Style 3 -cleft, 
simple at the base, or with a minute bulb from which it sepa- 
rates. Achenium triangular, often crowned with the base of 
the style. 

/. capUlaris JR. tf* S. : culm capillary, angular and sulcate, nearly naked; 
leaves setaceous, much shorter than the culm; spikes umbelled, usually 
4, terminal, on short rays, ovoid-oblong; scales somewhat 4-rowed, oblong, 
obtuse. Scirpus capillar is Linn. 

Sandy fields. N. Y. and Mass. to Car. W. to Ohio. Aug., Sept. 0— 
Culms 4 — 8 inches high, densely cespitose. Leaves mostly radical, setaceous. 
Spikes umbelled, somewhat quadrangular. Scales rusty brown with a green 
keel. Hair-like Isolepis. 

10. TRICHELOSTYLIS. LestU.— Trichelosfylis. 

(From the Greek rpi^icjv, hairy, and crvXog, a style ; the style being often 
hairy. Torr. N. Y. Fl.) 

Scales mostly 4 — 8-ranked, keeled. Bristles none. Style 
3 -cleft, more or less bulbous at the base, deciduous below the 
bulb. Achenium triangular. 

T. mucronulata Torr. : culm compressed, ancipital ; involucre 2 — 3- 
leaved, shorter than the compound spreading umbel ; spikes oblong, acute ; 
scales about 4-rowed, ovate-lanceolate, mucronate, with the points some- 
what spreading. Scirpus auiwnnalis Pursh. S. mucronulatus Mich. 

Low grounds. N. Y. and Mass. to Flor. W. to Miss. July, Aug. %. — 
Culms 8 — 12 inches high, cespitose, often spreading or decumbent. Leaves very 
acute. Spikes solitary or 2 — 3 at the extremity of the rays. Scales rusty col- 
ored, keeled. Common Trichelostylis. 

III. Fuirene.5:. Spikelets perfect. Scales imbricate on all sides. 
Achenium with three scales or leaflets often alternating with three bris- 
tles. Stamens 3. Style 3-cleft. 

11. FUIRENA. Rottb.— Fuirena. 
(Named in honor of G. Fuiren ; a Danish botanist.) 

Character same as that above given. 

F. squarrosa Mich. : iculm obtusely triangular, sulcate ; leaves ciliate ; 
sheaths hairy ; spikes 3— 12, clustered, ovoid ; bristles none ; scales cordate 
or ovate, unguiculate. F. squarrosa and Torreyana Beck Bot. 1st Ed. 
F. pumila Spreng. 

Sandy swamps and bogs. N. Y. and Mass. to Geor. and Louis. Aug. 1{-. 
— Culm varying in height from 2 — 18 inches. Leaves smoothish or somewhat 
hairy. Spikes 4—12 inches long, forming an irregular terminal umbel. Scales 
hairy, with a long dender recurved bristle. Squarrosc Fuirena. 



CYPERACE^S. 399 

IV. Hypolytre.e. Flowers perfect. Scales of the spikes imbri- 
cate on all sides, each \-ftowered ; the flowers with a 1 — k-valved {not 
bristle-form) perygynium. 

12. HEMICARPHA. Nees.— Hemicarpha. 

(From the Greek rjjiisvs, half, and Kaptpos, straw ; the flowers having a valve 
only on one side.) 

Spikes ovoid. Scales very numerous, deciduous. Flowers 
with a single valve, which is opposite the scale. Stamen 1. 
Style 2 -cleft. Achenium oblong. 

H. subsquarrosa Nees : culm setaceous, compressed, sulcate ; involucre 
2-leaved, long, unequal ; spikes 2 — 3, ovoid, sessile, lateral ; scales rhombic- 
obovate, with a short mucronate recurved point ; achenium obovate-oblong, 
somewhat compressed. ( Torr. N. Y. Fl.) Scirpus subsquarrosus Muhl. 

Sandy shores. N. Y. to Geor. July. (I)- — Culms about 2 inches high, in 
dense tufts, leafy at base. Leaves setaceous. Spikes sometimes solitary. 
Scales very numerous. Dwarf Hemicarpha. 

V. Glades. Flowers perfect, rarely diclinous. Spikelets 1 — 3- 
flowered. Scales imbricate in a somewhat three or four-rowed order ; 
the lowest empty. Perigynium none. Stamens 2 — 12. Styles 2 — 3- 
cleft. Achenium smooth or irregularly wrinkled. 

13. CLADIUM. Browne.— Twig Rush. 
(From the Greek k\<x5os, a twig ; but the application is not understood.) 

Spikelets 1 — 2-flowered. Scales few, imbricate in a some- 
what trifarious manner ; the lowest empty. Bristles none. 
Stamens mostly 2. Style 2 — 3-cleft. Achenium globose-ovoid. 

C. mariscoides Torr. : culm obscurely triangular ; cymes compound, 
2 — 4-rayed, nearly naked, the rays elongated ; spikelets in heads of 3— -8 
together ; style 3-cleft. Schoznus mariscoides Muhl. 

Bogs and ponds. Can. to Del. July. %. — Culm 2 feet high, nearly smooth. 
Leaves channelled, with a long compressed point, nearly smooth on the margin. 
Scales about 6, brown ; 4 lower ones usually empty. Smooth Twig Rush. 

VI. Hhynchospore^. Flowers perfect or polygamous. Spikelets 
mostly few-flowered. Scales irregularly imbricate, obscurely two- or 
three-rowed. Perigynium of several rough or plumose bristles, rarely 
wanting. Achenium beaked. 

14. RHYNCHOSPORA. VahL— Beak Rush. 
(From the Greek pvyx°s, a beak, and airopa, a seed.) 

Spikelets few-flowered. Scales loosely imbricate ; the lower 
ones smaller and empty. Bristles 6, rarely 10 — 12. Stamens 



400 CYPERACE.E. 

3, rarely 2, 6 or 12. Style 2-cleft. Achenium crustaceous, 
crowned with the persistent base of the style. 

* Achenium smooth, mostly lenticular. 

1 . R. alia Vahl : culm triangular above ; spikelets in corymbose fascicles ; 
bristles usually 10, retrorsely hispid, longer than the ovoid-lenticular ache- 
nium. Schoznus albus Linn. 

Swamps and bogs. Can. to Car. W. to Ohio. July, Aug. %. — Culm 12 — 18 
inches high, smooth. Leaves setaceous, shorter than the culm. Spikelets about 
2-flowered. Scales lanceolate, whitish, when old brownish. 

White Beak Rush. 

2. R. gracilenta Gray : culm and leaves very slender ; clusters of spike- 
lets 2 — 4, small, somewhat crowded, the terminal one nearly sessile ; bristles 
6, longer than the smooth ovoid-lenticular achenium ; tubercle long, sub- 
ulate. 

Sandy grounds. N. Y. and N. J. to N. Car. Culm 1 — 2 feet high, almost 
capillary. Leaves linear, setaceous. Spikelets few-flowered, ovoid. Scales 
ovate, fuscous. Tall Slender Beak Rush. 

3. R. Kneiskernii Carey : culm triangular, slender; spikes numerous, in 
4 — 6 distant clusters ; bristles 5, retrorsely hispid, about as long as the obo- 
vate somewhat stiped achenium; tubercle triangular, compressed, broad 
at the base. {Carey, Sill. Jour. July, 1847.) 

Pine Barrens, N. J. Dr. Kneiskern. Culm 12 — 18 inches high, branching 
from the base. Leaves short and narrow. Spikes small, setaceously bracteate, 
forming small distant clusters throughout the whole length of the culm. It re- 
sembles the preceding, but differs in its achenium and bristles. 

Kneiskern's Beak Rush. 

4. R. glomerata Vahl : culm obtusely triangular ; spikelets ovoid-oblong, 
in corymbose clusters, distant, mostly in pairs ; bristles 6, hispid, as long 
as the obovoid-lenticular achenium; tubercle lanceolate. Schoznus glovi- 
eratus Linn. 

Swamps and bogs. Can. to Flor. July, Aug. %. — Culm 12 — 18 inches 
high, smooth. Leaves flat, shorter than the culm. Scales lanceolate, brownish. 

Clustered Beak Rush. 

5. R. capillacea Torr. : culm triangular, slender ; spikelets 3 — 6, nearly 
terminal ; bristles 6, about twice as long as the oblong-ovate compressed 
achenium ; tubercle lanceolate, rostrate. Schoznus setaceus Muhl. 

Swamps. Can. to Penn. July. %. — CulmS — 12 inches high. Leaves seta- 
ceous ; radical ones short. Spikelets about 1 — 3-fiowered. Scales light brown, 
oblong, mucronate. Capillary Beak Rush. 

6. R. fusca R. <£• & : culm obscurely triangular ; clusters of spikelets 1 — 3 } 
somewhat capitate ; bristles 6, slender, minutely hispid, about twice the 
length of the obovate achenium ; tubercles slender, acute. Schoznus fuscus 
Linn. 

Swamps. Mass. N. Y. and N. J. July, Aug. %.—Culm 8— 12 inches high, 
very slender. Leaves almost filiform ; radical ones elongated. Scales dark- 
brown and shining. Brown Beak Rush. 

7. R. cephalanlha Gray : heads somewhat globose, dense, many-flowered, 



CYPERACEiE. 401 

axillary and terminal, often in pairs ; spikelets oblong-lanceolate ; bristles 
bispid, twice as long as the orbicular-obovate margined achenium. 

Sandy swamps. N. Y. to Flor. and Louis. Aug. %. — Culm obtusely trian- 
gular, stout. Leaves narrow-linear, flat. Scales dark brown, oblong, acute or 
acuminate. Resembles tbe preceding, but has the heads larger and compact. 

Round-headed Beak Rush. 

8. R. macrostachya Torr. : culm triangular ; axillary corymbs simple, 
terminal ones compound ; upper spikelets densely fascicled ; bristles 6, 
hispid upward, twice as long — and the persistent style four times as long — 
as the obovate achenium. 

Ponds. Mass. Culm 2 — 3 feet high, smooth. Leaves 1 — 2 feet long, smooth ; 
the upper scabrous on the margin. Corymbs about 4. Scales fuscous, acute. 
Subsequently referred by Dr. Torrey, with some doubt, to the genus Ceratoschce- 
nus Nees. — Torr. Cyp. Long-headed Beak Rush. 

9. R. comiculata Gray : culm triangular ; corymbs decompound, diffuse ; 
spikelets loosely fasciculate, subulate ; bristles mostly 6 ; achenium obovate, 
pointed with the long persistent style. R. longirostris Ell. Schcenus cor- 
niculatus Lam. 

Wet places. Del. to Flor. W. to Ohio. July. %—Culm 3—6 feet high. 
Leaves 1 — 2 feet long, smooth, rough on the margin. Corymbs subumbellate, 
axillary and terminal. Scales fuscous. Referred by Dr. Torrey to the genus 
Ceratoschcenus Nees. Long-styled Beak Rush. 

** Achenium transversely rugose. 

10. R. cymosa Nutt. : culm acutely triangular ; corymbs somewhat cymose, 
terminal and axillary ; spikelets clustered, ovoid ; bristles 6, shorter than 
the obovate subcompressed achenium : tubercle depressed- conic. Schcenus 
cymosus Willd. 

Moist grounds. N. J. to Flor. and Louis. July. %.—Culm 12—18 inches 
high, slender. Leaves linear, smooth. Spikelets in clusters of 3 — 5 at the end 
of the peduncle. Scales fuscous, ovate ; the lower ones obcordate, mucronate. 

Tufted Beak Rush. 

11. R. Torrey ana Gray : culm slender, somewhat terete ; panicle corym- 
bose, rather loose ; spikelets ovoid, mostly pedicellate : bristles 6, a little more 
than half the length of the oblong-ovate compressed achenium ; tubercle 
compressed-conic. 

Wet grounds. N. J. Torr. July, Aug. %..— Culms 1—3 feet high, cespi- 
pitose. Radical leaves long and rigid ; those of the culm shorter. Scales ovate, 
fuscous. Torreifs Beak Rush. 

15. PSILOCARYA. Torr.— Psilocarya. 

(From the Greek i/"Ao$, naked, and xapva, a nut ; the achenium being desti- 
tute of bristles.) 

Scales imbricate on all sides, membranaceous or chart ac eons. 
all fertile. Perigynium none. Stamens 2. Filaments long and 
persistent. Style 2-cleft, compressed, dilated at base. Ache- 
nium biconvex, crowned with tbe broad persistent tubercle or 
rostrate with the persistent style. 

P. scirpoidcs Torr. : spikes oblong-ovate, many-flowered ; scales lance* 



i 



402 CYPERACE.E. 

ovate, acute, membranaceous ; style long, rostrate, persistent, much dilated 
at the base, and decurrent at the edges of the tumid rugose achenium. 
(Ton: Clip.) 

Borders of a pond near North Providence, R. I. Near Boston and New Bed- 
ford, Mass. T. A. Greene and Dr. H. Little. Culm obtusely triangular, smooth, 
leafy. Leaves 6 — 8 inches long, grassy. Cymes pedunculate, one terminal and 
one from the sheath of each leaf, spreading. Spikes 3 — 4 lines long, 29 — 30- 
flowered. Bristles entirely wanting. Scirpus-like Psilocarpa. 

VII. Sclere.e. Flowers diclinous. Fertile spikelets 1- or rarely 
2-jioivered. Scales fasciculate ; the lower ones empty, often seated in 
a cup or torus. Perigynium of 3 scales, often wanting. Achenium 
nut-like. 

16. SCLERIA. IAnn.— Nut Rush. 
(From the Greek ovcX^oo?, hard ; in allusion to the hard bone-like achenium.) 

Monoecious. Fertile spikelets 1 -flowered ; the sterile seve- 
ral-flowered. Scales 2 — 6. Disk shallow, saucer-like or lobed. 
Perigynium coriaceous or crustaceous, sometimes wanting. 
Aclienium globose or ovoid. 

* With a perigynium. 

1. S. reticularis Mich. : culm erect, rough on the angles below ; fascicles 
lateral and terminal, remote, loose ; achenium globose, reticulated and 
deeply pitted between the lines ; perigynium 3-lobed. 

Sandy swamps. Long Island, N. Y. Torr. S. to Flor. Aug. %.. — Culm 
12 — 15 inches high, triangular. Leaves smooth, flat. Spikelets in pairs. Scales 
smooth; the sterile lanceolate ; the fertile ovate mucronate. 

Reticulated Nut Rush. 

2. S. laxa Torr. : culm weak, somewhat diffuse, nearly smooth ; fasci- 
cles lateral and terminal, remote, on long slender peduncles, loosely flow- 
ered j- scales and bracts smooth ; achenium globose, pitted and marked in a 
somewhat spiral manner with transverse hairy wrinkles ; perigynium 3- 
lobed. S. reticularis Muhl. 

Sandy swamps. N. Y. to Flor. Aug. %. — Culm 12 — 18 inches high, 
acutely triangular. Leaves fiat, smooth. Spikelets in pairs, distant. 

Loose-flowered Nut Rush. 

3. S. iriglomerata Mich. : culm acutely triangular, rough ; leaves broad- 
linear, somewhat hairy ; fascicles lateral and terminal, triglomerate ; bracts 
ciliate ; scales cuspidate ; achenium ovoid-globose, smooth and polished ; 
perigynium annular. 

Swamps and moist grounds. Ver. to Flor. W. to Ark. June, July. 1}.. — 
Culm 3 — 4 feet high, leafy. Leaves 2 — 3 lines wide, rough on the margin, hairy 
beneath. Scales purplish. Achenium large and white. 

Three-clustered Nut Rush. 

4. £. pauciflora Muhl. : culm triangular, slender, smoothish ; leaves nar- 
row-linear, with pubescent sheaths; fascicles lateral and terminal, few- 
flowered, the lateral on long peduncles ; bracts ciliate ; scales smoothish ; 
achenium globose-ovoid, warty ; perigynium of 6 tooth-like processes. 



CYPERACE^E. 403 

Low meadows. N. H. to Car. W. to Ohio. June. %. — Culm 9 — 18 inches 
high, roughish above. Fascicles 2 — 3 ; 2 lateral ones on long slender peduncles. 
Achenium white, rough with elevated points. Few-fiowered Nut Rush. 

** Perigynium none. 

5. S. verticillata MuJil. : culm filiform, triangular and with the leaves 
smooth; fascicles 4 — 6, alternate, sessile, distant; bracts minute, setaceous; 
scales smooth ; achenium globose, mucronate, rugose-verrucose. Hypopo- 
rum verticillalum Nees. 

Wet grounds. N. Y. to Car. Aug. %. — Culm 6 — 12 inches high, very 
slender. Leaves very narrow, shorter than the culm. Fascicles appearing as 
if whorled. Scales purple. Whorled Nut Rush. 

VIII. Carice^:. Flowers diclinous. Scales of the spikes imbri- 
cate on all sides. Achenium entirely enclosed in an urceolate perigy- 
nium, which is often 2-toothed or 2-lobed at the orifice. 

17. CAREX. Linn.— Sedge. 

(Supposed to be derived from the Greek Ketpa), to shear or cut ; in allusion to 
its sharp leaves and stems.) 

Spikes one or several, androgynous, monoecious or rarely dioe- 
cious. Sterile Fl. Stamens 3, rarely 2 or 1. Ferfile Fl. 
Perigynium membranaceous or somewhat coriaceous, 2-toothed, 
emarginate or truncate at the apex. Style single, included. 
Stigmas 2 — 3, elongated, exserted. Achenium lenticular, plano- 
convex or triangular, crowned with the lower portion of the 
style. ( Torr.) 

A. Spike single. 
* Monoecious. Stigmas 2. 

1. C. capitata Linn. : spike capitate or nearly globose, staminate at the 
summit ; perigynium roundish-ovoid, close, compressed, convex-concave, 
smooth, longer than the ovate and somewhat obtuse scale. 

Alpine regions of the White Mountains, N. H. Dr. Robbins.—Cuhn trian- 
gular. Leaves filiform. Capitate Sedge. 
** Dicccious. 
f Stigmas 2. 

2. C. dioica Linn. : spike simple, oblong ; perigynium somewhat erect 
or spreading, oblong-ovoid, nerved, hispid toward the summit on the mar- 
gin. C. Davalltana Dew. 

Swamps. Yates county, N. Y. Dr. Sartwell. 1\.. — Culm 6 — 8 inches high, 
filiform. Leaves setaceous. Scales ovate. Dioecious Sedge. 

f Stigmas 3. 

3. C. scirpoidca Mich.: spike oblong-cylindric, somewhat acute; peri- 
gynium ovoid or oval, subrostrate, pubescent, longer than the ovate some- 
what acute scarious scale. 



404 CYPERACE.E. 

White Mountains, N. H. Oakes. — Culm 4 — 10 inches high, erect. Leaves 
flat and long. Scirpus-like Sedge. 

*** Spike androgynous. 
f Stigmas 2. 

4. C. cxilis Dew. : fertile spike staminate below, ovoid, rather densely 
flowered ; perigynium ovate-lanceolate, convex on both sides, finally 
spreading or recurved, a little longer than the ovate acute scale. 

Lakes and meadows. Mass. N. Y. and N. J. June. % .—Culm 12—20 
inches high, very slender. Leaves setaceous. Spike from half an inch to an 
inch long. Slender Sedge. 

W Stigmas 3. 

5. C. paucifiora Lightf. : spike simple, about 4-flowered ; staminate 
flower subsolitary, terminal ; perigynium lanceolate, terete, reflexed ; scales 
caducous. C. Icitcoglochin Linn. 

Sphagnous swamps. Mass. and N. Y. May, June. %. — Culm 3 — 8 inches 
high. Perigynium large, pale yellow, caducous. Few-flowered Sedge. 

6. C. Fraseri Sims : spike simple, ovoid ; perigynium ovoid-subglobose, 
entire at the point, striate, longer than the oblong scale. C. lagopus Mulil. 

Mountains. Penn. to N. Car. April. %. — Culm about a foot high, sheathed 
at base. Leaves radical, broad, undulate. Fraser's Sedge. 

7. C. polytrichoides Muhl. : spike simple, oblong-linear, few-flowered ; 
perigynium oblong-lanceolate, compressed, triquetrous, obtuse, ernarginate, 
twice as long as the ovate scale. 

Wet grounds. Can. to Penn. ; common. May. %. — Culm a foot high, very 
slender. Leaves subradical, very narrow. Fertile flowers 3 — 8. 

Brittle-stalked Sedge. 

8. C. Willdenovii Schk. : spike simple ; sterile and fertile flowers about 
6 ; perigynium ovoid-oblong, acuminate-rostrate ; scales ovate, acuminate, 
the inferior ones foliaceous and often longer than the spike. 

Shady woods. N. Y. to Car. W. to Ohio. May, June. %.—Culm 8—12 
inches high, slender. Leaves flat, longer than the culm. 

Willdenow's Sedge. 

9. C. Backii Boott : spike simple ; sterile flowers above, about 3, the 
fertile 2 — 4 ; fertile scales foliaceous, the lower one much longer than the 
spike ; perigynium globose-ovoid, acuminated, with a conical smooth beak, 
entire at the point. ( Torr. N. Y. F f l.) C. Willdenovii Gray. 

Arct. Amer. to N. Y. — Culms cespitose. Leaves grass-like, longer than the 
culms. Achenium globose-pyriform, nearly smooth. Back's Sedge. 

B. Spikelets aggregated, androgynous, sessile. Stigmas 2. 

i * Spikelets sterile at the summit. 

10. C. disperma Dew. : spikelets about 3, rather remote, mostly 2-flow- 
ered, somewhat erect, the lowest one bracteate ; perigynium ovate, rather 
obtuse, nerved, plano-convex, smooth, with a scabrous margin, entire at the 
point, twice as long as the ovate obtuse submucronate scale. 

Swamps; often on mountains. N. Eng. and N. Y. W. to Mich. May, 
June. %. — Culm 6 — 12 inches high. Leaves narrow and linear. Spikelets 
2—4. Two-seeded Sedge. 



CYPERACE.E. 405 

11. C. chordorhiza Linn. : spikelets 3 — 5, in an ovoid head ; perigynium 
ovate, acuminate, subrostrate, convex above, equalling the broad- ovate 
acute scale. 

Sphagnous swamps. N. Y. to Mich. May. %. — Culm branching at the 
base, and rooting at the joints. Leaves of the culm short, of the sterile shoots 
longer. Rooting Sedge. 

12. C. cephalophora Muhl. : spikelets collected into an oval head ; peri- 
gynium ovate, scabrous on the margin above, about equal to the ovate sub- 
aristate scale. 

Fields and woods. Can to Car. ; common. May. %. — CulmX — 2 feet high, 
wiry, leafy at base. Whole plant green. Oval-headed Sedge. 

13. C. Muhlenbergii Schk. : spikelets 5 — 7, crowded at the summit of the 
culm, bracteate at the base ; perigynium broad-ovate, compressed, nerved, 
bifid, somewhat diverging, scabrous on the margin, rather shorter than the 
ovate mucronate scale. 

Rocky woods. Mass. and N. Y. to Car. May, June. %. — Culm 1 — 2 feet 
high, thick. Leaves broad-linear. Plant dark green. Muhlenberg's Sedge. 

14. C. siccata Dew.: spikelets 4 — 8, staminate above, often wholly stam- 
inate, ovoid, close, or approximate ; perigynium ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 
compressed, scabrous on the margin, bifid, nerved, nearly equal to the ovate- 
lanceolate scale. 

Sandy plains. Mass. and N. Y. June. 11. — Culm 12 — 18 inches high, slen- 
der, rough. Plant light green, and of a dried appearance. 

Dry-spiked Sedge. 

15. C. rosea Schk. : spikelets 4 — 6, remote, about 9-flowered, the lowest 
one with a setaceous bract exceeding the spike ; perigynium oblong-lance- 
olate, acuminate, diverging and radiate, rough on the margin, twice as long 
as the ovate obtuse scale. 

Moist woods. Mass. N. Y. and Penn. to Ohio; common. May. %. — Culm a. 
foot high. Spikelets mostly about 5, yellowish-green ; lower ones distant. Jt is 
sometimes dwarfish, when it forms the var. radiata of Dewey. Rose Sedge. 

16. C. retrofiexa Muhl. : spikelets about 4, subapproximate, the lower 
ones with a short bract ; perigynium ovate, acutish, 2-toothed, smooth on 
the margin, spreading or reflexed, nearly as long as the ovate acute scale. 

Meadows and pastures. N. S. May. %. — Culm about a foot high, slender. 
Spikelets mostly 4, the two lower ones a little distant, 5 — 8-flowered. 

Retroftexed Sedge. 

17. C. stipata Muhl.: spike compound, oblong; spikelets numerous, 
10 — 15, oblong, aggregated, bracteate; perigynium lanceolate, Bubterete 
and smooth below, spreading, with a long tapering beak which is rough 
on the margin, twice as long as the ovate-lanceolate scale. 

Wet meadows. Throughout the U. S. April. May. 1[.—Culm l—'S feet 
high, thick and succulent, smooth except at the summit. Spike 2 inches long, 
straw-eolor. Beaked Sedge. 

18. C. muricata Linn. : spikelets about 5, ovoid, sessile, approximate, 
bracteate, lower ones sometimes remotish ; perigynium ovate-lanceolate, 
plano-convex, 2-toothed, horizontal, scabrous on the margin, sometimes 
longer than the ovate-lanceolate scale. (Dai\) 

Fields near Boston, Mass. A ret. Amer. Muricate Sedge, 



406 cyperaceje. 

19. C. sparganoides Mulil. : spikelets 6 — 10, ovoid ; the upper approxi- 
mate ; lower somewhat distant, bracteate ; perigynium ovate, compressed, 
acute, diverging, rough on the narrowly winged margin, about twice as 
long as the ovate mucronate scale. 

Swampy grounds. N. Y. and Mass. to Car. W. to Ohio. May. r 2L — Culm 
2 feet or more high, rough on the angles above. Leaves broad-linear, pale- 
green. Bur-reed Sedge. 

20. C. vulpinoidea Mich. : spike oblong, decompound, more or less inter- 
rupted, bracteate ; spikelets glomerate, ovoid, obtuse ; perigynium com- 
pressed, ovate, acuminate, bifid, 3-nerved, diverging, rather shorter than the 
ovate cuspidate scale. C. multifiora Muhl. 

Low grounds. N. Eng. and N. Y. to Car. ; common. May, June. %. — 
Culm l| — 2 feet high, obtusely triangular above, leafy. Spike consisting of 
8 — 10 clusters of spikelets. Fox Sedge. 

21. C. setacea Dew. : spike oblong, decompound, bracteate ; spikelets 
glomerate, ovoid, obtuse ; perigynium ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, com- 
pressed, bifid, somewhat diverging, as long as the ovate-lanceolate awned 
scale. 

Wet meadows. Mass. and N. Y. to Del. June, July. %. — Culm about 2 
feet high, acutely triangular, striate, rough above Resembles the preceding, 
but it has a more compact spike, and the perigynia are narrower and more 
compressed. Setaceous Sedge. 

22. C. bromoides Schk. : spikes 4 — 6, alternate, oblong, erect, uppermost 
one fertile above, the rest pistilliferous or androgynous, with staminate and 
fertile flowers both above and below ; perigynium erect, lanceolate, acumi- 
nate, scabrous, nerved, longer than the lanceolate scale. 

Swampy grounds. Mass. N. Y. and Penn. to Ohio; common. May. %. — . 
Culm 12—18 inches high, slender, rough above. Scales light brown. 

Brome-like Sedge. 

23. C. alopecoidea TucTcerman : spike compound, oblong ; spikelets 8 — 10. 
ovoid, aggregated, staminate above ; perigynium ovate, plano-convex, 
nearly nerveless, about as long as the ovate mucronate scale ; the beak 
acuminate, serrulate-scabrous on the margin. {Ton: N. Y. Fl.~) C. 
cephalophora var. maxima Dew. 

Woods. Penn-Yan, N. Y. %. — Culm 2 — 4 feet high, rough on the angles. 
Spike yellowish-green. Fox-tail Sedge. 

24. C. Sartioellii Dew. : spike compound ; spikelets 12 — 20, ovoid, ses- 
sile, compact, bracteate; lower ones fertde ; upper, often staminate; peri- 
gynium ovate-lanceolate, convex-concave, subulate, somewhat 2-toothed, 
about as long as the ovate acute scale. 

Junius, Seneca County, N. Y. Dr. Sartwell. %. — Culm \\ — 2 feet high, 
somewhat rigid, rough on the angles, leafy below. Leaves flat, linear, shorter 
than the culm. Closely allied to C. disixcha of Europe. 

SartwelVs Sedge. 

25. C. tereliuscula Good. : spike decompound, oblong, dense, at length 
brown ; spikelets ovoid, acute, sessile ; perigynium ovate, acuminate, convex 
and gibbous, ciliate-serrulate on the margin, longer than the ovate acute scale. 

Marshes and bogs. N. Eng. and N. Y. May. %.—Culm 2 feet or mora 
high, rough on the angles, leafy below. Scales brownish. 

Smaller-panicled Sedge. 



cyperace^e. 407 

26. C. decomposita Muhl. : spike decompound and paniculate ; spikelets 
very numerous, ovoid, alternate, at length brown ; perigynium ovate, sessile, 
convex on both sides, acute or short-rostrate, about as long as the ovate 
acuminate scale. 

Swamps. Yates County, N. Y. Dr. Sartwell. W. to Mich. %.~Culm 
2 — 3 feet high, obtusely triangular, leafy. Leaves broad-linear, rough. 

Large-panicled Sedge. 

** Spikelets slaminate at the base. 

27. C. irisperma Dew. : spikelets mostly 3, about 3-flowered. remote, al- 
ternate, sessile, ovoid, uppermost one without a bract ; perigynium oblong, 
acute or short-rostrate, entire at the point, nerved, subscabrous above, some- 
what diverging, longer than the oblong acute whitish scale. 

Marshes and wet woods. N. Eng. and N. Y; June. %. — Culm 1 — 2 feet 
high, triangular, slender and weak, leafy. Leaves very narrow. 

Three-seeded Sedge. 

28. C. Deweyana Schw. : spikelets about 3, sessile, ovoid-lanceolate, alter- 
nate, rather distant, the uppermost with a bract ; perigynium oblong-lance- 
olate, acuminate-rostrate, 2-toothed, slightly scabrous on the margin, rather 
longer than the ovate-lanceolate awned hyaline scale. 

Woods. N. Eng. and N. Y. June. '2|.. — Culm 1 — 4 feet high, weak and 
slender, subprocumbent. Leaves yellowish-green, mostly radical, narrow. 

Dewey's Sedge. 

29. C. stellulata Good.: spikelets 3 — 4, roundish or ovoid, rather remote ; 
perigynium ovate, acuminate, scabrous on the margin, at length spreading 
horizontally, a little longer than the ovate somewhat obtuse scale. C. ster- 
ilis Wllld. 

Wet grounds. Mass. to Car. May. %.. — Culm 8 — 18 inches high, stiff, leafy 
below. Perigynium broad-ovate, almost cordate when mature. 

Star-like Sedge. 

30. C. scirpoides Schk. : spikelets about 4, ovoid, obtuse, approximate, 
sessile, lowest bracteate ; perigynium ovate, cordate, compressed, lanceolate 
or rostrate, scabrous on the margin, diverging or horizontal, longer than the 
ovate-lanceolate acute scale. 

Wet meadows. N. Eng. to Car. May. %. — Culm 6 — 12 inches high, leafy 
at base. Perigynium erect, or spreading horizontally. Perhaps only a variety 
of the preceding. Scirpus-like Sedge. 

31. C. canescens Linn.: spikelets about 6, rather remote, cylindric-ovoid, 
with minute bracts at base ; perigynium broad-ovate, plano-convex, rather 
acute, somewhat rough on the margin, nearly entire at the orifice; about as 
lono- as the scale. C. curia Good. C. sphasrostachT/aDew. 

Wet meadows. Can. N. Eng. and N. Y. May. June. %.—Cxdms about 
2 feet high, clustered, triangular, rough above. Spikelets silvery white when 
mature. Canesceni Sedge* 

32. C. temiijlora WaU.: spikelets 2 — 3, roundish-elliptic, approximate, 
the lowest bracteate at base; perigynium elliptic, obtuse, compressed, erect, 
about as long as the broad-ovate somewhat obtuse scale. 

Sphagnous swamps. Ver. Mass. N. Y. ; rare. June. %.. — Culms cespitose, 
8 — 12 inches long, very slender, often prostrate. Leaves light green, narrow- 
linear, shorter than the culm. Slender-spiked Sedge. 



I 



408 CYPERACEiE. 

33. C. scoparia Schk : spikelets ovoid, sessile, approximate, aggregate, 
lowest bracteate ; perigynium ovate-lanceolate, margined, nerved, smooth, 
bifid, longer than the lanceolate acuminate scale. 

Swamps. Mass. to Car. May. %. — Culm 1 — 2 feet high, triangular, rough 
above. Leaves long and narrow. Fruit tawny when mature, not winged, 
9-nerved. Broom-like Sedge. 

34. C. lagopodioides Schk. : spikelets 8 — 20, cylindric-ovoid, rather 
crowded, alternate and sessile; bract beneath the lowest overtopping the 
culm; perigynium lanceolate, tapering at both ends, nerved, bidentate, with 
a narrow serrulate margin, twice as long as the ovate-lanceolate scale. 

Wet meadows. Mass. to Car. May. %. — Culm 1 — 2 or more feet high, fur- 
rowed. Spikes large, subcylindric when young. Dr. Torrey considers it a 
variety of the preceding. Hare' sfoot-like Sedge. 

35. C. straminea Schk. : spikelets 3 — 15, ovoid, roundish-ovoid or ovoid 
globose ; perigynium ovate or broad-ovate, much compressed, acuminate, 
with a broad-winged ciliolate-scabrous margin, a little longer than the 
lanceolate scale. 

Wet meadows and swamps. N. Eng. to Penn. W. to Oliio. May, June. 
%. — A very variable species, including, according to Dr. Torrey, C. fcenea 
Muhl. C.festucacea,mirabilis, cristata and teneraDew. Straw-colored Sedge. 

C. Spikes several, (rarely solitary,) all androgynous. Stigmas 3. 
* Staminate at the summit. 

36. C. peduncidata Muhl. : spikes about 4, on long peduncles, very 
remote ; perigynium obovoid, triquetrous, entire, a little longer than the 
oblong cuspidate scale. 

Rocky hills. Can. to Penn. ; rare April. %. — Culms 4 — 12 inches high, 
cespitose, slender. Peduncles mostly radical. Peduncled Sedge. 

** Staminate at the base. 

37. C. squarrosa Linn. : spikes 1 — 3, very thick, oblong-cylindric ; peri- 
gynium ovate, subglobose, long-rostrate, smooth, squarrose, 2-toothed at the 
summit, longer than the lanceolate scale. C. typhina Mich. 

Bogs. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. May, June. %_. — Culm 2 feet high, tri- 
angular, rough, leafy. Spike 1 — 2 inches long, and from half to three-fourths 
of an inch in diameter. Squarrose Sedge. 

D. Spikes several : terminal one androgynous ; tlie others fertile. 
Stigmas 3. 

38. C. Buzbaumii Wahl. : spikes about 4, obovoid or oblong, rather re- 
mote ; upper one androgynous and pedunculate ; the rest sessile, with very 
long bracts ; perigynium elliptic, obtuse, rather compressed, slightly 2- 
lobed, shorter than the ovate cuspidate scale. 

Sphagnous swamps. N. Eng. and N. Y. W. to Mich. ; rare. May. %.—Culm 
1—2 feet high, leafy at base. Scales chestnut brown. Buxbaum's Sedge. 

39. C. hirsuta Willd. : spikes 3, oblong, approximate ; upper one pedun- 
culate ; the others nearly sessile and bracteate ; perigynium obovate, obtuse, 
nerved, smooth when mature, entire at the orifice, about as long as the 
ovate acuminate scale. C. Priceps Mich. 



CYPERACE/E. 409 

Woods and meadows. Can. to Geor. W. to Mich. May. %.—Culm 12—18 
inches high, triangular, rough, leafy. Leaves and sheaths retrorssly pubescent. 

Pubescent Sedge. 

40. C. virescens Muhl. : spikes 2 — 4, oblong, erect ; upper one peduncu- 
late, sterile below ; the rest fertile, subsessile and bracteate ; perigynium 
ovoid, obtuse, costate, pubescent, rather longer than the ovate mucronate 
scale. C. costata Schw. 

Dry woods. Can. to Car. May. %. — Culm 1 — 2 feet high, rather slender, 
triangular, leafy. Leaves and sheaths pale green, pubescent. 

Greenish Sedge. 

41. C. gracilima Schw. : spikes mostly 4, distant, slender, pedunculate, 
loosely-flowered, nodding ; uppermost androgynous, fertile above ; the rest 
all fertile ; peryginium oblong, triangular, obtuse, smooth, longer than the 
oblong-mucronate scale. C. digitalis Schw. fy Torr. 

Wet meadows. Mass. to Del. W. to Mich. June. %.—Culm 18 inches high, 
nearly smooth, leafy. Leaves short, pale green. Spikes linear and filiform. 

Slender-nodding Sedge. 

42. C.formosa Dew.: spikes 3 — 4, oblong, thick, distant, on exsert pe- 
duncles, nodding, uppermost one sterile at the base ; perigynium oblong, 
triquetrous, somewhat inflated, rather acute at each end, nearly entire or 
2-lobed at the orifice, twice as long as the ovate acute scale. 

Wet meadows. Mass. and N. Y. ; rare. May. %. — Culm 12 — 18 inches 
high, triangular, smooth. Leaves sometimes pubescent, pale green. 

Showy Sedge. 

43. C. Davisii Schw. fy Torr. : spikes mostly 4, somewhat distant, ob- 
long-cylindric, few-flowered, pedunculate and somewhat nodding ; peri- 
gynium oblong, somewhat inflated, acute, smooth, slightly 2-toothed, about 
as long as the awned scale. C. aristata and Torreyana Dew. 

Wet meadows. Mass. and N. Y. May. %. — Culm 1 — 2 feet high, trian- 
gular, leafy, rough above. Leaves sometimes pubescent, rough on the margin. 

Davis's Sedge. 

E. Spikes several; one of more of the terminal ones entirely stami- 

nate; the rest pistillate. 

* Stigmas 2. 

44. C. rigida Good. : sterile spike mostly solitary, erect ; fertile spikes 
2 — 4, oblong-cylindric, subremote, erect, loose- flowered, on short peduncles; 
perigynium oval, acute at each end, compressed, shortly beaked, smooth, 
about equalling the ovate-oblong acutish scale. C. Washingtoniana Dew. 
C. nigra Schw. <$• Torr. 

Damp grounds. White Mountains, N. H. Mount Marcy, N. Y. July. % 
— Cidm a foot high, subscabrous above. Leaves light green, somewhat rigid. 

Rigid Sedge, 

45. C. acuta Linn. : sterile spikes 1 — 3 ; fertile mostly 3, subpeduncu- 
late, somewhat nodding, cylindric, remote; perigynium oval or oblong, ob- 
tuse, short-rostrate, about as long as the oblong acute scale. C. strict a 
Lam. C. angustata Boott. 

Wet grounds. Can. to Car. W. to Ohio. May. %.— Culm 2 foot high, 
acutely triquetrous. Leaves subglaucous. Scales blackish brown. 

Large Bog Sedge. 

19 



410 CYPERACE.E. 

46. C. cespitosa Linn. : sterile spikes solitary or sometimes 2, cylindric- 
oblong ; fertile mostly 3, cylindric, obtuse, distant, the lower on a short 
exsert peduncle ; perigynium ovoid or oval, somewhat acute, smooth, mostly 
longer than the oblong obluse blackish scale. C. concolor Brown. 

Mountain bogs. Can. to Perm. May. Culm 12 — 18 inches higb, slightly 
rough above. Leaves light green, flat. Fertile scales nearly black. 

Smaller Bog Sedge. 

47. C. aquatilis Wahl.: sterile spikes 1 — 4, erect, oblong; fertile mostly 
3, on short peduncles, cylindric, thick-clavate above, dense-flowered, sub- 
erect, sometimes sterile at the apex ; perigynium elliptic, sublenticular, 
smooth, with the orifice entire and protruded, about equal to the ovate 
acutish scale. 

Marshes and wet places. Mass. and N. Y. June. %. — Culm 20 — 30 inches 
high, triangular, nearly smooth. Leaves smoothish, pale green and glaucous. 

Water Sedge. 

48. C. aurea Nutt. : sterile spike solitary, pedunculate ; fertile spikes 
3 — 4, oblong, loose-flowered, subpendulous, rather approximate, lower ones 
pedunculate; perigynium obovoid or pyriform, obtuse, nerved, entire at the 
orifice, longer than the ovate acute scale. 

Wet rocks. Can. Mass. and N. Y. W to Mich. _ May, June. %—Culm 
4 — 10 inches high, subprocumbent, slender. Perigynium orange-yellow when 
mature. Golden Sedge. 

49. C. criniba Lam. : sterile spikes one or more, lax oblong, sometimes 
with a few fertile flowers ; fertile spikes 4 — 5, dense, distant ; perigynium 
roundish-ovoid, ventricose, slightly rostrate, entire at the orifice, much 
shorter than the oblong scabrous awned scale. C. paleacea Wahl. 

Swamps and meadows. Can. to Geor. June. %. — Culm 2 — 4 feet high, 
triangular, rough. Leaves pale green. Fertile spikes 2 — 3 inches long. 

Fringed Sedge. 

** Stigmas 3. 

j- Perigynium inflated, with a more or less elongated beak. 

50. C. oligospermia Mich. : sterile spike mostly solitary, slender, peduncu- 
late ;_ fertile spikes 1 — 3, ovoid, sessile, distant, bracteate, few-flowered; 
perigynium ovoid, somewhat inflated, acute, nerved, short-rostrate, entire 
at the orifice, smooth, a little longer than the ovate acute scale. C. O'ake- 
siana Dew. 

Borders of lakes. Arct. Amer. N. Eng. and N. Y. June. %.—Culm 1—2 
feet high, triangular, rough above. Leaves linear, light green, at length in- 
volute. Few-fruited Sedge. 

51. C. bullata Schk. : sterile spikes 2—3; fertile mostly 2, oblong-cylin- 
dric, rather loose, exsertly pedunculate and somewhat nodding, distant; 
perigynium globose-ovoid, inflated, erect, smooth, costate, rostrate-acumi- 
nate, twice as long as the lanceolate scale. C. vionile Dew. 

Wet grounds. Mass. N. Y. Penn. and Ohio. May. %..— CvUm U— 1\ feet 
high, triangular, rough above, leafy. Leaves longer than the culm. 

Inflated Sedge. 

52. C. cylindrica Tuckerm. : sterile spikes 2 — 3 ; fertile 1—3, remote, 
cylindric, on short peduncles, erect or inclined ; perigynium ovoid, inflated, 



CYPERACE.E. 411 

conic-rostrate, 2-forked, smooth, about twice as long as the ovate-lanceolate 
scale. C. Ttickermani Dew. 

Wet grounds. Mass. and N. Y. May ? %.—Culm about 2 feet high, tri- 
angular, leafy, rough above. Leaves narrow, longer than the culm. 

Cylindrical Sedge. 

53. C. vesicaria Linn. : sterile spikes about 3, erect, oblong ; fertile 
mostly 2, cylindric, erect, long-bracteate ; perigynium oblong-conic, inflated, 
rostrate, nerved, bicuspidate, nearly twice as long as the oblong-lanceolate 
scale. C. utriculata Boott. 

Meadows. Mass. and N. Y. to Del. W. to Mich. May. Culm 2 feet high, 
shorter than the leaves, acutely triangular. Plant bright green. 

Bladder Sedge. 

54. C. a/mpullacea : sterile spikes 2 — 4, oblong, cylindric, erect ; fertile 
2 — 3, cylindric, erect, close-flowered, short-pedunculate ; perigynium sub- 
globose, inflated, diverging, rostrate, bifurcate, longer than the lanceolate 
scale. 

Marshes. Arct. Amer. to Mass. and N. Y. %.—Culm 2—3 feet high, ob- 
tusely triangular. Leaves light green. Perhaps identical with the preceding. 

Bottle-like Sedge. 

55. C. subidata Mick. : sterile spike solitary, short-pedunculate ; fertile 
spikes mostly 3 — 4, sessile, or with included peduncles, very remote, few- 
flowered, sparingly staminate at the top; perigynium subulate, reflexed, 
bifid at the orifice, longer than the lanceolate scale. C. Collinsii and 
Michauxii Dew. 

Cedar swamps. Long Island, N. Y. and N. J. June. %. — Culm. 1 — 2 feet 
high, almost filiform, leafy. Leaves deep green. Awl-fruited Sedge. 

56. C. folliculata Linn. : sterile spike solitary ; fertile spikes 2 — 4, ovoid, 
distant, few-flowered, pedunculate; peryginium oblong-conic, somewhat in- 
flated, tapering to a long point, horizontal or diverging, twice as long as the 
ovate mucronate scale. C. xanthophysa Wold. 

Swamps. Can. to Flor. July. %. — Culm 2 — 4 feet high, obtusely triangu- 
lar, leafy. Leaves flat, smooth. Plant pale green, at length yellow. 

Tall Yellow Sedge. 

57. C. intumescens Rudge : sterile spike oblong, pedunculate ; fertile 
spikes 1 — 3, roundish, approximate, few-flowered, upper one sessile, lower 
on a short peduncle ; perigynium ovoid, acuminate-rostrate, much inflated, 
diverging, three times as long as the ovate cuspidate scale. C. folliculata 
SrM. 

Wet grounds. N. Y. Mass. Penn. and Ohio. June. %. — Culm 18 inches 
high, triangular, smooth. Leaves broad-linear, rough on the margin. 

Swollen Sedge. 

58. C. lupulina MM. : sterile spike on a short peduncle ; fertile spikes 3, 
ovoid-oblong, approximate ; bracts very long and leafy; perigynium ovoid, 
inflexed, nerved, long-rostrate, bicuspidate, much longer than the ovate or 
lanceolate scale. 

var. 1. polystachya Tory.-, fertile spikes 5, oblong-cylindric ; lowest one 
remote, on a long peduncle. 

var. 2. pedunculata Gray: fertile spikes all pedunculate j the lower long- 
pedunculate, distant; the 3 upper subumbellate. 



412 CYPERACE^l. 

Swamps. Hudson'^ Bay to Geor. June, July. %. — Culm 2 — 3 feet high, 
very thick, triangular, smooth. Leaves longer than the culm, bright green. 
Var. 1. is found in Putnam County, N. Y. ; var. 2. in Chester County, Penn., 
and on the shores of lake Erie. Hop-like Sedge. 

59. C. scabrata Schw.: fertile spikes about 5, rather remote, cylindric, 
nearly erect ; lower ones long-pedunculate ; perigynium ovoid, acuminate- 
rostrate, subventricose, scabrous, orifice oblique and somewhat bifid, longer 
than the ovate-lanceolate ciliate scale. 

Swamps. N. H. to Penn. May. 1\. — Culm 18 inches high, rather slender, 
triangular. Leaves long, very rough, dark green. Rough Sedge. 

60. C. Schweinitzii Dew. : sterile spikes 2, the lower one often pistillate 
at the base ; fertile about 3, oblong-cylindric, somewhat pendulous, loose- 
flowered, rather remote, lowest often long-pedunculate ; perigynium oblong- 
ovoid, inflated, rostrate, bicuspidate, longer than the lanceolate-subulate 
scale. 

Wet sandy soils. N. Eng. N. Y. and N. J. June. — Culm about a foot high, 
rough above, very leafy. Leaves taller than the culm, yellowi?h-green. 

Schweintz's Sedge. 

61. C. retrorsa Schw. : sterile spikes about 3, lower one often fertile at 
the base; fertile about 5, oblong-cylindric, approximate, dense-fiowered, the 
lowest often remote and long-pedunculate ; perigynium ovoid, inflated, re- 
flexed, rostrate, bicuspidate, much longer than the lanceolate scale. 

Near ponds. N. Eng. and N. Y. May. — Culm 2 feet high, slightly rough on 
the edges. Fertile spikes thick. Retrorse Sedge. 

62. C. tentaculata Muhl. : sterile spike solitary ; fertile spikes 2 — 3, ovoid 
or ovoid-cylindric, hracteate, mostly approximate, spreading, the peduncles 
included ; perigynia crowded, ovoid, ventricose, very long-rostrate, 2- 
toothed at the apex, longer than the lanceolate-subulate scale. 

Wet meadows. Can. to Geor. May. %. — Culm 12 — 18 inches high, trian- 
gular, rough on the angles. Leaves longer than the culm, bright green. 

Long-pointed Sedge. 

63. C. rostrata Mich, .-sterile spike short and small ; fertile spikes 2 — 3, 
subglobose or capitate, bracteate ; perigynia crowded, erect, or diverging, 
very long-rostrate, oblong-conic, slightly inflated, twice as long as the ovate- 
oblong acutish scale. 

Can. Mich. Base of the White Mountains, N. H. Oakes. %.—Culm 
8 — 16 inches high, erect, stiff, few-leaved. Plant pale yellow. 

Beaked Sedge. 

64. C. hystericina Willd. : sterile spike solitary ; fertile spikes 2 — 4, thick, 
at length .cernuous, upper one nearly included, the rest on exsert peduncles ; 
perigynium ovoid, inflated, spreading, many-nerved, rostrate, bifid, twice as 
long as the oblong awned scale. 

Wet grounds. Can. to Geor. W. to Ohio. July, Aug. %. — Cuba 1 — 2 feet 
high, triangular, rough above. Leaves long, linear-lanceolate, yellowish-green. 

Porcupine Sedge. 

65. C. Pseudo-Oyperus Linn. : sterile spike solitary, long and slender; 
fertile spikes 2 — 5, cylindric, thick, pendulous, pedunculate, upper ones 
somewhat geminate ; perigynium ovoid-lanceolate, rostrate, reflexed, many- 



CYPERACEJ2. 



413 



nerved, divaricately bifid at the summit, a little longer than the lanceolate 
awned scale. 

Swamps. Can. to Geor. June. %. — Culm 2 — 3 feet high, thick, rough on 
the angles. Leaves broad, rough. Cyperus-like Sedge. 

66. C. longirostris Torr.: sterile spikes mostly 3, short; fertile 2 — 3, 
cylindric, loose, at length pendulous, long-pedunculate, rather distant ; peri- 
gynium globose-ovoid, smooth, with a very long beak, bifid, a little longei 
than the lanceolate scale. 

Shady places. N. Eng. and N. Y. W. to Mich. Gray. June. %.—Culm 
about 2 feet high, slender, nearly smooth. Leaves bright green and shining. 

Long-beaked Sedge. 

67. C. trichocarpa Muhl. : sterile spikes 2 — 4 ; fertile 2 — 3, distant, pe- 
dunculate, erect, oblong-cylindric ; perigynium ovoid-conic, acuminate, bf- 
cuspidate, pubescent, longer than the ovate acuminate scale. 

Swamps. Can. to Geor. June. %.. — Culm 2 feet high, rough above. 
Leaves and sheaths pubescent. Hairy-fruited Sedge. 

68. C. aristata Brown : sterile spikes 2 — 4 ; fertile 2 — 4, distant, close- 
flowered, erect ; perigynium ovoid-oblong, somewhat inflated, smooth, long- 
rostrate, many-nerved, deeply bifid, longer than the oblong awned scale. C. 
mirata Dew. 

Watertown, Jefferson County, N. Y. British Amer. ; rare. Torr. Culm 
2 — 3 feet high, smooth, leafy. Leaves on the under side, and the sheaths pubes- 
cent. Closely allied to the preceding. Awned Sedge. 

ff Perigynium villous, not inflated. 

69. C. umbellala Schk. : cespitose ; sterile spike short, erect ; fertile spikes 
mostly 4, ovoid, few-flowered ; one sessile at the summit of the culm ; the 
rest on radical peduncles, subumbellate ; perigynium ovoid, acuminate, ros- 
trate, subpubescent, as long as the ovate acuminate scale. 

Rocky grounds. N. Eng. IN. Y. and Penn. May. %. — Culms in dense 
tufts, 1 — 6 inches high. Leaves radical, narrow, rough, longer than the culm. 

Umbelled Sedge. 

70. C. varia Muhl. : sterile spike erect, sessile or on a short peduncle ; 
fertile spikes 2 — 3, ovoid, sessile, approximate, few-flowered ; perigynium 
ovoid or subglobose, acuminate-rostrate, bifid, obtusely triangular, hispidly 
pubescent, as long as the ovate acuminate scale. C. Emmonsii and col- 
lecta Dew. 

Dry woods. Hudson's Bay to Geor. April. %. — Culm 8 — 12 inches high, 
erect, filiform. Leaves pale green. Torrey considers it a variety of the next. 

Variable Sedge. 

7.1. C. Pennsylvanica Lam..: sterile spike erect, pedunculate, somewhat 
triangular; fertile spikes 1 — 3, ovoid, subsessilc, subapproximate, few-flow- 
ered; perigynium ovoid-globose, short-rostrate, bifid, about as long as the 
ovate mucronate or acuminate scale. C. margiiiata Muhl. 

Dry woods. Can. to Car. ; common. April. %. — Culms growing in tufts, 
4 — 12 inches high, slender, rough above. Leaves short, somewhat glaucous. 

Pethisylvantan S< 

72. C. Norcc-AxgVuc Schw.i sterile spike on a short peduncle: fertile 
spikes 2 — 3, sessile, ovoid, few-flowered, rather remote ; perigynium oblong- 



414 CYPERACEiE. 

ovoid, subtriquetrous, rostrate, minutely pubescent, longer than the ovate- 
mucronate scale. C. collecta Dev:. 

Mountains. Mass. and N. Y. June. %.. — Culm 6 — 8 inches high, filiform, 
nearly decumbent. Leaves smoofhish, pale green. New England Sedge. 

73. C.filiformisLinn.: sterile spikes 2 — 3; fertile spikes 2 — 3, ovoid- 
oblong, close-flowered, somewhat remote ; perigynium ovoid, short-rostrate, 
bifurcate, about as long as the ovate acute scale. 

Marshes. N. Eng. N. Y. and N. J. W. to Mich. June. %.— Culm 2—3 
feet high, obtusely triangular, rigid. Leaves mostly radical, in a tuft, with a long 
filiform point, pale green. Filiform Sedge. 

74. C. lanuginosa Mich. : sterile spikes 2 ; fertile 2 — 3, ovoid-cylindric, 
remote, erect, nearly sessile ; perigynium ovoid, somewhat triangular, 
woolly, short-rostrate, bicuspidate, about as long as the ovate-lanceolate 
awned glume. C. pellita MuM. 

Wet grounds. Can. to Del. W. to Ohio. May. %.—Culm about 2 feet 
high, nearly round below. Leaves flat, linear-lanceolate, rough on the margin. 

Woolly Sedge. 

75. C vestita Willi. : sterile spikes 1 — 2. cylindric-oblong ; fertile 2, 
ovoid-oblong, sessile, subapproximate, often staminate at the summit ; peri- 
gynium ovoid, triangular, nerved, short-rostrate, pubescent, rather longer 
than the ovate mucronate scale. 

Wet grounds. N. Y. and Mass. to Geo. ; rather rare. May. %. — Culm 
about 2 feet high, acutely triangular, leafy below. Leaves rough. 

Short Woolly Sedge. 

76. C. pubescens Muhl. : sterile spike sessile ; fertile spikes 3, oblong, 
erect, rather loosely flowered, the lowest on a short peduncle ; perigynium 
obovoid-triangular, rostrate, pubescent, nearly entire at the orifice, a little 
longer than the ovate-oblong mucronate scale. 

_ Moist woods. Can. to Del. W. to Ohio. May. %.— Culm 12—18 inches 
high, slender, leafy below. Leaves shorter than the culm, very pubescent. 

Pubescent Sedge. 

77. C. prazcox Jacq. : sterile spike single, erect, subclavate ; fertile spikes 
1 — 3, ovoid, bracteate, approximate, the lower one short-pedunculate ; peri- 
gynium globose-ovoid, triangular, short-rostrate, about as long as the ovate 
mucronate scale. 

Rocky hills. Mass. Dewey. — Culm 2 — 6 inches high, leafy at the base. 

Ea rly Dwarf Sedge. 

•ftt Perigynium smooth, short, not inflated. Spikes dark purple or black. 

78. C. limosa Linn. : sterile spike solitary, pedunculate ; fertile spikes 
1 — 3. ovoid or oblong, pedunculate, somewhat distant, pendulous; peri- 
gynium roundish-elliptic, compressed, very short-rostrate, about as long as 
the oblong or ovate cuspidate scale. C. lenticular is and irrigua Dew. 

Swamps. Arct. Amer. to Del. June. %.. — Culm 9 — 24 inches high, ob- 
tusely triangular, very smooth, leafy below. Leaves flat, narrow, somewhat 
glaucous. Mud Sedge. 

79. C. rariflora Smith : sterile spike single ; fertile spikes about 2, linear, 
loose-flowered, long-pedunculate, nodding ; perigynium ovoid-oblong, trian- 
gular, depressed, as long as the ovate subcircinate (brown) scale. 



CYPERACEJ2. 415 

White Mountains, N. H. Dewey. — Culm 10 inches high, glaucous. 

Few-Jlotvered Mountain Sedge. 

80. C. Gray ana Dew. : sterile spike oblong ; fertile spikes 2 — 3, oblong- 
cylindric, rather loosely flowered ; perigynium ovoid-oblong, subtriangular 
subinflated, obtuse or acutish, entire at the orifice, longer than the oblong 
obtuse scale. 

Sphagnous swamps. N. Y. and N. J. June. %. — Culm 6 — 16 inches high, 
erect, triangular. Leaves about as long as the culm, glaucous. Torrey thinks 
it identical with C. livida Wittd., but according to Dewey it differs in several 
respects. Gray's Sedge. 

•j-j-ff- Spikes green. 

81 . C.flava Linn. : sterile spike on a short peduncle ; fertile spikes 2 — 4, 
ovoid-oblong, rather distant, sometimes androgynous ; perigynia ovoid, 
densely imbricate, bidentate, with a curved and reflexed beak, shorter than 
the ovate-laneeolate scale. 

Wet meadows. Can. to N. Y. June, %. — Cuhn 10 — 20 inches high, ob- 
tusely triangular, leafy. Whole plant yellowish green. 

Large Yellow Sedge. 

82. C. QZderi Efirh. : sterile spike on a short peduncle ; fertile spikes 2 — 4, 
ovoid-oblong, nearly sessile, densely flowered ; perigynium ovoid-globose, 
horizontal, with a subulate beak, a little longer than the ovate scale. 

Rocky banks. Hudson's Bay to N. J. June. %. — Culm 3 — 12 inches high, 
obtusely triangular, leafy. Resembles C.flava, but differs in having the spikes 
more densely flowered and the perigynium much smaller. GEder's Sedge. 

83. C. palescens Linn. : sterile spike solitary, on a short peduncle ; fertile 
spikes 2 — 3, ovoid-cylindric, on exserted peduncles, densely flowered, at 
length somewhat nodding ; perigynium obovoid-oblong, obtuse, smooth, 
about as long as the ovate scale. 

Wet grounds. Mass. and N. Y. May. %. — Culm a foot high, erect, slender, 
and with the leaves light green and slightly pubescent. Pale Sedge. 

84. C. Torreyi Tuckerman : sterile spike solitary, oblong, on a short pe- 
duncle ; fertile spikes, 2 — 3, short, subsessile, erect ; perigynium obovoid, 
obtuse, smooth, somewhat triangular, entire at the orifice, subrostrate, a 
little longer than the acute scale. 

N. Y. Tuclcerman. — Culm 12 — 18 inches high, erect, triangular. Plant pale 
green and pubescent. Torrey's St . 

85. C. striata Mich.: sterile spikes 1 — 2; fertile mostly solitary, rarely 2 
and distant, cylindric-oblong, puncticulate, erect, loose ; perigynium oblong- 
ovoid, subtriangular, nerved, rough-puncticulate, erect, with an oblique 
conical beak, rather longer than the ovate acutish scale. ( . 

Dew. 

Swamps. Mass. and N. Y. May. %. — Culm 12 — IS inches high, triangular, 
roughish. Leaves linear-lanceolate, dark green. Stria 

86. C. granular is Mi/ hi. : sterile spike sessile or short-pedunculate : fertile 
spikes mostly 3, oblong-cylindric, remote, dense, the two lowest pedui 
perigynium globose-ovoid, nerved, entire at the orifice, with a very short 
recurved beak, twice as long as the ovate acuminate scale. 



416 CYPEHACE^S. 

Wet grounds. Can. to Del. W. to Ohio. May. %. — Culm a foot high, 
erect or somewhat decumbent. Leaves subglaucous. Round-fruiied Sedge. 

87. C. laxiflora, Lara. : sterile spike solitary, subsessile ; fertile spikes 
mostly 3. rather loose, remote, pedunculate, erect ; perigynium ovoid-oblong, 
ventricose, obtuse, somewhat shining, longer than the ovate cuspidate 
scale. 

Moist woods. Can. to Geor. May. %. — Culm 12 — 18 inches high, erect, 
smooth. Leaves deep green, longer than the culm. Loose-flowered Sedge. 

88. C. conoidea Schk. : sterile spike pedunculate ; fertile spikes 2 — 3, ob- 
long, remote, rather loose, uppermost sessile, the lower on a long peduncle ; 
perigynium oblong-conic, obtuse, smooth, nerved, subdiverging, entire at the 
orifice, as long as the ovate subulate scale. C. granular aides Solum. 

Moist woods. Can. to Car. May. — Culm 6 — 12 inches high, angles sca- 
brous. Leaves shorter than the culm, bright green. Conical- fruited Sedge. 

89. C. tetanica Scale. : sterile spike long-pedunculate ;. fertile spikes 2 — 3, 
oblong-cylindric. loose, the lowest on a long peduncle; perigynium obovoid, 
smooth, nerved, recurved and entire at the apex, shorter than the ovate 
acute or mucronate scale. 

Wet meadows. Can. to Car. ; rare. May. %. — Culm 6 — 10 inches high, 
slender, erect. Leaves linear-lanceolate, about as long as the culm, light green. 

Crooked-necked Sedge. 

90. C. oligocarpa Seal:. : sterile spike solitary, pedunculate ; fertile spikes 
2 — 3, erect, 3 — 4-fiowered, on exserted peduncles ; perigynium roundish- 
triangular, short-rostrate, longer than the ovate mucronate scale. 

Rocky w _ oods. Hudson's Bay to Perm. W. to Ken. May. %. — Culm 
6 — 12 inches high, erect. Leaves longer than the culm, dark green. C. Hitch- 
cockiana Dew. is a taller variety, with the culm and leaves minutely pubescent. 
Ton: Few-fruited Sedge. 

91. C. digitalis Willd.: sterile spike solitary ; fertile spikes mostly 3, 
few-flowered and loose, remote, slender, on long and somewhat cernuous 
peduncles ; perigynium oblong, triangular, nerved, smooth, short-rostrate, 
entire at the orifice, longer than the ovate mucronate scale. C. retrocurva 
Dew. ? 

Rocky woods. Mass. and N. Y. : rare. May. %. — Culm 6 — 15 inches 
high, slender, sharply triangular. Leaves mostly narrow, (sometimes very 
wide.) light green and subglaucous. Slender Wood Sedge. 

92. C. anceps Muhl. : sterile spike solitary, pedunculate ; fertile spikes 
mostly 3, remote, subcylindric, loosely flowered, lower ones pedunculate ; 
perigynium oval, triangular, acute, striate, recurved at the apex, nearly en- 
tire at the orifice, about as long as the ovate cuspidate scale. C. planta- 
ginea Muhl. 

Woods. Can. to Car. 3Iay. %.. — Culm 9 — 18 inches high, somewhat 2- 
edged above. Leaves very variable : the radical ones sometimes nearly an inch 
wide ; those of the culm much narrower. Two-edged Sedge. 

93. C. blanda Dew. : sterile spike solitary, triangular ; fertile spikes 2 — 4, 
oblong-cylindric, sparse-flowered, the lowest on a long 2-edged peduncle ; 
perigynium ovoid, somewhat triangular, nerved, recurved and entire at the 
apex, a little longer than the ovate mucronate scale. C. conoidea- Muhl. 



CYPERACE^E. 417 

Dry woods. Mass. to Perm. ; common. May. %. — Culm 6 — 12 inches 
high, triangular, leafy near the base. Leaves as long as the stem, pale green 
and somewhat glaucous. Resembles the preceding. Pale Sedge. 

94. C. Cratoei Dew.: sterile spike single, oblong ; fertile 2 — 3, oblong- 
cylindric. distant, erect, rather closely flowered, the lowest on a longish 
peduncle ; perigynium ovoid-oblong, with a short beak, slightly nerved, 
entire at the orifice, twice as long as the ovate scale. ( Torr. N. Y. Fl.) 

Banks of Black River, near Watertown, N. Y. Dr. Crawe. Culm 4 — 8 
inches high, erect, leafy. Leaves smooth, as long as the culm, light green. 

Crawe's Sedge. 

95. C. plantaginea Lam. : sterile spike solitary, pedunculate ; fertile 
spikes 3 — 4, arising from included or exserted peduncles ; the lower ones 
with subulate bracts, loose-flowered ; perigynium oblong, triangular-ellip- 
tic or cuneiform, acute at each end, recurved at the apex, longer than the 
ovate cuspidate scale. C. latifolia Schk. 

Shady woods. Mass. N. Y. and Penn. April, May. %.— Culm 8— 20 inches 
high, erect, with purplish-brown sheaths. Leaves radical, broad, strongly 3- 
nerved. Plantain-like Sedge. 

96. C. Careyana Torr. : sterile spike solitary ; fertile spike 2 — 3, oblong, 
few-flowered, loose, lower ones on exserted peduncles ; perigynium ovoid, 
triangular, smooth, nerved, acuminate, tapering at base, entire at the 
orifice, twice as long as the ovate mucronate scale. 

Shady woods. N. Y. and Ohio. May. %. — Culm 1 — 2 feet high, erect, 
leafy near the base. Leaves linear-lanceolate, strongly nerved, dark green. 
Closely allied to the preceding. Carey's Sedge. 

97. C. ebumea Bnott: sterile spike solitary; fertile spikes 2 — 3, erect, 
3 — 6-flowered, ovoid, with white leafless sheaths and the upper higher than 
the sterile spike; perigynium obovoid, triangular, short- rostrate, shining, 
twice as long as the white ovate hyaline scale. C. alba Dew. 

Rocky banks. N. H. Ver. and N. Y. May. %.—Culms 4—12 inches high, 
densely cespilose, erect, setaceous, naked. Leaves in a radical tuft, shorter than 
the culm, setaceous. Bristly White Sedge. 

98. C. flezilis Rudge : sterile spike solitary, oblong, pedunculate ; fer- 
tile spikes 2 — 4, oblong-cylindric, on nodding naked peduncles ; perigy- 
nium ovoid, rostrate, bidentate, about as long as the ovate ciliolate scale. 
C. blepharoplwra Gray. 

Moist shady places. N. Y. June. %.— Culm 12 — 18 inches high, erect, 
striate. Leaves narrow, short, pale green, and with the bracts ciliate. 

Fringt d Sedge. 

99. C. dcbilis Mich.: sterile spike solitary, pedunculate; fertile spikes 
3 — 4, on long nodding peduncles, filiform, remote, loose-flowered : peri- 
gynium oblong, subtriangular, alternate, rostrate, bifid, twice as lone as 
the ovate-lanceolate scale. C.Jlexuosa MM. 

Wet meadows. Can. to Geor. .bine. 'l[. — Culm 1 — 2 feet high, weak and 
slender, sometimes procumbent, leafy. Leaves narrow. Weak Sedge. 

100. C. arctata Bnott: sterile spike cylindric; fertile spikes 3— I. re- 
mote, on long nodding peduncles, slender, loose-flowered ; perigynium 
ovoid-elliptic, triangular, nerved, beaked, bifid at the orifice, rather longer 
than the ovate membranaceous mucronate scale. C. sylvatiCQ Dae. 

18* 



418 GRAMINACE^. 

Moist woods. Can. and N. Y. ; common. May. %. — Culm 9 — 18 inches 
high, slender, leafy. Leaves narrow, shorter than the culm, pale green. 

Narrow Sedge. 

101. C. millacea Muhl. : sterile spike solitary, pedunculate ; fertile spikes 
3, slender, cylindric, on filiform nodding peduncles ; perigynium ovoid, tri- 
angular, nerveless, slightly rostrate, entire at the orifice, as long as the 
ovate-lanceolate scale. 

Wet grounds. Can. to Geor. June. %. — Culm 1 — 2 feet high, slender, 
leafy below. Leaves narrow, about as long as the culm, yellowish-green._ 

Millet-like Sedge. 

102. C. lacmtris Willd. : sterile spikes 2 — 4 ; fertile 2 — 3, erect, oblong- 
cylindric, short-pedunculate ; perigynium oblong, many-nerved, subrostrate, 
smooth, bifurcate, somewhat longer than the oblong mucronate scale. 
C. riparia Muhl. 

Marshes. Can. to Car. June. %.. — Culm 3 — 5 feet high, stout, acutely tri- 
angular, rough above, leafy. Leaves long, somewhat glaucous, green. 

Lake Sedge. 

103. C. capillaris Linn. : sterile spike single, small; fertile spikes 2 — 3, 
ovoid-oblong, about 6-flowered, loose, on long and recurved peduncles ; 
perigynium oval, short-rostrate, oblong, oblique, longer than the ovate-ob- 
long obtuse scale. 

Alpine regions of the White Mountains, N. H. Br. Robbins. Culms 2 — 7 
inches high, in tufts, leafy at base. Leaves long and narrow, pale green. 

Capillary Sedge. 

104. C. panicea Linn.: sterile spike single; fertile spikes 2 — 3, loose- 
flowered, distant, the lowest long-pedunculate ; perigynium subglobose, 
obtuse, entire at the mouth, a little larger than the ovate acute scale. 

Near Boston, Mass. Dewey. Culm a foot high, triangular, leafy at base. 
Leaves shorter than the culm, light green. Farinaceous Sedge. 

105. C. binervis Smith : sterile spike single ; fertile spikes 3, oblong-cy- 
lindric, somewhat dense-flowered ; perigynium round-ovoid, short-rostrate, 
bicuspidate. smooth, 2-nerved, twice as long as the ovate subacute glume. 

Near Boston, Mass. Dewey. Culm a foot or more high, triangular, leafy 
near the base, pale green. Two-nerved Sedge. 

106. C. Greenland Deiv. : sterile spikes 1 — 2, erect; fertile 2 — 3, oblong, 
bracteate, pedunculate ; perigynium ovoid-lanceolate, triangular, nerved, 
rostrate, bifurcate, about as long as the ovate cuspidate scale. 

Near Boston, Mass. ; rare. Dewey. Culm 1 — 2 feet high, scabrous above, 
leafy towards the base, light green. Greene's Sedge. 

Order CXLVII. GRAMINACE^E.— Grasses. 

Flowers consisting of imbricated bracts ; of which the outer 
(usually 2) are called glumes, the two inner immediately enclos- 
ing the stamens, palece, and the 2 or 3 innermost at the base of 
the ovary (sometimes wanting), scales. Stamens 1 — 8 or more, 
but usually 3 ; anthers versatile. Ovary simple ; styles 2 or 3, 
rarely united into 1 ; stigmas feathery or hairy. Pericarp mem- 



GRAMINACEJE. 419 

branous ; albumen farinaceous. Stem (culm) cylindric, usually 
hollow and closed at the joints, sometimes solid. Leaves nar- 
row and undivided, alternate, with a split sheath, and a mem- 
branous expansion (ligule) at the junction of the stalk and blade. 
Flowers green, in small spikelets, arranged in a spiked racemed 
or panicled manner. 

I. ORYZEJ2. Spikelets either one-flowered, with the glumes mostly 
abortive, or 2 — 2>-flowered, one or both of the lower flowers with a single 
palea and neutral, the terminal one fertile. Palea somewhat coriaceous. 
Stamens 1 — 6. 

1. LEERSIA, Swartz.-- White Grass. 
(Named in honor of J. D. Leers, a German botanist.) 

Spikelets 1 -flowered, compressed. Glumes none. Palese 2, 
compressed-carinate, awnless ; lower one much broader. Sta- 
mens 3 — 6, rarely solitary. — Panicle simple or branched. 

1. L. Viginica Willd. : panicle simple, the lower branches spreading ; 
flowers appressed, monandrous, sparingly ciliate on the keel. 

Wet woods. Can. to Car. W. to Ohio. Aug. 71. — Culm 2 — 4 feet high, 
slender, branched, geniculate, erect or decumbent. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 
rough. Panicle terminal, at length much exserted ; branches few and solitary. 

Virginian White-grass. 

2. L. oryzoides Swartz : panicle branched, diffuse, often sheathed at base ; 
spikelets rather spreading ; flowers triandrous ; paleae strongly ciliate on the 
keel. 

Ditches and swamps. Throughout the U. S. Aug. Sept. 1} . — Root creep- 
ing. Culm 3 — 5 feet high, geniculate, rough. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, 
very rough, with hooked prickles. Panicle with many widely spreading and 
flexuous branches. A worthless grass. Cut-grass. 

2. ZIZANIA. Limi.— Wild Rice. 
(A Greek name, supposed to have been originally applied to Lolimn perenne.) 
Monoecious. Spikelets one-flowered. Sterile. Fl. Glumes 
none, or only rudimentary. Palese 2, herbaceous, concave, 
nearly equal, awnless. Stamens G. Perfect. Fl. Glumes none. 
Palete 2, herbaceous ; lower one longer, oblong, keeled, termi- 
nating in a straight awn. Styles 2, short. — Panicle large, ter- 
minal. 

1. Z. aquatica Linn.: panicle pyramidal; lower branches spreading, 
sterile; upper branches nearly erect, fertile ; spikelets on clavate pedicels j 
awns long; caryopsis slender, linear. Z. riant losa Mich. 

Swamps and overflowed banks. Can. to Flor, YT. to Miss. Aug. °4.— 
Culm A — 8 feet, high, stout, terete, smooth. Leaves very long, broad-linear. 
Panicle terminal, u foot or more long, with verticillate branches. 

Wild Rice. Waur Oats. 



420 GRAMINACEiE. 

2. Z. miliacea Mick. : panicle effuse, pyramidal ; sterile and fertile flowers 
intermixed; style 1 ; paleae with short awns ; caryopsis ovate, smooth. 

Swamps, &c. Perm, to Car. W. to Ark. Aug. %. — Culm erect, 6 — 10 
feet high. Leaves very long, narrow, glaucous. Panicle terminal, large. 

Millet-like Zizania. 

II. Phalare^. Spikelets perfect, polygamous or rarely monoe- 
cious; either 1-flowered, with or without a rudimentary stipe-like 
flower ; or 2-flowered, the flowers perfect or sterile ; or 2 — 3-flowered, 
the terminal flowers perfect, the rest imperfect. Glumes mostly equal. 
PalecB often shining and indurated in fruit. 

3. CRYPSIS. Ait.— Crypsis. 

(From the Greek Kpv^pis, concealment; the flowers being hidden in the sheath 
of the leaf.) 

Glumes 2, compressed, unequal. Paleae 2, unequal, longer 
than the glumes. Stamens 2 — 3. Caryopsis loose, covered by 
the paleae. — Panicle spike-like, oblong. 

C. Virgiyiica Nutt. : culm procumbent and geniculate ; leaves at length 
involute, rigid, pungent ; spike oblong-cylindric, thick and lobed. Agros- 
tis Virginica Willd. 

Sandy fields, near Philadelphia. Aug. — Oct. ®. — Cidm 6 — 12 inches long, 
branched from the base. Leaves short, filiform, nearly smooth and somewhat 
glaucous. Spikes closely sheathed, axillary and terminal. Virginian Crypsis. 

4. ALOPECURUS. Linn.— Fox-tail Grass. 

(From the Greek aAco7nj£, a fox, and ovpa, a tail ; in allusion to the form of 
the spike.) 

Spikelets 1 -flowered. Glumes 2, boat-shaped and keeled, 
awnless, nearly equal, united at base. Lower palea membra- 
naceous, compressed, with the margins united below, awned on 
the back below the middle ; upper palea wanting. Styles often 
connate at the base. — Panicle spiked, cylindric, terminal. 

1. A. pratensis Linn.: culm erect, smooth; spike cylindric, obtuse; 
glumes ciliate, connate below the middle, as long as the palea. 

Fields and pastures. N. S. ; rare. May — Aug. %. — Culm simple, 2 — 4 feet 
high. Leaves flat, smooth. Spike 1J inches long. Introduced from Europe. 

Common Fox-tail- grass. 

2. A. geniculatus Linn. : culm ascending, geniculate at base ; spike 
cylindric, obtuse ; glumes cuneate at base, obtuse, hairy on the back and 
margin ; awn twice as long as the flower. 

var. aristulatus Torr.: awn scarcely exserted. A. aristulalus Mich. 

Wet meadows. Arct. Amer. to N. Y. W. to Ohio ; rare. June. %. — Culm 
12 — 18 inches high, knee-jointed and rooting below, terete, smooth. Leaves 
linear-lanceolate, very acute. Spike nearly 2 inches long. 

Water Fox-tail-grass. 



GRAMINACEiS. 421 



5. PHLEUM. Linn— Cat-tail Grass. 

(An ancient. Greek name ; supposed however to have been originally applied 
to a different plant.; 

Glumes 2, much longer than the palese, distinct, equal, boat- 
shaped, beaked or mucronate. Palese 2, included in the glumes, 
awnless, truncate. — Panicle spiked, dense, cylindric. 

P. pralense Linn. : culm erect ; spike cylindric ; glumes truncate, mucro- 
nate, with a ciliate keel ; awn shorter than the glume. 

Fields. N. S. June — Aug. %. — Culm 2 — 3 feet high, simple, smooth. 
Leaves flat, smooth and glaucous. Spike long, cylindric, green. Introduced 
from Europe. Timothy. Herd's- grass. 

6. PHALARIS Linn. — Canary Grass. 
(From the Greek (paXos, shining ; in allusion to the smooth and polished paleas.) 
Spikelets 3 -flowered ; the two inferior flowers scale-like and 
minute ; upper flowers perfect. Glumes 2, nearly equal, mem- 
branaceous, gibbous on the back, keeled, awnless. Paleae 2, 
coriaceous, shorter than the glumes, awnless ; upper one sur- 
rounded by the lower. — Panicle dense and spike-like. 

1. P. arundinacea Linn.: panicle ovoid, spiked; glumes boat-shaped, 
serrulate ; paleae unequal ; abortive flowers hairy. Calamagrostis colorata 
Nuit. 

Swamps. Can. to Car. July, Aug. %. — Culm 2 — 5 feet high, erect, a little 
branching. Leaves deep green, lanceolate. Panicle 2 — 4 inches long, at length 
a little spreading. The Ribbon-grass, sometimes cultivated in gardens, is a 
variety of this species. Reed Canary-grass. 

2. P. Canadensis Linn. : panicle spike-like, oval ; glumes boat-shaped, 
entire at the apex ; abortive flowers smooth. 

In pastures and wet places, N. Y. July. (Tj. — Culm a foot and a half high, 
simple. Leaves broad-linear, pale green. Glumes twice the length of the palese, 
yellowish-green. Introduced from Europe. Coynmon Canary-grass. 

7. HOLCUS. Linn.— Soft Grass. 

(From the Greek 6\kos, derived from eAk-co, to extract ; because of its supposed 
virtue in drawing out thorns from the flesh.) 

Spikelets 2-flowered, polygamous. Glumes herbaceous, 
somewhat boat-shaped, mucronate. Lower flower perfect, awn- 
less ; upper one staminate or neutral, pedicillate ; the lower 
palea awned on the back. — Panicle more or less contracted. 

H. la.nalus Linn.: panicle oblong, rather contracted ; flowers shorter than 
the glumes, the upper one with a recurved awn. 

Wet meadows. N. Y. Mass. and IVnn. W. to Mich. July. %.— Vhnt 
covered with a soft whitish pubescence. Root fibrous. Culm 18 inches high-, 
Leaves 2 — 5 inches long. flat. Panicle somewhat douse. Glumes pubescent, 
whitish or tinged with purple. A grass of little, or no value. Introduced from 
Europe. Meadow So/i-grass. White Timothy. 



422 GRAMINACE^E. 

III. Panice.3S. Spikelets 2-jlowered; the lower flower imperfect, 
usually neutral, rarely staminate. Glumes of a thinner texture than 
the paleaz ; the lower one often (rarely both) abortive. Palece more or 
less coriaceous, mostly awnless ; the lower one concave. 

8. PASPALU3I. Linn.— Paspalum. 

(From the Greek TracnraAo?, millet ; on account of the resemblance of its grain.) 
Spikelets 2 -flowered. Glume single. Lower flower neutral, 
of a single palea, membranaceous, awnless, as long as the glume. 
Perfect flowers with 2 coriaceous awnless paleae ; the lower 
concave and embracing the upper. Stamens 3. — Flowers in 
unilateral spikes. 

1. P. setaceum Mich,: culm erect or decumbent, slender; leaves and 
sheaths hairy ; spikes mostly 2, the one on a long, the other on a short pe- 
duncle from the same sheath ; spikelets in 2 rows. P. pubescens Muhl. 

Sandy fields. N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. %. — Culm prostrate or erect, 1 — 2 
feet high. Leaves narrow, mostly very hairy and ciliate on the margin. Ter- 
minal spike on a peduncle which is 2 — 6 inches long. Hairy Paspalum. 

2. P. ciliati folium Mich. : culm decumbent ; leaves hairy and ciliate ; 
sheaths hairy ; spikes 1 — 2, rather lax ; spikelets indistinctly 3-rowed. P. 
cilia turn Pursh. 

Sandy fields. Mass. to Car. Sept. %. — Culm 18 inches long, slender and 
simple. Spike mostly solitary, terminal. Fringed Paspalum. 

3. P. lave Mich.: culm erect, very smooth, rather stout: leaves short, 
mostly smooth, hairy at base; spikes 3 — 6, alternate; spikelets in two 
rows, ovoid-roundish, smooth. 

Dry meadows. N. Y. to Car. Aug. %. — Culm lh — 3 feet high. Leaves 
broad-linear, long. SpH:es usually 3 — 4, spreading ; rachis flexuous. 

Smooth Paspalum. 

4. P. sloloniferum Bosc. : culm prostrate at base ; leaves short, subcor- 
date ; spikes in elongated racemes, somewhat verticillate, spreading ; flow- 
ers serrulate-ciliate, transversely rugose. 

Cedar swamps. N. J. Aug. %. — Culm 2 feet long, branched, geniculate, 
stoloniferous. Spikes very numerous (30 — 50.) Stoloniferaus Paspalum. 

9. MILIUM. Linn.— Millet Grass. 

(Supposed to be derived from the Latin mille, a thousand; on account of its 

fertility.) 

Spikelets 2 -flowered. Glume single, membranaceous, con- 
cave. Lower flower neutral, and consisting of a single palea re- 
sembling the glume ; upper flower perfect, the paleee awnless. 
Lower palea concave and embracing the upper. Stamens 3. 
— Panicle spreading. 

1. M. effusum Linn.: panicle diffuse, compound, branches horizontal; 
glumes ovate, very obtuse, pale® awnless, smooth and shining. 



GRAMINACEOUS. 423 

Woods and meadows. Can. and N. Y. July, Aug. %.. — Culm 3 — 6 feet 
high, erect, simple, smooth. Leaves broad-linear, smooth beneath, roughish 
above. Panicle oblong, 6 — 10 inches in length. Common Millet-grass. 

2. M. amphicar-pon Pursh : leaves linear-lanceolate, hairy, ciliate ; pan- 
icle simple, contracted, bearing staminate flowers; fertile flowers on solitary 
elongated radical scapes, at length subterraneous. M. ciliatum Muhl. 

Sandy Swamps. N. J. Aug., Sept. %. — Culms numerous, 1 — 2 feet high, 
assurgent. Panicle appressed. Glumes acuminate. This species is well 
figured by Pursh. Fringed Millet-grass. 

10. DIGITARIA. Scop.— Finger Grass. 
(From the Latin digitus, a, finger ; the spikes being digitate or finger-like.) 

Spikelets unilateral, in pairs, on short bifid pedicels. Glumes 
mostly 2-valved ; lower valve very small, sometimes wanting. 
Lower flower abortive ; palese single, membranaceous. Upper 
flower perfect ; palese 2, coriaceous, nearly equal, lance-oblong. 
— Spikes linear, digitate or fasciculate. 

1. D. sanguinalis Scop.: leaves and sheaths somewhat hairy; spikes 
numerous, fascicled, somewhat spreading ; spikelets oblong, in pairs ; flow- 
ers pubescent on the margin. Panicum sanguinale Linn. 

Cultivated grounds. Can. to Car. Aug. — Oct. 0. — Culm 12 — 18 inches 
long, decumbent or assurgent. Leaves lanceolate, sometimes undulate on the 
margin. Spikes usually 4 — 6, sometimes 8 — 9, becoming purple ; rachis flex- 
uous. Hairy Finger-grass. Crab-grass. 

2. D. glabra R. <$* S. : leaves and sheaths smooth ; spikes digitate, some- 
what alternate, (3 — 4,) spreading ; spikelets ovoid, crowded ; lower glume 
almost wanting, upper as long as the abortive flower, both hairy. Pani- 
cum glabrum Gaud. Torr. ( Torr. N. Y. Fl.) 

Sandy fields. N. Y. to Virg. Aug., Sept. (I). — Culm about a foot long, 
mostly decumbent. Leaves sometimes very slightly hairy. Spikes mostly 3, 
about 2 inches long. Probably introduced. Smooth Finger-grass. 

3. D.filiformis Beauv. : culm filiform, erect ; leaves short; lower sheaths 
very hairy; spikes 2 — 4, filiform, alternate and opposite ; spikelets in twos 
and threes, all pedicellate, elliptic-oblong ; glume 1-valved, as long as the 
abortive flower, pubescent. Panicum filiforme Linn. 

Sandy fields. N. Y. to Geor. Aug. (£).—Cuhn 1—2 feet high, very slen- 
der. Leaves 1 — 2 inches long, sometimes a little hairy. Spikes mostly 2, 
1 — 2 inches long ; rachis rough, flexuous. Slender Finger-grass. 

11. PANICUM. Linn.— Panic Grass. 

(Said to be derived from the Latin panis, bread ; the grain of some Bpecies 
being used for food.; 

Spikelets 2-flowered, naked. Glumes 2, unequal, membrana- 
ceous, concave. Lower flower of one or two palere, staminate or 
neutral, membranaceous. Upper flower perfect ; the palese 2, 
coriaceous, nearly equal, concave. Stamens 3. — Spikelets in 
loose or somewhat racemose panicles. 



424 GRAMINACE.E. 

* Spikelets in loose panicles. 

1. P. virgatum Linn, : whole plant very smooth ; panicle diffuse, very 
large ; spikelets scattered ; flowers acuminate ; the lower one staminate, 
with nearly equal palese. 

Wet banks, especially near salt water. N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. 1)-— 
Culm 3 — 5 feet high. Leaves very long, flat. Panicle virgate, at length spread- 
ing, often a foot long. Tall Smooth Panic-grass. 

2. P. capillare Linn. : culm erect, straight ; sheaths very hairy ; panicle 
large, capillary, expanding, loose ; spikelets on long peduncles, acuminate, 
smooth ; abortive flower without an upper palea. 

Cultivated grounds. Can. to Flor. Aug., Sept. (T).—Culm 1 — 2 feet high, 
sometimes branched. Leaves flat, broad. Panicle pyramidal, often purplish. 

Hair-stalked Panic-grass. 

3. P. depauperoium Muhl.: culms cespitose; panicle nearly simple, on a 
long peduncle, few-flowered, with flexuous branches; spikelets obovoid, al- 
ternate, pedicellate, large and somewhat turgid ; upper palea of the neutral 
flower very small. P. rectum R. fy S. P. involution. Torr. Fl. 

Dry sandy soils. N. Y. to Virg. May, June. %. — Culm about a foot high, 
mostly simple. Leaves short, becoming longer above, narrow-linear, hairy 
beneath, at length involute. Panicle terminal, on a slender peduncle ; branches 
mostly in pairs, the lower longer and bearing 2 spikelets. 

Few-flowered Panic-grass. 

4. P. dichotomum Linn. : culm at first nearly simple, with a single pedun- 
culate terminal compound panicle, but at length more or less branched and 
fastigiate with small lateral nearly simple panicles ; spikelets minute, on 
long peduncles, obovoid, mostly pubescent ; lower glume one-third the 
length of the upper; lower flower neutral, the upper palea minute. (Torr. 
N. Y. Fl.) P. nitidum Lam. P. barbulotoim and ramulosum Mich. 

Moist meadows and woods. N. Y. to Car. July — Sept. %. — Culm 8 — 24 
inches high, mostly erect, but sometimes procumbent, smooth or pubescent. 
Radical leaves short and very broad, often purplish ; upper ones narrower and 
much longer. Panicle changing its form, often purplish. A very variable 
species. Variable Panic-grass. 

5. P. verrucosum Muhl. : culm slender, decumbent and geniculate, 
branching from the base, and with the leaves smooth ; panicle capillary, 
widely spreading, few-flowered ; spikelets ovoid ; flowers verrucose ; neutral 
flowers without an upper palea. 

Sandy swamps. N. Y. to Geor. Aug., Sept. %.. Culm 1 — 2 feet long, 
much branched; the nodes smooth and inflated. Leaves narrow, spreading, 
smooth. Panicles terminal and lateral, loose ; the branches flexuous. 

Warty -flowered Panic-grass. 

6. P. clandeslmum Linn. : culm with short axillary branches, the nodes 
smooth ; leaves broad-lanceolate, somewhat cordate at the base ; sheaths 
hispid, enclosing the short lateral panicles ; spikelets ovoid, pubescent ; the 
lower flower neutral, with 2 palese ; upper valve obtuse. P. latifolium var. 
clandestinum Pursh. 

var. pedunculatum Torr. : sheaths less hispid ; terminal panicle on a long 
peduncle. (JV. Y. Fl.) P. pedunculatum Torr. Fl. 

Moist woods. N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. %.. — Cidm 1 — 3 feet high, erects 
rigid, very leafy. Leaves broad, strongly nerved. Panicles terminal and lateral, 



GRAMINACE^E. 425 

the former wholly concealed in the leaves, exserted, or on a long peduncle 
Anthers and stigmas purple. Hidden-flowered Panic-grass. 

7. P. latifohum Linn. : culm mostly simple, bearded at the joints; leaves 
oblong-lanceolate, smooth, or with the sheaths somewhat pubescent ; pan- 
icle terminal, a little exserted, simple, pubescent ; spikelets oblong-ovoid ; 
lower flower staminate, of 2 palese ; upper palea somewhat herbaceous' 
nearly as long as the lower, acute. 

Moist woods. Can. to Car. W. to 111. June, July. %.—Culm 1—2 feet high 
simple or a little branched. Leaves cordate and clasping at base. Panicle 
2 inches long, with pubescent downy branches. Broad-leaved Panic-grass. 

8. P. scoparium Lam. : whole plant softly villous ; leaves lanceolate ; 
panicle erect, compound, setaceous, much branched ; spikelets turgid, ovoid 
pubescent. ' ' 

Wood. N.J. to Car. %.~Culm 2 feet high, mostly simple. Flowers larger 
than in any of our species. Scarcely distinct from the preceding. g 

Broom-like Panic-grass. 

9. P. nervosum Muhl. : culm simple, with the nodes smooth ; leaves 
broad-lanceolate, smooth, a little ciliate on the margin; panicle much 
branched, smooth, many-flowered ; spikes oblong ; lower flower staminate ; 
upper palea somewhat herbaceous, shorter than the lower. 

Marshy grounds N. J. to Car. July. %.—Culm 3-4 feet high. Panicle 
4-d inches long, decompound. Allied to P. latifolium, but is taller, and has 
the joints smooth and the panicles decompound and smooth. 

Nerved Panic-grass. 

10. P. xanthophysum Gray: culm erect, simple or branching from the 
base ; leaves lanceolate, strongly nerved, ciliate at the base ; sheaths hairy ; 
panicle nearly simple, few-flowered, the branches erect ; spikelets globose- 
obovate, pubescent ; lower flower staminate, of 2 paleae, as lono- as the 
obovate perfect flower. 

Dry pine plains. Oneida, Hamilton, and Madison counties, N Y July oi 
— Cum 12—15 inches high, slender, smooth. Leaves very acute. Panicle 
on a long naked slender peduncle. Whole plant yellowish when dry. 

Yellow Panic-grass. 

11. P. macrocarpon Torr.- culm erect, simple ; leaves linear-lanceolate, 
erect, a little hairy beneath; joints naked; sheaths hispid; panicle rather 
compound, smooth ; spikelets globose-ovoid ; abortive flower neutral. 

Banks of streams. Mass and N J. July. %.-Culm 3 feet high, erect. 
Panicle with few spreading flexuous branches. Large-fruited Pun ic -grass. 

12. P. pubescens Linn. : erect, much branched, leafy, softly pubescent; 
leaves lanceolate, ciliate; panicle small, few-flowered, free; spikelets sub- 
globose-ovoid, pubescent. 

Shady woods Penn. to Car. July. %^Culm 18 inches high. Leaves mil 
nodes hairy. Panicle with horizontal branches. Hairy Panic-grass. 

** Spi/ich'ls in somewhat racemose pah: 

13. P. agrostoides Muhl.: culm erect, compressed, smooth : leaves very 
long; panicles terminal and lateral, pyramidal, spreading; the spikelets 
ovoid-oblong, acute, appressed, and somewhat racemose; lower flower 
neutral, with 2 nearly ecpual palea. P. elongatim Pursh. 



426 GRAMINACE^E. 

Moist meadows. N. Y. to Virg. July— Sept. %.—Culm 2—3 feet high, 
smooth at the joints. Leaves forming a tuft at the base of the culm. Panicle 
mostly dark purple. Agrostis-like Panic-grass. 

14. P. anceps Mich, : culm compressed ; sheaths ancipital. hairy near 
the throat and on the margin ; panicles erect, oblong, with simple branches ; 
spikelets interruptedly racemose, acuminate ; neutral flower with the upper 
palea oblong obtuse or emarginate. P. rostratum Muhl. 

Fields and meadows. Penn. to Car. July. %. — Culm 2 — 4 feet high, com- 
pressed, somewhat geniculate at base. Leaves linear-lanceolate, hairy above, 
roughish on the margin. Panicles terminal and lateral, oblong, the branches 
erect. A variable species. Two-edged Panic-grass. 

15. P. proliferum Lam. : smooth ; culm assurgent or procumbent, branch- 
ing and geniculate at base; panicles terminal and lateral, compound; 
spikelets somewhat racemose; abortive flower without an upper palea. 
P. dichotoTMJlonim Mich. P. geniculatum Muhl. 

Wet meadows. N. Y. to Geor. Aug., Sept. (!)• — Culm I — 3 feet long, stout 
and somewhat succulent. Leaves 8 — 12 inches or more in length. Panicles 
large and pyramidal. Proliferous Panic-grass. 

16. P. longifolium Torr.: very smooth; culm compressed, erect, simple, 
slender ; leaves very long and narrow ; panicle simple, elongated, racemose ; 
spikelets acuminate ; abortive flower with 2 paleas. 

Pine Barrens. N.J. Sept., Oct. %.. — Culm about 2 feet high. Leaves a, 
foot or more long, very narrow. Panicle few-flowered. 

Long-leaved Panic-grass. 

1 7. P. Cms- Galli Linn. : spikes alternate and in pairs, simple or com- 
pound ; spikelets imbricate; glumes and outer palese of the neutral flower 
hispid, awned or mucronate ; rachis hispid, about 5-angled ; sheaths 
smooth. Oplismenus Cms- Galli Kunth. 

var. hispidum Torr. : sheaths hispid ; awns very long. P. hispidum Muhl. 

Wet places, near barn-yards, &c. N. Y. to Car. Aug.. Sept. (E). — Culm 
2 — 4 feet high, terete, smooth. Leaves rather broad, flat, serrulate on the mar- 
gin. Panicle dense, pyramidal, with the spikelets in dense spike-form racemes. 
The rough variety is often found near salt water. Introduced ? 

Cock's-foot Panic-grass. 

12. SETARIA. Beauv.— Bristle Grass. 

(From the Latin seta, a bristle ; in allusion to the bristly involucres of the 

spikelets.) 

Spikelets 2-nowered, invested with an involucre of 2 or more 
bristles. Glumes 2, unequal, herbaceous. Lower flower abor- 
tive ; paless 1 or 2, herbaceous. Upper flower perfect ; paleae 
cartilaginous. — Flowers in a compound cylindric spike. 

1. & viridis Beauv.: spike cylindric; involucre of 4 — 10 fasciculate 
bristles, much longer than the spikelets ; palese of the perfect flower longi- 
tudinally striate, dotted ; margin of the sheaths hairy. Panicum viride 
Linn. Pennisetum viride Brown. 

Cultivated grounds. N. Y. and Mass. to Car. W. to Ohio. July, Aug. ®. — 
Culm 2 — 3 feet high, erect, mostly simple. Leaves linear, flat, roughish. Spike 
terminal, 2 — 3 inches long, green ; the rachis hairy. Probably a naturalized 
foreigner. Green Bristle-grass. 



graminaceje. 427 

2. & glauca Beauv. : spike cylindric ; involucre of 6 — 10 fascicled bris- 
tles, much longer than the spikelets ; glumes smooth ; palese of the perfect 
flower transversely rugose. Panicum glaucum Linn. Pennisetum glau- 
cum Brown. 

Cultivated grounds. N. Y. and Mass. to Car. W. to Ohio. July, Aug. ®. — 
Culm 2 — 3 feet high. Leaves lanceolate, hairy at base. Spike 2—4 inches long, 
tawny or orange-yellow ; the rachis angular and hairy. Introduced from 
Europe. Glaucous Bristle-grass. 

3. S. verticillata Beauv. : spike subverticillate ; bristles of the involucre 
in pairs, retrorsely scabrous ; spikelets solitary ; pales of the perfect flower 
roughish-punctate. Panicum verticillatum Linn. Pennisetum verticilla- 
tum Nutt. 

Cultivated grounds. Mass. to Del. July. (T). — Culm about 2 feet high, 
smooth. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, rough on the margin. Spike 2 — 3 inches 
long, composed of interrupted whorls; rachis angled and rough. Introduced 
from Europe. Rough Bristle- grass. 

4. S. Italica Beauv. : involucre many times longer than the flowers ; 
spike compound; interrupted at base, nodding ; spikelets glomerate. Pani- 
cum Italicum Linn. Pennisetum Italicum Nutt. 

Wet grounds. N. J. to Car. July. (I). — Culm 4, (at the South sometimes 
10,) feet high. Spike or panicle 6 — 8 inches long. A naturalized foreigner; of 
little value as a grass. Italian Bristle-grass. 

13. CENCHRUS. Linn.— Bur Grass. 

(From a Greek word signifying millet ; supposed to have been originally ap- 
plied to some other plant.) 

Spikelets 2-flowered, 1 — 3, enclosed in a laciniate spiny or 
bristly involucre which is finally hardened. Glumes 2, unequal, 
membranaceous. Flowers dissimilar ; the lower staminate or 
neutral ; the upper perfect. — Inflorescence racemose. 

C. tribuloides Linn. : involucres globose, pubescent, muricate-spinose, 
split on one side, enclosing 2 — 3 spikelets. C. echinatus MuM. 

Dry sandy soils. Throughout the U.S. Aug. (Tj. — Culm erect or decum- 
bent, 1 — 2 feet long, geniculate, branching. Leaves rather short, flat. Spikes 
about 2 inches long, consisting of 8 — 10 sessile bur-like heads. A very trouble- 
some weed. Bur-grass. Hedgehog-grass. 

IV. Stipes. Spikelets 1-Jlowered. Lower palea involute, usually 
indurated in fruit, atoned at the tip ; the awn simple or '6-cleft, mostly 
twisted and articulated at the base. Ovary more or less stipitate. 
Scales mostly 3. 

14, ORYZOPSIS. Mich.— Mountain Rice. 
(From the Greek opvga, rice, and oipis, resemblance.) 

Glumes herbaceo-membranaceous, equal, awnless. Paleae 2, 
elliptic, nearly equal, coriaceous, with an articulated awn at the 
tip. Scales linear-elongated! — Inflorescence pahicled. 

1. O. asperifolia Mich. : radical leaves elongated ; sheaths of the culm 



428 GRAMINACEiE. 

nearly leafless ; panicle racemose ; awn longer than the flower ; paleae 
whitish when mature. 

Rocky woods. Subarct. Amer. to N. Y. April, May. 7J_. — Culm about 18 
inches high, simple, smoothish, purple at base. Radical leaves as long as the 
culm, rough. Panicle very simple ; the branches short and appressed. 

White Mountain Rice. 

2. O. melanocarpa MuhL : culm leafy ; panicle nearly simple, the lower 
branches more or less spreading ; flowers somewhat racemose ; glumes 
ovate-lanceolate ; paleae blackish when mature, somewhat hairy ; the lower 
one with an awn 2 — 3 times as long as the flower. Piptatherum nigrum 
Torr. Fl. 

Rocky woods. N. Eng. and N. Y. Aug. ni.—Cuhn 2—3 feet high, erect, 
simple. Leaves long, linear-lanceolate. Panicle sparingly branched. Awn 
nearly an inch long. Caryopsis black. Black-fruited Mountain Rice. 

3. O. Canadensis Torr.: leaves very short, pungent; panicle contracted, 
the branches usually in pairs, ovoid ; palese hairy ; awn short, often decidu- 
ous or wanting. ( Torr. N. Y. Fl.) Milium pungens Torr. Fl. 

Rocky hills. Mass. and N. Y. 7|_. — Culm 8 — 15 inches high, slender, simple, 
rigid. Radical leaves 6 — 8 inches long, about a line wide, at length involute, 
pungent. Panicle oblong, few-flowered. Dwarf Oryzopsis. 

15. STIPA. Linn.— Feather Grass. 

(From the Greek o-n>7r?7, a feathery substance ; particularly applicable to one 
of the species.) 

Spikelets 1 -flowered ; the flower stipitate. Glumes 2-valved, 
membranaceous. Paleae 2, longer than the glumes, somewhat 
coriaceous, cylindric-involute ; the lower awned at the summit. 
Awn twisted at the base. Caryopsis terete, furrowed. — In- 
florescence panicled. 

>S*. avenacea Linn. : leaves setaceous ; panicle spreading, somewhat se- 
cund, the branches mostly in pairs ; glumes as long as the paleae ; awn 
very long, naked. *S. barbata Mich. 

Sandy woods. N. Y. and Mass. toGeor. June. 71. — Culm about 2 feet high, 
slender." simple. Leaves mostly radical, 6 — 8 inches long. Panicle nodding, at 
length diffuse. Black Oat-grass. 

16. ARISTIDA. Linn,— Three-awned Grass. 
(From the Latin arista, an awn or beard.) 

Flower stipitate. Glumes membranaceous, unequal. Palese 
mostly 2 ; lower one coriaceous, involute, 3 -awned at the tip ; 
upper very minute or obsolete. Scales 2, entire, smooth. — ■ 
Spikelets racemose or paniculate. 

1. A. dichotoma Mich. : culm cespitose, dichotomously branched; panicle 
contracted, racemose; lateral awns very short; the intermediate one nearly 
as long as the palese, contorted. 

Sterile, soils. Mass. and N. Y. to Car. Aug. (J) \—Culm 9—15 inches long, 
slender, branching at the joints. Leaves fiat, very slender, smoothish. Ra- 
cemes on clavate peduncles. Forked Three-awned Grass. 



GRAMINACEiE. 429 

2. A. gracilis Ell. : culm very slender, erect ; panicle spiked, the flow- 
ers appressed ; lateral awns rather shorter than the pales, erect ; middle 
one longer, bent, not twisted ; lower palea spinulose on the keel. CTorr. 
N.Y. Fl.) A. stricta Darlingl. not of Mich. 

Sterile sandy soils. N. Y. to Car. Sept. (T). — Culm 4—15 inches high, 
smooth. Leaves very narrow, convolute when dry. Panicle 2 — 5 inches long, 
slender. A stricta Mich, is probably confined to the southern states. 

Slender Three-awned Grass. 

3. A. purpurascens Pair. : culm filiform, erect, simple ; leaves very nar- 
row, flat ; flowers in a long spiked panicle ; awns nearly equal, twice as 
long as the palese, divaricate. 

Sandy fields and woods. Mass. to Penn. ? Sept. Ql_. — Culm 2 — 3 feet high, 
Leaves filiform at the extremity. Panicle elongated, loose, purple. Introduced ? 

Purple Ihree-awned Grass. 

V. Agroste^:. Spikelets 1-flowered, rarely with the subulate rudi- 
ment of an upper flower. Glumes and pdlece 2, membranaceoously 
herbaceous ; lower palea often awned. Stigma mostly sessile. 

17. MUHLENBERGIA. Schreb.— Muhlenbergia. 

(In honor of the late Henry Muhlenberg, D.D., one of the most distinguished 
American botanists.) 

Glumes 2, very minute, unequal, one scarcely perceptible. 
Palese much longer than the glumes, linear-lanceolate, nerved, 
hairy at base ; the lower one terminating in a long slender bris- 
tle. — Panicle more or less contracted. 

1. M. diffusa Schreb. : culm decumbent, diffuse ; leaves linear-lanceolate ; 
panicle slender, branched, the branches appressed ; bristles about twice as 
long as the palea. 

Woods and pastures. N. Y. to Car. July. 1}-. — Culm 12 — 18 inches long, 
compressed, geniculate, branched. Leaves rough. Panicles terminal and lat- 
eral, very slender ; bristle purplish. 

Spreading Muhlenbergia. Drop-seed Grass. 

2. M. erecta Schreb. : culm erect, simple ; leaves lanceolate, pubescent ; 
panicle simple, loose ; awn twice as long as the palea ; upper palea with 
an awn at base lodged in a groove on the back. Braclujcliitrum aristatum 
Beauv. 

Rocky hills. Can. to Car. July. %. — Root creeping. Culm 2 — 3 feet high, 
erect, slender. Leaves 4 — 6 inches long. Panicle simple, racemose, erect. 
Lower palea with a very long awn. Erect Muhlenbergia. 

18. CINNA. Linn,— Cmna. 

(From the Greek Ktwa t a kind of grain.) 

Glumes nearly equal, compressed, the upper one o -nerved. 

Paleoe 2, nearly equal, compressed, shortly stipilate. naked at 

the base; the lower one larger, enclosing the upper, with a 

short awn near the summit. Stamen 1. — Panicle loose. 



430 graminacejE. 

C. arundinacea Willd. : culm simple, smooth ; leaves linear-lanceolate ; 
panicle large, loose, with the branches somewhat in fours, capillary. 
MiMenbergia Cinna Trin. Agrostis Cinna Pursh. 

Wet grounds. Can. to- Car. Aug. %. — Culm 2 — 5 feet high. Leaves a 
foot or more in length, rough on the margin. Panicle terminal, 8 — 12 inches 
long. Flowers green or purplish. Reed-like Cinna. 

19. AGROSTIS. Linn,— Bent Grass. 
(From the Greek aypos , a field ; in reference to the place of growth.) 
Glumes 2, nearly equal, usually longer than the flower, point- 
less. Palese 2 ; the lower one mostly awned on the back ; upper 
often minute or nearly wanting. — Panicle diffuse. 

1. A. stricter, WtUd. ; culm erect; panicle elongated; the branches ver- 
ticillate, nearly erect. ; glumes equal, oblong acute ; palese two, smaller 
than the glumes, unequal ;. the lower one twice as long as the upper, with 
an awn at the base about twice as long as the palea. 

Sandy fields. N. Eng. and N. Y. June. %. — Cidm about a foot high, 
smooth, with black nodes. Leaves linear-lanceolate, rough on the margin. 
Panicle oblong, the primary brandies whorled in fives. Spikelets somewhat 
crowded. Upright-flowered Bent-grass. 

2. A. vulgaris With. : culm ascending ; panicle oblong, spreading, the 
branches smoothish and at length divaricate ; palese unequal, the outer 
one 3-nerved. A. alba Muhl. A. polymorpha Gray. 

Pastures and meadows. Throughout the U. S. July. %. — Root creeping, 
throwing out many mostly ascending culms 1 — 2 feet high. Leaves linear- 
lanceolate, flat, scabrous, the ligule very short. Panicle 4 — 6 inches long, pur- 
plish, the branches a little rough. Introduced, but now completely naturalized. 

Herd's- grass. Red-top. 

3. A. alba Linn. : panicle contracted, at length spreading, the branches 
hispid ; lower palea 5-nerved ; ligule oblong. A. stolonifera Linn. A. de- 
cuvibens Muhl. 

Wet meadows. Throughout the U. S. June, July. %■— Root creeping. 
Culm 1 — 2 feet high, ascending, often rooting at the lower joints. Leaves 
roughish, the sheaths smooth. Panicle pale green or purplish. Closely allied 
to the preceding, but generally stouter and taller. Introduced, but everywhere 
naturalized. Herd's-grass. Fiorin-grass. 

4. A. lateriflora Mich. : culm erect, branched ; panicles lateral and termi- 
nal, contracted, dense-flowered ; glumes acuminate ; pales about as long 
as the glumes, equal, pubescent at base, awnless. A. Mcxica.na Muhl. 
MiMenbergia Mexicana Trin. 

Moist grounds. N. Y. to Virg. Aug., Sept. %. — Root creeping. Culm 
2 feet or more high, much branched, often geniculate. Leaves broad-linear, 
flat. Panicles numerous, terminating the branches, pale green or purplish. 

Lateral-flowered Bent- grass. 

5. A.sobdifera Muhl.: culm erect, branched ; panicle contracted, fili- 
form, simple, with appressed alternate branches ; palese equal, longer than 
the glumes, awnless, hairy at base, the lower one mucronate at the tip. 
Miihlenbergia sobolifera Trin. 

Rocky woods. N. Y. to Virg. Aug., Sept. %.—Culm 2 feet high, sobolif- 
erous, sometimes decumbent. Leaves pale green, somewhat scabrous. Pari' 
icle with the flowers rather crowded. Slender-branched Bent-grass. 



GRAMINACE^). 43j 

or ™!f hS^rfg^SS?-' J^f- ^^^ Ping . tU, 3 feet 
""* «** *«* elo^d^Sde^d 0^^" ^^ 

7 /I ww ^ , Slender-flowered Bent-grass. 

^■;^r;r;^ s as the fl;4 - - $- *? Ss 

Rocky hills. N. Y. to Vire- Auo- 01 j? nn , 

q j „, Spreading Bent-grass. 

siJL "'Tf",?"-- ■• «*•*> plant very smooth ; culm erect, compressed 

^«,c* p l^^ 

. Compressed Bent-grass. 

9. A yw M, : leaves straight and erect, convolutely setaceous • pan- 
.cleo long-pyramtdal.verticillatc: pale* awnless, twice "the lenTh of he 
unequal glumes. A. Indica Muhl. ° 

Sandy barrens. N. J. to Flor. Oct. % —Culm 1 9 & iVi . 
Panicle purple. q--— Cwftra i-_2 feet high, terete. 

Rush-like Bent- grass. 

contractd'T^T™'! ^ 3Vr - ; P anick l °°^ «»«** 
contracted, the branches mostly in threes, slightly hispid ; glumes nearly 
equal lanceolate, very acute, rough on the keel ; lower" paleana row I™ 
ceolate rather acute with a geniculate awn a little below the mid II the 
"™0 ^ fength ° f " le fl ° Wer; "**" ^ -arly wanting 6 
sm'or'Tii^^o^^'^'^r^^cu, a foot high, slender, 

i> /•</»>« Bent-grass. 
20. TRICHODIUM. McA.-Thin Grass. 
resTen™. f* *** ** **' and "*»■*»'■ in aIlus ™ «° the hair-like inflc, 
Glumes 2, nearly equal, very acute, scabrous on the keel 
J: alea 1, shorter than the glumes, sometimes aimed. Caryop 
sis loose, covered by the palea.— Flowers in loose panicles ' ' 

1. T.laxijlomm Mick: culm erect; leaves lance-linear, short the 
sheaths somewhat rough; panicle diffuse, capillary, with trichotomoua 
branches; glumes unequal, aculeate-hispid on foe keel. T.mZ 
Torr. M. Agrostis Uxifiara Richardson. A. Michauxn Tn„ 

Dry fields Subarct. Amer. to Car. Maw June 71 r, ?■„ \a : , 
h,gh, very slender. Z^tmm 3-6 inches mngXa Jy i^lmo mld'S 



432 GRAMINACE^E. 

form. Panicle purple, very loose, the lower brandies in fives or sixes, the upper 
ones in threes, at length spreading. Spikelets clustered at the extremity of the 
branchlets. A somewhat variable species. Loose-flowered Thin-grass. 

2. T scabrum Muhl. : culm geniculate at base, assurgent. branched ; 
leaves linear-lanceolate, flat, scabrous on the margin ; panicle oblong ; 
branches spreading or divaricate, the divisions trichotomous ; glumes un- 
equal. Agrostis scabra Willd. A. laxiflora var. scabra Ton: N. Y. Fl. 

Woods. Can. to Car. July. Aug. %.. — Culm 12 — 18 inches high, often 
somewhat decumbent and branching. Leaves 4 — 6 inches long. Panicle pale 
green, the branches slender, but shorter than in the preceding. Spikelets not 
clustered. Rough Thin-grass. 

3. T. datum Pursh. : culm stiffly erect ; leaves narrow-linear, flat, sca- 
brous, the sheaths smooth ; panicle verticillate, somewhat spreading ; glumes 
nearly equal. Agrostis dispar Mich. ? 

Sandy swamps. N. J. to Car. Aug. %. — Culm 2 — 3 feet high. Panicle 
purple, exserted. Tall Thin-grass. 

21. VILFA. Adans.— Vilfa. 
(Origin unknown.) 

Glumes carinate ; the lower one smaller. Paleae awnless ; 
the lower one rather acute, longer than the glumes ; the upper 
2-keeled. Stigmas simply plumose. Caryopsis deciduous. — 
Panicle diffuse or contracted and spike-like. 

1. V.vaginceflora Torr. : culms numerous, assurgent; leaves distichous, 
involute, rigid ; panicles lateral and terminal, spike-form ; the lateral ones 
concealed in the sheaths ; glumes equal, about as large as the palese. 
Agrostis Virginica Muhl. 

Sandy soils. N. Y. to Virg. Sept., Oct. 0. — Culms about a foot high, ces- 
pitose, geniculate at base. Leaves with a slender point, the sheaths tumid. 
Panicle oblong, compressed, few-flowered. Anthers purple. 

Hidden-flowered Vilfa. 

2. V. aspera Beaux. : leaves very long, filiform and recurved towards the 
apex ; panicle contracted, spiked, partly exserted from the uppermost 
sheath ; palese much longer than the glumes, subequal, smooth or hairy, 
without awns. Agrostis aspera Mich. 

Sandy fields and hill sides. N. Y. and Mass. to Car. Sept., Oct. %.—Culm 
2 — i feet high, simple, terete. Leaves 1 — 2 feet long, tapering to a filiform ex- 
tremity, rough on the margin. Panicles lateral and terminal, the former more 
or less exserted. Rough-leaved Vilfa. 

3. V. serotina Torr. tf* Gr. : culm filiform, much compressed ; leaves 
very narrow, keeled, erect; panicle elongated, capillary, somewhat diffuse ; 
glumes ovate, unequal, about half as long as the awnless palese. Agrostis 
serotina Torr. FL 

Sandy swamps. N. Y. and N. J. Sept. %. — Culm 12 — 18 inches high. 
Leaves short, almost filiform. Panicle slender, with the branches flexuous. 

Late-flowering Vilfa. 

4. V. heterolepis Gray : leaves setaceous ; panicle pyramidal, sparsely 
flowered ; lower glume subulate ; the upper one ovate, cuspidate, about 



GRAMINACEJE. 433 

twice the length of the lower; paleae nearly equal, pointless, a little shorter 
than the upper glume. ( Torr. N. Y. FL) 

On rocks. Watertown, Jefferson County, N. Y. W. to Ohio. 11- — Culm 
1 — 2 feet high, smooth. Leaves convolute-setaceous, the lower ones equalling 
the culm, the upper shorter. Panicle spreading or somewhat contracted, pur- 
plish. It is said to emit a strong odor, resembling that of Poa Eragrostis. 

Strong-scented Vilfa. 

5. V. cryptandra Torr. . panicle pyramidal, the base usually enclosed in 
the upper sheath, with spreading mostly alternate branches, which are hairy 
on the axils ; spikelets racemose ; flowers awnless ; lower glume very short ; 
the upper one as long as the nearly equal lanceolate acute pales. {Torr. 
N. Y. FL) 

Sandy soils. N. Y. and Mass. W. to the Rocky Mountains. Aug. %. — 
Culm \\ — 3 feet high, leafy, smooth. Leaves short, smooth ; the sheaths densely 
bearded at the throat. Panicle large, bluish. 

Large-panicled Vilfa. 

22. POLYPOGON. Desf.— Beard Grass. 

(From the Greek iroXvs, many, and -rrcoywv, a beard; in reference to the unusual 
number of awns.) 

Glumes 2 - val ved, 1 -flowered ; valves membranaceous, awned. 

Palese 2 ; the lower one with a long awn ; the upper one bifid, 

toothed. — Panicle spike-form. 

1. P. glomcraius Willd. : panicle dense, oblong, interrupted below ; 
glumes linear, acuminate, nearly equal, armed with a long rough bristle ; 
palese unarmed, hairy at base. P. racernosus Nutt. Muhlenbergia glome- 
rata Trin. 

Bogs and swamps. Mass. and N. Y. W. to Miss. Aug., Sept. %. — Culm3 — i 
feet high, a little compressed, simple or sparingly branched above. Leaves sca- 
brous and somewhat glaucous. Panicle crowded and spike-like, the lower flowers 
remote. Close-flowered Beard-grass. 

2. P. sericeus Spreng. : leaves convolute-filiform, smooth ; panicle diffuse, 
capillary, very slender ; pedicels longer than the awns ; awns 3 — 4 times 
as long as the palese. Trichochloa capillaris D. C. Slipa sericca Mich. 
Agroslis sericca Muhl. 

Sandy fields. Mass. to Car. June, July. %. — Culms 2 feet high, cespitose, 
very slender. Panicle 8 — 10 inches long, glossy and purple. 

Silky Beard-grass. 

VI. ArundinejE. Spikelets either 1-flowered, with or without an 
abortive pedicel, or many-flowered. Flowers usually with long soft hairs 
at the base. Glumes and palecc 2, membranaceously herbaceous. 

23. CALAMAGROSTIS. Adam.— Small Reed. 
(From the Greek KaXapos, a reed, and Agrostis, a genus of grasses.) 
Spikelets 1 -flowered. Glumes 2, nearly equal, acute or acu- 
minate. Palese 2, mostly shorter than the glumefe, surrounded 
with hairs at the base ; lower one mucrouate, mostly awned be- 

19 



434 GRAM IN AC e^;. 

low the tip ; upper with a stipitate pencil-form pappus at base. 
— Flowers in a loose panicle. 

1. C. Canadensis Beauv.: panicle oblong, loose ; glumes nearly equal, 
serrulate on the keel, somewhat rough on the sides ; palese as long as the 
glumes, the lower with an awn on the back. Arundo Canadensis, Mich. 
A. cinnoid.es Muhl. 

Wet meadows. Can. to Car. July. Aug-. r Z]_. — Culm 8 — 4 feet high, smooth. 
Leaves a foot long, narrow, somewhat scabrous. Panicle erect, much divided, 
at length spreading. Canadian Small-reed. 

2. C. coarciata Torr. : panicle contracted, thick, and somewhat spike- 
form ; glumes narrow-lanceolate, nearly equal, a little longer than the 
palese . keeled ; lower palea awned a little below the summit ; pappus two- 
thirds as long as the flower. C. Canadensis SuU. Asrroslis glauca Muhl. 

Wet meadows and swamps. Arct. Amer. to Penn. Aug. %. — Culm 3 — 5 
feet high, simple, somewhat glaucous. Leaves linear-lanceolate, scabrous and 
somewhat hairy. Panicle terminal, eree:, wiih short aggregated branches. 

Glaucous Small-reed. 

3. C. inexpoMsa Gray: panicle contracted, elongated: glumes oblong- 
lanceolate ; paless nearly equal, as long as the glumes, the lower one with 
a scarcely exserted awn inserted below the middle ; pappus nearly as long 
as the flower. {Torr. N, Y. Fi.) 

Swamps. Northern and Western N. Y. July, Aug. %. — Culm about 3 feet 
high, erect, simple. Leaves 2 — 3 lines wide, smooth. Panicle 4 — 6 inches 
Ions, slender, with short rough appressed branches. Differs from the preceding 
in its more slender panicle, broader and less acute glumes, and the awn inserted 
near the base of the palea?. Ton: Close-flow ered Small-reed. 

24. A:\I3IOPHILA. Host.— Sea Reed. 

(From the Greek da/ioj, sand, and 6i\os, a lover; in allusion to its place of 
growth.) 

Glumes nearly equal, keeled. Paleae shorter than the glumes, 
surrounded with short hairs at the base, keeled, awnless. 
Abortive pedicel plumose above. — Panicle spiked, dense and 
cylindric . 

A. arundinacea Host. : glumes acute ; hairs or pappus about one-third as 
long as the palese. ArundM arenaria Linn. Psamma, arenaria R. fy S. 

Sandy sea-coast. Can. N. Y. and X. Eng. Aug. %. — Root branching and 
extensively creeping in the sand. Culm 2 — 3 feet high, erect. Leaves long, 
smooth, and glaucous. Panicle 6 — 12 inches long, close and spike-like, whitish. 
The roots of this grass form a mat, which prevents the motion of sand ; and it is 
sometimes planted on shores to protect them from the inroads of the sea. It is 
used in JVIassachusetts for the manufacture of paper. 

Common Sea-reed or Mat- weed. 

25. PHRAG3IITES. Trin.— Reed. 

(From the Greek (ppayfios, a partition or hedge ; in allusion to the use said to 
have been made of it.) 

Spikelets 3 — 7-flowered. Glumes 2, lanceolate, unequal. 
The lower flower staminate and naked at base ; the others per- 



graminace^e. 435 

feet, and surrounded by a tuft of hairs. Palese very unequal ; 
the lower one elongated, acuminate ; the upper 2 -keeled. — 
Panicle terminal, very large. 

P. communis Trin. : panicle loose, 1 -sided ; spikelets 3 — 5-fiowered. 
Arundo Phragmites Linn. 

Margins of swamps and ponds. Can. to Geor. W. to Miss. Aug. %. — Culm 
9 — 12 feet high, very leafy, with numerous joints. Leaves 1 — 2 feet long, linear- 
lanceolate, flat, glaucous, rough on the margin. Panicle terminal, very large, 
loose, somewhat nodding. The largest grass in the Northern States ; and at a 
distance somewhat resembling Broom-corn. Common Reed-grass. 

VII. ChlorejE. Spikelets arranged in unilateral digitate or pan- 
iculate (rarely solitary) spikes, 1- many-flowered ; upper flowers imper- 
fect. Glumes and paleaz 2, membranaceously herbaceous; the latter 
often awned. Rachis not articulated. 

26. CYNODON. Rich.— Dog's-tooth Grass. 
(From the Greek own, a dog, and odovs, a tooth.) 

Spikelets filiform, unilateral, with one .perfect flower and one 
abortive rudiment. Glumes membranaceous, persistent, shorter 
than the flower and only embracing it at the base. Fertile 
flower with the upper palea bifid-toothed. Rudiment minute, 
pedicellate. Caryopsis loose, not furrowed. — Spikes digitate or 
racemose. 

C. Dactylon Pers. : culm creeping ; spikes digitate, 3 — 5, spreading ; 
glume with the keel scabrous ; palese smooth, longer than the glume, the 
lower one with a bristle at the base. Digilaria Dactylon Maid. 

Sandy soils. Penn. to Geor. July, Aug. 1|_. — Culm a foot or more long, 
prostrate. Leaves narrow, somewhat distichous, hairy on the margin and near 
the base. Stigmas dark purple. Introduced. Creeping Dog's-tooth Grass. 

27. ELEUSINE. Gart.— Dog's-tail Grass. 

(YiXevtrivia was one of the names of Ceres, the goddess of harvests ; probably 
from Eleusis, where she was worshipped.) 

Spikelets sessile, 2 — G -flowered. Glumes unequal, shorter 
than the flowers. Palese unequal, awnless ; the lower keeled ; 
upper shorter, channelled on the back. Caryopsis triangular- 
ovoid, transversely rugose. — Spikes digitate, unilateral. 

E. Indica Gccri. : culm oblique, compressed ; leaves smooth ; spikes 9 — 1, 
linear, straight; spikelets closely imbricate, lanceolate, about 5-flowered. 
Cynosurus Indicus Li /m. 

Cultivated grounds, in farm-yards, &c. Throughout the U. S. July — Nov. 
(T\ — Culm 9—18 inches long, compressed, branching from tlic base. Leaves 
distichous, linear, somewhat pubescent. Spikes 1 — 6, bul usually 2—4, Prob- 
ably introduced. Dog's-tail Grass. Win-grass. 



436 



GRAMINACE-E. 



28. SPARTINA. Schreb.— Marsh Grass. 
(Said to be named on account of its similarity to Lygeum Spartum.) 

Spikelets imbricate, one-flowered, much compressed. Glumes 
and palese unequal, awnless. Styles mostly united below. — 
Spikes unilateral. 

1. #. cynosuroides Willd. : leaves very long, £liform at the end, at length 
convolute ; spikes numerous, (8 — 40.) scattered, pedunculate, forming a 
long secund panicle ; glumes serrulate on the keel, with a long slender 
point; style 2-cleft at the summit. (Torr. N. Y. PL) S. polystachya Mulil, 
Limnetis cynosuroides and polystachya Pers. 

Marshes and banks of streams. Can. to Car. W. to the Platte River. Aug. 
%.. — Culm 3 — 8 feet high, smooth, terete. Leaves 1 — 3 feet long, narrow. 
Spikes linear, about 3 inches long, on scabrous spreading peduncles. 

Tall Marsh-grass. 

2. 5*. juncea Willd.: leaves distichous, convolute, spreading; spikes few, 
(1 — 5.) on smooth peduncles ; pales rather obtuse ; styles distinct nearly to 
the base. Livinetis juncea Pers. 

Salt marsbes and river banks. Can. to Car. July, Aug. %. — Root creep- 
ing, forming thick tufts. Cidm 1 — 2 feet high, rigid, smooth. Leaves 6 — 10 
inches long, very slender, smooth. Spikes usually 3 ; the lowest pedunculate. 
It forms a part of salt hay. Rush-like Marsh-grass. 

3. 5". alternifolia Loisel. : leaves channelled, erect ; spikes numerous, 
(8 — 14), elongated, sessile, erect, appressed; glumes and palese nearly 
smooth ; styles distinct nearly to the base. &. glabra Muhl. 

Salt marshes. N. Y. and Mass. to Car. Aug., Sept. % . — Root creeping ex- 
tensively. Culm 3 — 5 feet high, smooth and somewhat suc:culent. Leaves 
broad at the base, tapering to a long point. Spikes unequal, closely appressed 
to the common rachis. For thatching it is said to be preferable to wheat straw. 
It has a strong rancid smeU, which renders it unfit for cattle. 

Smooth Marsh-grass. 

29. ATHEROPOGOK Muhl— Atheropogon. 

(From the Greek adrip, a bristle, and nuyov, a beard ; the beards being bristle- 
like.) 

Spikelets unilateral, nearly sessile, alternate, 2 — 3 -flowered ; 
the terminal flower abortive. Glumes 2, membranaceous, un- 
equal ; the lower shorter, setiform. Perfect flower, subcoria- 
ceous. Lower palea 3-toothed or 3-bristled ; upper bifid. 
Abortive flower pedicellate, neutral. — Spikes short, arranged in 
a raceme. 

A. apludoides Muhl. : spikes numerous, in a terminal raceme, alternate, 
distant, pendulous, at length secund ; spikelets mostly 2-flowered ; lower 
palea of the perfect flower tricuspidate ; abortive flower with 3 bristles. 
Chloris curtipendula Mich. Bonteloua racemosa Lag. Torr. N. Y. PL 

Dry rocky banks. N. Y. N. J. and Penn. W. to the Rocky Mountains ; rare. 
Aug. %.— Culm 2 — 3 feet high, geniculate at base, smooth. Leaves lanceolate, 



GRAMINACE^E. 437 

attenuate at the end. involute when dry, slightly hairy above. Spikes 20 — 40, 
on short flat peduncles, each containing 6 — 8 spikelets. Anthers bright red. 

Racemed Atheropogon. 

30. GYMNOPOGON. Beauv.— Gymnopogon. 

(From the Greek yvpivog, naked, and irwywv, a beard ; in allusion to the awn 
of the neutral flower.) 

Glume 2-valved, carinate, nearly equal. Palese nearly equal ; 
the lower one with a long and straight bristle a little below the 
tip. Neutral rudiment pedicellate, of one minute valve pro- 
duced into an awn. — Flowers in a compound spike or panicle. 

G. racemosus Beauv.: culm ascending; leaves distichous, ovate-lance- 
olate, nerved, short ; spikes numerous, arranged in a somewhat whorled pan- 
icle; flowers appressed. Andropogon ambiguus Mick. Anthopogon lep- 
turoides Nutt. 

Sandy fields. N. J. to Geor. Aug. %-. — Culm about 2 feet high, decum- 
bent at base. Leaves 2 inches or less in length, very acute. Panicle large, 
spreading. Racemed Gymnopogon. 

VIII. Avenejs. Spikelets 2 — many-flowered; terminal flower com- 
monly imperfect. Glumes and palece 2, membranaceously herbaceous; 
lower palea usually with a twisted awn on the back. 

31. HIEROCHLOA. Gmel.— Holy Grass. 

(From the Greek ispog, sacred, and %Aoa, a grass ; because in some parts of 
Prussia it is used on festival days.) 

Spikelets 3-flowered, pedicellate. Lateral flowers staminate, 
triandrous and mostly awned ; terminal or central one perfect, 
diandrous, awnless. — Flowers in a contracted panicle. 

1. H. borealis R. ty S. : panicle somewhat one-sided, a little spreading ; 
peduncles smooth; flowers awnless; lower palea ciliate on the margin. 
Holcus odoratus Linn. 

Wet meadows. Subarct. Amer. to Virg. W. to Mich. May. %. — Root 
creeping. Culm 18 inches high, erect. Leaves linear-acuminate, smooth and 
shining. Panicle few-flowered, pyramidal, brown and purple. Smell resem- 
p'ing that of Anthoxanthum odoratum, and like that grass used to scent clothes 
and apartments. Northern Holy-grass. Vanilla-grass. 

2. H. alpina R. ty S.: panicle ovate, contracted; spikelets compressed, 
longer than the branches ; glumes lanceolate, almost nerveless; lateral 
flowers triandrous, obtuse, awned on the back. Holcus alpinus JVahl. 

High mountains. Essex County, N. Y. White Mountains, N. 11. Arct, 
Amer. ; rare. June. 1\-. — Culm 6 — 12 inches high, erect. Leaves 2— 3 lines 
wide. Panicle, with the branchesin pairs. Spikelets Larger than in the preced- 
ing; shining and purplish-brown. Alpine Holy-grass. 

32. ANTHOXANTHUM. Li int.— Vernal Grass. 

(From the Greek aydos, njloiccr, and favSoj, t/cl!ow ; in allusion to the color of 
its spikes.) 

Spikelets 3-flowered ; the two lower flowers neutral and each 



438 graminace^e. 

consisting of a single awned palea ; the upper flower perfect, of 
2 paleae, diandrous, nearly equal, short, awnless. — Panicle con- 
tracted or spike-like. 

A. odor at um Linn. : panicle spiked, ovoid-oblong ; flowers pubescent, 
shorter tban the awns. 

Meadows and woods. Can. to Car. June — Aug. %. — Culm about a foot 
high, erect, rather slender. Leaves short, more or less pubescent. Panicle 
contracted into an oblong or ovoid-oblong spike, yellow when mature. When 
cut and partially dry it gives out a very fragrant odor. Introduced from Europe, 
but completely naturalized. Sweet-scented Vernal-grass. 

33. AIR A. Limi.— Hair Grass. 

(From the Greek atpa, to destroy ; a name originally applied to a poisonous 
plant, Lolium temulentum.) 

Spikelets 2 — 3 -flowered ; the flowers without an abortive 
rudiment between them. Glumes 2, unequal, about as long as 
the flowers. Palese thin and membranaceous, the lower one 
awned on the back below the middle. — Flowers usually in a 
compound spreading panicle. 

1. A.fleziwsa, Linn. : leaves setaceous, smooth ; panicle loose, spreading, 
trichotomously branched ; branches smoothish, flexuous ; flowers scarcely 
longer than the glumes ; awn geniculate, longer than the palese. 

Dry rocky banks. Can. to Car. W. to Mich. June. %. — Culm I — 2 feet 
high, smooth. Leaves mostly radical or near the base of the culm, involute, 
slender. Panicle capillary, loose, whitish, the lower branches somewhat 
whorled. Common Hair-grass. 

2. A. caspitosa Linn. : leaves flat, scabrous ; panicle at length diffuse ; 
glumes about as long as the palea? ; awn short, straight. A. aristulata 
Ton: Fl. 

Wet places. Can. to Penn. June. July. %. — Culms 2—3 feet high, cespi- 
tose, smooth. Leaves narrow, rough above, smooth beneath. Panicle large, 
oblong or pyramidal, capillary, dull purplish; the branches somewhat whorled. 

Tufted Hair-grass. 

3. A. airopurpurea Wahl. : leaves flat ; panicle divaricate, of few spike- 
lets ; flowers much shorter than the glumes ; pales a little hairy at the 
summit : awn from the middle of the back, nearly twice as long as the 
flowers. {_Torr. N, Y.Fl) 

High mountains of Essex County, N. Y. Aug. 1HA — Culm 8 — 15 inches 
high, erect, slender. Leaves short, smooth. Panicle loose, purplish or yellow- 
ish-green ; branches mostly in pairs and flexuous. 

Purple Alpine Hair-grass. 

4. A. prcecoz Linn. : leaves setaceous ; panicle somewhat spiked ; flow- 
ers scarcely villous at the base, about as long as the glumes ; awn twisted, 
inserted below the middle, longer than the flowers. Arena pracox Bcauv. 

Sandy fields? N. J. to Yirg. June. Q).— Culms 3— 4 inches high, cespitose, 
smooth, leafy. Leaves short, smooth. Panicle somewhat compact, few-flow- 
ered, greenish. Introduced ? Early Hair- grass. 



GRAMINACE.E. 439 

34. ARRHENATHERUM. Beam.— Oat Grass. 

(From the Greek apprjv, male, and adrjp, an awn; the starainate flower being 
awned.) 

Spikelets 2 -flowered. Lower flower staminate ; the lower 
palea with a long twisted awn below the middle. Upper flower 
perfect ; the lower palea with a short straight bristle below the 
point. — Panicle loose. 

A. avenaceum Beauv. A vena elatior Linn. 

Cultivated grounds. Mass. N. Y. and Penn. May, June. % , — Root creep- 
ing. Culm 2—3 feet high, erect. Leaves scabrous on the margin and upper 
surface. Panicle oblong, at first contracted, finally spreading and somewhat 
nodding ; the branches short and semiverticillate. Spikelets brownish. Intro- 
duced from Europe, bat naturalized in several places. 

Common Oat-grass. Grass of the Andes. 

35. AVENA. Liwi40O<&. 
(Name of doubtful origin.) 
Spikelets 3— many-flowered ; flowers rather remote, the upper 
ones often imperfect. Glumes loose and membranaceous, nearly- 
equal. Paleee 2 ; the lower one bifid at the summit, with a 
twisted awn above the base. — Panicle compound, loose. 

1. A. Penns])lvanica Linn.: panicle attenuated, loose, nodding, the 
branches somewhat verticillate ; spikelets 2 — 3-flowered ; flowers smooth, 
lower one often awnless, upper one on a hairy pedicel : lower palea with a 
slender awn below the bifid tip, about twice the length of the flower. A. 
palustris Mich. Trisetum Pennsylvanicum Beauv. T. paluslrc Ton: Ft. 

Wet meadows. N. Y. to Flor. June. %. — Culm 2 — 3 feet high, slender, 
erect. Leaves flat, narrow, 2 — 4 inches long. Panicle oblong, yellowish-green, 
often somewhat one-sided. Pennsylvania Wild Oat. 

2. A. striata Mich. : panicle nearly simple, loose, few-flowered ; spikelets 
3 — 5-flowered, somewhat terete, the flowers bearded at the base ; lower 
palea with a slender nearly straight awn below the tip. Trisetum purpu- 
rascens Ton: PL 

Moist woods. Can. N. Y. and Mass. July. %.—Cvlm 2— 3 feet high, civet, 
smooth. Leaves narrow-linear. Panicle 4 — 6 inches long, wiih a few simple 
branches. Glumes reddish-purple. Purple Wild. Oat. 

36. TRISETUM. Pcrs.— Trisetum. 
(From the Latin, in allusion to the three bristles of the flowers.) 
Spikelets 2 — 4-flowered. Glumes membranaceous, keeled, 
awnless. Palese herbaceous; lower one with 2 long cusps at 
the summit and a twisted awn on the back ; upper 2 -keeled. 
Caryopsis smooth, with a longitudinal groove. — Panicle con- 
tracted. 

T. molk Kunth: whole plant minutely and softly pubescent; panicle 



440 GRAMINACE^. 

contracted and somewhat spiked; glumes 2-flowered, the flowers not 
bearded ; awn about the length of the palea, not twisted, diverging or re- 
curved. ( Torr. N. Y. Fl,*) T. subspicatum Beck Bot. 1st Ed. Avena 
mollis Mich. 

Banks of streams and on mountains. Arct. Amer. Western N. Y. White 
Mountains, N. H. Rocky Mountains. June, 1|-. — Culm about a foot high, 
erect, slender. Leaves 2 — 3 inches long, narrow-linear. Panicle 2—3 inches 
long, with appressed branches. Closely allied to T. subspicatum and perhaps 
identical with it. Soft Trisetum. 

37. DANTHONIA. D. C— Danthonia. 
(In honor of M. Danthoine, a French botanist.) 

Spikelets 2 — 10-flowered ; the upper flowers often imperfect. 
Glumes nearly equal, mostly longer than the flower. Palese 
hairy at the base ; lower one 2-toothed at the summit, with a 
twisted awn between the teeth ; upper one obtuse, entire. — 
Flowers in a spiked panicle. 

D. spicata Beauv. : leaves subulate ; lower sheaths hairy at the throat ; 
panicle spike-form, simple ; spikelets 7 — 9, about 7-flowered ; lower palea 
hairy. Avena spicata Linn. 

Woods and fields. Can. to Car. W. to Mich. June — Aug. %. — Culms 
1 — 2 feet high, erect, cespitose at base. Leaves very narrow, numerous below. 
Panicle 1-sided, short, the lower branches sometimes divided. Wild Oats. 

38. URALEPIS. 2Vk«.— Uralepis. 

(From the Greek ovpa, a tail, and Xenls, a scale ; in allusion to the appearance 
of the lower palea.) 

Spikelets 2 — 3 -flowered, somewhat terete ; flowers alternate, 
distinct, longer than the glumes. Paleee very unequal, dis- 
tinctly villous on the margin ; lower palea tricuspidate, the cen- 
tral cusp produced into a short bristle ; upper entire, concave, 
incurved. Caryopsis gibbous. — Panicle shnple, racemose. 

U. arislulata Nutt. : lateral panicles concealed in the sheaths of the 
leaves, terminal one more or less exserted ; spikelets 3-flowered ; awn as 
long as the lateral cusps. 

Sea coast and sandy fields. N. Y. and Penn. W. to Ark. Aug., Sept. (I). 
— Calms about a foot high, cespitose, jointed. Leaves short, subulate. Ter- 
minal panicle, when exserted, spreading. Flowers purplish. 

Short-awned Uralepis. 

IX. Festuce.e. Spikelets usually many-flowered. Glumes and 
palea 2, of nearly similar texture, usually keeled. Lower palea often 
awned ; the awn not twisted. 

39. POA. Linn. — Meadow Grass. 

(Greek iron, grass, or pasturage; applied by way of distinction to this genus.) 

Spikelets 2- many-flowered ; the flowers distichous, perfect. 



graminace^e. 441 

Glumes 2, pointless, shorter than the flowers. Paleae nearly 
equal, membranaceous, awnless, often with a villous web at the 
base ; the lower one keeled or concave ; upper one 2-keeled. 
Stigmas simply plumose. Caryopsis free. — Spikelets in diffuse 
or contracted panicles. 

* Floivers ivebbed at base. 

1. P. pungens Nutt.: culm compressed; leaves very short, cuspidate ; 
panicle somewhat simple, spreading ; spikelets lance-ovate, 3 — 4-flowered, 
crowded at the extremities of the branches ; flowers rather obtuse. P. 
jlexuosa Muhl. 

Rocky woods. N. Y. to Car. April, May. 94- — Culm 1 — 2 feet high, com- 
pressed, smooth, somewhat cespitose. Leaves erect, cuspidate ; the radical ones 
long, linear; those of the culm usually 2, very short. Panicle small, semiver- 
ticillate. Sharp-leaved Meadow-grass. 

2. P. pratensis Linn.: culm terete, smooth ; leaves keeled, linear, ab- 
ruptly acute ; ligule short, truncate ; panicle somewhat crowded, finally 
spreading ; spikelets oblong-ovate, about 4-flowered ; flowers acute, 5- 
nerved. P. viridis Muhl. 

Fields and meadows. Can. to Car. May — July. 94-. — Boot creeping. Culm 
2 — 3 feet high. Leaves deep green, the lower very long, the upper much 
shorter. Panicle at length pyramidal, spreading. Introduced from Europe. 

Smooth- stalked Meadow-grass. 

3. P. trivialis Linn. : culm and sheaths somewhat rough : ligule elon- 
gated, acuminate ; panicle equal, diffuse ; spikelets oblong-ovate, 2 — 3- 
flowered ; flowers 5-nerved. P. stolonifera Muhl. 

Wet meadows. N. Y. to Del. June— Aug. %.— Root fibrous. Culm 2 — 3 
feet high, often stoloniferous at base. Leaves very narrow, pale green. Pan- 
icle large, pyramidal, the branches somewhat whorled. 

Rough Meadow-grass. 

4. P. compressa Linn. : culm decumbent or oblique, much compressed, 
smooth ; panicle contracted, somewhat secund ; spikelets ovate-oblong, 
4 — 8-fiowered ; flowers obscurely nerved. 

var. sylvestris Torr. : culm slender, nearly erect ; panicle loose, somewhat 
spreading ; spikelets 2 — 3-flowered. 

Fields and pastures. N. Eng. N. Y. and Perm. June, July. %.—Root 
creeping extensively. Culm 12—18 inches high, often decumbent and rooting 
at base. .Leaves short, smooth, and with the culm bluish-green. Panicle con- 
tracted, at first almost spike-like, finally a little expanding. Introduced from 
Europe. Blue-grass. Wir&igrass. 

5. P. scratina Ehrh.: culm erect, smooth; panicle elongated, diffuse, at 
length somewhat nodding at the top; spikelets ovate-lanceolate, 2 — 3- 
flowcred ; flowers yellowish at the tip, obscurely 5-nerved. P. yalustris 
Muhl. 

Wet meadows. N. Eng. and N. Y. June. %. — Root creeping. Culm 2 — 3 
feet high. Leaves flat, smooth. Panicle 6 — 10 inches long ; the branches mostly 
whorled in lives, rough and flexuous. Red-top. 

6. P. ncmoralis Linn. : culm and Leaves smooth; ligule almost wanting; 
panicle slender, a little attenuated, loose; the branches rough and Bexuous; 

19 # 



442 GRAiMINACE^E. 

spikelets ovate-lanceolate, about 3-flowered ; flowers rather distant, hairy, 
acute, very obscurely nerved. 

Woods and thickets. N. Eng. and N. Y. June, July. %. — Root creeping. 
Culm 2 feet high, slender. Leaves narrow-linear, acute. Panicle 6 — 10 inches 
long, the branches semiverticiliate. Wood Meadow-grass.. 

7. P. laxa Hcenke : culms cespitose ; leaves narrow-linear, acute ; ligules 
all lanceolate ; panicle contracted, somewhat nodding at the apex ; the 
branches smooth, mostly in pairs; spikelets ovate, about 3-flowered; flowers 
acute, hairy. ( Torr. N. Y. Fl.) 

Summit of Mount Marcy, Essex county, N. Y. Aug. %.. — Culms 6 — 3 inches 
high, cespitose, very slender. Leaves numerous, glaucous, smooth. Panicle 
1 — 2 inches long, the branches flexuous. Allied to P. alpina. 

Wavy Meadow-grass. 

8. P. debilis Torr. : culm slender ; leaves and sheaths smooth ; ligule ob- 
long, acute ; panicle loose, few-flowered, somewhat spreading ; the branches 
mostly in pairs, flexuous, a little rough; spikelets ovate, obtuse, 3-flowered ; 
flowers smoothish ; lower palea oblong, obtuse, slightly 3-nerved. 

Rocky banks of streams. N. Y. May. %. — Culm about 2 feet high, erect, 
smooth. Leaves pale green, rough on the margin. Panicle oblong, somewhat 
contracted. Weak Meadow-grass. 

** Flowers free, or not v: ebbed at base. 

9. P. annua Linn. : culm oblique, compressed ; panicle somewhat secund, 
at length divaricate ; spikelets ovate-oblong, about 5-flovvered. 

Cultivated grounds. Can. to Car. April — Sept. (J). — Root fibrous. Cidms 
3 — 8 inches long, very smooth, cespitose, often nearly procumbent. Leaves lance- 
linear, bright green. Panicle with the branches mostly solitary, at length 
spreading horizontally. Annual Meadow-grass. 

10. P. capillaris Linn. : culm much branched at base ; sheaths hairy at 
the throat ; panicle very large, loose, expanding ; the branches capillary 
and much divided ; spikelets about 3-flowered, ovate, acute. 

Sandy fields. Can. to Flor. Aug. (T\ — Culms 12 — 18 inches high, cespitose. 
Leaver linear, flat, the sheaths fringed with long hairs. Panicle 8 — 12 inches 
long, pyramidal, much branched. Hair-panicled Meadoiv- grass. 

11. P. hirsuta Mich. : culm erect, simple, compressed; sheaths hairy; 
panicle very large, capillary ; branches expanding, at length reflexed, 
bearded in the axils ; spikelets oblong, 5 — 15-flowered ; upper palea ciliate 
on the double keel. P. spectabilis Pursh. 

Sandy fields. N. Eng. and N. Y. to Geor. Aug., Sept. (T) l—Culm 1—2 feet 
high, stout, mostly simple. Leaves long, lanceolate, somewhat hairy near the 
base. Panicle 8 — 15 inches long, very much branched, purplish. 

Hairy Meadow-grass. 

12. P. pilosa Linn. : culm oblique, geniculate ; leaves hairy at the base ; 
panicle capillary, pyramidal, the lower branches haiiy in the axils ; spike- 
lets lance-linear, 5 — 12-flowered ; glumes very unequal ; upper palea per- 
sistent. P. pectinacea Mich. P. tenella Pursh. 

Sandy soils, road sides, &c. N. Eng. and N. Y. to Car. July, Aug. (I)— <• 
Culms 6 — 12 inches high, cespitose. Leaves linear-lanceolate, flat. Panicle 
large, loose, often purplish. Slender Meadow-grass. 

13. P. rcpians Mich. : dioecious ■ culm branched, creeping ; panicle 






GRAMINACEvE. 443 

somewhat simple, ovate ; spikelets approximated on the short branches, 
linear-lanceolate, 12 — 20-flowered ; flowers acuminate, smooth ; lower palea 
3-nerved. 

Swamps. N. Eng. and N. Y. to Flor. W. to Miss. July, Aug. (!)•— Culm 
6 — 18 inches long, creeping and rooting at the joints. Leaves subulate, flat, 
pubescent above. Panicle 1—2 inches long, with the spikelets much com- 
pressed. Creeping Meadow-grass. 

14. P. dentata Torr.: culm oblique or decumbent; panicle loose, some- 
what spreading; branches capillary, flexuous ; spikelets lanceolate, about 
5-flowered ; flowers rather distant ; glumes unequal, the upper 3-nerved and 
obtuse ; lower palea 5-nerved, at length 5-toothed at the apex. 

Wet sandy places. N. Eng. and N. Y. W. to Ohio. June, July. %. — 
Culm 1 — 3 feet long, rooting at the lower joints. Leaves flat, pale green. Pan- 
icle large, weak, nodding when young. Toothed Meadow-grass. 

15. P. maritima Hicds.: culm somewhat geniculate ; leaves convolute ; 
panicle erect, somewhat crowded ; spikelets linear, about 5-flowered, terete ; 
flowers rather obtuse, indistinctly 5-nerved. 

Salt marshes. Near Boston, Mass. June. %.. — Root creeping. Culm 8 — 12 
inches high, rigid. Leaves somewhat pungent, glaucous. Panicle rigidly erect, 
sometimes purplish. Sea Meadow-grass. 

16. P. brevifolia MM-. ; culm oblique; leaves very short; ligule acumi- 
nate ; panicle loose ; branches in pairs, horizontal ; spikelets 3 — 4-flowered ; 
paleae pubescent. 

Woods. Penn. Muhl. April. ^-J- — Culm about 2 feet high, somewhat an- 
gular. Panicle loose, flexuous. Short-leaved Meadow-grass. 

17. P. confer ta Ell. : culm erect, geniculate ; panicles terminal and ax- 
illary, erect; spikelets about 8-flowered, compressed; flowers clustered, 
smooth. P. glomerata Walt. 

Penn. Schweinitz. S. to Car. %. — Culm 2 — 3 feet high. Leaves smooth, 
flat, serrulate on the margin. Panicles 4 — 8 inches long. 

Clustered Meadow-grass. 

18. P. Eragrostis Linn. : culm oblique ; sheaths smooth ; panicle spread- 
ing, pyramidal ; the lower branches hairy in the axils ; spikelets ovate-ob- 
long and linear-lanceolate, 8 — 30-flowered ; flowers obtuse ; glumes nearly 
equal. Briza Eragrostis Linn. Megastachi/a Eragrostis Beam). 

Sandy fields, road sides, &c. N. Eng. and N. Y. to Flor. July, Aug. (p.— 
Culm 12 — 18 inches long, geniculate and branching at base. Leaves narrow, 
roughish above. Panicle pyramidal ; the branches subdivided, short and flex- 
uous: Introduced from Europe, and now extensively naturalized ; but it is of 
little or no value for pasturage. Quake-grass. 

19. P. Michauxii Kunth: culms cespitose, erect; leaves distichous, 
spreading ; panicle contracted, spiked ; spikelets ovate or ova,te-oblorig, 
5 — 9-flowered, smooth; lower palea about 9-nerved. (Torr. X. Y. Fl.) 
Uaiola spicata Linn. Festuca distichophytta Mich. 

Salt marshes. Mass. and N. Y. to Car. W. to the North West Coast Aug., 
Sept. %. — Root creeping extensively. Culms 12—- IS inches high, branched at 
base. Leaves numerous', slightly glaucous. Panicle contracted, in a dense 
spike. Michaux's Mmdow-grass, 



444 GRAMINACE^E. 

40. GLYCERIA. Brown.— Manna Grass. 
(From the Greek yXwvj, sweet; on account of the sweet taste of the grains.) 
Spikelets long, linear, many -flowered ; rachis jointed. Glumes 
2, membranaceous, nearly equal, pointless. Palese membrana- 
ceously herbaceous, nearly equal, awnless ; the lower one usually 
obtuse, 7 -nerved ; the upper 2-keeled. Stigmas decompound. 
— Panicle nearly simple. 

1. G. flidtans Brown: panicle secund, slightly branched, divaricate; 
spikelets linear-terete, appressed, 8 — 12-flowered; flowers very obtuse. 
Festuta flidtans Linn. 

Wet grounds. N. Eng. X. Y. and Penn. W. to Mich. June, July. %. — 
Root creeping. Culm 3 — 5 feet high, compressed, erect or ascending. Leaves 
long, linear-lanceolate. Panicle \% — 15 inches long, slender, partly concealed 
in the upper sheath ; branches mostly simple. Common Manna-grass. 

2. G. acuti flora Torr. : panicle simple, elongated, appressed ; spikelets 
linear-terete. 4 — 12-flowered : flowers attenuated, acute, indistinctly nerved. 
Festuca acutiflora Big. 

Overflowed meadows. N. Y. and Mass. to Del. W. to Ohio. June. %.. — 
Culm about 18 inches high. Leaves short, erect, attenuated at the point. Pan- 
icle long and slender, somewhat nodding. Resembles the preceding, but dis- 
tinguished by its acute flowers and nerveless palese. 

Sharp-flowered Manna-grass. 

3. G. aquatica Smith : panicle equal, diffuse, much branched ; spikelets 
linear-oblong, 5 — 9-flowered ; flowers free, oblong, obtuse, prominently 7- 
nerved. Poa aquatica Linn. 

Wet meadows. Can. to Virg. July, Aug. %. — Root creeping. Culm 3 — 5 
feet high, thick. Leaves broad-linear, a foot or more in length. Panicle very 
large, often purplish. Ried Manna-grass. 

4. G. nervata Trin. : panicle diffuse, loose ; the branches slender and at 
length pendulous ; spikelets ovate-oblong, about 5-flowered ; flowers ob- 
tuse, conspicuously 7-nerved. Poa nervata Willd. P. striata Mich. P. 
parviflora Pursh. 

Wet meadows. Can. to Flor. W. to Ohio. June. %. — Culm 3 — 4 feet 
high. Leaves narrow-linear, fiat, smooth ; ligule ovate. Panicle large, capillary, 
often purplish. Nerved Manna-grass. 

5. G. elongata Trin. : panicle elongated, racemose ; branches mostly 
solitary, appressed ; spikelets ovate, obtuse, somewhat tumid, 3 — 4-flow- 
ered ; lower palea rather acute ; stamens 2. Poa elongata Torr. Fl. 

Swamps and wet meadows. Can. to Penn. June, July. %. — Culm 3 — 4 
feet high, simple. Leaves long, nearly smooth ; ligule nearly wanting. Panicle 
8 — 12 inches long, somewhat nodding. Long-panicled Manna-grass. 

6. G. Canadensis Trin.: panicle large, effuse: branches semiverticillate, 
at length pendulous; spikelets broad-ovate, tumid, 5 — 8-flowered : lower 
palea somewhat acute, 7-nerved ; upper shorter and very obtuse ; stamens 
2. Briza Canadensis Mich. 

Swamps. Can. N. Eng. and N. Y. July, Aug. 1L. — Culm 2 — 3 feet high, 
erect, terete. Leaves linear, long, roughish ; ligule obtuse, lacerate. Panicle 
6 —3 inches long, the branches at length spreading. Canadian Manna-grass. 



GRAMINACE^S. 445 

7. G. obtusa : panicle dense, ovate ; spikelets ovate, tumid, 5 — 7-flow- 
ered ; glumes scarious ; palese ovate, smooth, obtuse ; lower one indis- 
tinctly 7-nerved. Poa obtusa Muhl. 

Swamps. N. Eng. N. J. and Penn. Muhl. Aug., Sept. %.—Culm 3—4 
feet high. Leaves linear, as long as the culm, and with the sheaths smooth. 
Panicle 3 — 4 inches long, many-flowered. Obtuse-flowered Manna-grass. 

41. BRIZA. Linn. — Quaking Grass. 
(From the Greek fipidw, to balance ; the spikelets being delicately suspended.) 

Spikelets cordate-ovate, many-flowered. Glumes shorter 
than the lower flowers. Palese ventricose ; lower one cordate 
at base, embracing the upper, which is nearly round and much 
shorter. Caryopsis beaked. — Panicle loose. 

B. media Linn. : panicle erect, few-flowered ; spikelets broad-ovate, 
about 7-flowered ; glume smaller than the flowers. 

Meadows. Near Boston, Mass. Big. Penn. Muhl June. %.—Culm 
12 — 18 inches high, slender. Leaves short, linear, acuminate. Panicle with 
filiform spreading purple branches. Introduced from Europe and naturalized 
in a few places. Common Quaking-grass. 

42. MELICA. Linn.— Melic Grass. 

(A name given in Italy to the Sorghum vulgare, on account of the sw r eet fla- 
vor of its stem, from met, honey, and applied by Linnaeus to this genus. Hook. 
Br. Fl.) 

Spikelets 2 — 4-flowered, one or more of the upper flowers in- 
complete and abortive. Glumes 2-valved, unequal. Palese 
membranaceous, unarmed. Caryopsis loose, not furrowed. — 
Panicle loose. 

M. speciosa Muhl. : smooth ; panicle loose, erect, few-flowered ; branches 
simple ; flowers obtuse. M. glabra Mich. 

Mountains. Penn. to Flor. June. %. — Culm 3 — 4 feet high. Panicle sub- 
secund, with solitary branches. Showy Mclic-grass. 

43. KCELERIA. Pcrs.— Kceleria. 
(In honor of M. Koeler, a German botanist.) 

Spikelets compressed, 2 — 4-flowered. Glumes 2, shorter 
than the flowers ; the lower much narrower, keeled. Palese 
membranaceous, unequal ; the lower acute or obtuse, unawned 
or with a short awn below the tip ; the upper 2-keeled. Styles 
very short. — Panicle contracted or spike-like. 

1. K. Pennsylvanica D. C: lower leaves and sheaths softly pubescent ; 
panicle long, very slender, rather loose ; spikelets mostly 2-flowered ; upper 
glume oblanceolatc, obtuse or slightly pointed ; lower palea rough. Aira 
mollis Muhl. 



446 GRAMINACE^E. 

var. major Torr.-. taller; leaves broad-linear, and with the sheaths 
smooth ; panicle more dense. 

Moist woods. N. Y. to Car. May, June. %. — Culm about 2 feet high, 
simple. Leaves short, flat. Panicle 4—8 inches long, very slender, with vei- 
lowish-green spikelets. Pennsylvanian Koeleria. 

% K. truncala Torr. : leaves and sheaths smooth or pubescent ; panicle 
oblong, contracted ; branches short, racemose ; spikelets somewhat cluster- 
ed, 2-flowered ; upper glume broad-obovate, very obtuse or truncate ; upper 
palea smoothish. Holcus striatus Linn. Aira truncata Muld. 

Dry woods. N. Y. and Mass. to Car. June. %.—Culm about 2 feet high, 
slender. Leaves lance-linear, flat. Panicle 3 — 5 inches long, rather dense, nar- 
row. Perhaps not distinct from the preceding. Truncated Koeleria. 

44. DACTYLIS. Linn,— Orchard Grass. 

(From the Greek 6aKTv\os, a finger ; in allusion to the form of the spike.) 

Spikelets 2 — 7-flowered, aggregated, subsecund. Glumes 

unequal ; the larger keeled, mucronate. Palese herbaceous, 

mucronate ; the lower 5-nerved, with a fringed keel ; upper 

bifid. Stigmas plumose. — Panicle contracted, glomerate. 

D. glomerata Linn. : panicle distantly branched, somewhat secund ; 
spikelets 3 — 4-flowered, in dense unilateral clusters at the ends of the 
branches. 

Fields and meadows. N. Y. and Mass. to Car. June. %. — Culm 2 — 3 feet 
high. Leaves broad-linear, acuminate, rough. Panicle glaucous, contracted, 
somewhat secund ; the clusters ovate, or lance-oblong. Introduced from Europe, 
where it is sometimes cultivated for cattle. It is thought, however, to be infe- 
rior to Timothy. Rough Orchard-grass. 

45. TRICUSPIS. Bcauv.— Tricuspis. 
(From the Latin tres, three, and cuspis, a point ; in allusion to the lower palea.) 

Spikelets nearly terete, many-flowered. Glumes shorter 
than the flowers. Lower palea bifid at the apex, and tricuspi- 
date by the projecting keel and marginal nerves, the base and 
sides villous ; upper palea slightly bicuspidate. — Panicle com- 
pound, spreading. 

T. seslerioides Torr. : panicle loose, spreading ; branches flexuous, 
smooth; spikelets ovate-lanceolate, 5 — 6-fiowered, nearly terete, shining. 
Poa seslerioides Mich. P. qwinquefida Pursh. Windsoria pooeformis Nuit. 

Sandy fields. N. Eng. and N. Y. to Car. Aug. %.—Culm 3—5 feet high, 
erect, smooth. Leaves Jong, flat, nerved, the sheaths bearded at the throat. 
Panicle very large, at length spreading and pendulous, usually purple. It is a 
harsh grass, but is sometimes cut for hay. Tall Red-top. 

46. FESTUCA. Linn.— Fescue Grass. 
(Said to be derived from the Celtic fest, signifying food, pasturage.) 

Spikelets oblong, 3 — many-flowered ; the flowers distichous, 



GRAMINACE^. 447 

free. Glumes unequal, mostly keeled. Palese herbaceous ; 
the lower somewhat rounded on the back, acute, mucronate or 
awned at the summit. Stigmas simply plumose. Caryopsis 
compressed, somewhat adhering to the upper palea. — Panicle 
usually compound. 

1. F. Myurus Linn.: culm leafy in the upper part; panicle secund, 
elongated, contracted ; spikelets about 4-flowered ; flowers shorter than the 
awn, hairy, monandrous. 

Dry fields. N. J. to Geor. June. (T). — Culm 8 — 12 inches high. Leaves 
linear, setaceous. Panicle 4 or 5 inches long. Introduced ? 

Wall Fescue-grass. 

2. F. tenella Willd. : culm filiform ; leaves setaceous ; panicle simple, 
spike-form, rather secund ; spikelets about 7-flowered ; awns shorter than 
the subulate flowers. F. bromoides Mich. 

Sandy fields. N. Y. and Mass. to Car. June. (T). — Culms often clustered, 
6 — 12 inches high, geniculate at base. Leaves linear, short. Panicle 2 — 4 
inches long, the spikelets brownish when old. Slender Fescue-grass. 

3. F. duriuscula Linn. : root fibrous ; culm leaves flat, radical ones seta- 
ceous; panicle somewhat contracted, subsecund; spikelets oblong, 5 — 6- 
flowered, nearly terete ; flowers with short awns. 

Fields and pastures. N. Eng. and N. Y. to Car. June. %.—Culm 12—18 
inches high, erect, slender. Leaves smooth, those of the culm involute. Pani- 
cle 2 — 3 inches long, with the branches mostly in pairs. Probably introduced 
from Europe. Hard Fescue-grass. 

4. F. rubra Linn. : root creeping ; leaves pubescent on the upper side ; 
panicle secund, erect, spreading ; spikelets somewhat terete ; flowers longer 
than their awns. 

Dry soils. Penn. Muhl. June. %. — Root extensively creeping. Culm 
18 inches high, erect. Leaves long. Panicle contracted. Differs from the 
preceding chiefly in its creeping root. Introduced 1 

Creeping Fescue-grass. 

5. F. elatior Linn. : root creeping ; panicle much branched, rather loose 
and spreading ; spikelets ovate-lanceolate, 4 — 6-flowered ; flowers cylin- 
dric, acuminate or mucronate. 

Wet meadows. N. Y. and Mass. to Car. June. %. — Culm 3—5 feet high. 
Leaves broad-linear, 9 — 15 inches long. Panicle 6 — 8 or 10 inches long, mostly 
nodding, the branches usually in pairs. Introduced, but extensively natural- 
ized. Tall Fescue-grass. 

6. F. pratensis Huds. : root fibrous ; leaves linear ; panicle spreading, 
branched, erect ; spikelets oblong or linear-lanceolate, many-flowered ; 
flowers cylindric, awnless ; outer palea acute. 

Meadows anil fields. N. Y. and Mass. to Del. W. to Ohio. June. July. 
%. — Culm 2 — 3 feet high. Leaves broad-linear, nerved, smooth, rough on the 
margin. Panicle 4 — 8 inches long, somewhat secund. Introduced, but exten- 
sively naturalized. It is said to be a much more valuable grass than the pre- 
ceding. Meadow Fescue-grass. 

7. F. nutans Willd.: panicle slender, diffuse, at length nodding ; branches 
long, in pairs, naked below ; spikelets lance-OVate, ~— 5-tlowered ; flowexa 
samooth, awnless, very obscurely nerved. 



448 GRAMINACE^E. 

Moist woods. N. Y. and Mass. to Car. W. to Mich. June. IL.—Culm about 
3 feet high, erect, rather slender, simple. Leaves linear-lanceolate, somewhat 
rough. Panicle very loose, few-flowered. Nodding Fescue-grass. 

47. DIPLACHNE. Beauv.— Diplachne. 

(From the Greek SinXoos, double, and a^vrj, chaf; in allusion to the division 
of the outer palea.) 

Spikelets at first terete, 7 — 9-flowered. Paleee unequal, mu- 
cronate, villous on the margins ; lower one slightly bifid at the 
tip, with a straight bristle between the teeth, 3-nerved ; upper 
bifid, flat on the back. Stigmas simply plumose. Pericarp 
loose. — Panicle somewhat secund. 

D. fascicularis Beauv. Torr. N. Y. Fl. Festuca fascicularis Lam. F. 
procumbens Muhl. 

Brackish meadows. N.Y. to Car. Aug. (j). — Culm 8 — 15 inches long, 
branched from the base, procumbent. Leaves longer than the culm, narrow, 
pointed at the end ; ligule lacerate. Panicle erect, with spreading spike-like 
branches. Spikelets one-sided, on short peduncles. 

Cluster-flowered Diplachne. 

48. BROMUS. Linn.— Brome Grass. 
(From PpojxoSi a name given by the Greeks to a kind of oats.) 

Spikelets oblong, 3- many-flowered ; the flowers in two 
rows. Glumes unequal, shorter than the flowers. Lower 
palea bifid at the apex, and usually awned a little below the tip ; 
upper 2-keeled, the keels pectinate-ciliate. Stigmas simply 
plumose. — Panicle diffuse or contracted. 

1. B. sterihs Linn. : panicle drooping, slightly branched ; spikelets linear- 
lanceolate, at length oblong ; flowers remote, lanceolate-subulate ; paleae 
shorter than the straight awn. 

Waste grounds. Penn-Yan, Yates county, N. Y. Br. Sartwell. June, July. 
(J). — Culm about 2 feet high, slender, smooth. Leaves pubescent above, smooth 
beneath. Panicle nearly simple, slender. Spikelets about 6-flowered. Intro- 
duced from Europe. Barren Brome-grass. 

2. B. secalinus Linn. : panicle spreading, the peduncles but little branched ; 
spikelets ovate-oblorig, compressed, 8 — 10-fiowered ; flowers rather remote ; 
pales longer than the flexuous awns. 

Cultivated grounds. Can. to Car. W. to Ohio. June. (I). — Culm 2 — 3 feet 
high : the nodes swollen and pubescent. Leaves broad-linear, hairy above. 
Panicle 4 — 6 inches long; branches semiverticillate, scabrous and pubescent. 
Introduced from Europe. It is very common in wheat fields, especially when 
the giain has been injured by frost. This has given rise to the common, but 
mistaken, idea that wheat is changed into this plant. Chess. Cheat. 

3. B. mollis Linn. : panicle erect, contracted ; spikelets oblong-ovate, 
somewhat compressed, pubescent ; flowers imbricate, compressed, about as 
long as the straight awn. 

Fields and pastures. Mass. to Perm. June. ©.— Culm 1—2 feet high. 



GRAMINACE.E. 449 

Leaves very soft, pubescent Panicle 3 — 4 inches long. Spikelets nearly erect, 
5 — 10- flowered. The seeds are said to be deleterious. Introduced from Europe. 

Soft Brome-grass. 

4. B. purgans Linn. : panicle oblong, somewhat contracted, at length 
nodding ; spikelets oblong-lanceolate, ovate-oblong when old, 7 — 8-flowered; 
flowers hairy ; awn straight, nearly as long as the paleae. 

Moist woods. Arct. Amer. to Car. W. to Ohio ; rare. July, Aug. %. — 
Culm 2 — 3 feet high, pubescent at the nodes. Leaves flat, somewhat hairy. 
Panicle about 3 inches long, with short nearly simple branches. 

Canadian Brome-grass. 

5. B. ciliatus Linn. : panicle loose, nodding ; spikelets oblong, terete, 
8 — 12-flowered ; flowers appressed-pubescent, longer than the straight awn. 
B. Canadensis Mich. ? 

Woods. Can. to Penn. June. %. — Culm 3 — 5 feet high, striate, the nodes 
black and hairy. Leaves broad-linear, hairy above, smoothish beneath. Pan- 
icle 6 — 8 inches long ; the branches filiform, rough. Ciliate Brome-grass. 

6. B. pubescens Muhl: panicle loose, nodding; spikelets lanceolate, sub- 
terete, 8 — 12-flowered ; flowers pubescent, rather longer than the straight 
awn. 

Woods. Mass. to Car. W. to Ohio. June. %.. — Culm 3 — 4 feet high, some- 
what hairy below, the nodes black. Leaves lanceolate, hairy above, smooth be- 
neath. Panicle loose, at length nodding, with slender flexuous branches. 

Pubescent Brome-grass. 

7. B. arvensis Linn. : panicle erect, spreading ; spikelets lanceolate, com- 
pressed, 7— 8-flowered ; flowers imbricate, compressed, smoothish, about as 
long as the straight awn. 

Fields and meadows. West Chester, Penn. Darlington. June, July. (T). 
— Culm, about 2 feet high, smooth ; nodes nearly black, pubescent. Leaves 
lance-linear, hairy on both sides. Panicle slender, spreading, at length droop- 
ing. Introduced from Europe. Field Brome-grass. 

49. UNIOLA. Linn.— Spike Grass. 

(Probably so named because the lower flowers of the spikelet consist only of a 
single palea. Torr.) 

Spikelets compressed, many-flowered, one or more of the 
lower flowers sterile, and consisting of a single palea. Glumes 
keeled. Paleae of the perfect flowers 2 ; lower one boat-shaped ; 
upper smaller, doubly keeled. Stamens 1 — 3. — Panicle com- 
pound, loose. 

1. 17. latifolia Mich.: leaves broad and flat; panicle loose, nodding; 
spikelets on long peduncles ; flowers somewhat falcate, monandrous. 

Mountains. Penn. to Geor. Aug. %. — Culm 2 — 3 foot high, somewhat 
branching. Panicle a foot long, loose. Broad-leaved Spike-grass. 

2. U. gracilis Mich. : panicle elongated, racemose, appressed ; spikelets 
3 _4- flowered; flowers spreading, monandrous. Holcus la.vus Linn. 

Sandy swamps. N. Y. to Geor. Aug. %. — Odm 3— 4 feet high, cespitose, 

slender, somewhat compressed, leafy. Leaves D foot or more long, narrow, (kit. 
Panicle 6 — 10 inches long, very slender, with short remote branches. 

Slender Spike-grass. 



450 GRAMINACE/E. 

X. Horded. Spikelets 3- many-flowered, rarely lflowered, often 
awned; the terminal flower imperfect. Glumes and paleaz 2, herba- 
ceous ; the former rarely wanting. Stigmas sessile. 

50. LOLIUM. Linn.— Darnel. 
(A classical Latin name, applied to this genus.) 

Spikelets sessile, many-flowered, distichous at right angles 
with, or the edge to the rachis. Flowers imbricate, naked at 
the base. Inner glume mostly wanting. Lower palea lanceo- 
late, mucronate or with a short bristle at the tip ; upper one 
2-keeled. — Spike simple ; rachis not jointed. 

1. L. perenne Linn. : perennial ; spikelets longer than the glumes, linear- 
oblong, compressed, 7 — 9-flowered ; flowers mostly awnless. 

Meadows and fields. N. Eng. N. Y. and Penn. June. %.—Culm 1—2 
feet high, smooth. Leaves lance-linear, smooth, shining, somewhat rough near 
the end. Spikelets 12 — 20, alternate, forming a spike about 6 inches long. In- 
troduced, probably from England, where it is esteemed as a valuable grass for 
the agriculturalist. Perennial Darnel. Rye- grass. 

2. L. temukntum Linn. : annual ; spikelets as long as the glumes, much 
compressed, 5 — 7-flowered ; flowers as long as the rigid awns. 

Fields. N. Eng. and Penn. July. (1). — Culm about 2 feet high, terete, 
scabrous above. Leaves lance-linear, rough on the margins. Spikelets much 
compressed. The seeds are said to be poisonous. Introduced from Europe. 

Bearded Darnel. 

51. TRITICUM. Linn.— Wheat or Wheat Grass. 

(From the Latin tritum, rubbed or ground ; because the seed is thus prepared 
for food.) 

Spikelets distichously imbricate, sessile on the teeth of the 
rachis, 3- many-flowered. Glumes 2, nearly equal, opposite. 
Palese lanceolate ; the lower one concave, acuminate or awned 
at the summit. Scales 2, mostly entire and ciliate. — Flowers 
spiked. 

1. T. repens Linn. : root creeping ; spike distichous, compressed ; spike- 
lets about 5-fiowered, distant, alternate, lance-oblong, acute ; glumes lan- 
ceolate, 5-nerved, acuminate. Agropyron repens Torr. Fl. 

Fields and meadows. N. S. W. to Miss. June — Aug. %. — Root or rhi- 
zoma jointed, proliferous. Culm about 2 feet high. Leaves lance-linear, some- 
what scabrous. Spike 3 — 5 inches long. A very troublesome weed. Intro- 
duced from Europe. Creeping Wheat-grass. Couch-grass. 

2. T. CG.ninum Linn. : root fibrous ; spike distichous, compressed ; spike- 
lets about 5-fiowered ; glumes lanceolate, 3 — 5-nerved, acute ; lower palea 
awned. Agropyron cani?mm R. fy S. 

Fields. Penn-Yan, N. Y. Dr. Sartwell. Del. Muhl. July. %.— Culm, 
2 — -3 feet high. Leaves flat, smooth. Best distinguished from the preceding by 
its fibrous root. Introduced from Europe. Fibrous-rooted Wheat-grass. 



GRAMINACE^E. 451 

52. ELYMUS. Linn.— Lyme Grass. 

(From thvuog, a name given by the Greeks to the panic- grasses, because they 
grew abundantly about Elyma, in Greece. Hook. Fl. Br.) 

Spikelets 2 or more at each joint of the rachis, 2 — 1 -flow- 
ered, the upper flowers imperfect. Glumes 2, nearly equal, 
subulate, rarely 1 or wanting. Palese 2, lanceolate, subcoria- 
ceous ; the lower one usually awned. — Spike simple. 

1. E. Virginicus Linn.: spike erect, dense; spikelets in pairs. 2 — 3- 
flowered, the flowers nearly smooth ; glumes lanceolate, nerved, as long as 
the spikelets. 

Banks of streams. N. Y. and Mass. to Geor. W. to Mich, and Ark. July, 
Aug. %. — Culm 3 — 4 feet high, smooth. Leaves broad-linear, flat, scabrous, 
deep green. Spike 3 — 5 inches long, stiffly erect, thick. 

Virginian Lyme-grass. Wild Rye. 

2. E. Canadensis Linn, : spike rather spreading, nodding at the ex- 
tremity ; spikelets in pairs, 3 — 5-flowered ; flowers hairy ; glumes lanceo- 
late-subulate, awned, conspicuously nerved. E . glaucifolius and Philadel- 
phicus Willd. 

River banks. Subarct. Amer. to Del. W. to Miss. Aug. %. — Root creep- 
ing. Culm 3 — 4 feet high, erect. Leaves broad-linear, flat, somewhat rough. 
Spike 6 — 8 inches long, at length nodding. Canadian Lyme-grass. 

3. E. villosus Muhl. : spike loose, somewhat nodding ; rachis and flow- 
ers hispid-pilose ; spikelets mostly in pairs, 1 — 3-flowered ; glumes linear } 
hairy-ciliate, 2 — 3-nerved. E. ciliatus Muhl. 

Banks of streams. N. Y. and Mass. to Virg. July. %.,—CuLm 2—3 feet 
high, rather slender, smooth. Leaves lanceolate, somewhat pubescent above ; 
the lower sheaths hairy. Spike 2 — 3 inches long, at length spreading and some- 
what nodding. Hairy Lyme-grass. 

4. E. Hystrix Linn. : spike erect ; spikelets in pairs or ternate, distant, 
diverging, about 3-flowered ; flowers awned ; glumes minute or wanting. 

Rocky woods. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. July. %..— Culm 2—4 feet high, 
erect, smooth. Leaves broad-linear, flat, often glaucous. Spike 4 — 6 inches 
long, at length spreading so as to resemble an apothecary's bottle washer. 

Bottle-brush Grass. 

5. E. strialus Willd. : spike erect; spikelets in pairs, 2-flowered, awned, 
hispid; glumes linear, nerved, awned, nearly as long as the spikelets. 

Shady woods. Mass. and N. Y. to Virg. W. to Mich, and Ark. June. %. 
— Culm '8 inches high, erect, striate. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, rough 
above, sheaths smooth. Spike somewhat spreading, the rachis pubescent. 

Striated Lyme-grass. 

53. HORDEUM. Linn.— Barley. 

(An ancient Latin name, the origin of which is doubtful.) 
Spikelets 3 at each joint of the rachis, the lateral ones often 
abortive, each 1 -flowered, with a subulate rudiment of a second 
flower. Glumes 2, nearly equal, collateral, lance-linear, flat, 
awned. Palece 2, the lower with a long awn ; the upper 2- 
keeled, obtuse — Spike simple. 



452 GRAMINACEiE. 

H.jubatum Linn. : lateral flowers abortive, neutral ; bristles of the glume 
and lower palea 6 times as long as the flowers. 

Marshes. Subarct. Amer. to Mass. W. to the Platte River. June. ©.— 
Culm 2 feet high, simple, smooth, slender. Leaves rather short, rough on the 
margin. Spike 2 — 3 inches long. Wild Barley. Squirrel-tail Grass. 

XL Rottbcelle^. Spikelets 1- or 2- rarely ^-flowered, seated in 
an excavation of the rachis, either solitary or in pairs, with one pedicel- 
late and often blighted. One flower of each 2-flowered spikelet imper- 
fect. Glumes 1 — 2, sometimes wanting, mostly coriaceous. Palea, 
membranaceous, rarely awned. 

54. TRIPSACUM. Linn.— Sesame Grass. 
(From the Greek rpi/3w, to grind ; but the application is obscure.) 

Monoecious. Sterile Spikelets in pairs on each joint of the 
rachis, and longer than the joint, collateral, 2-flowered. Flow- 
ers each with 2 pal see. Fertile Spikelets solitary, as long 
as the joint, 2-flowered. Flowers with 2 palese ; the outer or 
lower flower neutral, the inner or upper one fertile. — Spikes 
solitary, or digitate in twos or threes. 

T. daciyloides Linn. : spikes 2 — 3, aggregated or digitate, sometimes sol- 
itary ; sterile flowers above, fertile at the base. 

Meadows. N. Y. to Car. W. to Miss, and Ark. July, Aug. %..—Culm 
erect or oblique, 4 — 6 feet high, somewhat compressed. Leaves large, often 3 
feet long, linear-lanceolate, smooth beneath, rough above. Spikes usually 2 — 3, 
rachis articulated. T. monostachyon Willd. is a mere variety with a single 
spike. The value of this grass for fodder, seems to have been greatly overrated. 

Sesame-grass. Gama-grass. 

XII. Andropogone.&. Spikelets 2-flowered ; the lower flower al- 
ways imperfect, on a bearded pedicel. Palecc mostly hyaline. 

55. ANDROPOGON. Linn.— Beard Grass. 

(From the Greek avep, a man, and Ttwywv, a beard ; in allusion to the hairy 
flowers.) 

Lower flower staminate or neutral, the glumes and palese 
often very minute or wanting. Upper flower perfect. Glumes 
awnless. Palese 2, shorter than the glumes ; lower one mostly 
awned.- — Flowers in panicles or spikes. 

* Flowers in panicles. 

1. A. nutans Linn.: panicle terminal, oblong, branched, at length nod- 
ding ; lower flower a mere pedicel, without valves ; outer glume of the per- 
fect flower covered with brownish hairs ; awn contorted. A. avenaceurm 
Mich. 

Sandy sterile, fields. Throughout the U. S. Aug.— Oct. %.— Culm 3—6 
feet high, simple, terete. Leaves a foot or more long, glaucous. Panicle loose, at 
first erect, at length nodding. Nodding Beard-grass. Indian-grass. 



GRAMINACE^. 453 

** Flowers in spikes. 

2. A. scoparius Mich. : spikes simple, lateral and terminal, pedunculate, 
in pairs ; lower flower neutral, awned ; glumes of the perfect flower smooth ; 
awn twisted. A.purpurascens Willd. 

Old fields and road sides. N. Y. and Mass. to Car. W. to Ohio. Aug. %. 
— Culm about 3 feet high, with lateral scattered branches. Leaves flat, some- 
what hairy. Spikes on a flexuous rachis, often purple. 

Purple Bear-grass. Brown-grass. 

3. A. furcatus Muhl. : spikes digitate, generally in threes or fours ; lower 
flower staminate, awnless ; awn of the perfect flower somewhat contorted. 

Rocky grounds. N. Y. and Mass. to Car, W. to Ark. Aug., Sept. %.. — 
Culm 3 — 4 feet high, simple or somewhat branching. Leaves flat ; the lower 
very long. Spikes about 3 inches long, 3 — 5 or more at the summit of the culm. 

Forked Beard-grass. 

4. A. macrourus Mich. : spikes fasciculate, in dense lateral and terminal 
fastigiate panicles ; lower flower a mere rudiment without valves ; perfect 
flower monandrous, the awn straight. 

Swamps, especially near salt water. N. Y. and Mass. to Flor. Sept., Oct. 
%.. — Culm 3 feet high, much branched towards the top. Leaves roughish ; the 
lower long. Spikes very numerous, in large clustered panicles, partly concealed 
in the boat-like sheaths. Many-spiked Beard-grass. 

5. A. Virginicus Linn. : culm somewhat compressed ; sheaths smooth ; 
spikes short, 2 — 3 from each sheath, in slender fascicles, lateral and termi- 
nal ; lower flower a mere pedicel without glumes ; perfect flower monan- 
drous, the awn straight. A. dissitiflorum Mich. 

Dry swamps. N. Y. and Mass. to Flor. Sept. %. — Culms about 3 feet high, 
somewhat cespitose, with short branches above. Leaves a foot or more in 
length, the lower hairy on the upper surface. Spikes partly concealed in sheaths. 

Virginian Beard-grass. 



DIVISION II. 

FLOWERLESS or CRYPTGGAMOUS PLANTS. 

PLANTS DESTITUTE OF PROPER ELOWERS ; AND PRODUCING 
SPORES, INSTEAD OE SEEDS. 



CLASS I. FERN-LIKE PLANTS. 

Flowerless plants, with a stem having a vascular system and 
for the most part with distinct leaves or. fronds. Spore-cases 
(the coverings of the spores, sometimes called tkecce or cap- 
sules), axillary, radical or dorsal, one or many-celled. 

Order CXLYIII. EQUISETACE^E.— Horse Tails. 

Fructification in terminal cones or spikes composed of peltate 
scales attached to a central axis, and bearing on their inner sur- 
face several cases or thecae, which contain the spores. Spores 
oval grains, wrapped round with a pah of highly elastic elaters, 
which uncoil themselves when dry. — Leafless herbaceous peren- 
nial plants. Stems hollow and jointed, either simple or with 
whorled branches, and furnished at the joints with toothed 
sheaths. Stomates arranged longitudinally on the cuticle, 
which contains a large quantity of silica. 

EQJJISETUM. Lvm.-~B.orse Tail. 
Character same as that of the order. 

* Fertile stems simple, discolored, appearing before the sterile ones. 
1. E. arvense Linn. : sterile stems erect or assurgent, roughish, with 
12—14 furrows, the branches 3— 4-angled and ascending ; teeth of the 
sheaths ovate-acuminate, subsquarrose ; fertile stems simple, erect; the 
sheaths large, loose, remote. 



EQUISETACE^E. 455 

Moist grounds. Arct. Amer. to Virg. W. to the N. W. Coast. April. May. 
%.. — Sterile stems 10 — 15 inches high, with whorls of ascending branches, which 
are either simple or somewhat divided. Fertile stems 6 — 8 inches high, with 
brownish or purple sheaths. Spikes oblong, obtuse ; the scales at first approxi- 
mated, at length more open. Field Horse-tail. 

** Fertile stems at length branched, bearing the fructification at the same time 
with the branches. 

2. E. sylvaticum Linn. : sterile and fertile stems "both branched, about 
12 — furrowed; branches compound, curved downwards; sheaths loose, 
deeply cleft into several broad-lanceolate membranous teeth. 

Moist grounds. Arct. Amer. to Virg. and Ohio. June, July. 1] . — Stems 12 — 18 
inches high ; the sterile ones usually taller and more slender. Sheaths divided 
into 8 — 17 teeth or leaves, whose points are connected in 2 — 4 or more lobes. 
Spike oblong. Wood Horse-tail. 

3. E. palustre Linn.: stem deeply grooved, roughish, 7— 8-angled ; 
branches whorled, simple, gradually shorter upwards; sheaths distant, cut 
at the apex into 6 — 10 fuscous teeth. 

Swamps. Arct. Amer. to Virg. June. %. — Stems 12 — 18 inches high, gen- 
erally with simple erect whorled branches. Sheaths mostly with 7 — 9 teeth. 
Spike an inch long, slender and blackish. A variable species. 

Marsh Horse-tail. 

4. E. limosum Linn. : stem smooth, with 16 — 21 strife, sometimes simple; 
branches nearly erect, simple, short; teeth of the sheaths short, rigid, dis- 
tinct. 

Borders of swamps and ponds. Can. to Virg. W. to Wise. June, July. %. 
Stems 2 — 3 feet high, erect, simple, or with a few whorls of branches at the top. 
Sheaths numerous, appressed, usually with 17 — 20 brownish or blackish teeth. 
Spike oblong, scarcely an inch in length. Easily distinguished from the preceding 
by the structure of its stem and by its teeth. Smooth Swamp Horse-tail. 

*** Stems simple or branched only at base. 

5. E. hyemale Linn. : stems numerous, simple, naked, erect, very rough ; 
sheaths short, blackish at the base and apex, with about 14 — 20 very small 
obtuse finally deciduous teeth. 

Wet woods aod marshes. Can. to Penn. W. to Miss, and Ken. June, July. 
1L. — Stems 1 — 2 feet high, naked, furrowed, pale and somewhat glaucous green. 
Sheaths 2 — 4 lines long, the teeth deciduous. Spike ovoid, blackish. The cuti- 
cle abounds in silica, and the stems are well suited for the polishing of hard 
woods and the metals. Scouring Rush. Shave-grass. 

. 6. E. var/cgalum Schleich. : stems several, usually decumbent or assurgent. 
simple or only branched at the base, rough, filiform, with l — 8 stria:; 
sheaths with membranaceous lanceolate teeth, blackish at the base. 

Wet sandy places. Arct. Amer. to N. Y. July. 1[. — Stons 6 — 12 inches 
long, several from the same root. Sheaths blackish, consisting of about seven 
4-keeled persistent teeth. Spike ovoid, blackish, smaller than in the preceding. 

Variegated Rough Horse-tail. 

7. E. scirpoides Mich. : stems cespitose, much branched from the root, 
ascending, naked, filiform, rough J sheaths blackish, with a few awned 
teeth. E. varicgatuvi Torr. Comp. E. variegatoim var. minus ,' 

Wet rocky places. Arct. Amer. to N. Y. and N. Eng. %. — Stems in dense 
tufts, 4 — 8 inches long, very slender, f>— G-angled. Sheaths minute, blackish, 



456 FILICES. 

with 3 — 6 subulate whitish awned teeth. Spikes ovoid capitate, 2 — 3-lines 
long, blackish. Torr. N. Y. Fl. The smallest of the genus. 

Smallest Rough Horse-tail. 

Order CXLIX. FILICES.— Ferns. 

Fructification only of one kind on the same individual. 
Spore-cases sometimes in distinct spikes or racemes, but usu- 
ally collected into clusters of various shapes, (sori,) arising 
from veins on the under surface of the leaf or frond ; either 
pedicellate, with the stalk passing round them in the form of an 
elastic ring, or sessile and destitute of such a ring ; and either 
naked, or covered with an involucre, (indusium.) Spores very 
minute. — Leafy plants, producing a rhizoma which is mostly 
creeping, but sometimes arborescent. Fronds coiled up before 
expansion, simple or variously branched and divided. 

I. Poltpode^:. Spore-cases stalked, furnished with an articulated 
elastic more or less complete ring, opening transversely and irregularly. 

1. POLYPODIUM. Linn.— Polypody. 

(From the Greek tto\v; , many, and novs, noSos, afoot ; from the numerous feet- 
like branches of the root-stock.) 

Sori roundish, scattered on various parts of the lower surface 
of the frond. Indusium none. 

* Frond pinnatifid. 

1. P. vulgare var. Americanum Hook. : frond smooth, deeply pinnatifid; 
segments linear-oblong, obtuse, crenate-serrulate, the upper ones becoming 
gradually smaller ; sori large, distinct. P. Virginianum Wi'tld. 

Rocky woods. Arct. Amer. to Car. W. to Miss. July. %.. — Rhizoma creep- 
ing, clothed with brownish chaffy scales. Fronds 6 — 10 inches long, 1 |— 2 inches 
wide, growing in thick patches ; segments mostly alternate. Sori large, in 
double rows on the back of each segment, at first distinct and yellowish, at 
length in contact and dark colored. According to Torrey, the American plant 
differs from the European only in the fronds being narrower and more oblong, 
the segments more distant, and the sori nearer the margin. 

Common Polypody. 

** Frond bipinnatifid. 

2. P. hezagonopterum Mich.: stipe smooth; frond bipinnatifid, slightly 
pubescent, the lowest divisions deflexed ; segments lanceolate, obtuse, ciliate, 
crenate or toothed ; the lowest pairs adnate-decurrent, connected by an ob- 
long somewhat hexagonal wing ; sori minute. 

Moist woods. Can. to Car. July. %.. — Stipe 12 — 15 inches long, slender, 
smooth. Frond triangular in its outline, the base 6 — 9 inches wide, and often 
exceeding the length. Sori very small, roundish, distinct, marginal, in 1 — 3 
rows. Winged Polypody. 



FILICES. 457 

3. P. Phegopteris Linn. : stipe pubescent, somewhat chaffy ; frond bi- 
pinnatifid, the two lower divisions deflexed ; segments linear-lanceolate, 
obtuse, entire, ciliate, the lowermost ones adnate-decurrent ; veins hairy; 
sori solitary, marginal. P. cnnncctile Mick. 

Shady woods. Throughout the U. S. July, Aug. %.— Stipe 6—10 inches 
long, minutely pubescent and a little chaffy. Frond triangular, 3 — 5 inches 
long. Sori minute, mostly 4 on each segment. Identical with the foreign plant, 
and differing from the preceding chiefly in its smaller size, pubescent stipe, and 
more closely approximated pinnse. Beech Polypody. 

*** Frond ternale, bipinnate. 

4. P. Drijopteris Linn. : frond ternate ; the divisions bipinnate, spread- 
ing and deflexed; segments oblong, obtuse, somewhat crenate; sori mar- 
ginal, at length confluent. P. calcareum Smith,. Nephrodium Drijopteris 
Mich. 

Wet woods. Arct. Amer. to Penn. July. %.. — Rhizoma black, creeping and 
slender. Stipe 6 — 12 inches long, erect, slender, smooth. Frond 4 — 6 inches 
wide, triangular, of a light green color. Sori small, light brown. 

Three-branched Polypody. 

2. ONOCLEA. Linn.— Sensitive Fern. 
(An ancient Greek name, applied to this genus.) 

Sterile frond deeply pinnatifid ; the segments sinuous or pin- 
natifid, with reticulated veins. Fertile frond bipinnate, small ; 
the segments contracted, with their margins revolute, forming 
a general involucre and resembling berries. Sori 4 — 6, con- 
fluent. Indusium lateral, cucullate, thin and membranaceous. 

0. sensibilis Linn. : sterile frond pinnate : pinnse lanceolate, acute, la- 
ciniate, upper ones united at base ; fertile frond bipinnate, with the seg- 
ments recurved and globosely contracted, resembling a compound spike. 

var. obtusiloba 'Forr. : fertile frond deeply bipinnatifid ; segments obovate, 
very obtuse; the margin slightly recurved. O. obiusilobala Schk.? Pursh. 

Moist woods. Can. to Flor. July. %. — Stipe 8 — 12 inches long, angular, a 
little chaffy at the base, elsewhere smooth. Sterile frond 8 — 12 inches long, 
triangular, deeply pinnate, smooth. Fertile frond 3 — 6 inches long, nearly erect ; 
the contracted and somewhat triangular-globose segments smoothish, dark brown, 
resembling berries in two-rowed unilateral spikes. The var. obtusilobata is quite 
rare, and is said by Torrey to have been hitherto obtained in only three local- 
ities. In one of these it was found growing on the same root with the common 
variety. Sensitive Fern. 

3. ASPIDIUM. Swart-.— Shield Fern. 

(From the Greek acnu , a shield ; in allusion to the form of the indusium.) 
Sori roundish, scattered. Indusium orbicular, fixed by the 
centre, or reniform and fixed at the sinus. 

* Frond pinnate. 

1. A. acrostichoides Swartz: stipe and rachia chaffy; frond pinnate; 
pinnae linear-lanceolate, acute, somewhat falcate, mueronate-serrulate, au- 

20 



458 FILICES. 

riculate at base on the upper side, subsessiJe; the upper ones smaller and 
only fertile ; sori at length confluent. Nephrodium acrostichoides Mich, 

var. incisum Gray : segments unequally and incisely toothed ; sori mostly 
distinct. A. Schweinitzii Beck Bob. 1st Ed. 

Rocky and low shady places. Can. to Car. W. to Miss. June — Aug. %. 
■ — An erect fern 12 — 18 inches high, growing in clusters. Stipe short, pale, and 
with the rachis very chaffy. Frond lanceolate, very acute or cuspidate, pale 
green. Son rather large, in a single or double row, at length confluent and 
covering the whole lower surface oi' the terminal leafets. Indusium orbicular. 
Var. incisum, has been found in Oneida county, N. Y., by Gray, and near Phil- 
adelphia by Schweinitz. Terminal Shield-fern. 

*'* Frond pinnate-pinnatifid. 

2. A. Thelypieris Swartz : frond pinnate; pinna? mostly opposite, linear- 
lanceolate, sessile, deeply pinnatifid, the lower ones longer ; segments ovate- 
oblong, rather acute, the margin slightly crenulate. revolute when in fruit; 
sori small, a short distance from the margin, contiguous, at length conflu- 
ent. Poli/podium Thelypieris Linn. 

Wet woods and swamps. Can. to Del. July. %. — Stipe about a foot long, 
smooth and naked. Frond 6 — 12 inches long, oblong-lanceolate in outline, 
deep green and delicate. Sori between the margin and midrib of the segments, 
at length confluent and usually covering their whole under surface. Indusium 
orbicular-reniform. , Marsh Shield-fern. 

3. A. Noveboracense Willd. : frond pinnate ; pinnae linear-lanceolate, 
sessile, deeply pinnatifid, the lower ones gradually smaller ; segments ob- 
long, obtuse, entire, ciliate; sori minute, nearly marginal, distinct. A. 
thelypteroides Swartz. Nephrodium thelypteroides Mich. 

Moist woods. Can. to Car. July. %. — A fern about as large as the pre- 
ceding, but of a more rigid habit. Stipe smooth or slightly pubescent. Frond 
pale green ; the segments linear-oblong and sometimes a little acute. Sori in 
two rows. Indusium orbicular-reniform. Perhaps not distinct from A. The- 
li/pteris. New York Shield-fern. 

4. A. cristaium Swartz: stipe nearly naked; frond pinnate, (nearly bi- 
pinnate,) lanceolate, somewhat rigid ; pinnse somewhat cordate, oblong, 
deeply pinnatifid ; segments oblong, obtuse, doubly serrate : sori near the 
midrib. A. Lancastriense Spreng. 

Moist woods. Can. to Del. ; rare. July. %. — Stipe stout, somewhat chaffy, 
varying from tawny to brown. Frond 1J — 2 feet long, linear-lanceolate in its 
outline, bright green ; lower pinnse broad at the base. Sori middle-sized, dis- 
tinct, dark brown, mostly in two rows, usually on the upper half of the frond. 

Crested Shield-fern. 

5. A. Goldianum Hook. : frond pinnate, broad-ovate ; pinnse deeply pin- 
natifid, lanceolate, acuminate; segments oblong, subacute, somewhat fal- 
cate, mucronate-serrate ; sori in two rows near the midrib on the lower 
segments. A. Filix mas Pursh not of Willd. 

Moist woods. Can. to Del. July. 'I]-.— Fern ll— 3 feet high, with the stipe 
somewhat chaffy. Frond 6 — 12 inches wide, yellowish-green. Resembles A. 
cristafum more than any other species, but can at once be distinguished by the 
broader frond, by the form of the pinnee, which are never broader at ba?e, and 
by the narrower and slightly falcate segments. Goldie's Shield-fern. 

*** Frond bipinnate. 

6. A, marginale Swartz: stipe chaffy; frond bipinnate; pinnse lance- 



FILICES. 459 

olate ; segments oblong, obtuse, crenate-serrate, decurrent, the lower ones 
nearly distinct ; sori nearly marginal, distinct. Nephrodium marginals 
Mick. 

Rocky woods. Can. to Car. July. %. — Fern 12 — 18 inches high. Stipe 
stout, chaffy, especially near the root, with large lawny scales. Frond ovate- 
oblong, smooth, bluish-green, the upper part only fertile. Sori middle-sized, 
one at each notch in the segments. Indusium pel tale-reni form. 

Marginal Shield-fern. 

7. A. dilatatum Swartz : stipe chaffy ; frond bipinnate ; the pinnules 
oblong, distinct, deeply and incisely pinnatifid ; segments mucronate-ser- 
rate; sori minute, distinct, in a double row about the middle of the pinnules. 
A. intermedium Maid. A. spinulosum Pursh. Nephrodium cristaium Mich. 

Shady woods. Can. to Virg. July. %. — Stipe 6 — 12 inches long, pale 
brown, chaffy with thin brown scales. Frond 12—18 inches long, ovate-lan- 
ceolate in its outline, varying in the divisions of the pinnce, sometimes almost 
tripinnate ; serratures of the segments cuspidate or sharply acuminate. Sori 
rather small, numerous, somewhat in two rows, brownish. Indusium umbilicate 
in the centre. Dilated Shield-fern. 

8. A. aculeatum Swartz: stipe and rachis chaffy; frond bipinnate; 
pinnules ovate, somewhat falcate, slightly petioled, mucronate-serrate, ob- 
liquely truncate and auricled at the base on the upper side, obtusely cuneale 
on the lower, upper ones fructiferous. ( Torr, N. Y. PI.) 

White mountains, N. H. Green Mountains, Vt. Mountains of Essex county, 
N. Y. Aug. %. — Stipe 2 — 6 inches long, and with the rachis clothed with 
chaffy lanceolate-subulate scales. Frond 1^ — 2 feet long, of a rigid texture, 
broad-lanceolate in its outline. Sori rather large, 6 — 8 on each pinnule, near 
the middle. Indusium reniform-peltate. Prickly Shield-fern. 

4. WOODSIA. Brown.— Woodsia. 
(Named in honor of Joseph Woods ; an English botanist.) 

Sori globose. Indusium more or less globose or cup-sliaped, 
seated under the sorus, and at length cut at the margin into 
numerous often capillary segments. Spore-cases globose, pedi- 
cellate. 

1. W. Pvensis Brown: frond lanceolate, pinnate; pinnje oblong, obtuse, 
deeply pinnatifid ; segments oblong, obscurely crenate, the under surface as 
well as the rachis and stipe chaffy. W. Ilvensis and nifiJula Beck Bet. 
1st. Ed. Polijpodium Ilvcnsc Swartz. 

Rocky banks of streams, Subarct. Amor, to Car. June. %. — Fern 1— 6 
inches high, growing in dense tufts. Frond* 2 — 1 Inches long, the un ler surface 
clothed with rusty scales; pinnce about 12, alternate. Sori small, near the 
margin of the segments, at length confluent. Indusium surrounding the slightly 
pedicellate spore-cases, the margin cut into numerous capillary segments. 

Oblong-leaved Woodsia. 

2. W. hypcrborca Brown : frond lanceolate, pinnate ; pinna ovate-cordate, 
incisely pinnatifid, covered with chaffy hair beneath; segments rounded, 
unequal. Polypodium hyperboreum Swart:. 

In clefts of rocks. Can. and on the high mountains o\' lYnn. and \ irg 
Pursh. July. '21. — Resembles the preceding, but is sometimes quite small, and 
differs in having the p&ineeas well as the segments more rounded and less deeply 



460 FILICES. 

pinnatifid, except at their base, where the bottom pair of segments are often so 
deeply separated as to form two little pinnules. Rounded- Leaved Woodsia. 

3. W. obtv.sa Torr. : stipe and rachis somewhat chaffy ; frond lanceolate, 
somewhat bipinnate, minutely glandular-pilose ; divisions pinnate or deeply 
pinnatifid; segments oblong, obtuse, crenate-toothed ; sori mostly solitary 
on each lobule of the segments, and near the sinus. (Torr. N. Y. Fl.) 
W. Perriniana Hook. <$• Grev. Alsophila Perriniana Spreng. Aspidium 
obtusum Willd. 

Rocky banks. Can. to Car. ; rather rare. July. %. — Fern 8 — 12 inches 
high. Stipe 2 — 3 inches long, straw-colored, chaffy. Frond covered with 
a minute glandular pubescence ; the divisions ovate-oblong. Sori small, at 
length almost confluent. Indusium hemispheric, at length opening at the top 
with an irregular lobed margin. Dr. Torrey states that the Alsophila Perrini- 
ana was described by Sprengel from specimens sent by him. which were placed 
by mistake in a collection of plants brought from the West Indies by M. Perrin. 

Obtuse Woodsia. 

5. CISTOPTERIS. Bemh.— Bladder Fern. 
(From the Greek kicttj, a box, and Tr-epis, a fern.) 

Sori roundish. Indusium inserted by its broad cucullate 
base at the under side of the sorus, opening by its lengthened 
free extremity which points towards the apex of the segment. 

1, C. fragilis Bemh. • frond bipinnate ; pinnae ovate-lanceolate; pinnules 
ovate-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid ; segments toothed ; rachis winged. 
Aspidium fragile Sicartz. A. tenue Willd. Nephrodium tenue Mich. 

Moist rocks. Arct. Amer. to Ver. Mass. and N. Y. Jane. July. %. — Fern 
6 — 14 inches high, growing in tufts. Stipe slender, dark colored and a little 
chaffy at base. Frond delicate, deep green ; pinnules somewhat variable in 
their shape and divisions. Sori large, pale, mostly solitary, near the margins of 
the segments. Indusium forming a sort of cup or hood. Brittle Bladder-fern. 

2. C. bulbifera Bemh. : frond bipinnate, lanceolate, attenuate at the 
upper part ; segments opposite, oblong, obtuse, serrate, the lower ones pin- 
natifid ; rachis bearing bulbs ; sori minute. Aspidium bulbiferum Swartz. 
Nephrodium bulbiferum Mich. 

Shady rocks. Can. to Penn. and Ohio ; common. July. %.. — Fern some- 
times 2 feet or more high, growing in tufts. Stipe smooth, pale. Frond nar- 
row, smooth, green, much elongated and often bending over at the end. Rachis 
bearing greenish somewhat flattened bulbs, which are about the size of a pea. 

Bulb-bearing Bladder-fern. 

6. ASPLENIUM. Linn.— Spleenwort. 

(From the Greek a, privative, and <nr\r]v ) the spleen ; from its supposed medici- 
nal virtues.) 

Sori oblong or linear, oblique, scattered. Indusium of the 
same shape, superficial, arising from the lateral veins, and open- 
ing longitudinally on the side towards the midrib. 

* Frond pinnate. 
1. A. angustifolium Mich. : frond pinnate; pinnse linear-lanceolate, ere- 



FILICES. 461 

nate-serrulate, somewhat repand ; the hase truncate on the lower side, 
rounded on the upper. 

Moist woods. Can. to Mats, and N. Y. July. %.— Fern 1—2 feet high, 
erect. Sterile fronds forming a circle with the fertile ones smaller and central. 
Sori oblong-linear, diverging like veins from the midrib, at length confluent. 
Indusium vaulted, thick. Narrow-leaved Spleenwort. 

2. A. ebeneum Willd. : frond pinnate; pinnae sessile, lanceolate, some- 
what falcate, serrate, auriculate on the upper side of their base ; stipe and 
rachis smooth and shining, dark purple. A. trichomanoides Mich. A. po- 
lypodioides Muhl. 

Rocky woods. Can. to Car. July. %. — Fern 8 — 12 inches high, erect. 
Stipe very smooth, dark purple or nearly black. Frond lance-linear in its out- 
line, pale green, smooth. Sori in short diverging lines, arranged in a double 
row along the midrib of the pinna?, at length confluent. Indusium thin and 
membranaceous. Ebony Spleenwort. 

3. A. Trichomanes Linn. : frond pinnate ; pinnae obliquely oval or round- 
ish-obovate, subsessile, crenate, cuneate or cuneate-truncate at base ; stipe 
and rachis smooth, shining, very dark purple. A. melanocaulon Willd. 

Shady rocks. Can. to Car. July. %. — Fern A — S inches high, growing in 
dense spreading tufts. Stipe slender, smooth and shining, blackish-purple. 
Frond lance-linear in its outline, dark green. Sori 2 — 6 on ea(h pinna, linear- 
oblong, at length nearly oval. Common Rock Spleenwort. 

** Frond pinnate-pinnalifid. 

4. A. thelypterioidcs Mich. : frond pinnate ; pinna? sessile, oblong-lanceo- 
late, acuminate, deeply pinnatifid ; segments oblong, obtuse, denticulate- 
serrate. 

Shady banks of streams. Can. to Car. July. %. — Fern 1 — 2 feet high. 
Stipe smooth, straw-color, slightly chaffy. Frond oblong-lanceolate, pale glau- 
cous green ; pinnce long, numerous, distinct. Sori oblong and oblique, forming 
two rows, one on each side of the partial rib, at length almost confluent. 

Tiielypteris-like Spleenwort. 

*** Frond bipinnate. 

5. A. Rata muraria Linn. : frond bipinnate at base, simply pinnate at 
the top ; segments rhomboid-cuneate, obtusely denticulate at the extremity. 

Limestone rocks. N. Y. to Car. ; rare. July. 1].. — Fern 2 — 4 inches long, 
growing in tufts. Frond ovate, spreading, smooth, rather rigi 1. glauc< us green. 
Sori linear-oblong, slightly oblique, at length of a darker color and confluent. 

\\ all-rue Spleenwt r . 

6. A. montanum Willd.: frond smooth, bipinnate; pinnules oblong- 
ovate, pinnatifid ; segments 2 — 3-toothed at the apex. A. Adiantum ni- 
grum Mich. 

Mountain rocks. Bethlehem, Penn. to Car. Schweimtz. July. % — Fern 
4 — 3 inches high, growing in tufts. Frond Inning a narrow outli ie. in ■• t!\ bi- 
pinnate, but more or less divided accordi ig to iis size. Sort linen-, at length 
confluent. Differs from the foreign A Adiantum nigrurn in being much smuller, 
and in having the segments more obtuse. Mountain Sjile. m 

7. A. Fi/i.v fesmina licrnh.: frond bipinnate; pinnules linear-cblong ; 
segments oblong-lanceolate, incised-serrate, the serratures 2— 3-toothed; 

eori oblong, at length Innate and recurved. Atpidium /'..,.; :. la and 



462 FILICES. 

aspUnioides Swartz. A. angustum Willd. Nephrodium Filiz famina and 
asplenicides Mich. 

Shady woods. Throughout the U. S. and Can. July. %.— Fern 1—2 feet 
or more high, smooth. Stipe tawny. Frond with an outline varying from ob- 
long to broad-lanceolate, variously divided and subdivided. Sori small, one on 
each segment of the pinnules, inserted laterally into its minute midrib, oblong 
and straight, at length by the pushing back of the indusium becoming kidney- 
shaped and appearing nearly round, but always remaining distinct. 

Female Spleenwort. 

7. ANTIGRAMMA. J. Smith.— Antigramma. 

(.From the Greek av-i, like, and yjoa/^a, writing ; in allusion to the appearance 
of the sori.) 

Sori linear, unilateral, mostly approximated in pairs and 
facing each other, scattered. Indusium linear ; one margin 
free. 

A. rhizophylla J. Smith : frond lanceolate, somewhat crenate, (rarely 
sinuate,) auriculate-cordate at base ; the point very long, attenuate and 
often rooting. Atplenium rhizophyllum Willd. 

Wet rocks. Can. to Car. ; rather rare. July. %. — Fronds several from the 
same root, 6 or 8 inches long and half an inch to an inch wide at the base, 
gradually tapering, with a long and linear point which is bent to the ground 
and often takes root, the base often hastate or conspicuously auricled ; veins 
forked, reticulated. Sori often approximating in pairs and sometimes confluent. 

Walking Fern. 

8. SCOLOPENDRIUM. Smith— Hart's Tongue. 

(Thus named from the resemblance which the lines of fructification bear to 
the insect called Scolopendra.) 

Sori linear, transverse, on lateral nerves. Indusium double, 
occupying both sides of the sorus, superficial, opening inwards, 
as it were, by a longitudinal suture. 

S. officinanim Smith : frond simple, oblong-ligulate, entire, cordate at 
base. Asplerdum Scolopendrium Linn. 

Limestone rocks along Chittenango Creek, near the Falls, N.Y. ; abundant. 
Torr. July. 1\. — Fern 12 — 20 inches high, growing in thick tufis. Stipe rather 
short, chaffy. Frond 8 — 15 inches long, 1 — 2 wide, bright green, pale beneath. 
Sori linear, 6 — 9 lines long, oblique to the midrib, confluent in pairs. 

Common Harfs Tongue. 

9. WOODWARDIA. Smith.— Woodwardia. 
(In honor of Thomas J. Woodward, an English botanist.) 

Sori oblong or linear, distinct, parallel with the ribs of the 
frond on either side. Indusium superficial, vaulted, separating 
towards the rib. 

1. W. angustifolia Smith : sterile frond pinnatifid, with lanceolate slightly 
serrulate segments; fertile frond pinnate ; pinnae linear, entire, acute. W. 
onocleoides Willd. Onoclea nodulosa Mich. 



FILICES. 463 

Swamps. Can. to Flor. ; rather rare. Aug. %. — Fern 1 — 2 feet high, grow- 
ing in tufts, smooth except at the lower part of the stipe. Frond lanceolate, 
tapering at the top ; the veins of the steriie one much reticula'.ed. Sort 3 — 4 
lines long, at length nearly covering the back of the pinnae. Indusium involute. 

Na now-leaved Wood wa rdia . 

2. TV. Virginica Swartz : sterile and fertile fronds similar, very smooth, 
pinnate ; pinnas sessile, lanceolate, pinnatifid. TV. Banisleriana Mich. 
Doodia Virginica Presl. 

Swamps. N. Y. and Mass. to Geor. July. %. — Fern about 2 feet high, 
growing in tufts, smooth. Stipe brown. Frond oblong-lanceolate in its outline, 
light green, with the segments rather obtuse and a little incurved. Son in in- 
terrupted double lines near the midrib of the pinnae and segments. Indu ium 
revolute. Virginian Woodwardiu. 

10. PTERIS. Linn.-Bva.ke. 
(From the Greek tcte^, a plume or feather ; in allusion to the form of the frond.) 
Sori marginal, linear, continuous or interrupted, forming a 
transverse receptacle which connects the apices of the veinlets. 
Indusium linear, narrow, occupying the margin of the frond ; 
the inner side free. 

1. P. aquilmaLinn.i frond 3-parted ; branches bipinnate ; pinnules 
linear-lanceolate, lower pinnatifid, upper undivided ; segments oblong, ob- 
tuse. P. cordata Pursh. 

Dry woods. Can. to Flor. July, Aug. %. — Stipe 1 — 2 feet long, angular, 
smooth, light brown, divided into large opposite branches. Frond 1 — 2 or 3 feet 
in diameter, bi-triternately divided, spreading, dull green ; some, of the pinnules 
wi h only a single lobe, and appearing auricled. Sori uninterrupted, resembling 
a thickened russet edging. One of our largest ferns. Common Brake. 

2. P. atropurpnrea Linn. : frond pinnate or subbipinnate ; lower divisions 
ternate or pinnate ; segments lance-oblong, obtuse, entire, obliquely trun- 
cate or subcordate at base. Plalylovia atropurpurea J. Smith. 

On rocks. N. Y. to Car. July. %. — Stipe 2 — 4 inches long, dark purple, 
terete, slender, roughish-pubescent. Frond 4 — 8 inches long, grayish-green. 
Sori conspicuous, linear and marginal. Indusium membranaceous, often undu- 
lately crenate. Purple-stalked Brake. 

3. P. gracilis Mich. : frond lanceolate ; the sterile pinnate, with pinna- 
tifid divisions and a few broad-ovate obtuse segments; the fertile bipinnate, 
with linear-oblong acute slightly crenate segments. Cheilanthes gracilis 
Spreng. Allosurus gracilis J. Smith. 

Moist rocks. Can. and N. Y. ; rare. Aug. r 4-. — Stipe 1 — 3 inches long, 
dark brown and shining. Frond 2 — 4 inches long, smooth, membranaceous. 
Sori approximated. Indusium membranaceous. Smaller and mure delicate 
than the preceding. Abundant on the rocks near Whitehall. N. Y. 

Slender Brak . 

11. ADIANTUM. Linn.-* Maiden Hair. 

(From the Greek aXtai/rof, dry ; its surface repelling moisture.) 
Sori oblong or roundish, marginal, [ndusium membranaceous, 
arising from the reflexed margin of distinct segments of the 

frond, opening along the lower or inner side. 



464 FILICES. 

A. pedatum Linn. : frond pedate ; divisions pinnate ; segments dimidiate, 
triangular-oblong, or somewhat rhomboid ; the upper margin incisely lobed 
and serrate ; sori somewhat lunate. 

Shady woods. Can. to Virg. W. to Miss, and Louis. July. ^-J-. — A delicate 
and graceful fern 1 — 2 feet high, easily known by its long slender black highly 
polished stipe, and its pedate nearly horizontal frond. Maiden-hair. 

12. CHEILANTHES. S w art z.—Chei\&nihes. 

(From the Greek %£tAoj, a lip, and avQos, a flower ; in allusion to the labiate 
form of the indudum.) 

Sori roundish, distinct, situated at the margin of the frond. 
Indusium of distinct membranaceous innexed scales, opening 
inwards. 

C. vestita Willd. : frond bipinnate, hairy on both sides ; pinnules pinna- 
tifid ; segments rounded, oblong, very entire ; stipe and rachis hairy. 

Rocky banks. Penn. to Car. W. to the Rocky Mountains. July. 1\. — Fern 
6 — 8 inches high, covered with long brownish hair. Stipe somewhat rigid. 
Frond lance-oblong in its outline. Sori at length contiguous or crowded. 

Hairy Cheilanthes. 

13. HYMENOPHYLLUM. Smith.— Filmy Fern. 

(From the Greek vpr]v, a membrane, and QvXkov, a leaf; in allusion to the tex- 
ture of the frond.) 

Sori in separate spots on the the margin of the frond. Spore- 
cases inserted upon a narrow receptacle, within a 2-valved indu- 
sium which is of the same texture as the frond, opening above. 

H. ciliatum Smith : frond pinnate ; lower divisions larger ; upper ones 
gradually smaller, pinnatifid ; segments linear-obtuse, bifid, ciliate, hairy 
on the veins ; stipe and rachis winged and ciliate. Tiichomanes ciliatum 
Svcartz. 

Trunks of trees in shady places. Penn. and Virg. %. — Pursh. 

Ciliate Filmy-fern. 

14. STRUTHIOPTERIS. WiM.— Ostrich Fern. 

(From the Greek arpovQdg, an ostrich, and tttc^is, a fern ; on account of the 
fancied resemblance to the plumes of that bird.) 

Fertile frond contracted ; the margins revolute, forming a 
general involucre. Sori round, confluent, naked ; the pedicels 
of the spore-cases cohering at the base, forming an elevated 
thickened receptacle. 

&. Germanica Willd. : sterile frond pinnate ; pinnae pinnatifid, sessile ; 
segments entire, rather acute, lower ones elongated. S Pennsylvanica 
Willd. Onoclea Stridhiopteris and nodulosa Schk. 

Low grounds. Can. N. Eng. and N. Y. ; rather rare. July. %.. — Sterile 
fronds 2 — 3 feet high, forming circular tufts. Fertile fronds central, much 



FILICES. 465 

smaller than the 6terile, but having a thicker stipe ; segments incurved and filled 
with the confluent sori. Common Ostrich-fern. 

15. DICKSONIA. L'Herit.— Dicksonia. 

(In honor of James Dickson, an English botanist.) 

Sori small, roundish or dot-like, distinct, marginal. Indu- 
sium coriaceous or membranaceous, formed in part of the lobule 
of the frond and of the proper indusium more or less united, 
2-valved or entire, sometimes cup-shaped. 

D. pilosiuscula Willd. : frond bipinnate ; pinnae lanceolate, sessile ; pin- 
nules decurrent, ovate-oblong, pinnatifid; segments incised-toothed ; sori 
solitary, minute ; indusium cup-shaped. D. punctiloba Hook. Nephrodium 
punctilobum Mich. Aspidium punctilobum Willd. 

Moist shady places. Can. to Virg. ; common. July. %. — Frond 15 — 20 inches 
high, lance-oblong, somewhat hairy, pale yellowish-green and rather delicate. 
Stipe and rachis somewhat hairy, pale green. -Sori solitary, minute, near the 
divisions of the segments. Hairy Dicksonia. 

II. OsmundejE. Capsules destitute of a ring, reticulated, striated 
with rays at the apex, opening lengthwise and usually externally. 

16. OSMUND A. Linn.— Flowering Fern. 
(Etymology uncertain.) 
Spore-cases subglobose, pedicellate, radiate-striate or wrin- 
kled, half 2-valved, in terminal paniculate racemes, or clustered 
on the contracted frond. Indusium none. 

1. O. Claytoniana Linn.: frond pinnate; pinnae pinnatifid; segments 
oblong, entire ; some of the intermediate pinnae fertile. O. inlcnupta 
Mich. 

Low wet grounds. Can. to Virg. ; common. June. %. — Stipe nearly smooth, 
6 — 8 inches long. Frond 18 — 24 inches long, linear-oblong in its outline ; pinna 
mostly opposite, 2 or 3 of the central pairs contracted into pinnate clusters of 
dark brown spore-cases. Interrupted Flowering-fern. 

2. O. speclabilis Linn. : frond bipinnate, fruit bearing at the summit ; 
pinnules lance-oblong, nearly equal at the base, subpetiolate, serrulate ; 
raceme large, decompound, smooth. O. regalis Mich. 

Moist meadows and thickets. Can. to Flor. July. 1[. — Fern 3 — 1 feet high, 
smooth, grayish-green, with numerous spreading brandies. Raceme terminal, 
4 — 8 inches long. Smaller and of a more rigid texture than tin* foreign regalis, 
and also differing from it in having the pinnules distinct and without the auricle 
on the lower side. Flowering-fern. 

3. O. clmiamoviea Linn. : sterile frond pinnate; pinna elongated, pin- 
natifid; segments ovate-oblong, entire; fertile frond bipinnate; pinna con- 
tracted, and with the stipe woolly. 

var. frondosa Torr. : frond leafy below, fruit-bearing at the summit ; 
stipe less woolly. O. CUvjloniana Conrad not of Linn, (according to 
Torr.) 



468 FILICES. 

Low grounds. Can. to Flor. Aug. 11. — Fern sometimes 4 — 5 feet high, 
in large bundles or circles. Fertile fronds usually central, less numerous than 
the sterile, with the pinna? much smaller and covered with dense clusters of 
ferruginous or cinnamon- colored spore.-ca-es. Var. frondosa has been found in 
a few localities in the state of N. Y. I am doubtful whether it may not still 
turn out to be a distinct species. Woolly Flowering-fern. 

17. LYGODIUM. Swart z.— Climbing Fern. 
(From the Greek Xvy ;?, a twig ; in allusion to its twining habit.) 

Spore-cases sessile, ovate, in 2 -ranked little spikes, which 
issue from the margin of the frond, radiate-striate, or wrinkled, 
opening on the inner side from the base to the summit. Indu- 
sium scale-like, covering each spore-case. 

L. palmatum Swartz : stem fiexuous and climbing; fronds conjugate, 
cordate, palmate, 5 — 7-lobcd, the lobes entire and obtuse ; terminal ones 
contracted and fruit-bearing, forming a compound panicle. Hydroglossum, 
palmatum Willd. Cteisium panicnlatum Mich, 

Low woods. Mass. and N. Y. ? to Car. ; rare. July. %.—Stem climbing, 
3 — 4 feet long, smooth and slender. Petioles alternate, forked at a short dis- 
tance from the stem, and supporting two leaves or fronds, which are deeply lobed, 
light green above and paler beneath. Fertile fronds variously divided into 
small linear segments with the son in two imbricated rows. Climbing-fern. 

18. SCHIZEA. Smith.— One-sided Fern. 

(From the Greek vx l £ w > to split ; in allusion to the cloven appearance of the 
spikes.) 

Spikes unilateral, flabellate, aggregate. Spore-cases with 
radiating furrows at the top, somewhat turbinate, bursting lat- 
erally, sessile. Indusium continuous, formed of the inflexed 
margin of the spikes. 

(S. pusilla Pursh : frond simple, linear-compressed, tortuous ; spikes few, 
conglomerated at the summit of a long slender stipe. S. tortiwsa MM. 

Sandy moist grounds. Near the Academy in the town of Yates, Orleans 
county, N. Y. T. E. Wetmore. Near Quakers' Bridge. N. J. Aug. %.— A 
very small fern, with numerous ce$prtose fronds, which are about 2 inches long. 
Stipe 3 — 5 inches long, filiform, with a few brownish secund spikes. It has 
been found in Newfoundland and in the Falkland Islands, but the only inter- 
mediate localities known are those above noticed. One-sided Fern. 

III. OpHioGLOssEiE. Spore-cases roundish, 1-celled, adnate at the 
base, coriaceous, opaque, destitute of a ring, sometimes connate, half 2- 
valved. Vernation straight. 

19. OPHIOGLOSSUM. Linn.— Adder's Tongue. 

(From the Greek <xj>is, ^serpent, and y\woca, a tongue; in allusion to the ap- 
pearance of the spike.) 

Spore-cases roundish, smooth, 1 -celled, 2-valved, opening 
transversely, forming a compact 2-ranked linear spike. Indu- 
sium none, 

20* 



LYCOPODIACE^E. 467 

1. O. vulgatum Linn.: root fibrous; spike cauline ; frond simple, ob- 
long-ovate, obtuse, closely reticulate. 

Low moist woods. N. S. ; rare. June. %.. — Stipe smooth and succulent, 
6 — 8 inches high, bearing about .the middle a single enure subseseile frond. 
Spike about an inch long, on a slender peduncle. Ccmmon Adder' s-tongue. 

2. O. bulbosum Mich. : root bulbous ; spike cauline ; frond subcordate, 
ovate, somewhat obtuse. O. crotalophoroides Walt. 

Low sandy grounds. N. J. to Car. ; rare. May. %. — Stipe 6 inches high. 
Frond 1 — 1| inches long and an inch broad, reticulate. 

Bulbous Adder' s-tongue. 

20. BOTRYCHIUM. Swartz.— Moonwort 
(From the Greek 06rpvs, a bunch of grapes; in allusion to the fructification.) 

Spore-cases subglobose, 1 -celled, 2-valved, distinct, smooth, 
sessile along the margin of a compound pinnate rachis, opening 
transversely. Indusium none. 

1. B. simplex Hitchcock: scape with one frond above; frond ternate, 
pinnatifid ; segments roundish, cuneate, obovate, entire or somewhat 
incised. 

Dry woods. Can. N. Y. and Mass. June. %.. — Scape seldom more than 
4 or 5 inches high. Frond solitary, from a torn membranaceous sheath, divided 
into 3 or 4 unequal segments or pinnatifid ; the segments often much cut. Spike 
pinnate. Small Moonwort. 

2. B. lunarioides Swartz : scape bearing the petioled frond near the base ; 
frond smooth, 3-parted, the divisions bipinnatifid ; segments obliquely lance- 
ovate, crenulate; spike bipinnate. B . fumarioidcs and obliquum Willd. 
Botrypus lunarioides Mich. 

Moist low grounds. Can. to Car. W. to Ark. June. %. — Scape 6 — 15 
inches long, smooth or slightly hairy. Frond triangular in its outline, petioled, 
but often more compound ; segments lunate, crenulate. Spore-cases in double 
rows on the pinnules, which are very narrow and without teeth. B. dissect urn 
Muhl. is nothing more than a variety, with the frond more dissected and the 
segments narrower. Tall Moonwort. 

3. B. Virginicum Swartz : somewhat hairy ; scape bearing the frond 
near the middle ; frond 3-parted, the divisions bipinnatifid: segments ob- 
tuse, incisely toothed ; spike bipinnate. B. graxilc Pwrsh. Botrypus Vir- 
ginicus Mich. 

Shady woods. Can. to Car. May— July. %. — Scape 10—18 or 20 inches 
high. Frond 3-parted or ternate ; the divisions 4 — 6 inches long, broad-o\ ate or 
somewhat deltoid in their outline and again variously subdivided ; segments 
acutely 2 — 6- toothed. Spike oblong, loose, brownish. 

} irginian Moonwort. Rattlesnake Fern. 

Order CL. LYCOPODIACEiE.— Clubmosses. 

Fructification axillary or spiked, composed of 1 — 3 -celled 
sessile spore-cases containing either minute powdery matter, or 
grains of larger size. — Moss-like plants, -with creeping at pros* 
trate stems and imbricate leaves, the axis abounding in annular 



468 LYCOPODIACE^S. 

vessels ; or stemless plants, "with erect subulate leaves and a 
solid corm. 

1. LYCOPODIUM. Linn.— Club Moss. 

(From the Greek Xvkos , a wolf, and novs, -rroSog, a, foot ; on account of a supposed 
resemblance in the appearance of some species.) 

Spore- cases all of one kind, 1 -celled, reniform, somewhat 
didymous, opening transversely at the apex or rarely at the 
base. 

* Spore-cases in spikes. 
f Spikes pedunculate. 

1. L. clavatum Linn. : stem creeping, with ascending branches ; leaves 
scattered, numerous, subulate-linear, incurved and hair-pointed; spikes 
mostly in pairs, cylindric, pedunculate ; scales ovate, acuminate, erosely 
denticulate. L. tristachyum Pursh. ? L. integrifolium Goldie. 

Dry woods. Can. to Del. W. to Mich. July. %. — Stem closely trailing 
on the ground, several feet long, rooting and throwing up fertile branches 2 — 6 
inches long. Leaves 3 — 4 lines long, light green, entire or minutely denticulate. 
Spikes usually in pairs, sometimes I, rarely 3 or 4, yellowish, erect. Peduncles 
2 — 5 inches long. Common Club-moss. 

2. L. complanatum Linn. : stem trailing ; branches erect or ascending, 
dichotomously and pedately subdivided, with the branchlets flattened and 
spreading ; leaves 4-rowed, the marginal ones connate and diverging at the 
apex, the middle rows distinct and appressed; spikes 2 — 4, cylindric, on a 
long common peduncle. 

Woods and thickets. Arct. Amer. to Car. ; common. July. %.. — Stem 2 — 8 
feet long, procumbent or sometimes shorter and nearly erect, variously branched. 
Leaves short, 4-rowed, those on each margin broad at the base and somewhat 
spreading, those of the middle row smaller and closely pressed to the flattened 
sides of the stem. Spikes about an inch long. Flattened Club-moss. 

ff Spikes sessile. 

3. L. inundalum Linn. : stem prostrate, creeping ; fertile branches soli- 
tary, erect, with a single oblong sessile and leafy spike at the extremity : 
leaves linear, scattered, acute, entire or sparingly denticulate, curved up- 
wards. L. Carolinianum Big. 

var. alopecuroides Tuckerman : fertile branches elongated ; leaves linear- 
subulate, sparingly ciliate-denticulate at the base. L. alopecuroides Linn. 

Swamps and wet sandy margins of ponds. Hudson's Bay to Flor. July, 
Aug. %. — Stem long, creeping close to the ground, yellowish-green. Fertile 
branches subradical, 2—10 inches high. Sterile branches short, flaccid. Leaves 
varying from entire to conspicuously denticulate. Smkes 6 lines to an inch or 
more long, leafy. Marsh Club-moss. 

4. L. annotinum Linn. : stem creeping, very branching ; branches 
ascending, 2 — 3-forked, the branchlets simple; leaves in about 5 rows, 
linear-lanceolate, mucronate, serrulate at the apex, spreading ; spike soli- 
tary, oblcng-cylindric, sessile, 



LYCOPODIACE.E. 469 

var. montanum Tuckerman : low ; leaves in 4 rows. L. sabincefolmm, 
Beck Bot. 1st. Ed. 

Rocky and mountain woods. Arct. Amer. to N. Y. W. to Miss. July. %. — 
Stem often several feet in length, sending up ascending branches which are 
6 — 8 inches high. Leaves rigid, light green, those of the stem shorter. Spike 
about an inch long. I concur in the opinion expressed by Mr. Tuckerman, that 
L. sabincefolium of the previous edition is an alpine variety of this species. 

Interrupted Club-moss. 

5. L. obscurum Linn. : stem erect, much branched near the summit ; 
branches alternate, subdivided, erect, or somewhat spreading ; leaves linear- 
lanceolate, in 4 — 6 unequal rows, spreading ; spikes 1 — 3, sessile. L. den- 
droideum Mich. 

Shady woods. Can. to Car. July %. — Stem 6 — 9 inches high, bushy near 
the summit, the branches dichotomously subdivided. Leaves entire, those of 
the lateral rows longest. Spikes sometimes solitary, but occasionally 4 or 5, 
about 2 inches long, somewhat tapering at the summit. Ground Pine. 

6. L. selaginoides Linn : stem filiform, creeping ; branches few, ascend- 
ing, simple ; leaves scattered, lanceolate, somewhat spreading, ciliate-den- 
ticulate ; spike solitary, sessile, leafy. 

Wet hill sides. Can. and N. S. 1 July. %.• — Fertile branches 2 — 4 inches 
high, nearly erect, yellowish-green, with the leaves larger than those of the 
sterile ones. Spike about an inch long. Lesser Alpine Club-moss. 

** Spore-cases axillary, scattered. 

7. L. lucidulum Mich. : stem 2 — 3-forked, the branches ascending ; 
leaves in about 8 rows, linear-lanceolate, denticulate, acute, spreading or 
reflexed. 

Moist shady woods. Can. to Car. July, Aug. %. — Stem mostly prostrate, 
the branches 8 — 12 inches high. Leaves longer than in any of the preceding, 
dark green and shining. Spore-cases subreniform or semi-circular, pale yellow, 
sessile in the axils of the leaves about an inch from top of the branches. 

Shining Club-moss. 

8. L. Selago Linn. : stem erect, fastigiate, dichotomously branched ; leaves 
in about 8 rows, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, entire, imbricate, rigid. 

Alpine summits. White Mountains N. H. Green Mountains, Vt. Whiteface 
Mountain and Mount Marcy, N. Y. Arct. Amer. July. %. — Stem 3 — 8 inches 
high, rigid, with the branches of the same thickness from the top to the base. 
Leaves 3 — 5 lines long, dark green, shining, rigid. Spore-cases in the axils of 
the leaves, reniform, yellowish. Fir Club-moss. 

2. SELAGINELLA. Spring. Torr.— Selaginelhi, 

(The diminutive of Selago.) 

Spore-cases of two kinds, 1 -celled ; some filled with minute 
powdery matter, and opening at the apex ; others containing 
1 — 4 rarely 6 globose-angular grains. 

1. & rupcslris Spring: cespitose. with ascending stems ; leaves crowded, 
imbricate, linear-lanceolate, ciliate, with a hair-like point at. the lip ; spikes 
terminal, sessile, acutely quadrangular. Lycopodium rupestre Linn. 

Rocks and hill sides. Can. to Cur. July. Aug. %. — Plant grayish 
Stems 1 — 3 inches long, much branched. Leaves ending in hairs, whicl 



470 



MARSILEACEJE. 



the summits of the branches a whitish appearance. Spikes 3 — 6 lines long, 
square and scarcely distinguishable from stem below. Spore-cases mostly with 
larger grains. Small Rock Club-moss. 

2. S 1 . apus Spring ; cespitose ; stems flaccid, creeping, flat ; leaves in 4 
rows, not auricled ; those of the lateral rows roundish-ovate, oblique and 
spreading ; the intermediate ones on the upper side of the branches smaller, 
appressed; spikes dense, leafy. (Torr. N. Y. Fl.) Lycopodium apodurn, 
Linn. L. albiduium Pursh. 

Wet rocky places. N. Y. to Fior. July, Aug. (Tj ? —A small pale green 
moss-like plant. Stems numerous, 1 — i inches long, with somewhat flattened 
branches. Leaves small, membranaceous. Spikes terminal, 2 — 4 lines long, 
with the larger spore-cases at the lower part. Resembles S. Helvetica of Europe. 

Moss-like SelagineUa. 

Order CLI. MARSILEACE^E.— Pepperworts. 

Fructification enclosed in indusia or involucres of two kinds ; 
the one clustered and stalked, or crowded confusedly without 
stalks, and distinct from the second, or mixed with it, or in con- 
tact with it ; the other, simple oval bodies, sometimes having a 
terminal nipple, from which germination uniformly proceeds. — 
Stemless plants, creeping or floating. Leaves usually petioled, 
sometimes sessile and scaly, occasionally destitute of lamina and 
rolled up in vernation 

1. AZOLLA. Lam. — Azolla. 

(Said to be derived from the Greek a?w, to dry, and aWvpt, to destroy ; it being 
quickly killed by dryness.) 

Reproductive organs in pairs, attached to the stem and 
branches, one above the other, concealed in a membranaceous 
indusium. Capsules? of each pair either difform — in which 
case the lowest one is oblong-ovoid, the upper globose — or both 
of either kind ; the upper half generally tinged with red. The 
oblong-ovoid capsule opens by circumcision ; the globose one has 
a rugose surface from the pressure of the secondary capsules. 
(Griffith^in Lind. Vey. King.) 

A. Caroliniana Willd: leaves 2-ranked, imbricate, ovate-oblong, obtuse, 
spreading, reddish beneath. 

Lakes and slow flowing streams. N. Y. to Flor. W. to Miss. ; rare in the 
N. S. (J). — A smail plant floating on water, and somewhat resembling a Jun- 
germannia, dark green, pinnately branched. Leaves less than half a line 
long. Sterile indusia solitary or in pairs at the base of the much larger ste- 
rile ones. Carolinian AzvUa. 



MARSILEACEJE. 471 

2. SALVINIA. MicML—SaWmia.. 
(In honor of Sdlvini, an Italian professor.; 

Reproductive organs near the root solitary, or in racemes of 
3 — 5, covered with brown rigid hairs. Upper ones of each ra- 
ceme filled with innumerable spherical bodies, brownish and 
reticulated ; lower ones more oblong, containing 6 — 18 larger 
oblong-ovoid, brown and reticulated bodies, on short stout com- 
pound pedicels. (Griffith,in Lind. Veg. King.) 

S. natans Willd. : leaves elliptic, subcordate, obtuse, with fascicles of 
hairs above. Marsilea natans Linn. 

Lakes and still waters. Can. and Western N. Y. Pursh. Leaves opposite, 
2-ranked, fine green. Floating on water like a Lemna. Floating Salvinia. 

3. ISOETES. Linn.— Quill- Wort. 
(From the Greek tero?, equal, and trog, the year, or evergreen.) 

Spore-cases membranaceous, oblong, 1 -celled, not opening, 
imbedded in the dilated base of the frond. Spores globose or 
slightly angular, attached to numerous filiform receptacles which 
traverse the capsule. 

J. riparia Engelman : emersed rhizoma small (orbicular ?) ; leaves slen- 
der, soft, yellowish-green ; sheaths short (longer than broad) ; spores neatly 
and minutely farinaceous and reticulated. (Sill. Jour. Jan. 1847.) 

In ponds and wet shady places. Banks of the Delaware below Philadelphia. 
Chester county, Penn. Darlington. July, Aug. %. — Root or rhizoma 4 or 5 
lines in diameter. Fronds numerous, 4 — 6 inches long, (Engelm.), 4 — 12 or 15 
inches, (Darlingt), linear subulate, somewhat like the leaves of a Juncus. 
Fructification oval-oblong, membranaceous, imbedded in the swollen base of the 
frond. According to Professor Braun, I. lacustris has hitherto been found only 
in middle and northern Europe. See Sill. Jour. Jan. 1847. 

Mud Quill-wort. 



INDEX 

OF THE 

ORDERS AND GENERA, 

WITH ACCENTS. 



The Orders are printed in small capitals ; the Genera in Roman ; and 
the Synonyms in Italic. The figures which occur after the letter s, also 
refer to the Synonyms of the Genera and Species. 



Page 
A'bies, 340, 341 

Abutilon, 56 

Acalypha, 312 

Acantha'cejE, 286 

A'cer, 60 

5. 61 
Acera'ceje, 60 

Acer dtes t 234 

Achillea, 194 

s, 193 
Acnida, 298 

Aconitum, 13 

A'corus, 383 

Actae'a, 13 

Actinomeris, 188 

Adiintum, 463 

Adi'ke, 315 

Adlumia, 23 

iEschynomene, 79 

iE'sculus, 62 

iEthusa, 134 

Agathy'rsus, 210 

Agave, 355 

Agrimonia, 100 

Agropy'rou, 450 

Agrostemma, 47 

Agrostis, 430 

5.420,430,431,432,433 
Aira, 438 

5. 445, 446 
Alchemilla, 106 

Aletris, 376 

Alisma, 379 

s. 378. 
Amsma'cejE, 377 

A'llium, 363 

AUosurus, 463 





Page 






Page 


A'lnus, 


326 


Antigramma, 




462 


Alopecurus, 


420 


Antirrhinum, 




260 


Alsine, 


48 


Any'chia, 




52 


Alsophila, 


460 


Apdrgia, 




205 


Althae'a, 


55 


A'pios, 




87 


Altingia'ce^, 


333 


A plectrum, 




345 


Amarantha'ce-ZE, 


295 


Apocyna'cejE, 




23 L 


Amaranthus, 


295 


Apocynum, 




231 


Amaryllida'cE-E, 


354 


Aq.uifolia'ce.e 


i 


227 


Amary'llis, 


354 


Aquilegia, 




11 


Ambrina, 


297 


A'rabis, 




28 


Ambrosia, 


184 




s. 29, l 


Amelanchier, 


104 


Ara'ce.e, 




381 


Ammannia, 


115 


A'rachis, 




79 


A'mwii, 


133 


Aralia, 




140 


Ammophila, 


434 


ARALIA'CEiE, 




140 


Ammyrsine, 


220 


A'rbidus, 




214 


Amorpha, 


78 


Archangelica, 


136 


137 


Ampelopsis, 


62 


Archemora, 




137 


Amphicarpaea, 


86 


A'rctium, 




204 


Anacardja'ceje, 


71 


Arctostaphylos 




214 


Anagallis, 


292 


Arenaria, 




49 


Anchiisa, 248 


,250 






5.50 


Andromeda, 


215 


Arethiisa, 




349 


5.215 


,217 




s 


349 


Andropogon, 


452 


Argemone, 




20 


5 


.437 


And in urn, 




353 


Anemone, 


5 


Arisse'rna, 




381 


5 


5,6 


Aristida, 




428 


Angelica, 


L36 


Aristolochia, 




309 


Anona, 


15 


Aristolochia' 


3EJE. 


308 


AN0Na'cE2B, 


15 


A 'mica, 




198 


Antenna ria, 


197 


A ran in, 


101 


. 105 


A'nthemis, 


193 


Arrhenatlurum, 


439 


< 


. 193 


Artemisia, 




194 


Anf<hop6gon, 


■137 


A' rum, 


381 


382 


Anthoxanthum, 


437 


Arundo, 


434 


,135 



474 



INDEX. 





Page 




Page 




Page 


A 's arum. 


309 


Briza, 


445 


Centaurella, 


240 


Asclepiada'cee, 


232 


s. 443 


444 


Ce/itrosi/na, 


77 


Asclepias, 


232 


Bromus, 


448 


Cephaianthus, 


150 


Asey'rum, 


59 


Buehnera, 


266 


Cerastium, 


50 


Asimina, 


15 


Bimias, 


24 


Cerasus, 


91 


Asparagus, 


364 


Bupleiirum, 


134 




s. 90 


Aspidium, 


457 






CERATOPHYLLA'CtE,l 14 


s 


.460 


CaBOMBA.'cEIB, 


18 


Ceratophyllum, 


114 


Asplenium, 


460 


Cacalia. 


189 


Cercis, 


90 


s 


.462 


Gacta'ceM, 


123 


Chserophy'llum, 


139 


A'ster, 


162 


Cactus, 


123 


s 


133 


s. 169, 170 


171 


Cakile, 


24 


Cheilanthes, 


464 


Astragalus, 


78 


Calamagrostis, 


433 


s 


.463 


Atheropogon, 


436 


s 


421 


Clieiranthus, 


31 


Atragene 


4 


Calla, 


382 


Chelidonium 


21 


A'triplex, 


298 


s 


382 


s 


20 


A'tropa, 


256 


Calliopsis, 


187 


Chelone, 


261 


Avena, 


439 


5 


188 


s 


261 


s. 438, 439 


440 


Callitriche, 


113 


CHENOPODU'CEffi, 


296 


Azalea 


219 


Calopogon, 


350 


Chenopodium, 


295 


5.218 


219 


Caltha, 


10 


Chimdphila, 


223 


Azolla, 


470 


Calycaxtha / cee 


106 


Chiogenes, 


223 






Calycanthus, 


107 


Chionanthus 


229 






Caly'pso, 


344 


Ckironia, 


239 


Baccharis, 


180 


Calystegia, 


245 


s 


.240 


s 


. 181 


Camelina, 


26 


Chlora, 


239 


Ballota, 


283 


Campanula, 


211 


Chloris, 


436 


Balsamixa'ceje, 


65 


s 


212 


Chrysdn themum, 


173 


Baptisia, 


73 


Campaxula'cee, 


210 


Chrysbcoma, 


174 


Barbarea, 


28 


Caxxaeixa'cee, 


316 


Chrysopsis. 


173 


Bartonia, 


240 


Cannabis, 


316 


s. 168, 169 


i ni 


Bdrlsia, 259 


,270 


Capparida'cee, 


33 


Chrysosplenium, 


126 


Batschia, 


248 


Caprifolia'cee, 


144 


Ckrysosiernma, 


188 


Benzoin, 


306 


ollwiii, 147 


. 148 


Cicendna, 


240 


Berberida'cee, 


16 


Capsella, 


25 


Cichcrium. 


294 


Berberis, 


16 


Cardamine 


29 


Cieuta, 


132 


Bctula. 


3-25 


Cardans, 202 


,203 


Cimicifuga, 


13 


s 


. 326 


Carex, 


403 


Cineraria, 


200 


Betcla'cee 


324 


Carpinus, 


327 


Cinna, 


429 


Bidens, 


190 


s 


.327 


Circse'a, 


111 


Bigelowia, 


174 


Gary a, 


336 


Circium, 


202 


Bignonia, 


242 


Caryophylla'cee 


44 


Cissies, 


63 


Bignonia'ges, 


241 


Cassandra, 


215 


Cista'cee, 


34 


Biotia, 


162 


Cassia, 


89 


Cistopteris, 


460 


Biephilia, 


273 


Cdssiope, 


215 


Cist us, 


35 


Blitum, 


299 


Castanea, 


331 


Cladium, 


399 


5 


.296 


Castilleja, 


269 


Claytonia, 


120 


Bcehmeria, 


316 


Catalpa, 


242 


Clematis, 


4 


Boltonia, 


172 


Caulinia, 


385 


Clebme, 


34 


Bootia, 


100 


Ca u lopliy'llu m, 


17 


Clethra, 


216 


Boragixa'cee, 


247 


Ceanothus, 


70 


Cliiwpodium, 274 


277 


Botry'chium, 


467 


Celastra'cee, 


68 


Clintonia, 


353 


Bdtrvpus, 


467 


Celastrus, 


69 


Clitoria, 


76 


Boutebua, 


436 


Ccltis, 


335 


Cnicus, 


291 


B rackycly' trum, 


429 


Cenchrus, 


427 


s. 202 


203 


Brachystemum, 


275 


Centaurea, 


200 


Cnidium, 


135 


Brascnia, 


18 


5 


.201 


Cochlearia, 


25 



INDEX. 



475 





Page 




Page 




Page 


Cceksitna, 


158 


Cyperus, 


388 


Eclipta, 


181 


Collinsia, 


260 


s. 388, 391 


Eljeagna'ce-e, 


306 


Collinsonia, 


276 


Cypripedium, 


352 


Elatina'cejE, 


52 


Comandra, 


308 






Elatine, 


53 


Comaropsis, 


95 






Eleocharis, 


391 


Comarum, 


100 






Elephantopus, 


155 


Commely'na, 


377 


Dactylis, 


446 


Eleusine, 


435 


COMMELYNA'CEiE 


376 


Dalibarda, 


97 


Elodea, 


60 


Compo'sit.e, 


154 


Danthonia, 


440 




s. 342 


Comptonia, 


324 


Datura, 


256 


E'lymus, 


451 


Coni'ferje, 


337 


Daucus, 


138 


Empetra'cejE, 


309 


Conioselinum, 


135 


Decodon, 


116 


Empctrum, 


310 


Conium, 


139 


Delphinium, 


12 


Epigse'a, 


217 


Conoclinium, 


157 


Dentaria, 


27 


Epilobium, 


107 


Conosty'lis, 


364 


Desmodium, 


80 


Epipdctis, 


350 


Convallaria, 


358 


Didnthera, 


286 


Epiphagus, 


358 


Convolvula'ce^: 


, 244 


Dianthus, 


44 


EqUISETa'CEJE, 


454 


Convolvulus, 


245 


Diapensia, 


247 


Equisetum, 


454 


Cony'za, 170, 180, 


DlAPENSIA'CEiE, 


247 


Erechtites, 


198 


Coptis, 


11 


Dicentra, 


22 


Erica'ce-E, 


213 


Corallorhiza, 


344 


Dicksonia, 


465 


Erigenia, 


131 


Coreopsis, 


187 


Dlcly'tra, 


22.23 


Erigeron, 


171 


Corna'ceje, 


142 


Diervilla, 


147 




s. 180 


Cornus, 


142 


Digitaria, 


423 


Eriocaula'ce^ 


370 


Cory'dalis, 


23 




5.435 


Eriocau'Ion, 


370 


Corylus, 


332 


DUdtris, 


376 


Eriophorum, 


396 


Cosmanthus, 


254 


Diodia, 


151 




5.396 


Crantzia, 


130 


Dioscorea, 


356 


Erodium, 


65 


Crassula'ce-E, 


121 


DiOSCOREa'cE-E, 


355 


Erophila, 


25 


Crataegus, 


102 


Diospy'ros, 


227 


E'rvum, 


85 


Crotalaria, 


73 


Diplachne, 


448 




s. 85 


Crotonopsis, 


311 


Diplopappus, 


170 


Ery'ngium, 


131 


Cruci'fer.e, 


23 




s. 168 


Erysimum, 


32 


Cryosdnt/ies, 


353 


DiplostepMum, 


171 




s. 28, 32 


Cry'psis, 


420 


Dipsaca'cejb, 


154 


Erythrae'a, 


239 


Cry'pta, 


53 


Dipsacus, 


154 


Erythronium, 


362 


Cryptotse'nia, 


133 


Dirca, 


307 


Escallonia'cEjG, 


Cteisium, 


000 


Discopleura, 


133 


Eucfiroma, 


269 


Cucubalus, 


45,46 


Dodecantheon, 


289 


Eupatorium, 


158 


Cucurbita'ceje, 


117 


Dolichos, 


87 


s. 


158, 161 


Cunila, 


276 


Doodia, 


463 


Euphorbia, 


3 12 




s. 277 


Doronicum, 


198 


Euphorbia'ce.5 


:, 310 


Ciiphea, 


116 


Draba, 


25 


Euphrasia, 


269 


Cupressus, 


339 


Draccc'na, 


358 


Euthd/iiia, 


179, 180 


CuPULl'FERE, 


326 


Dracocephalum, 


280 


Evonymus, 


68 


Cuscuta, 


246 




s. 281 


E'xaeum, 


210 


Cuscuta'cete, 


246 


Drosera, 


41 






Cy'amus 


18 


Drosera'cee, 


41 






Cymbidium, 344, 345 


Drupa'ce.k, 


90 


Fagus, 


332 




350 


Dry'as, 


93 




s. 332 


Cyn ail chum, 


235 


Duliehium, 


38S 


F£dia, 


153 


Cy'nodon, 


435 






PSruIa, 


136 


Cynoglossum, 


251 


Eb en a Vim:, 


227 


Festuca, 


436 


( iynosurus, 


435 


Echinocy'stia 


118 


s. 4 13. 


111. IIS 


Cy'nthia, 


205 


Eehinospennuin, 


250 


Filago, 


197 




5. 204 




s.851 


Fi mces, 


456 


Cypera'ceje, 


387 


E'chium, 


219 


Fimbristylia, 


397 



476 



INDEX, 





Page 




Page 




Page 


Floe'rkia, 


66 


Harpaly'ce, 208, 


209 


Hypericum, 


57 


Fragaria, 


98 


Hedeoma, 


276 




5.60 


Frassra, 


238 


Heeler a, 


63 


HypopUhys, 


226 


Fraxinus, 


230 


Hedy'otis 


149 


Hypoporum, 


403 


Friesia, 


311 


Hedy'sarum, 


82 


Hypoxida'ce-E 


355 


Fuirena, 


398 


s. 79,80,81,82,8 


3,84 


Hypoxis, 


355 


Fumaria, 


22 


Heledstrum, 168, 


171 


Hyssopus, 


280 


s. 22, ! 


Helenium, 


]92 






Fumaria'ce-E, 


22 


Helianthemum, 


34 










Heiianthus, 


188 


Modes, 


383 






s 


185 


Hex, 


227 


Galactia, 


77 


Heliopsis, 


185 




s. 228 


Galatella, 


169 


Helleborus, 


12 


Illecebra'ce-E 


51 


Galena, 


77 


s 


11 


Impatiens, 


65 


Galeopsis, 


28.2 


Helonias, 


366 


L'n ula, 


181 


Galium, 


151 


s 


366 


s. 


173,174 


Gaultheria, 


214 


Hemerocallis, 


363 


Ipomcz'a, 


245, 246 


£ 


.223 


Hemianthus, 


263 


lRIDA'CEiE, 


353 


Gaura, 


108 


Hemicarpha, 


399 


Fris, 


353 


Gayhtssdcia, 


221 


Hepatica, 


6 


Isanthus, 


271 


Genista, 


74 


Heracleum, 


138 


Isnardia, 


110 


Gentiana, 


236 


Herpestis, 


262 


Isoe'tes, 


471 


Gentiana'ce.e, 


236 


s 


264 


Isolepis, 


398 


Gf.rania'ceje, 


63 


Hesperis, 


31 


Ftea. 


128 


Geranium, 


64 


Heteranthera, 


369 


Fva, 


185 




s. 65 


Heuchera, 


127 




s. 185 


Gerardia, 


266 


Hibiscus, 


55 


Jeffersonia, 


17 


Geum, 


94 


Hlcorius, 


337 


JUGLANDA/CE.E, 


335 


s 


. 100 


Hieracium, 


207 


Juglans, 


336 


Gillenia, 


93 


Hierochloa, 


437 


s. 


336, 337 


Glaux, 


291 


Hippocastana'ce.e 


62 


Junca'ce-e, 


371 


Glechoma, 


280 


Hlppophce, 


306 


JUNCAGINA'CEiE 


379 


Gleditschia, 


88 


Hippiiris, 


113 


Juncus, 


372 


Glyceria, 


444 


Holcus, 


421 




5. 372 


GU/'ciue, 


87 


s. 437, 446 


449 


Juniperus, 


338 


Gnaphalium, 


196 


Honckenya, 


50 


Justicia, 


286 


£ 


. 197 


Hordeum, 


451 






Gonolobium, 


235 


Hottonia, 


290 






Gonolobus, 


235 


Hoiistouia, 149 


150 


Kalmia, 


217 


Goodyera, 


351 


Hudsonia, 


36 


Koeleria, 


445 


Gkamina'ce^, 


418 


Hiimulus, 


317 


Krigia, 


204 


Gratiola, 


262 


Hydrangea, 


129 




5.205 


Grossularta'ceje, 


124 


Hydrangea'ceje, 


128 


Kuhnia, 


156 


Gymnocladus, 


89 


Hydrastis, 


6 


Kyllingia, 


391 


Gymnopogon, 


437 


Hdyrocharida'ce.e, 




5. 391 


Gynandropsis, 


33 




342 






Gyronua, ' 


359 


Hydrocotyle, 


130 


Labi'at^e, 


270 






s 


131 


Lachnanthes, 


376 


Habendria, 346, 


347, 


Hydroglossum, 


466 


Lactuca, 


205 


348 


,349 


Hydropeltis, 


18 




s. 210 


H-kmodora'ceje, 


376 


Hydrophylla'ce.e 


, 252 


Lamium, 


281 


Halinia, 


237 


Hydrophy'llum, 


252 


Lappa, 


203 


Halo rag a'ce-K, 


111 


Hymenophy 'Hum, 


464 


Ldrix, 


340 


Hamamelida'ceje, 


141 


Hyoscy'amus, 


257 


Lathyrus, 


85 


Hamamelis, 


141 


Hijoserls, 


204 


Laura'ce.e, 


305 


Hamiltonia, 


308 


Hyperica'ce-e, 


57 


Laurus, 


305 



INDEX. 



477 



Lechea, 

Lecontia, 

Ledum, 



Leersia, 

Legumino's.e, 

Lei'ophy'llum, 

Lemna, 

Lentibularia'ce^e 

Leontice, 

Leontodon, 

Leoniirus, 

Lepachys, 

Lepidium, 

Leptandra, 

Leptdrilhus 

Lespedeza, 

Leucanthemum, 

heucothoe, 

Liatris, 

Ligusticum, 

Ligustrum, 
Lilia'ce-E, 
Li'lium, 
Limnanthemum, 

LimneLis, 
Limoddrum, 

Limosella, 

Ltna'cejs, 

Linaria, 

Lindernia, 

Linnse'a, 

Linum, 

Liparis, 

Lippia, 

Liquidambar, 

Liriodendron, 

Listera, 

Lithospermum 



35 

382 
220 
220 
419 

72. 
220 
384 
287 

17 
206 
281 
187 

26 

266 

369, 370 

83 



194 
215 
156 
136 
135 
229 
361 
361 
241 
436 
344 
345 
264 

53 
259 
263 
149 

53 
343 
285 
334 
324 

15 

350 

248 

s. 248, 249, 252 



JLobadium, 

Lobelia, 

Lobklia'ceje, 

Logania'ceje, 

Lolsilcuria, 

Lolium, 

Lonicera, 

Lophanthus, 

Lophi'ola, 

LORANTHA'CEiE, 

Lit <l i rigid, 

Lupi'nus, 

Luzula. 



110 



72 
212 
212 
235 
220 
450 
147 
279 
364 
143 
ill 

ss 
372 



Ly'chnis, 

Lycopodia'ce-e, 
Lycopodium, 

Lyco'psis, 

Lycopus, 

Lygodium, 

L/yonia, 

Lysimachia, 

Lythra'cejE, 

Ly'thrum, 



Page 

47 

467 

468 

.469 
250 
270 
466 
216 
291 
114 
115 

. 116 



Magnolia, 14 

Magnolia'cejE 14 
Maldxis, 343, 344 

Mdlope, 54 

Mains, 105 

Malva, 54 

Malva'ce-k, 54 

Mari'scus, 391 

Marrubium, 283 

Marsi'tea, 471 

Marsilea'ce^e, 470 

Marty'nia, 242 

Mar lit a, 193 

Meconopsis, 20 

Medeola, 359 

Medicago, 74 

Megastachya, 443 

Melampy'rum, 270 

Melantha'ce.e, 365 

Melanthium, 365 
s. 365, 367 

Melastoma'ceje, 116 
Melica, 
Melilotus, 
Melissa, 
Melothria, 
Menisperma'ceje 
Menispermum, 
Mentha, 
Menyanthes, 



Menziesia, 

Mertensia, 

Mespihis, 

Micromena, 

JSIicropetalum, 
Microstylis, 
Mikania, 
Mi'lium, 

Mimulus, 

Mitchelki, 



445 

74 

277 

118 

, 16 

16 

271 

241 

s. 241 
216 

5.217 
251 
103 
277 
48 
344 
160 
422 

s. 428 
261 
150 



Mitella, 

Moehri'ngia, 

Mollugo, 

Momordica, 

Monarda, 

Moneses, 
Monniera, 
Monotropa, 
Mora'ce.^;, 
Morus, 

Muhlenbergia, 
s. 430, 
Mulgedium, 
Mt/dgrum, 
Myosotis, 

Myrica, 

Myrica'ce-K, 

Myriophy'llum, 

My'rrfiis, 

Nabalus, 

Naiada'ceje, 

Ndjas, 

Napcz'a, 

Nardosmia, 

Narthecium, 

Nasturtium, 

Nawmbergia, 

Nectris, 

Negundo, 

Nelumbia'ceze, 

Nelumbium, 

Nemopanthes, 

Nemophila, 

Neottia, 

Nepeta, 

Ncphrodium, 

Nicandra, 
Nicotiana, 

N u phar, 
Nymphse'a, 

NyMPHJBA'CE 

Ny'ssa, 

O'akesia, 

Obeliscaria, 

Ob tone, 

Obolaria, 

CEnarithe, 

(Enothera, 



431 



127 

50 
47 
118 
272 
274 
225 
262 
226 
317 
317 
429 
433 
210 
26 
250 
251 
324 
323 
112 
139 

208 

384 

385 

56 

161 

375 

366 

30 

292 

66 

61 

18 

18 

228 

253 

351 

280 

5. 274 

457, 45S, 

459, 460 

256 

256 

19 

19 

s. 19 

i, 19 

307 

310 

187 
298 
258 
137 
108 



478 



INDEX. 



Page 

Oldenldndia, 150 

Olea'ceje, 229 

Oincdotheca, 197 

Onagra'ce.ze, 107 

Onoclea, 457 

5.464 

Onopordon, 201 

Onosmodium, 249 

Ophioglossum, 466 

O'pkn/s, 345, 350, 351 

Opnsmenus, 426 

Opori'nia, 205 

Opuntia, 123 

Orchida'ce^e, 343 

O'rchis, 346 
s. 345,346,347,348,349 

Origanum, 275 

Ornithogaium, 364 

O'rnus, 231 

Orobancha'ce.e, 257 

Orobanche, 257 

5. 258 

Orcntium, 383 

Oryzopsis, 427 

Osmorhi'za, 139 

Osmunda, 465 

O'stiya, 327 

Otopky'lla, 267 

OXALIDA'CiwE, 66 

Oxalis, 66 

Oxycoccus, 223 

Oxydendrum, 214 

Oxy'ria, 305 

Pccderota, 266 

Panax, 141 

Panicum, 423 
s. 423, 426, 427 

Papaver, 21 

Papavera'ce-E, 19 

Parietaria, 316 

Parnassia, 41 

Parthenium, 183 

Paspalum, 422 

Passiflora, 119 

Passiflora'ce^;, 119 

Pastinaca, 137 

Pdvia, 62 

Pedalia'ce-ze, 242 

Pedicularis, 268 

Peltandra, 382 
Pcnnisetum, 426, 427 

Penthorum, 122 

Pentstemon, 261 

Pephs, 53 

Phaca 79 



Phacelia, 



Page 
253 

s. 253, 254 

Phaldngium, 375 

Phalaris, 421 

P/tarbUls, 245, 246 

Phaseolus. 87 

Phleum, ' 421 

Phlox, 243 

Phragmites, 434 

Phry'ma, 285 

Phyllanthus, 311 

Phyllodoce, 216 

Phy'salis, 255 

Physostegia, 281 

Phytolacca, 300 

Phytolacca'cs-e, 300 

Plantagina'ce-e, 293 

Pinguecula, 287 

Pinus, 339 

Piptdfherum, 428 

Pistia'ce-ss, 384 

Pismn, 86 

Plantago, 293 

Platana'ce-e, 333 

Platanthcra, 346 

Platanus, 333 

Plati/'loma, 463 

Pluchea, 180 

Plumbagina'ce.e, 293 

Poa, 440 

s. 44A, 445, 446 

Podaly'ria, 73 

Podophyllum, 17 

Podostema'ceje, 113 

Podostemum, 114 

Pogonia, 349 

s. 349 

Polani'sia, 34 

Polemonja'cee, 243 

Polemonium, 244 

s. 254 

Poly'gala, 42 

Polygala'ce/E, 42 

Polygona'ceje, 300 

Polygonatum, 359 

Polygonum, 301 

Poly'mnia, 182 

Poly podium, 456 
s. 458, 459 

Polypogon, 433 

Poma'ceje, 102 

Pontedera'ceje, 369 

Pontederia, 369 

Populus, 322 

Porcelia, 15 

i Portulaca, 120 



Page 

Portulaca ce^, li9 

Potamogeton, 386 

Potenti'lla, 98 

Pottos, 383 
Prenanlhcs, 208, 209 

Primula, 289 

Primcjla'ceje, 289 

Prinos, 228 

s. 228 

Prosartes, 368 

Proserpinaca, 1 1 1 

Prunella, 278 

Primus, 90 

s. 91 

Psdmvia, 434 

Psilocarya, 40 1 

Ptarmica, 193 

Ptelea, 68 

Pteris, 4G3 

Pterospora, 226 

Pulmondria, 252 

Purshia, 219 

Pycnanthemum, 274 

Py'rola, 2-24 

Pyrola'ce.ss, 224 

Pyruldria, 308 

Py'rus, 104 

Pyzldantkera, 247 



Quercus, 


327 


Q,ueria, 


52 


Ranuncula'ce^ 


, 3 


Ranunculus, 


7 


Raphanus, 


33 


Rensselaer ia. 


382 


Rhamna'ceje, 


70 


Rhamnus, 


70 


Rhexia, 


117 


Rhinanthus, 


268 


Rhododendron, 


218 




s. 218 


Rhodora, 


218 


Rrms, 


71 


Rhynchospora, 


399 


Ri'bes, 


124 


Ricinus, 


311 


Robi'nia, 


78 


Rochelid, 


251 


Rosa, 


101 


Rosa'ce.e t 


92 


Rubia'ce.e, 


149 


Riibus, 


95 




5. 98 


Rudbeckia, 


186 


s. 


187, 189 







INDEX 






479 




Page 




Page 




Page 


Rueilia, 


286 


Sesuvium, 


123 


Styrdndra, 


358 


Rumex, 


304 


Setaria, 


426 


Subularia, 


27 


s 


. 305 


Shepherdia, 


308 


Sueda, 


297 


Ruppia, 


386 


Sibbaldia, 


100 


Swertia, 


238 






S icy os, 


118 




s. 238 


Sabbatia, 


238 


Sida, 


55 


Symphbria, 1 48, 


S agin a, 


47 


Siegesbeckia, 


192 


Symphoricarpus, 


148 




s, 52 


S/cversia, 


94,95 


Symplocarpus, 


383 


Sagittaria, 


378 


Silene, 


45 


Sy'mphytuai, 


2i9 


SALICA'CEiE, 


318 


Silphium, 


182 






Salicornia, 


299 


Sinapis, 


33 






Salix, 


319 


S so7i, 131,133 


Talinum, 


120 


Salsola, 


299 


Sisy'mbrium, 


32 


Tanacetum, 


195 


s 


. 297 


s. 29 


30, 31 


Taraxacum, 


206 


Salvia, 


272 


Sisyrinchium, 


354 


Tax us, 


341 


Salvinia, 


471 


Sium, 


133 


Tecoma, 


242 


Sambucus, 


144 




5.137 


Tephrosia, 


77 


Samolus, 


292 


Smila'ce^e, 


356 


TetpwAGonia'cejE 


122 


Sanguinaria, 


20 


Smilacina, 


357 


Teucrium, 


284 


Sanguisorba, 


106 




s. 358 


Thalictrum, 


4 


Sanguisorba'ceje, 


105 


Smilax, 


356 


T/idspia, 


135 


Sanioula, 


131 


Smij'rnium, 132,133,136 


Thaspium, 


135 


SaNTALA'CEjE, 


307 


SOLANA'CEiE, 


254 


Tiieshtm, 


308 


Saponaria, 


46 


Solarium, 


254 


Thlaspi, 


24 


Sarothra, e 


59 


Solea, 


40 




5.26 


Sarracenia, 


22 


Solidago, 


174 


Thuya, 


338 


Sarracenia'ce^e, 


21 


Sonchus, 


206 


TflYMELA'CEiE, 


307 


Sassafras, 


306 




s. 210 


Thy'mus, 


275 


Saurura'ceje, 


318 


Sophora, 


73 


Tiarella, 


127 


Saunirus, 


318 


Sdrbus, 


105 


Tilia, 


56 


Saxifraga, 


125 


Sparganium, 


380 


TlLIA'CEiE, 


56 


Saxifraga'cEjE, 


125 


Spargan ophorus, 


156 


Tillae'a, 


121 


Scdndix, 


139 


Spartina, 


436 


Tipularia, 


345 


Scheuchzeria, 


380 


Specularia, 


211 


Tofi61dia, 


366 


Schizea, 


466 


Spcrgula, 


52 


Tradescantia, 


377 


Schx'nvs, 388 


399 




s. 49 


Trichelosty'iis, 


398 


Sohollera, 


370 


SpergKlddrum 


•48 


Tnchochloa, 


433 


Schwalbea, 


268 


Spermacoce, 


151 


Trichodium, 


431 


Scirpus, 


394 


Spigelia, 


235 


Tricho manes, 


4.54 


.s. 391, 392, 393, 


394, 


Spirse'a, 


92 


yrichophorum, 


396 


397 


, 398 




s. 93 


Trichostema, 


283 


Sclerantha'cete, 


121 


Spiranthes, 


350 


Triciispis, 


•i u; 


Scleranthus, 


121 


Stachys, 


282 


Trientilis, 


290 


Scl.-ria, 


402 


Staphylea, 


"°()9 


Trifolium, 


75 


Selerolepis, 


156 


Staphyla'ceje, 


69 


Triglochin, 


3:9 


Scolopendrium, 


4(52 


Statice, 


293 


Ti:iu,i \ CE2E, 


359 


Scrophularia, 


2(i0 


Stella via, 


48 


Trillium, 


360 


ScROPHULARU'CKJE 


258 


S'oidrtis, 


172 


Triosteum, 


M ; 


Scutellaria, 


278 


Stipa, 


428 


Triphora, 


3 19 


S (bun. 


122 




s. 133 


rnn, 


169 


Selaginella, 


469 


Streptopus, 


368 


Tripsacum, 


452 


S'l'hiirm, 


135 




s. 368 


Trise'tum, 


439 


Senecio. 


199 


Stropkostyles, 


87. 88 




.v. 439 


5. 198 


199 


Struthiopteris, 


464 


Triticum, 


450 


Sorioocarpus, 


170| 


Stylophorum, 


20 


Trollius, 


il 


Scrpicula, 


342 


Stylosanth.es, 


79 


Tropjeola'ck£, 


M 



489 

Turritis, 

Tussilago, 

Ty'pha, 

TYPHA'CEiE, 

Udora, 

Ulma'ce.e, 

U'lmus, 

Umbelli'fer-e, 

Uniola, 

Uralepis, 

Uraspermum, 

Urtica, 

s. 

URTICA'CEiE, 

Utricularia, 

Uvdria, 

Uvularia, 

Vaccinia'ceje, 



Page 

31 

s. 28 

161 

s. 161 

381 

380 

342 

334 

334 

129 

449 

5.443 

440 

139 

314 

315.316 

314 

287 

15 

367 

s. 368 

220 



INDEX 










Page 




Page 


Vaccinium, 


221 


Vita'ceje, 


62 


s. 216, 223 


Vitis, 


63 


Valeriana, 


153 






Valeriana'ce^;, 


153 


Waldsleznia, 


95 


Valerianella, 


153 


Windsoria, 


446 


Valisneria, 


342 


Woodsia, 


459 


Veratruni, 


367 
s. 367 


Woodwardia, 


462 


Verbascum, 


259 


Xanthium, 


183 


Verbena, 


284 


Xerophy'llum 


366 




s.285 


Xylosteum, 


148 


Verbena'ce.e, 


284 


Xyrida'ce-e, 


371 


Verbesina, 


192 


Xy'ris, 


371 


Vernonia, 


155 






Veronica, 


264 


Zannichellia, 


385 




s. 266 


Zanthoxyla'ce-E, 


67 


Viburnum, 


144 


Zanthoxylum, 


67 


Vicia, 


84 


Zanthoriza, 


14 




s. 85 


Zapania, 


285 


Vilfa 


432 


Zenobia, 


215 


Vllldrsia, 


241 


Zizania, 


419 


Viola, 


36 


Zizia, 


132 




s. 40 


Zostera, 


385 


VlOLA'CEJE, 

Viscum, 


36 
143 


Zygadenus, 


365 







4 













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